中西方节目主持人对比

第一篇：中西方节目主持人对比

中西方节目主持人对比

黄露

1006010138

10广电班

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一、我国节目主持人的发展状况。

说起主持人的来源，还得追溯到1928年荷兰对外广播公司开播首个主持人节目“快乐的电台”，自那以后，主持人这个行业才从西方逐渐兴起。而相比之下，中国国内节目主持人的出现则要晚上半个多世纪，一直是到1980年7月12日中央电视台开播的《观察与思考》首次正式打出“主持人”字幕时，主持人这一职业才正式在我国出现。发展至今，我国的节目主持人行业已经经过了三十几年的风风雨雨，如今的主持人得到了很大的发展。

首先，主持人不再是最初充当报幕员和播音员的机械式主持人了，而是具备采访、播音、评论等能力于一体的“多功能”主持人。记得1978年元旦《新闻联播》开播时，主持人播报新闻大多像“看图说话”一般，新闻图片上显示的是什么，主持人就描述一遍，很少会涉及到图片所隐含的新闻意义。而如今再看《新闻联播》，主持人不仅要具备基本的新闻播报能力，有时候主持人还要去到现场采写新闻，或者在演播室对新闻进行评论。

其次，如今的主持人的主持声音也不像之前那样干涩、枯燥、平淡无味了，其主持的语言也变得温柔细腻，充满了人情味。比如柴静，当年她刚进入央视主持《东方时空•时空连线》时，就因为太过官方的生硬的主持风格伤害过一些本就受过伤害的嘉宾，后来她意识到了这一点并加以改正，如今才成就了她“温柔杀手”的称号。

再次，主持人这个行业也不像当初那样高高在上，遥不可及，如今的主持业也学会了从受众的需求出发，时不时与观众进行些互动，与受众保持双向联系„„

类似的变化有很多很多，从而也可以看出，我国的节目主持人发展状况在未来很长一段时间内还是很有发展前途的。我们一方面要看到这些年来节目主持人的积极发展状况，但也要看到国内节目主持人与国外节目主持人的较大差距。在此，我将通过对比美国著名女性节目主持人奥普拉•温弗瑞和有“东方奥普拉”之称的鲁豫的主持风格来分析中西方节目主持人的差距。

二、人物介绍

奥普拉•温弗瑞是一位天命之年、长相平平，身材欠佳的黑人妇女，但就是这样一位不起眼的人靠着其极具个性的主持能力，凭借着独一无二的《奥普拉秀》一跃成为当今世界上最具影响力的妇女之一。陈鲁豫曾被评为“中央电视台最受欢迎的十大主持人”称号，她主持的《鲁豫有约》更是根据她的采访风格特意打造的一档明星主持节目。鲁豫还因为她采访的幽默感和真诚被称为“东方奥普拉”。

三、奥普拉和鲁豫之间的共同点。

1、两位主持人都是以真诚动人的。

其他一些主持人，在进行人物访谈时，并不是特别关心采访对象的回答和心理，而是关心下一个问题问什么，这就明显使得采访对象觉得主持人并没有将自己放在心上，采访对象的回答也越来越无趣了。但是奥普拉和陈鲁豫不同，她们虽然也会考虑接下来要问什么，她们更关心的是采访对象的回答，并根据采访对象的回答做出相应的回应。陈鲁豫在《鲁豫有约》中就会捉住采访对象回答的一个亮点，并不时在之后的问答中再度提起，这就让受访嘉宾感觉主持人把自己的话听进去了。奥普拉更甚，在做节目访谈时，奥普拉常常不惜将自己的一些秘密作为“交换条件”，并和嘉宾一起抱头痛哭或是仰天长笑。这样的真诚，换做是谁，也都愿意说出那些本不愿说出的事吧！

2、两位主持人进行人物访谈时都善于营造轻松的采访气氛。

我一直认为，一名优秀的主持人进行采访时并不是靠刻意的搞笑或者是牵强的幽默，好的主持人会让受访嘉宾感到自然的轻松，并会发出会心的微笑。奥普拉和陈鲁豫就善于调节采访现场的气氛。比如，陈鲁豫在采访受访嘉宾时在听到嘉宾某些幽默的回答时放声大笑。这种大笑并不是每一位女主持人都敢于做的。受到主持人的感染，嘉宾的情绪自然也就会放轻松。奥普拉的纯真可爱更是为人所知，她在采访嘉宾时会跟随着采访嘉宾的回答做出很夸张的肢体动作或者是夸张的大笑。这些夸张的元素，让再害羞的嘉宾也会放松心态的。

3、两位主持人对节目的控制能力都很强。

虽说两人在节目中的情绪经常会随着嘉宾的情绪波动而波动，但是两人并没有深陷其中，不能自拔，而把节目引导偏离轨道。她们所问的问题之间是由内在的逻辑联系的，因此，即使对于一个问题，主持人会有所发挥，但也不影响总体的节目进程。

四、奥普拉和鲁豫之间的不同点。

1、两人的职业经历不同。

奥普拉是在电视台熬10多年才遇到自己的伯乐，歪打正着被迫去主持一档电视脱口秀节目，才从一名不称职的新闻采写记者成功蜕变为“脱口秀女王”的。虽然她自己说这是歪打正着，但不能否认，10多年电视记者的经验让她更加能够摸清受众的收视心理，做出更让受众接受的电视节目的。陈鲁豫则不同，她是1993年从北京广播学院毕业后直接进入央视担任主持人的，直接的就业带来的最大问题就是经验不足。也许是意识到了这点，在央视工作两年后她便远赴美国，留学“充电”。直至学成归来，才登上了事业的高峰。

2、主持涉及面不同。

和奥普拉相比，陈鲁豫的主持内容主要是注重节目人物的故事情节，但奥普拉不仅注重普通人物的故事，也注重国际重要敏感问题。奥普拉有很多期的采访都是和关爱妇女儿童、抵制吸毒等社会重大敏感问题。由此看来，这也算是我国访谈类节目比较薄弱的问题。

3、陈鲁豫的采访语气与奥普拉相比，温柔有余，尖锐不足。

其实我眼中的奥普拉也是一个“性情中人”，她在采访到悲伤的故事时，也会和嘉宾一起抱头痛哭。但对于那些很敏感的问题，奥普拉从不马虎。比如，在著名的“詹姆斯·弗雷自传事件”中，奥普拉三次专题节目访谈弗雷，第一次受到弗雷戒毒故事感动而向大众大力推荐其自传，第二次对弗雷自传中的虚假情节进行当面质问和严重质疑，第三次则为自己的“严厉过火”向弗雷道歉。这三次采访中，我们足以看出奥普拉的真诚、负责。这些特质正是西方节目主持人主持亮点，也是我们国内的主持人不足的地方。

4、最后，我自认为把陈鲁豫称为“东方奥普拉”并不是很适合。

毕竟，鲁豫也是有自己的采访特点的，比如在节目中她会安安静静地倾听受访者的诉说，绝不会从中打断。她的安静，正是她的特点。而现在她被安上奥普拉的标签，这对于她的采访特点来说是一种抹杀。她是陈鲁豫，绝不是第二个奥普拉。

五、总结中西方节目主持人的差距。

综上所述，从对比中西方两位著名女性节目主持人陈鲁豫和奥普拉来看，以小见大地可以看出两者之间还是有对比性的。

第一、我国节目主持人的新闻从业经验和西方节目主持人是有差距的。西方国家的主持人很多都是从最基础的新闻采写工作干起，并且是在新闻基层磨练了数十年后才当上主持人的，所以他们的经验比较丰富，节目主持比较有深度。而我国的许多主持人都是直接从学校进入主持行业，十分缺少基层的锻炼。不仅对新闻领域没有一个全面准确的认识，而且主持能力比较单一，不像西方许多主持人那样全能。

第二、由于中西方主持人节目运行机制的不同，而导致主持人个 性发挥和内在环境不同。在西方，许多主持人不仅仅是主持人，还负责整个节目的策划、选题、采访和编稿等，所以在节目中，主持人不仅可以学到很多东西，而且还可以相对自由地发挥自己的个性特点。中国则不同，我国的许多主持人只会负责到节目的采访和主持，自然，从中学到的东西是有限的。而且，我国主持人在主持中会受到采访稿或者主持稿的束缚，不能够畅快地表现自己的个性。

第三、中国节目主持人虽然与西方有所差距，但仍有自己的发展空间的。

第二篇：中西方文化对比

中西方文化对比

--对文化教化功能的再认识

以前曾经看过一则趣事，是说不同国家的人弄丢了一枚硬币后的反应，美国人只会摇摇头，不再回想，日本人会回家做一番深刻的反思，德国人会在丢失硬币的周围仔细寻找。从这则趣事可以看出，不同民族的区别从根本上说是民族心理，而不同民族心理产生的根源是不同的民族文化。民族文化对民族心理的影响体现的就是文化的教化功能。

比如说，在中华传统文化中，占主导地位的是强调伦理道德与群体意识的儒家文化，其次就是宁静恬淡的道家文化。因此，一个深受中华传统文化全面教化的中国人，在青年时期追求立足社会与实现个人理想，采取的是入世、有为、贡献社会的价值取向；而在老年退休，要求减轻或摆脱精神痛苦与求助心切之时，便倾向接受道家处世养生原则。

与历经数千年传承的中国传统文化相对应的西方文化，也是世界文化宝库中的丰厚遗产。但由于地理环境、历史背景、发展过程等因素的不同，中西方文化呈现出巨大的差异。不同的文化潜移默化地影响着人们并经过人的心理折射后形成了中西方不同的文化心理，体现在三方面：群体与个体，保守与求新，讲“礼”与平等。

中国是一个以群体文化为主要文化特征的国家。中国人的群体意识来源于以农耕为主的小农经济生产方式。这种生产方式使得中国人习惯于集体作业，成为中国人典型的人生体验和一种约定俗成的典型情境，从而造就了中国人的群体文化心理。“四海之内皆兄弟”、“在家靠父母，出外靠朋友”等说法，就是群体观念的典型反映。而西方文化中的上帝信仰，使人更倾向于不依赖他人而通过自己与上帝之间的关系来指导自己行事为人。因此西方人推崇个体文化心理。

中庸之道对中国人的文化心理影响极大。中庸中的“中”字意味着“折中、调和、无过也无不及”，庸的意思是“平常”。《论语·率雍》也写到：“中庸之为德也。其至矣乎。”在中国，标新立异是不被肯定的，特立独行的人往往被众人所排斥。这种拒绝变化的儒家精神在中国造成强大的保守意识，使中国文化失去了创新的动力。西方个体主义的文化心理强调个人的价值与尊严，强调个人的特征与差异，提倡新颖，鼓励独特风格。正是这种追求“差异”和“多样化”的“求变”心理，使西方人拥有了那种独立创新的科学精神，推动西方社会创造出丰富的精神和物质文明。

中国人信奉尊卑有别，长幼有序。孟子称：“舜使契为司徒，教以人伦，父子有亲，群臣有义，夫妻有别，长幼有序，朋友有信。”（《滕文公上》）在中国，人与人交往时要受到各自地位和角色的制约，否则就是失礼。这种较强的等级观念也在其语言表达形式上体现出来。汉语中当几个词并列时许多情况下排列顺序不是任意的，一般是按由尊到卑、由主到次、由大到小的次序排列，如君臣、父子、兄弟、姐妹、师徒、男女老少等等。中国人推崇“抑己尊人”的处世原则，谈话时有意抬高他人地位而使自己显得卑微，因此汉语中出现了大量的谦称和敬称。汉语自称谦词古代有：仆、小人、愚、鄙人等，近现代有：学生、晚辈等。自称亲人谦词有：家父、家母、内人、犬子等，敬称对方亲人有：令尊、令堂、令夫人、令爱等。而西方文化心理强调平等。平等意识渗透到西方社会的各个领域，西方人的行为、工作、娱乐、语言、政治等无不体现出平等观念。因此，令中国人难以接受的是，在西方，子女对父母、学生对老师都可以直呼其名，晚辈或学生可以就一个问题或观点与长辈或老师争得面红耳赤，毫不顾忌后者的面子或权威。

通过以上对中西方人不同文化心理以及行为方式的比较，可以看出，文化的教化功能在于，不同的文化使不同民族的人们在思维方式、行为习惯、价值观念、审美趣味等方面体现出了诸多不同。文化虽无形，但它可以通过教化功能潜移默化地渗透到每一个有形的人身上。可以说，正因为文化具有教化功能，世界文化的多样性才得以保存和体现。

第三篇：中西方酒文化的对比

本科生毕业设计（论文）封面

（2017 届）

论文（设计）题目 作 者 学 院、专 业 班 级 指导教师（职称）论 文 字 数 论文完成时间

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本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业英语本科论文3000起，具体可以联系扣 8059+90749。下列所写题目均可写作。部分题目已经写好原创。

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(英语毕业论文)Effects of First Person Narration on Thematic Expression in Araby(英语毕业论文)Differences Between English and Chinese Euphemisms and Influences on Cross-cultural Communication

35、(英语毕业论文)超越和世俗——对《月亮和六便士》中Strickland和Stroeve的对比分析（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译）

36、(英语毕业论文)顺应论视角中电影字幕汉英翻译研究——以李安电影作品字幕翻译为例（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译）37、38、综述）

39、(英语毕业论文)The Weakness of Human Nature in Gulliver’s Travels(开题报告+论文(英语毕业论文)中学英语任务型教学理论研究及应用现状评述

(英语毕业论文)《永别了武器》中战争对人类所造成的毁灭（开题报告+论文+文献+文献综述)40、(英语毕业论文)中西方餐桌礼仪的文化对比分析（开题报告+论文）41、42、论文)

43、(英语毕业论文)从文本类型角度看企业外宣材料的翻译（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)从目的论角度看外宣翻译—以年《政府工作报告》为例(开题报告+(英语毕业论文)《恋爱中的女人》欧秀拉和古迪兰的性格对其爱情观的影响（开题报告+论文）44、45、46、(英语毕业论文)辩证论视域下神似与形似的相互关系研究(英语毕业论文)中美婚姻价值观对比（开题报告+论文）

(英语毕业论文)On the Aesthetic Connotation of the Death in For Whom the Bell Tolls by Hemingway（开题报告+论文）47、48、49、50、述）

51、(英语毕业论文)A Comparative Study of Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers and(英语毕业论文)从《刮痧》看中美家庭文化差异

(英语毕业论文)《抽彩》和《蝇王》的艺术魅力比较（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《嘉莉妹妹》中女主人公的服饰所反映的女性意识

(英语毕业论文)浅析王尔德《莎乐美》的唯美主义和成因（开题报告+论文+文献综Thunderstorm（开题报告+论文+文献综述）52、53、54、55、(英语毕业论文)文化差异对习语翻译的影响(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)《红字》中女权主义意识探析（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)对《斯佳丽》中生态女权主义的解读(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)A General Analysis of Mr.Xu Yuanzhong’s Translation Art of Language Variation in Classic Poems56、57、(英语毕业论文)论《紫色》的叙事现代性分析（开题报告+论文）

(英语毕业论文)从弗洛伊德的精神分析法分析《麦田里的守望者》霍尔顿•考尔菲德的成长58、59、60、61、62、63、(英语毕业论文)从构式视野下对英语图式习语的解读

(英语毕业论文)英汉习语翻译中文化意象的转换（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)英汉礼貌用语对比研究

(英语毕业论文)场独立和场依存对不同主题阅读材料的影响研究（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)用目的论理论研究英汉电影名翻译(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)从基因学的角度看多义词的词义关系（开题报告+论文+文献综述+

外文翻译）64、65、66、67、68、69、70、71、(英语毕业论文)大学英语电影教学现状及对策分析（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)论英语教学中交际法应用的困境及其解决之道

(英语毕业论文)《紫色》中“家”的解读（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)浅析《远大前程》中皮普的个人抱负与自我完善

(英语毕业论文)The Developments of Marriage View over Three Periods in the West(英语毕业论文)Euphemism in English advertisements(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我

(英语毕业论文)《简爱》和《藻海无边》的女主人公的对比研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述）72、73、74、75、76、77、78、79、80、81、(英语毕业论文)从女性主义角度解读《灶神之妻》（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)商务英语中的缩略词研究（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《隐形人》中格里芬的心理剖析（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies(英语毕业论文)解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)从数字的联想意义研究中西文化的差异(英语毕业论文)《茶馆》英译本的翻译对比研究(英语毕业论文)《双城记》中的象征手法分析

(英语毕业论文)从《肖申克的救赎》看体制化对个人的影响

(英语毕业论文)问题类型对TEM阅读成绩影响的实证研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译）82、83、84、85、86、87、88、89、90、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)《儿子与情人》中扭曲的爱（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)自然主义在《野性的呼唤》中的体现（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)城市公共标识翻译技巧及问题分析

(英语毕业论文)Strategies of Translating Chinese Proper Nouns in Tourism Texts(英语毕业论文)Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism on The Picture of Dorian Gray(英语毕业论文)浅谈英语俚语（开题报告+论文+文献综述）

(英语毕业论文)《分期付款》中英语长句的分译策略（开题报告+论文+文献综述+

外文翻译）91、92、(英语毕业论文)Analysis on Humors in Short Stories by Mark Twain(英语毕业论文)论奥斯卡•王尔德的矛盾性——从传记角度解读《奥斯卡•王尔德童话集》（开题报告+论）93、(英语毕业论文)Sino-US Cultural Differences——Through Comparison Between APPLE and OPPO 94、95、(英语毕业论文)论中西方思维方式的差异（开题报告+论文+文献综述）

(英语毕业论文)从文化翻译学行为论看汉语国俗语的英译过程——对林语堂和《吾国吾民》的个案考察（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文翻译）96、97、98、99、(英语毕业论文)《德伯家的苔丝》中的意象分析（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)目的论下英语广告仿拟格的汉译（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)艾伦金斯堡及其《嚎叫》之于二十世纪六十年代美国文化的影响（开题报告+论文）100、101、(英语毕业论文)《傲慢与偏见》与《劝导》中婚姻模式的对比研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)汉语茶文化特色词的英译研究——以《茶经》和《续茶经》为例（开题报告+论文）102、103、综述）104、(英语毕业论文)福克纳笔下的“南方淑女”－－从互文视角解析凯蒂和艾米莉的边(英语毕业论文)简爱和林黛玉的反叛性格对比分析

(英语毕业论文)在归隐中相遇—论梭罗与陶渊明的诗意人生（开题报告+论文+文献缘化形象特征（开题报告+论文+文献综述）105、106、107、108、109、110、综述）111、(英语毕业论文)颜色词的英汉翻译研究(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我

(英语毕业论文)战争隐喻在体育新闻报道中的运用（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)从《绝望主妇》看美国人的婚姻观（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)目的论视角下新闻标题汉译英研究（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)从语域理论角度分析商务发盘函的翻译策略

(英语毕业论文)浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中的苔丝悲剧的成因（开题报告+论文+文献

112、(英语毕业论文)不伦，还是不朽？－－从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》（开题报告+论）113、(英语毕业论文)解读罗伯特•彭斯的爱情观——以《一朵红红的玫瑰》和《约翰•安德生，我的爱人》为例 114、115、116、117、118、119、(英语毕业论文)浅析英语体育新闻的汉译策略（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)文化视角下的英汉习语对译（开题报告+论文+）

(英语毕业论文)师生关系与学生英语学习积极性之关联性探析（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《人性的污点》中主要人物的悲剧命运与社会原因的分析(英语毕业论文)A Study of Beauty in Sound, Form and Meaning Displayed in Zhang Peiji’s Prose Translation 120、(英语毕业论文)托妮•莫里森《宠儿》中的主角赛丝的女性形象研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述）121、122、123、124、125、126、127、128、129、130、论文）131、+论文）132、133、(英语毕业论文)试析《旅游巴士》中的犹太文化内涵（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)Western and Chinese Marriage Differences in Cross-cultural(英语毕业论文)从浪漫主义角度剖析《海上钢琴师》在中国流行的原因（开题报告(英语毕业论文)论《围城》的幽默语翻译(英语毕业论文)Advertising and Its Application(英语毕业论文)中美电影文化营销的比较研究（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)浅析英语广播新闻的语言特色

(英语毕业论文)A Cultural Analysis of English and Chinese Names(英语毕业论文)论《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻选择的经济动因（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)哥特元素在《宠儿》中的运用（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)小学英语课堂互动式教学研究(开题报告+论文+文献综述)(英语毕业论文)论《老人与海》中圣地亚哥性格的双重性

(英语毕业论文)文化杂糅背景下的身份诉求——解读奈保尔的《半生》（开题报告+Communication 134、(英语毕业论文)《绝望的主妇》中的中产阶级女性独立意识的研究（开题报告+论

文）135、136、述）137、综述）138、(英语毕业论文)从《无名的裘德》看哈代的现代性意识（开题报告+论文+文献综述(英语毕业论文)浅析《愤怒的葡萄》中主要人物的性格特征（开题报告+论文+文献(英语毕业论文)学习动机对大学生英语学习的影响（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)从美国总统就职演说看美国文化价值观（开题报告+论文+文献综+外文翻译）139、140、141、142、例 143、(英语毕业论文)英语系动词语义属性及句法行为研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述+(英语毕业论文)从好莱坞电影看美国的文化霸权

(英语毕业论文)化学专业学生英语阅读策略研究（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)论童话《小王子》的象征创作（开题报告+论文）

(英语毕业论文)从动态对等角度分析中国旅游景点名称英译——以中国庐山网为外文翻译）144、(英语毕业论文)《嘉莉妹妹》和《名利场》中的女性的性格及命运对比分析（开题报告+论文）145、述）146、(英语毕业论文)简•奥斯汀《诺桑觉寺》中人物对爱情和婚姻的不同态度（开题报(英语毕业论文)浅析《乞力马扎罗的雪》的现代主义特征（开题报告+论文+文献综告+论文+文献综述）147、148、(英语毕业论文)Grammatical Analysis of Academic Writing(英语毕业论文)解读奥斯卡•王尔德的《莎乐美》中的女性意识（开题报告+论文+文献综述）149、150、151、152、(英语毕业论文)论关联理论在商业广告翻译中的运用（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)探析《老人与海》的主题(英语毕业论文)从关联理论看电影字幕的翻译

(英语毕业论文)从归化和异化的角度对《小妇人》的两个中文译本的比较研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述）153、(英语毕业论文)英语电影对白汉译154、155、156、157、158、159、160、161、162、163、164、165、166、(英语毕业论文)分析《野性的呼唤》的生存原则—从美国自然主义观的视角(英语毕业论文)社会语言学视角下女性语言的特点

(英语毕业论文)从电影《国王的演讲》看平民情结（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)浅析《爱玛》中简•奥斯汀的婚姻观

(英语毕业论文)论西尔维娅•普拉斯诗歌中的死亡意象（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)汉英翻译中的多余词现象

(英语毕业论文)浅议创新型口语教学在农村中的实施

(英语毕业论文)美国牛仔形象演变和西部电影发展的研究（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《飘》两个中译本人名地名翻译对比研究(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)中医术语翻译方法研究

(英语毕业论文)莎士比亚《李尔王》中的女性角色塑造

(英语毕业论文)论《可爱的骨头》中的多重象征（开题报告+论文）

(英语毕业论文)论接受理论对儿童文学作品的影响——以《快乐王子》中译本为例（开题报告+论文）167、(英语毕业论文)从依恋理论看《呼啸山庄》主人公希斯克利夫悲剧性格的形成（开题报告+论）168、169、170、171、翻译）172、173、174、175、176、177、178、(英语毕业论文)论《劝导》中女性角色的地位（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚形象浅析(英语毕业论文)从《喜福会》中透视文化的冲突与融合

(英语毕业论文)An Analysis of the Problems on Chinese Early Childhood Education(英语毕业论文)从十字军东征看中世纪宗教冲突（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)从关联理论看《茶馆》两个英译本中修辞格的处理（开题报告+论(英语毕业论文)论《简•爱》中伯莎•梅森的疯癫（开题报告+论文）(英语毕业论文)The Application of Cooperative Learning in English Teaching(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我

(英语毕业论文)目的论在英语儿歌翻译中的应用（开题报告+论文+文献综述+外文文+文献综述+外文翻译）179、(英语毕业论文)《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻观对当代中国的现实意义（开题报告+论文）180、181、182、183、184、185、186、187、188、(英语毕业论文)A Symbolic Analysis of Paradise Lost（开题报告+论文+文献综述）(英语毕业论文)从关联理论角度看英语广告语的修辞(英语毕业论文)浅析《恋爱中的女人》中劳伦斯的爱情观(英语毕业论文)从思维方式差异看英语复杂句汉译

(英语毕业论文)主位推进模式在语篇翻译中的应用（开题报告+论文）

(英语毕业论文)从小说《百万英镑》中看对当今社会的讽刺意义(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)An Application of Schema Theory in Interpreting(英语毕业论文)《麦琪的礼物》主题与写作手法分析(开题报告+论文)(英语毕业论文)女性主义视角下《白象似的群山》与《莳萝泡菜》中男性形象的对比研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述）189、(英语毕业论文)中西方悲剧爱情故事折射出的文化差异—《穆斯林的葬礼》与《荆棘鸟》之比较（开题报告+论文+文献综述）190、191、192、(英语毕业论文)《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯•思特里克兰德的追寻自我(英语毕业论文)从语体学论《一九八四》中的反极权主义

(英语毕业论文)On Translation of Cultural Factors in News under Skopostheorie（开题报告+论文+文献综述）193、(英语毕业论文)Gothic Romance: Inheritance and Development of Medieval Romance－－ A Case Study of The Castle of Otranto 194、195、(英语毕业论文)中外大学校训对比研究（开题报告+论文+文献综述）

(英语毕业论文)The Application of Free Association in Literature Creation—Artistic Styles Presented in Mrs.Dalloway 196、文）197、198、199、200、(英语毕业论文)An Analysis of Youth Subculture through the Movie－－Trainspotting(英语毕业论文)论《呼啸山庄》中希斯克里夫性格的双重性(英语毕业论文)《追风筝的人》中哈桑自我牺牲精神的研究(英语毕业论文)论中英思维方式差异对主语翻译的影响(英语毕业论文)从艾米莉•狄金森与李清照的诗歌看女性文化差异（开题报告+论

第四篇：中西方饮食文化对比论文

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外语系 专 业 班： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 2011年 5 月

I

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方饮食文化对比

I

Abstract

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture of China and the west, come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.But actually the differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

II

摘 要

随着经济全球化进一步发展，中西方联系越来越频繁。作为打开中西方人民交流的重要切入点，探讨中西方饮食差异变的十分重要。其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交流障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误会。因此，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化而言具有很重要的意义。此外，它有助于指导我们的实践。但是不言而喻中西美食的差异与社会文化的发展密切相关。文化是人们在长期的社会生活中生活方式凝聚起来的总称，其中生活方式又包括思维方式和行为方式，虽然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特点是以血缘和地缘关系为基础，以名族为单位形成的整体。饮食文化，同样以名族为单位，当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯，饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种文化。这也与中国和西方的不同地理和历史条件息息相关，毕竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文将从以下五个方面来说明中西文化的差异，它具体体现在饮食观念的差异、饮食内容的差异、饮食方式的差异以及不同的餐桌礼仪等。而本文不仅探讨了中西方饮食文化上的差异，更简要分析了造成这一差异的原因。除此之外，本文还以美国的餐桌文化给出了一些例子，例如，面包盘是在主盘的左边，饮料在主盘的右边；沙拉叉、刀和汤匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要远；甜点餐具上方放置或随主板送达。一般吃东西的时候嘴巴紧闭；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打喷嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者过分大声说话。总之，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化具有很重要的意义。它不仅在于了解这一事实本身，更重要的是用它来知道我们的实践活动，在提高认识的基础上，改善食品结构，革除餐饮弊端，提高餐饮质量，保证人们的生活需要，弘扬中华文化的餐饮文化。

关键词：中西方饮食文化；差异；观念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China‟s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato‟s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers‟ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners‟ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture‟s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun‟s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners‟ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth‟s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners‟ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China‟s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one‟s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China‟s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food‟s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition‟s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative‟s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department‟s characteristic and even each chef‟s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart‟s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people‟s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people‟s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people‟s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still „food to eat‟ stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people‟s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people‟s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China‟s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries‟ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other‟s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China‟s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China‟s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year‟s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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第五篇：中西方酒文化的对比

中西方酒文化的对比

摘 要

本文通过比较中西方酒的文化的源头、酿酒原料、酒文化和饮酒方式等方面的不同来分析和比较中西方酒文化差异.本文不同于其他的调研，我主要着重于通过学习英语而了解酒文化的重要性。本文第一部分是引言，接下来两部分是对比中西酒文化，第四部分是关于酒的创新技术，最后结束在一段总结中。通过这个论文，新鲜的着重点和方法为英语学习者提供了不一样的文化观点。酒文化源远流长，品种繁多，是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环。中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异酒文化也是一样。通过这一对比，从而进一步阐述中西方文化差异特别是价值观方面的差异。关键词：国家，西方，酒文化，比较

Abstract

This paper studies the differences between Chinese wine culture and the Western wine culture.Different from previous research, this paper, wants to emphasize the importance of wine culture through studying English language.There are five parts in this paper.We start with a brief introduction to the background and objective of the course.Then we expound on the two parts of the comparison, and the fourth part is about innovation.We end this paper with a summary of the paper.The fresh focuses and methods will help some English learners with some points that they have not fully realized.Wine culture is one of the irreplaceable parts of a country’s historic development and cultural sediment.Through comparing the origin and the material and category of wine-making, drinking customs, the communicative functions and drinking culture between China and the West, this paper further compares the differences between Chinese and the western cultures, especially the value.Key Words: country, wine culture, compare

1.引言

文化是一个国家的灵魂，是一个民族凝聚力形成的关键，是落叶归根的根源。文化的差异导致中外风俗习惯的不同，引起中外人们思维方式的差异。无论是东方还是西方，酒在人们的日常生活中占有重要的地位。酒的历史漫长，随之形成的酒文化也就源远流长。酒就象血液一样，在每个民族文化里流淌。然而源于中西方不同的文化背景，中西方酒文化亦显现出不同的特征。在中国文化中，酒都是作为一种文化消费，亲朋聚会，浅尝小酌可以营造气氛、增进感情。《圣经》记载道，耶稣基督在最后的晚餐下把葡萄酒分给门徒，并告诉他们，葡萄酒是自己的血，让人们记住他是为了替人们赎罪而死的。在西方人眼中，酒是特殊的艺术品，拥有魅力和生命。面对这个充满魅力和生命的神圣艺术品，西方人自然会热爱它、饮用它，并且用心去欣赏和玩味。可以说，古今中外，酒已经渗透到了包括政治、经济、文学、艺术、饮食、养生等各方面在内的社会生活中。由此可见，在人类文化的历史长河中，酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在，更是一种文化象征。它伴随着人类文明的发展，不断形成了自身独特的文化——酒文化。酒作为文化的一种载体，与文化一样，由于历史背景、生活环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和思维模式等的不同，在中西方呈现出其风格迥异的民族特性。2．中西酒文化的共同点 2.1美好的历史渊源

尽管中国和西方的国家有很多的不同之处，但我们不能忽略这其中的相同点。中国和西方国家在酒的起源方面都有着一个美丽的传说。在中国，酒有5000年以上的历史，在龙山文化时期（约5000年）就出现了，一些人都认为杜康用引进的新酿酒技术，是就占据了4000多年的历史。当然，也有些人为仪狄是酿酒第一人。但不管怎样，对于酿酒的历史，我们都是有着很清楚详细的记录。在西方，尽管他们没有太多详细的记录着关于酒的历史，但关于酒的起源仍有一个美丽的传说流传下来。古埃及认为酒是由死者的庇护神奥里西斯发明 的，希腊人则认为酒是由狄奥尼索斯带到人间来的。在这些传说中流传最为广泛的是“酒神造酒”说。酒神狄奥尼索斯是希腊神话中的神，相传是众神之父宙斯与底比斯公主塞密莉所生。天后赫拉出于嫉妒烧死塞密莉。宙斯把狄奥尼索斯救出缝在他的大腿里，使他获得第二次诞生。后由女神伊诺及山林仙女们抚养长大，流浪于小亚细亚色雷斯和希腊，到处传授种植葡萄和酿酒的技巧。2.2酒所象征的精神 酒是一种艺术，它以其水的外形，火的性格，渗透在人类生活的每一个角落、人类文化的每一个方面。它在世界文化中也有着惊人的相似之处。在文学和艺术的领域，酒的精神无处不在，并且深深影响着文学人士在各方面的造诣，是自由，艺术和美丽相结合。毫无疑问，酒在中国人的生活和文化中占据了重要的位置。酒与大对数中国文人有着密不可分的联系，它也是普通国人生活中密不可分的一部分。古代帝王的宴会也离不开酒作为招待，各种各类的酒也成为祭祀物品中的一个重要部分。当然，中国很多知名的诗人或艺术家都会在酒后创造出很多杰作。例如：唐代诗人李白，他很是爱饮酒，并因此写出很多不朽的诗。早期的作家都爱好饮酒，认为饮酒是消磨时间的雅致方法。除此之外，品酒也是饮酒的一部分。人们发明多种游戏来进行一系列的饮酒活动，包括历史知识，文学，音乐和诗歌。在古代打战前，将军会用酒和肉来宴请自己的士兵。如果赢得了战役，会被奖赏上等好酒。如果有战士战死沙场，同僚会把酒洒在那一片土地上，以此作为祭奠。最后，思想意识形态上流传下来的相似之处催生出浪漫主义，并发展为主流思想。在西方，神人用神酒来对抗着文明世界。他厌恶文明世界的产物，在他看来，文明世界里的人都渴望与沉醉在肉体和精神里。美国西部的人认为，一个人最大的成功包括沉醉。谨慎与热情的冲突贯穿于西方的历史，正如美国人对于酒的敬仰。西方浪漫主义哲学也由此产生。在美国东部，酒文化对浪漫主义产生很大的影响，尽管浪漫主义没有太多理论上的哲学立据，但是他们主张要随时保持现实的态度。3．中西酒文化的不同点 3.1中国酒文化 3.1.1祭祀与酒

由于酒是一种特殊的饮料，它能使人兴奋，使人麻醉，饮酒就成为有别于其他饮食行为的特殊行为。饮酒行为必然受到政治、经济、习俗、道德等特定条件的制约，并表现出人类精神活动的特点，如风俗习惯、伦理道德、审美情趣等。因此，酒文化现象往往是人类精神生活的反映。酒文化的产生与发展，受到许多因素的影响，是一个历史的过程。如农业发展在酒文化演进中的基础作用、科技进步对酿酒工艺的促进、手工业发展对酒具质地和形成的制约、自然地理条件对酿酒业的微妙作用等等，都反映出酒文化是人类历史的一部分，它受到其他文化的影响，并与它们相互交融。

人类对神的信仰，也显示了对神灵所代表的自然力的崇拜。祭祀，是人们向神祗祈福求做的重大仪式。随着社会的发展和文明的进步，祭祀的政治意义日益加强，帝王的祭祀仪式作为朝廷大典。成为国家重要政治活动。不论是郊祀，还是宗庙里德祭祀，都是王朝的的大事，礼仪十分隆重。酒在祭祀活动中，起着独一无二的作用。酒以成礼，因此，凡是祭祀，除要供献牛羊等牲畜及五谷瓜果外，还要敬献酒鬯。

而饮酒之风的盛行，刺激了酿酒业的发展，但若饮酒漫无节制，则不仅有害于饮酒者一己之身，而且会带来许多社会问题。古人对此早有认识，因此禁酒的历史与造酒和饮酒的历史一样悠久。历代王朝禁酒，不外乎三个原因，一是以国君为代表的统治集团，因纵酒可能会导致统治腐败，君臣之间会因酒失礼，大臣之间会因酒失和，从而危及政权的巩固，也害怕庶民百姓酗酒滋事，引发争讼殴斗，不利于社会安定，影响统治秩序。二是古代农迁业生产常因频繁的天灾人祸而遭致破坏，粮食骤然减产是常有的事，而酿酒要消耗大量的粮食，特别是遇到饥荒之年，政局不稳，若把粮食消费于造酒，就会加剧政局的不稳定。三是为了防止百姓造酒卖酒获取厚利，而由官府专卖，保以使国家垄断造酒的利润。我国历史上的魏晋时代，是个既动荡不安又自由潇洒的时代。与人一般不同的是，魏晋文人中不少人则是以畅饮，豪饮以至狂饮，酗酒，从狂饮，酗酒直至将命搭上。3.1.2酒器和酒的种类

中国酒文化包罗万象，丰富多彩，主要包括以下内容∶一，中国酒品种的形成和发展。按照经营上的习惯，中国的酒分为黄酒、白酒、果酒、露酒啤酒和葡萄酒六大类。其中每一大类又可以根据产地、原料、工艺特点、酒色、酒味、酒曲等区分为更多的种类。例如，白酒可以根据香型区出五种∶酱香型、清香型、浓香型、米香型、其他香型。而且，同一香型的酒，由于产地自然条件的差异、工艺操作细节的不同、其香气和风味会各有特色。中国的酒文化渊远流长，虽然历史最长的当属黄酒，但最能代表中国酒的莫过于白酒了，从某种角度可以说中国的酒文化酒是白酒文化。因为在中国的诸多酒种中，她历史悠久、工艺成熟、至今为止仍是世界上产量最大的蒸馏酒。中华文明产生在黄河流域，这里土壤肥沃、气候温和，很早成为农业大国。中国五谷类粮食产量大、品种多，粮食在满足了人们食用的功能，还有剩余，这为粮食酿酒奠定了基础。而被称为西方文明摇篮的希腊地处巴尔干半岛，三面环海，境内遍布群山和岛屿，土壤相对贫瘠，属于典型的地中海式气候。不利于粮食作物的生长，谷类作物产量低，仅能满足食用，很难有富余的用来酿酒。而更喜欢沙砾土壤的葡萄，以其耐旱性和对地中海式气候的适应性而在希腊广泛种植，葡萄酒满足了西方人对酒类的需求。中国人历来就十分重视酒器的使用，“就其用途而言，可分为贮酒器、盛酒器、卖酒器和饮酒器四大类”。在远古时代，由于生产力发展水平比较低，人们所用来饮酒的器具主要是一些天然的材料，并非特制而成，比如兽角、葫芦等。随着生产力的不断提高及酿酒业的逐步发展，酒器的材料和种类也繁多起来，像陶制酒器、青铜制酒器、漆制酒器、玉制酒器以及后来的金银酒器、玻璃酒器和不锈钢酒器等等，每一种酒器都有其不同的类型，比如青铜制酒器中就有尊、壶、皿、鉴、瓿等。有些酒器甚至是不同的动物形状，像羊、虎、牛、兔等；也有些酒器上绘有人物、山水、故事等，其种类繁多，造型各异。让人眼花缭乱。当然，这些形状各异、色彩缤纷的酒器使人们在饮酒的同时也能得到美的享受，同时也反映出了中国艺术文化的独特魅力。2.1.3中国的特色酒

说道中国的特色酒，就必定会联想到青稞酒，因为青稞酒是藏族的男女老少都喜欢饮用的一种传统饮料。在藏语中，婚礼就叫“喝青稞酒”，这同汉族人管婚礼叫“吃喜酒”意义是相似的。

一般人到藏民家去作客，热情的主人都会在你一进门就递上一满杯青稞酒，让客人先喝上一口，随即再添满，再喝一口，连续添三次，最后要满杯喝完。藏族将此称为“三口一杯”。客人完成这“三口一杯”。主人会非常高兴。客人不喝，那是不礼貌的，主人会以为小看他们。假如客人确实是因为不会喝酒而没有喝成这“三口一杯”，就可用无名指蘸点酒，将酒弹向右上方三下，主人仍会高兴地接受。“三口一杯”后，客人就可随意。与主人告别时，按藏族习俗，还得干上一满杯青稞酒。

据记载，青稞酒的酿制技术，还是唐朝时文成公主进藏带去的。青稞（一种高原生长的麦子）煮熟后，拌入酒曲，装入陶罐或木桶中，封严发酵，几天后加入水，再放一两天后就可饮用。青稞酒酒精含量约10度，属低度酒，颜色清淡，味道酸中带甜，人称“西藏啤酒”。3.2西方酒文化 3.2.1酒的种类和酒器

纵观各类酒品不难发现，东方以酿造米酒为主，而西方则以啤酒和葡萄酒为主。在西方文明的起源中，主要的农作物是麦类，众多考古发现表明，早在远古时代，巴比伦人就已用小麦制成啤酒，远古埃及人也有如何酿造啤酒的记载。在西方国家葡萄的产量和品质都首屈一指。在这样的条件下，西方的人们可以大量地用葡萄酿制并享用葡萄酒，所以古代西方盛行“啤酒和葡萄酒文化”。

西方的酒器虽然没有中国这么丰富，但也有其特色，而且，西方人讲究在不同的场合，饮用不同的酒，要选用不同的洒杯，像葡萄酒杯、白酒杯、白兰地酒杯及香槟酒杯等。此外，西方酒杯的制作讲究轻薄透明，因此其酒器多为玻璃和水晶制品，以便于欣赏酒的色泽，进而判断出酒的档次高低。西方人喝酒时习惯玩弄酒杯，让酒在杯中回旋，因此，西方酒杯的外形大都是窄口宽肚，不仅美观大方，而且轻巧实用，在保留酒香的同时还避免酒的溢出。由此可见，中国的酒器形象、优美；西方的酒器轻巧、方便，虽然差别比较明显，但各有其文化特色。现如今，随着社会的不断发展，中国传统的酒器已经少见，西方的酒器开始在中国受到欢迎，这也是我们提倡的文化融合的一种体现。3.2.2西方的酒吧文化

Bar多指美式的具有一定主题元素的酒吧，如体育吧。而Pub和tavern多指英式的以酒为主的酒吧。它最早起源于美国西部大开发时期，最初，在美国西部，牛仔和强盗们很喜欢聚在小酒馆里喝酒。由于他们都是骑马而来，所以酒馆老板就在馆子门前设了一根横木，用来拴马。后来，汽车取代了马车，骑马的人逐渐减少，这些横木也多被拆除。有一位酒馆老板不愿意扔掉这根已成为酒馆象征的横木，便把它拆下来放在柜台下面，没想到却成了顾客们垫腚的好地方们，受到顾客的喜爱了。

据说，当时美国中西部的人骑马出行时，路过街边的小店，就把马拴在门口的一根椐木上，进去喝一杯酒顺便休息一下，然后继续上路。这样的小店就被称之为BAR。它们为城市中辛苦工作一天的人们提供一个放松身心和朋友聚会的场所。在这种酒吧中最重要的就是电视机，经常播放新闻节目、电视连续剧以及像棒球和足球这类体育节目。许多酒吧会放置一台大荧幕的电视机，用他们招揽顾客。它是一种大众闲暇消费的活动空间，也是一种欣欣向荣的文化新景观，更是泡吧者释放压力的港湾。

酒吧是一个自由的地方，西方人喜欢一群人边喝酒边高谈阔论，一边喝着，一边聊着，人与人之间都是平等、自由地进行交流和沟通，他们相互尊重彼此的看法。酒吧文化实质上是西方文化的重要表现形式，酒吧就是其文化表现力的标准模式，它属于一种新型的娱乐文化。欧洲人说：要找人，不在办公室或家里，到酒吧去；不在酒吧，肯定在去酒吧的路上。这句话听起来夸张了点，但确实体现出酒吧在西方人生活中的重要地位。西方绝大部分人都把酒吧当成社交、娱乐和饮食的场所。西方人的交往联系，往往是在酒吧里进行的，而不像中国人喜欢把朋友带到自己的家里。西方人士的许多重要的聚会，如生日聚会、结婚纪念聚会等都是在酒吧举行。在英国，在以冷漠著称于世的英国社会里，酒吧文化的形成被看作是为了促进社会交往。因为，人们在排队的时候，可以和身边同样等待买酒的人交谈。而想要了解英国生活和文化核心，酒吧是必不可少的。所有的邻里交往、朋友相聚基本上都是在酒吧中进行的，在酒吧喝啤酒也是溶入社会的一个简单易行的方式，平常克制保守的英国人在酒吧里表现另一个张扬，并且表现得淋漓尽致。而美国酒吧是用餐或者和朋友们喝一杯的好地方。他们通常会提供一份包罗了汉堡、牛排、沙拉和各种小吃的内容全面的菜单。许多酒吧还会以提供各种进口的葡萄酒、啤酒以及装在附带龙头的酒桶里的地方啤酒等广泛选择为特色。在白天，如果电视里正在播放一场体育比赛的总决赛，酒吧里会十分吵闹。在晚间，酒吧会播放生动的音乐，可以跳舞或者只是作为背景音乐。4．中西酒的创新 4.1酒器

伴随着酿酒业的发展和社会生产力的进步，酒器也有陶器、青铜器、木器，发展到金银器、瓷器、种类日益丰富，技术不断进步，成为我国酒文化的重要组成部分。在春秋战国时期，青铜冶铸的发展，出现了一些新的酒器，其用途也逐步摆脱作为礼器的雍容华贵，而向较为实用的日常生活用具的方向发展。及至现代，除了陶瓷酒具外，还有玻璃、金属、塑料等质地的酒器，具有贮酒、盛酒、温酒、饮酒等不同用途，不仅造型上风格多样，大小型号上也是千差万别，以满足人们饮酒的需要。

我国酒器的发展演变，不仅反映出我国手工业技术的发展历程，也反映出我国酿酒业的进步和饮酒习惯额的演变。酒器本身，又把雕塑、工艺、美术集于一体，达到了审美与实用的统一，因而一些酒器成为超绝的工艺精品和罕世的艺术瑰宝，在中华民族的文化之园中，闪烁着特有的光彩。正如好马要配以好鞍，才能体现一匹坐骑的完美一样。自古以来，人们饮酒时都喜欢用上好的酒具。在他们看来只有好的酒具才能配得上这人间的琼浆玉液。也许在每个人的心里，追求完美才是最真实的感觉，所以才会有“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的千古名句。

在中国封建社会，上好的酒具不但是财富的象征，更是身份和社会地位的象征，因此我们今天能够看到的那些上好的古代酒具，几乎都是那个时代的有钱人和王公将相所使用的。明代，瓷制品的生产技术持续发展，所以这时的酒器便以青花，斗彩，祭红最具特色。而到了清代，在瓷器酒器中具有清代特色的，如珐琅彩，素三彩，青花玲珑瓷及各种仿古瓷都十分著名。从明清时期到新中国成立，锡制酒器在民间被广为使用，这种锡制的酒具主要是用作温酒的器具。酒具的发展演变史，也是中国酒文化的一个缩影，纵观酒具的发展演变，便可看到中国酒文化在其中的点点渗透。

酒器的选择，让饮者对酒充分享受。选择让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒充分舒展的滗酒器、乃至为葡萄酒温度而专门设计的温度计，无不表现出西方人对酒的尊轻，他们的饮酒礼仪都是为更好的欣赏美味而制定的。4.2酿酒技术

酒是一种客观存在的物质，中西方酒文化差别在物质层面下的表现：在酒的用料与品类下，中国最具特色、最著名的是用粮食酿造的粮食酒，西方则是用葡萄酿的葡萄酒；在酿造工艺下，中国讲究料、水、曲三者统一，采用固态、复式发酵法，西方以料为核心，采用液态、单式发酵法。

法国葡萄公厂区蒙彼利埃和波尔多,为了改进红葡萄酒质量,采用了一个新设备,在葡萄破碎前进行全部热处理的新方法。这一工艺有三个优点葡萄经过热处理,可浸出葡萄皮上的色素和香气葡萄通过热处理,可破坏多酚氧化酶葡萄通过热处理,可去掉葡萄上的尘土和一部分果胶。但通过热处理的葡萄必须立刻冷却,进行发酵。在正常的年景,这个葡萄热处理方法可明显地改进葡萄酒的质量和色泽。4.3品酒

饮酒要观色、闻香、品味，调动各种感官享受美酒；品饮顺序，从较淡的酒到浓郁的酒。在一般情况下，无论什么酒，其酒的香气与酒液都是融合的，所以喝起来会给人一种浑然一体的感觉。如果把酒液直接暴露在空气当中，过一些时候，酒的香气就会有所散失，这时留下来的酒液便会让人感觉寡味难饮。由此看来，尽管饮者对酒的口味会有不同的感觉与选择，但一些鉴别好酒的基本标准，大体上应该是一致的。

一般来说，鉴别酒的好坏。主要是从酒的色，香，味三大指标来加以评定。

葡萄酒，不但在全球流传较广，也是果酒中最为常见的一种。不同品种的葡萄酒其风格也各不相同。白葡萄酒的颜色虽然一般说来近似于无色，但由于果肉原料的颜色差别，也使得白葡萄酒在颜色上具有浅黄，麦秆黄，浅黄略带微绿，金黄等不同的颜色差别。由此说来，深黄和褐黄颜色的葡萄酒并非优良的白葡萄酒。那么同样道理，由于葡萄酒品种的关系，红葡萄酒的颜色也分为自然地深宝石红，宝石红，石榴红，洋葱皮红，紫红等不同的颜色，而其中酒色清新润泽的一定是上品，除此之外，干白葡萄酒以酒液澄清透明为佳，干红葡萄酒则以色泽红亮为上，说到葡萄酒的口味，应该是洁净舒顺，和谐完整而爽口清快的。白葡萄酒清新纯柔；而甜葡萄酒还应该兼备甘甜，柔软和滋润等特点以及酸甜适口的风味；干白葡萄酒酸味突出而甜味不显；半干葡萄酒则必然略带甜味；干白葡萄酒入口新鲜柔和且清淡爽口，既有水果的清香又有陈酒的醇香；干红葡萄酒，则酒味浓而不烈，醇和协调，不涩不燥，且无刺舌之邪味，富有浓郁的酒香。

一杯好的酒向我们传达了这样的生活态度---乐于分享并努力追求丰富的生活，这无疑是最令人向往的人生体验，对奢华的孜孜追求，会使那些能够切实感受并分享它的人们，或为它所表达的意义中不可或缺的一部分。而名酒在给予我们味觉、视觉、嗅觉诸多美好感受的同时，也让我们领略到奢华最为强烈的直观体验，一次完美的奢华体验。往往会将人们的生活浓缩成一份美好的记忆。而人们将用那些体验奢华的片段来纪念和珍藏生命中最重要的时光，这也将成为岁月巅峰的铭记而被留在历史中。5.结语

酒是上帝给与的一份最美好的礼物。

在中国，酒常常被当做一种工具。所谓醉翁之意不在酒，在乎山水之间也。山水之乐，得知心而寓之酒，人们更多的依靠饮酒而追求酒之外的东西。青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄；杯莫停的将进酒，为的是与尔同消万古愁；竹林里狂歌的七贤，为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具，更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。而在西方，饮酒的目的往往很简单，为了欣赏酒而饮酒，为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然，在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能，但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。

酒是一种客观存在的物质，是一种文化。酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式，渗透到社会生活的各个领域，在聚会中酒是必需品，中西方对于这种必需品有其不同的解读。以往的差别性探究主要倾向于酒文化的物质层面以及与古代诗歌、古代政治、酒令和饮酒礼仪的不同进行讨论。而分析和比较中西方酒文化的差异更有助于我们了解酒文化背后所隐藏的风格迥异、丰富多彩的文化和民族意义，有助于人们成功地进行跨文化交际和文化交流，更好地为英汉国家的文化交流起到积极的促进作用，最终更有利于整个世界人民的和谐和发展。参考文献

Patrick Matthews.2000.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking.Mitchell Beazley.Patrick McGovern.2000.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture.Princeton University.康明官，2003，《酒文化问答》。北京：化学工业出版社。

万晓艳，2009，从跨文化交际的角度解读中西方酒文化，《甘肃科技纵横》。

王宇，2009，论酒神狄奥尼索斯对西方文化的影响，《辽宁师范大学学报》，第32卷第1期。

朱迪，2005，《带一只酒杯去巴黎》