中西方文化对比论文

第一篇：中西方文化对比论文

世俗与宗教——中西社会习俗文化比较

摘要：当今中国早已跻身全球化语境的时代。信息网络技术把整个世界变成了“地球村”，中西文化交往的规模和深度都在不断发展。跨文化交际中，由于文化差异而导致的信息误解屡见不鲜。中西文化博大精深，社会习俗文化渗入到生活的各个方面。关键词：跨文化交际 中西方社会习俗文化 差异

前言：社会习俗文化包括社会生活礼仪与节庆、生活方式等，是各国社会经济、政治生活及历史文化传统的反应，深刻揭示着民族文化的基本精神和价值观念。由于社会习俗范畴广泛，本文仅从觐礼、婚礼、葬礼、节日四个方面来比较中西方文化，以窥全豹。鉴于中国式宗教意识淡薄的国家，社会习俗文化是世俗的，而西方国家基督教影响甚深，故社会习俗文化的宗教色彩深刻。

一、觐礼：下跪与屈膝

在古代中国一向是皇权至上的社会。因此，古代觐见皇帝时都要行下跪的礼仪，以表示对高高在上的皇权的尊重。这与中国自给自足的小农经济为主体的农业文明有着千丝万缕的联系。中国高度集中的权力，使皇帝认为，普天之下，莫非王土，率土之滨，莫非王臣。中国人有中国是世界的中心，华夷有别，万方来朝的虚荣心理。而西欧则相反。在西方，王权有限，对国王来说，“我的附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”，加上基督教的普世性，教皇才是权力的中心。西方国王与贵族大臣的契约关系并非像中国古代的“君为臣纲”的不平等关系，因此出现了双方觐见礼的冲突。

二、婚礼：红色与白色

在人类所有的社会行为中，婚姻是一项非常重要的活动。作为社会习俗的婚礼，是最重要的礼仪。然而由于民族文化的不同，婚礼的具体形式与文化内涵也就不同。具体上说，中国古典式的婚礼是“红色”的婚礼；西方古典式的婚礼是“白色”的婚礼。

（一）中国婚礼的红色寓意

中国古典婚礼给人印象最深的就是男女双方全家族的盛大庆典，以及到处贴的红双“喜”，一对新人着红衣、红裤（红裙），新娘披着红盖头，桌上点着红蜡烛，床上摆着大红枣。在婚姻不能自主的封建时代，红红火火的婚礼主要不是对新婚夫妇个人的祝贺，而是对家族兴旺的集体联欢，对封建义务的重申。婚礼仪式中的“拜天地”的安排，但这里的“天”只是伦理化的“天”，是重申对天经地义的封建礼法的遵守承诺，完全是世俗性的行为。

古代中国的婚俗文化主要有两大特点。一是“父母之命，媒妁之言”。包办婚姻作为一项被古代中国人民长期接受的习俗，虽然在现代人看来是不合理的，但在流动性较小的农耕社会中也有其存在的合理性。结婚也要按照风俗履行必要的程序。定亲和迎亲这两种程序在不同程度上历来为人们所遵守，甚至在当代的中国也仍然会有体现。其次“明媒正娶，大办婚事”是中国又一重要的风俗。中国婚礼大张旗鼓的操办，其社会意义在于“公示”，以此获得“本地认同”，从而产生“本地身份”。这些对于地位卑贱低微的女性来说具有极其重要的意义。“明媒正娶”的本质同样仍然是为家族共同体的集体荣光增加一道红色的光彩。

（二）西方婚礼的白色意蕴

西方婚礼给人们最深刻的印象是庄严的教堂和白色的婚纱。白色的婚纱在西方象征纯洁、忠诚、美丽。在西方人看来，婚姻是神圣的，西方的婚礼多灾教堂举行，由神父主导婚礼进行，庄严的婚礼誓词是婚姻当事人对对方终生的承诺，也是对上帝尊重的保证。婚礼沉浸在一篇宗教的圣洁气氛当中。

西方社会婚姻制度也是某种社会习俗的产物，尤其受到基督教的深刻影响。当我们把视角投向基督教，不得不提到《圣经》。《旧约》里亚当和夏娃的故事可谓人人皆知，亚当和夏娃由于偷吃了伊甸园里的果子而被上帝逐出。尽管上帝将人逐出伊甸园作为一种惩罚，然而他并没有拆散他们，而是令他们今生今世要相互扶持。其目的在于完成这种爱，在于延续生命。上帝将亚当和夏娃带到一起，从而设立了婚姻，那时婚姻是神圣的，基督徒对这种婚姻的看法也赋予了荣耀和尊严。白色的婚礼使得西方婚姻获得了圣洁的认证。

三、葬礼：厚葬与薄葬

（一）中国的厚葬风俗

中国古代素有厚葬的传统。中国各地博物馆现存的历史文物中，从历代墓葬出土的殉葬品占有相当比例。秦始皇陵出土的兵马俑、长沙马王堆汉墓出土的木乃伊、西安汉阳陵出土的佣群......殉葬品之多、之繁、之奢华，令人叹为观止。这些无不显示着中华厚葬之风。不仅皇家贵族如此，中国民间也不逊色。虽然民间不会想皇族那样奢华，但也不敢怠慢。直至今天，尽管社会发达，大办丧事的习俗仍让留存了下来。现在不仅焚烧纸人，还焚烧纸马、纸电视、纸汽车、纸别墅。

中华厚葬之风可以追根溯源到儒家所提倡的“孝”道。所谓的“孝”道，实质上并非真正对“人”的尊重，而是对规范——“礼制”的无条件服从。通过孝道来凝聚族人，以巩固社会秩序。而对死人的孝就体现在丧葬的厚薄和质量上。

中华厚葬风俗文化的世俗性关键在于中国人“视死如生”的看法，即把死人当作生人来供奉。丧礼设酒食、供品以祭，用整头宰杀的牛、羊、鸡等加上各种新鲜的水果做祭品。从常识知道，死人是不会享用这些供品的，只是人们心理上认为原来的人在另一个世界仍然会享受得到，他们按世俗的办法祭奠供奉死人。

（二）西方的薄葬风俗

通过欧洲的电影电视，许多人对西方葬礼最深刻的印象莫过于十字架和黑色的丧服。墓地也十分简单，一个两米左右的长土坑。下葬时人们只是向墓碑献鲜花，不见有其他的殉葬品。参加葬礼的是死者的亲属与生前挚友，但不会是像中国那样的家族大聚会。西方的丧葬礼仪很简单，其形式基本上属宗教式的。葬礼与葬礼弥撒一般由神父议定，包括祈祷词和经文，然后是圣餐，最后为告别仪式。葬礼过程主要是为死者祈祷，祝灵魂早升天堂，解脱生前痛苦。整个葬礼庄严肃穆，简单薄葬。

这种习俗主要还是受到基督教文化的影响。基督教将每一个灵魂直接和上帝发生关系，崇尚灵魂升华，因为肉体是肮脏的、有罪的。因此西方葬礼风俗重精神性的超升，而对肉身简丧薄葬。

四、节日：人节与鬼节

民族民间节日是重要的社会风俗文化。中国社会是宗教意识很淡薄的社会，梁漱溟先生说过：中国人的人生是“无宗教的人生”。所以中国传统节日多是世俗性的，是人节。随着全球化的深入，当代青年人也喜欢上了洋节。西方社会的基督教文化影响较深，宗教氛围浓厚，故西方节日宗教性强，是鬼节。但随着社会的现代化进程，西方的宗教性节日也已日趋世俗化。

（一）中国节日的世俗性——人节

中国的传统节日大都与农业活动的节气有关，而农业活动又离不开家庭成员之间的集体协作，所以传统习俗要么与时令有关，要么与家族祖先祭拜有关。如在以团圆欢庆为核心的春节，仍要在饭前拜祭祖先，烧香烧纸钱。中国的传统节日提供了“天——地——人”合一的运行节律的时令节点，这些都是世俗性人的节日。传统节日经过几千年传承下来，不仅是译为它的一些娱乐活动，更是一种文化现象，是民族情感、民族精神和民族信仰的体现，值得我们珍惜和传承。

（二）西方节日的宗教性——鬼节

基督教自罗马帝国成为国教以来，对西方社会的影响是方方面面的。基督教不止是一种观念体系，也是一种生活方式。以礼拜日为例。礼拜日也叫安息日，按照《圣经》的说法，上帝工作了六天，第七日休息。因此，现代的西方人在基督教的影响下，每个礼拜日都去教堂做礼拜。古代西方的节日也是极具宗教色彩的，以复活节为例。复活节原本是说耶稣被钉死在十字架上三日后复活，向信徒展示他作为复活的救世主，也让基督徒坚定信念不惧怕死亡。然而现代社会中的复活节几乎丧失了宗教意义，越来越为人们所淡忘。“假日”也是一个宗教术语，意为“神圣的日子”，这个术语源于中世纪。而如今在说英语的国家，‘假日’的使用越来越少宗教的含义。因此，当人们在圣诞节和新年期间说‘假日快乐’时，他们往往也只是表达一种问候，一个毫无宗教色彩的问候，一个与耶稣的诞生毫不相干的问候。

中国是农业文明，自给自足的小农经济占主导地位，而西方是海洋与商业文明。由于中西民族先民的自然条件、生存方式不同，在漫长的历史过程中，也形成了不同的物质生活方式和精神生活方式。中国的宗教意识淡薄，而西方受基督教的影响很大。有无宗教信仰在中西方人民的社会习俗文化上留下了深深的印记。总的来说，中国的社会习俗文化是世俗化的，而西方社会习俗文化宗教色彩深刻。但很难说哪种文化就是“先进”，哪种文化就是“落后”，如果把“先进”的现代文化强行移植到“落后”国家，可能会产生水土不服的现象。因此，比较不同民族、不同国度的文化是为了在比较中认识世界，更好地尊重彼此的文化。参考文献：

1.陈坤林、何强主编，《中西文化比较》，国防工业出版社，2012。2.阿尔文.施密特，《基督教对文明的影响》，汪晓丹等译，北京大学出版社，2004。

3.路易斯.亨利.摩尔根，《古代社会》，杨茹东译，商务印书馆，1981。

第二篇：中西方文化对比

中西方文化对比

--对文化教化功能的再认识

以前曾经看过一则趣事，是说不同国家的人弄丢了一枚硬币后的反应，美国人只会摇摇头，不再回想，日本人会回家做一番深刻的反思，德国人会在丢失硬币的周围仔细寻找。从这则趣事可以看出，不同民族的区别从根本上说是民族心理，而不同民族心理产生的根源是不同的民族文化。民族文化对民族心理的影响体现的就是文化的教化功能。

比如说，在中华传统文化中，占主导地位的是强调伦理道德与群体意识的儒家文化，其次就是宁静恬淡的道家文化。因此，一个深受中华传统文化全面教化的中国人，在青年时期追求立足社会与实现个人理想，采取的是入世、有为、贡献社会的价值取向；而在老年退休，要求减轻或摆脱精神痛苦与求助心切之时，便倾向接受道家处世养生原则。

与历经数千年传承的中国传统文化相对应的西方文化，也是世界文化宝库中的丰厚遗产。但由于地理环境、历史背景、发展过程等因素的不同，中西方文化呈现出巨大的差异。不同的文化潜移默化地影响着人们并经过人的心理折射后形成了中西方不同的文化心理，体现在三方面：群体与个体，保守与求新，讲“礼”与平等。

中国是一个以群体文化为主要文化特征的国家。中国人的群体意识来源于以农耕为主的小农经济生产方式。这种生产方式使得中国人习惯于集体作业，成为中国人典型的人生体验和一种约定俗成的典型情境，从而造就了中国人的群体文化心理。“四海之内皆兄弟”、“在家靠父母，出外靠朋友”等说法，就是群体观念的典型反映。而西方文化中的上帝信仰，使人更倾向于不依赖他人而通过自己与上帝之间的关系来指导自己行事为人。因此西方人推崇个体文化心理。

中庸之道对中国人的文化心理影响极大。中庸中的“中”字意味着“折中、调和、无过也无不及”，庸的意思是“平常”。《论语·率雍》也写到：“中庸之为德也。其至矣乎。”在中国，标新立异是不被肯定的，特立独行的人往往被众人所排斥。这种拒绝变化的儒家精神在中国造成强大的保守意识，使中国文化失去了创新的动力。西方个体主义的文化心理强调个人的价值与尊严，强调个人的特征与差异，提倡新颖，鼓励独特风格。正是这种追求“差异”和“多样化”的“求变”心理，使西方人拥有了那种独立创新的科学精神，推动西方社会创造出丰富的精神和物质文明。

中国人信奉尊卑有别，长幼有序。孟子称：“舜使契为司徒，教以人伦，父子有亲，群臣有义，夫妻有别，长幼有序，朋友有信。”（《滕文公上》）在中国，人与人交往时要受到各自地位和角色的制约，否则就是失礼。这种较强的等级观念也在其语言表达形式上体现出来。汉语中当几个词并列时许多情况下排列顺序不是任意的，一般是按由尊到卑、由主到次、由大到小的次序排列，如君臣、父子、兄弟、姐妹、师徒、男女老少等等。中国人推崇“抑己尊人”的处世原则，谈话时有意抬高他人地位而使自己显得卑微，因此汉语中出现了大量的谦称和敬称。汉语自称谦词古代有：仆、小人、愚、鄙人等，近现代有：学生、晚辈等。自称亲人谦词有：家父、家母、内人、犬子等，敬称对方亲人有：令尊、令堂、令夫人、令爱等。而西方文化心理强调平等。平等意识渗透到西方社会的各个领域，西方人的行为、工作、娱乐、语言、政治等无不体现出平等观念。因此，令中国人难以接受的是，在西方，子女对父母、学生对老师都可以直呼其名，晚辈或学生可以就一个问题或观点与长辈或老师争得面红耳赤，毫不顾忌后者的面子或权威。

通过以上对中西方人不同文化心理以及行为方式的比较，可以看出，文化的教化功能在于，不同的文化使不同民族的人们在思维方式、行为习惯、价值观念、审美趣味等方面体现出了诸多不同。文化虽无形，但它可以通过教化功能潜移默化地渗透到每一个有形的人身上。可以说，正因为文化具有教化功能，世界文化的多样性才得以保存和体现。

第三篇：中西方体育文化对比

中西方体育文化对比

摘要：所谓体育文化，是一切体育现象和体育生活中展现出来的一种特殊的文化现象，就是说，人们在体育生活和体育实践过程中，为谋求身心健康发展，通过竞技性、娱乐性、教育性等手段，以身体形态变化和动作技能所表现出来的具有运动属性的文化。中国体育文化在独特的社会环境中孕育和发展起来的，因此形成形成了封闭、内敛的中国体育文化。西方文化无疑是一种征服型文化，提倡不断向人体自身挑战，不断挖掘人体潜能，突破人体能力极限，因而形成了以竞争为核心的西方体育文化，本文对比了中西方体育文化的差异。

关键词：体育文化、演变背景、文化理念、竞技观

一、中西体育文化演变背景对比：

中国是个历史悠久的大国，位于亚洲东部大陆，东面是海洋，西北是高山、沙漠，将近1000 万平方公里的领土形成一个相对封闭的环境，在这样一个相对的地理环境中形成了一种独立的文化系统。中国体育文化的产生与发展的经济基础是“以农立国”的农业经济，折旧决定了其思想核心是重视人与自然的和谐、追求天人合一、顺应自然的发展。中国的体育文化有着深厚的根基，它是由中户个民族、各地区交流、融合产生的。中国传统文化博大精深、源远流长，由“和”与“合”二字是我国体育文化固有的特质的深刻内涵。传统体育以“养生”为主，因而很少有激烈的运动项目及方式，大体都是身体运动以内部为主，淡化了身体外形的锻炼。其目的是为了健身、养生、益智。中国古代人人为运动要适宜，量不可大也不可小，运动量大了会伤身，反之小了就达不到修身养心的目的了，同时还要注意饮食起居这些方面。所以中国体育发展的背景是以整个中国的文化为背景。

西方竞技体育发祥于古希腊，希腊文化对西方近代竞技体育有着基础性的影响。希腊三面临海，境内多山。大多数地区不宜农耕，但宜海外贸易，因此希腊人养成了自强奋斗、热烈追求、思变好动、善于竞争的民族性格。希腊文化经历文艺复兴、产业革命，逐步形成了以宗教为核心、以追求个人自由、冲上个人奋斗为特色的海洋性文化。西方人更重视身体外在的塑造以及竞争的能力，崇尚“力”与“美”的体现，通常都是把最强健的一面展现出来。他们的体育是一种竞技体育，以异常激烈的竞争为体育的过程，以体育比赛的输赢为目的。因此，西方经济体育文化从一开始就具有竞争性、功利性的特点。

二、中西方体育文化理念对比：

中国自古流传下来的是“天人合一”、“崇尚和谐”、“恪守中道”的人文精神，由此形成的体育文化也是“重文轻武”，重精神轻身体的选择意趣。例如中国传统体育典型项目太极拳，其特色是以柔克刚、动静结合、以静制动、以不变应万变，将人与自然融为一体不受外界因素干扰，并且要有良好的心态，不急不躁、静观其变。中国体育文化旨在突出和谐。

西方的人文精神以突出“个人中心”、“崇尚竞争”，以自己为中心，重视个人能力的发展。要想突出个人，就必须要在竞争中赢得胜利才会“鹤立鸡群”“独领风骚”成为霸主。西方体育还极力推崇超越自然、征服自然，向自然挑战，在挑战和超越了人的生理极限后，就要开始挑战超越自然。所以竞争是西方体育的核心理念，“更高、更快、更强”的经济体育是西方体育的主流。

三、中西方体育文化竞技观对比：

中国体育以心为本，崇尚超人的智慧和完美的贤德。中国体育以心为本，以身为标，在心的统摄下，通过身体的整体锻炼，达到身心健康是中国传统体育的一大特点。由于中国传统文化对人的培养更注重的是内在气质、品格和精神修养，把人的身体视作是寓精神之舍。因此，中国传统体育主张通过身体锻炼以外达内，由表及里，由有形的身体活动，促进无形精神的升华，实现理想人格的塑造。在体育活动的方式手段上也形成了与之相应的特点，高度重视心理状态的训练，一切肢体活动与心紧密结合，并服务于 “ 调心炼意 ”。在诸多的以养生为主的传统体育活动中，强调的是 “ 澄心如镜 ”、“ 守志如一 ”、“ 形随神游 ”，而极少有单纯锻炼人体外形的活动。

西方体育文化竞技观的以对力的崇尚和肉体的赞美为基础。西方体育文化是一种征服型文化，提倡不断向人体自身挑战，不断挖掘人体潜能，突破人体能力极限。西方体育主张通过运动系统的一系列积极活动，使肌肉发达、骨骼强壮，进而促进内脏器官的健康。因此，西方体育强调的是身体的外部运动，追求的是更快、更高、更强，充满了对健美人体的崇拜和对力的赞美，透射出雄劲的阳刚之气。西方体育文化注重竞技能力培养、追求肌肉强化，而忽视人体精神与外型和谐的倾向。

中西方体育文化存在着浅层和深层的双层差异。体育作为一种特殊的文化现象，它的繁荣发展不仅能增强名族体质，还能增强整个名族对自己文化的自信心，弘扬自己文化。因此中西方体育文化应该达到有效交流，相互学习，相互融合，进而促进政治、经济的发展，推动全球文化的进步。

参考文献：《浅谈中西方体育文化的差异及对体育发展的影响》

《中西方体育文化比较》

《中国传统体育文化与西方竞技体育文化的对比研究

《中西体育文化差异》

第四篇：中西方婚礼文化对比

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英语听力自主学习方法探究

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A Comparison of Chinese and American Food Cultures 语言行为性别差异研究

《榆树下的欲望》中的自然主义 《动物庄园》中的黑色幽默分析

功能对等理论视角下《越狱》字幕翻译的研究 从文化视角浅谈旅游英语翻译

论小说《哈利波特》中的魔法世界

The Unique Characteristics of Edgar Allen Poe’s Gothic Stories 愉快教学法在初中英语教学中的应用

中英文姓名的文化内涵及其翻译的对比研究 目的论视角下公益广告的翻译

福克纳眼中的美国南方—以《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》为例 A Withering Rose：An Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy 从伊登和盖茨比之死探析美国梦破灭的必然性

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A Comparison of the English Color Terms 目的论指导下《页岩》英译汉中的词类转译现象 The Application of Corpus in Teaching English Reading The Translation of Puns 学习动机对大学生英语学习的影响 从文化视角看汉英翻译中的语篇连贯性

跨文化交际中的语用失误 87 中西方饮食文化对比

论《野性的呼唤》中对人和自然和谐的呼唤 89 从目的论看《生活大爆炸》的字幕翻译

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从精神分析理论分析《莎乐美》的人格特征 97 汉语政治话语中的隐喻研究

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功能目的论指导下的公示语英译

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160 从《道连•格雷的画像》谈唯美主义艺术观 161 浅析《麦田里的守望者》中的部分重要象征物

162 宗教枷锁下的人性挣扎——《红字》中丁梅斯代尔形象解读 163 当爱遇见不爱——浅析《马可百万》中的三对情爱关系 164 探究《紫色》中的妇女主义者形象 165 论中英商业广告及其翻译 166 Feminism in The Awakening 167 Comparative Studies on Metaphors with Animal Images in Chinese and English 168 从认知语言学角度浅析网络语言中的隐喻现象 169 跨文化商务活动中的交际与礼仪 170 海明威小说硬汉形象的悲剧色彩 171 对比分析中美可乐广告中的文化差异

172 浅析《紫色》中书信体的运用

173 浅析英语粘着词素及其在词汇教学中的实用价值 174 论亨利•詹姆斯《贵妇画像》中伊莎贝尔的婚姻悲剧 175 浅析张培基的散文翻译风格 176 体育专有名词的翻译研究 177 英汉同义词对比及翻译

178 Analysis on Ambiguity in The Scarlet Letter 179 从《店员》解读作者双重身份的矛盾心理 180 从中西婚礼文化看中西方文化差异 181 《达•芬奇密码》中的女性主义

182 《二十二条军规》中关于军规的控制及反控制 183 英汉亲属称谓对比研究及其文化内涵分析 184 情态人际意义的跨文化研究

185 关于数字在英语商务合同中的应用的讨论 186 从关联理论看鲁迅作品《孔乙己》中的反讽 187 《野性的呼唤》的自然主义解读 188 文化背景知识在英语教学中的作用

189 从原型批评理论角度分析威利•洛曼的悲剧 190 公示语汉英翻译的问题与对策

191 从美学角度浅析许渊冲《汉英对照唐诗三首》——“意音形”三美论 192 世纪年代鲁迅与梁实秋之间的翻译论战

193 To Obey or Rebel –A Study of Female Characters in Moment in Peking 194 论反语的语用功能

195 中式英语与标准英语的差别 196 双语对认知发展的影响

197 A Probe into the Spiritual Worlds of The Old Man and the Sea 198 中西方家庭教育对比研究——从《傅雷家书》和《致儿家书》的对比 199 Etiquette and Protocol on Intercultural Business Negotiation 200 不一样的颤栗—东西方恐怖片的比较

第五篇：中西方饮食文化对比论文

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外语系 专 业 班： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 2011年 5 月

I

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方饮食文化对比

I

Abstract

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture of China and the west, come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.But actually the differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

II

摘 要

随着经济全球化进一步发展，中西方联系越来越频繁。作为打开中西方人民交流的重要切入点，探讨中西方饮食差异变的十分重要。其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交流障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误会。因此，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化而言具有很重要的意义。此外，它有助于指导我们的实践。但是不言而喻中西美食的差异与社会文化的发展密切相关。文化是人们在长期的社会生活中生活方式凝聚起来的总称，其中生活方式又包括思维方式和行为方式，虽然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特点是以血缘和地缘关系为基础，以名族为单位形成的整体。饮食文化，同样以名族为单位，当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯，饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种文化。这也与中国和西方的不同地理和历史条件息息相关，毕竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文将从以下五个方面来说明中西文化的差异，它具体体现在饮食观念的差异、饮食内容的差异、饮食方式的差异以及不同的餐桌礼仪等。而本文不仅探讨了中西方饮食文化上的差异，更简要分析了造成这一差异的原因。除此之外，本文还以美国的餐桌文化给出了一些例子，例如，面包盘是在主盘的左边，饮料在主盘的右边；沙拉叉、刀和汤匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要远；甜点餐具上方放置或随主板送达。一般吃东西的时候嘴巴紧闭；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打喷嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者过分大声说话。总之，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化具有很重要的意义。它不仅在于了解这一事实本身，更重要的是用它来知道我们的实践活动，在提高认识的基础上，改善食品结构，革除餐饮弊端，提高餐饮质量，保证人们的生活需要，弘扬中华文化的餐饮文化。

关键词：中西方饮食文化；差异；观念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China‟s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato‟s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers‟ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners‟ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture‟s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun‟s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners‟ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth‟s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners‟ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China‟s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one‟s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China‟s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food‟s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition‟s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative‟s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department‟s characteristic and even each chef‟s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart‟s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people‟s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people‟s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people‟s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still „food to eat‟ stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people‟s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people‟s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China‟s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries‟ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other‟s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China‟s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China‟s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year‟s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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