求翻译

第一篇：求翻译

网络聊天中英语缩略语分析

Analysis of English Abbreviations in Cyber Chat

内容摘要

二十世纪以来，网络聊天随着网络技术的发展逐渐融入人们的生活，英语缩略语也开始在网络聊天中被人们大量引用。本文先简要介绍了网络聊天中英语缩略语的定义、特征，然后从奥斯汀的言语行为理论、塞尔的言语行为理论、合作原则这三个语用学角度以及结构特点分析网络聊天中出现的英语缩略语，最后给出了一些规范意见，旨在帮助人们更好地认识和理解网络中出现的英语缩略语。

关键词：网络聊天英语缩略语定义特征语用分析结构分析

1.Introduction 1.1 Background of the study 网络技术的迅猛发展使得各种网络交际形式应运而生，其中网络聊天已经成为人们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。在聊天过程中，人们为了寻求方便快捷的交流开始大量使用英语缩略语。然而人们对这些缩略语的认识不是很深，理论分析更加匮乏，这势必会影响网络交流。1.2 Objectives of the study 本文旨在运用语用学理论和结构分析来帮助人们更好地理解缩略语，同时给出一些网络聊天中英语缩略语的规范建议。

6.Suggestions to English abbreviation in Cyber Chat 网络语言中缩略形式的常见和习用，是网络语言词语大量生成的必然（刘海燕，2006：153）。聊天中大量使用英语缩略语能够大大提高我们的交流效率，同时也丰富了我们的生活，也让我们的社会变得更加多元化。但是，如果过度使用缩略语而不加以规范，势必会导致缩略语使用的不恰当。同时，网民创造缩略语的方法也是别具一格，这或许会导致英语缩略语失去原有的意思，甚至使人难以理解。例如，H现在既可以是hi或hello，也可以是he。数字2可以是to也可以是two。同时有些英语缩略词指代不唯一，语义增多。英语通过缩略以后，丧失了原有词语的内部形式。虽然词形简洁，但是信息量过大，含义不清。同一个字母可以代表若干词语，但所指内容却不同。字母G为例，GDP（Gross Domestic Product）和GNP（Gross National Product）中指gross，GPS（Global Positioning System）中指global，GRE（Graduate Record Examination）中指graduate。同时，缩略语读法也产生了歧义，例如3G有的人读作“san g”有的读作“three g”。由此可见，对网络上出现的英语缩略语给出一些建议是必要的。6.1 Abbreviation suggestion 缩略语是解决语词太长和节奏太急之间矛盾的结果（陈原，1994：328）。但是在没有必要使用缩略语的时候，以及部分使用英语缩略语会导致歧义的情况下，我们就应该尽量避免使用缩略语。正如陈原先生所言:“缩略语不能随便滥用。滥用缩略语首先是不能精确地传递信息———因为受信人不能掌握这‘浓缩’语的确切含义;其次是给语言带来不好的影响,说得重一些,即引起某方面的语言污染。”（陈原，1994：332）例如，当我们和没有相关专业知识的人聊天时，我们就不要使用像HTTP、GDP等这样的专业词汇。如果我们使用了，反而需要浪费时间解释是什么意思。同时，当我们想创造一个新的缩略词的时候，一定要注意新的缩略语要符合人们的心理和交际习惯，尽量达到新的缩略词形式好而且使用方便。

6.2 Translation suggestion 缩略语的翻译应该尽量吻合其原来的意思，不能随便改动。尤其是专业的英语缩略语，翻译的时候应该更加小心，不能含糊其辞。例如，不能将2b or not to be 中的2翻译为two。

6.3 Pronunciation suggestion 缩略语的读音可以遵循“字母拼读法”和“单词拼读法”，不要擅自乱读英语缩略语，如将CPU读作“xipiyou”。字母拼读法即按照缩略词的单词读，如：IT [αi ’ti : ] ,MP [ em’pi : ] ,CBD [ ’di : ] ,USA [ ju : es’ei ] ,UFO [ju : ef’эu] ,RSPCA [α:r es pi : si : ’ei ]。单词拼读法即缩略语的读音与单词相同，如：SARS [ sα: rs ](Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome),APEC [ ’eipek ](Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperation),radar [ ’reidэ](ra2diodecting and ranging), NATO [ ’neitэu ](North Atlantic Treaty Organization), UNESCO [ ju :’neskэu ](United Na2tions Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organiza2tion)（李新，2004）。

6.4 Suggestions for use in cyber chat 虽然走进网络，平等自由的发言权最深刻地体现在聊天室里，但也需要网民们自觉地采用规范化用语（刘海燕，2006：236）。

人们在使用英语缩略语时候，要注意使用场合，做到符合语境。当我们在使用自己不是很理解意思的英语缩略语的时候，一定要先理解其意思，然后引用。同时，政府或有关部门要加强对新词汇的规范，禁止出现不合法的缩略语被人们大量使用。

7.Conclusion 综上所述，网络的兴起，带动了网络聊天的发展，同时也为英语缩略语在聊天室中的大量引用提供了平台。在对网络英语缩略语的特征透彻理解之后，我们应该学会如何从语用学角度分析网络聊天室中出现的缩略语，最后正确使用缩略语，保证会话的顺利进行。

第二篇：新世纪大学英语四作文,求翻译~

1My Understanding of Environmental Protection

Man and the environment are closely related.Man relies on the environment for water, food and shelter.A harmonious relationship between man and However, man and the environment have never been on such bad terms as they are now.As society develops, man’s transformation of nature has severely polluted his livingenvironment.Deforestation leads to changes in rainfall patterns, causing devastating floods, droughts and sandstorms.The discharge of chemical pollutants endangers our health and the lives of other beings.And mass production has resulted in the shortage of irreplaceable natural resources such as coal and oil.If we take noimmediate and effective steps to protect our environment, human beings may be the next species to become extinct.••••••We should do our best to protect our environment by planting more trees, taking care of wildlife, reducing industrial wastes, using renewable energy, and imposing heavy fines onenvironmentally-unfriendly activities, so as to preserve the environment for future generations.2The Impact of the Mobile Phone on People’s lives

Among the many technological inventions, the mobile phone impresses me most.The mobile phone brings considerable convenience to our lives.It not only enables us to keep in touch with each other almost anytime and anywhere but also helps us solve problems or do business efficiently.In emergencies, a mobile phone can even be a life-saver.Besides, itsmulti-functions add ease and color to our lives.With a mobile phone, we can receive mail, read news, listen to music, play games, and take pictures.Yet, the mobile phone has its disadvantages, too.Most of us have experienced the nuisance of unwanted or wrong calls.We are inconvenienced by calls on occasions when we least expect one.Besides, the technology infrastructure to support mobile communication has consumed valuable natural resources and caused significant environmental problems.It is reported that electromagnetic radiation waves from the phone may result in health problems.Despite its negative side, the advantages of the mobile phone outweigh its disadvantages.I believe that with advances in science and technology, improved and safer models of mobile phones will surely serve us still better.3Barriers to Knowledge Transfer

Knowledge transfer is a human phenomenon and plays a very important role in the process of human evolution.With the knowledge accumulated over generations, human beings can now build and transform societies with unprecedented knowledge resources.However, there are many barriers to knowledge transfer.For example, lack of trust and resistance to change undermine the transfer of knowledge.People are less likely to acquire knowledge from those whom they don't trust or to adopt new theories and practices they are not familiar with.Cultural and language barriers also hamper the transfer of knowledge between nations or ethnic groups.It would be almost impossible for people who speak different languages or dialects with different cultural backgrounds to communicate effectively, not to mention exchanging knowledge.An underdeveloped economy is another barrier to knowledge transfer.The lack of

socio-economic and techno-environmental cooperation, as well as poor communications infrastructure, can greatly hinder the flow of knowledge within and between nations.To remove these barriers, people should change their attitude towards knowledge transfer and the learning of foreign languages and cultures.At the same time, efforts should be made to develop a better world economy.4My Career Choice

When it comes to the choice of career, different people consider the matter from different perspectives.Personally I prefer to be a teacher.I have three reasons for my decision.The first reason is that the profession of teaching is in agreement with my personality.Being an outgoing, patient and understanding person, I think I am able to communicate with my students and understand their feelings easily, which constitutes an important factor in ensuring success in teaching.The second reason is that I am interested in the job.It would always give me great joy and satisfaction to see the happy faces of my students, to share my knowledge and life experience with them and to participate in their process of growing up.The third reason is related to my occupational attitude.I always believe that school teachers all over the world are respected for their profound knowledge and higher social status.I have always held my teachers in respect and I hope I would be respected as a teacher, too, in the future.I think teaching is an ideal career for me.Being a university student now, I will work hard to realize my dream.5Fame — Good or Evil

Fame has always been pursued by many people for the advantages it brings about.Fame can assure one of a high social status, high regard, great admiration, etc.Fame can also bring one wealth as a celebrity has more chances to earn big money.Besides, the applauses and flowers from the fans may boost one's self-confidence and increase one's sense of fulfillment.However, fame can ruin one's life, too.It deprives one of his privacy.As a public figure, he is often chased by fans and journalists, and his private life never escapes the media's attention or public curiosity.Fame also places one under great pressure.He has to work in line with public expectations and thus becomes the slave of his own success.So fame is a double-edged sword.I don't seek fame and I don't envy those who are famous.I highly appreciate what the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow says about fame: “The talent of success is nothing more than doing well whatever you do without a thought of fame”.

第三篇：文言文求不死之药翻译

文言文是不是很难呢？其实也不然，下面提供文言文求不死之药翻译一篇，希望对你有所帮助！喜欢的可以收藏一下哦！

文言文求不死之药

原文：

初，燕人宋毋忌、羡门子高之徒①称有仙道、形解销化之术，燕、齐迂怪之士皆争传司之。自齐威王、宣王、燕昭王皆信其②言，使③人入海求蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲，云此三神山在勃海中，去④人不远。患且⑤至，则风引船去。尝有至者，诸仙人及不死之药皆在焉。及⑥始皇至海上，诸方士齐人徐巿等争上书言之，请得斋戒与童男女求之。于是遣徐发童男女数千人入海求之。船交海中，皆以风为解，曰：“未能至，望见之焉。”

参考译文：

当初，燕国人宋毋忌、羡门子高一类人声称世上有一种成仙之道、人老死后尸解骨化升天的法术，燕国、齐国的迂腐、怪异之士都争相传授和学习。从齐威王、宣王到燕昭王都相信他们的话，派人到海上寻求蓬莱、方丈、瀛洲三座神山，据说这三仙山在渤海之中，距离人间并不遥远。只是凡人将要到达，凡就把船吹走了。不过也曾有人到过这三山，看见各位神仙和长生不死的药均在那里。待到始皇帝出游海滨时，通晓神仙方术的人如故齐国人徐等纷纷争着上书谈这些事，请求准许斋戒清心洁身素食后率领童男童女往海上寻求神山。始皇于是派遣徐征发数千名童男女入海求仙。但是，船行海上后却均因风势不顺而返航。不过他们仍然说：“虽没能到达仙山，可是已经望见了。”

解释：

（1）之徒：一伙人（2）其：指代燕人宋毋忌、羡门子高之徒（3）使：派

（4）去：距离（5）且：将，将要（6）及：等到

第四篇：求一篇土木工程专业的外文翻译

building types and design

A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in.As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings.industrial buildings are used by various factories or

industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities.Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the

metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry.factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones.the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings.however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used.Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings.residential buildings should suit family life.each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a

toilet.public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings,parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition

halls ,bath pools ,and so on.all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.Housing is the living quarters for human beings.the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing.a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort.a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food

markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center.In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out.a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities.in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work.quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion.the accessibility of public

transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work.people we’re chiefly interested in the

arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms.Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should

provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended.in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services”.attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas.the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other

rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall.the

living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a

dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove.the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms.the “services “comprise the

kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets.the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms.It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various

rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible.it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads.in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of

population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the

neighbourhood ,and so on.There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations.the modern trend is

towards light ,airy factory buildings.generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare.翻译：

建筑类型和设计

建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系，他为人们提供必要的空间，用以工作和生活。根据适用类型不同，建筑物可以分为两类：工业建筑和民用建筑。工业建筑包括各个工厂或工业生产所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人们用以居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的建筑场所。

工业建筑的厂房可用于采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等各类领域的加工和制造。厂房可分为两种类型：单层的和多层的。工业建筑也属于建筑的一种。但是，工业建筑与民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。

民用建筑按使用可分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要适应家庭生活。每个单位应包括至少三个必要客房：起居室，厨房和厕所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，剧院，体育馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等。他们都有着不同的职能，这反过来又需要不同的设计类型。

房屋是用以住人的.其基本功能是提供住房的内容，但今天人们需要更多的住房内容。一个家庭在进入一个新的社区后将知道，现有住房不仅要符合其安全，健康和舒适等标准。还要考虑其附近是否有相应的配套设施，如食品市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，以及社区中心等。

在60年代中期住房最重要的价值是足够大的空间和方便的出入交通。大多数家庭会首选约半英亩面积土地的家庭住宅，这样将提供足够的空间的用以业余活动。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭的首选是那种尽可能远离市中心商业圈的住房，即使距离上班地点不得不有一段距离。相当多的家庭首选是郊区的住房，因为他们的主要目的是要远离噪音，拥挤和混乱。拥有方便的公共交通使得距离不再是一个决定性因素，因为大多数人都是开着自己的汽车去上班了。人们现在主要感兴趣的是户型，房间的大小和卧室的数目。

在工程项目开始之前，要做好建筑设计和施工流程,让人提前知道该建筑建成后是什么样子以及下一步应该做什么。

在建筑设计中要特别重视房间的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利与可能的用途。在一个住宅建筑设计中，布局可考虑以下三个方面： “白天”，“夜晚”和“服务”。必须注意这些空间区域之间的连通交流。“白天”房一般包括餐厅，起居室和厨房，但其他房间可能会增加，如书房，并有可能成为一个大厅。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一个餐厅，也或可能有厨房、凹室等。“夜间”房间包括卧室、客

房。“服务”用房间包括厨房，浴室，储藏室，和厕所等。厨房和储藏室需设置在一起，以方便其房间功能的使用。

此外，还必须考虑各种客房的朝向问题，当然最好尽可能的将那些经常使用的房间朝南设置。然而，在考虑到周围的环境和地点、道路等多方面因素，往往很难达到最佳要求。在解决这些复杂的问题，还必须按照当地城市规划条例所涉及的对公共设施，人口密度，建筑物高度，绿化面积，建筑红线等的要求，还要考虑到有相邻建筑的情况，等等。

尽管工业建筑需要符合当地城市规划条例但很少有标准化的工业楼宇。现代厂房建筑的趋势是轻质、通风。一般的钢筋混凝土结构或钢结构的工厂，可以得到一个“跌”型脊屋顶，把窗户开向北以便使分布均匀的自然采光不会直射进来造成刺眼。

第五篇：薛谭求返文言文翻译

古文阅读要求学生能够大致掌握一篇古文的意思，下面就是小编为您收集整理的薛谭求返文言文翻译的相关文章，希望可以帮到您，如果你觉得不错的话可以分享给更多小伙伴哦！

【原文】

薛谭学讴于秦青，未穷青之技，自谓尽之，遂辞归。秦青弗止，饯行于郊衢，抚节悲歌，声振林木，响遏行云。薛谭乃射求反，终身不敢言归。

秦青顾谓其友曰：昔韩蛾东之齐，匮粮，过雍门，鬻(读音yu四声，卖)歌假食。既去而余音绕梁欐(读音li二声，栋，中梁)，三日不绝，左右以其人弗去。过逆旅，逆旅人辱之。韩娥因曼声哀哭，一里老幼悲愁，垂涕相对，三日不食。遽而追之。娥还，复为曼声长歌。一里老幼喜跃抃(读音bian四声，鼓掌)舞，弗能自禁，忘向之悲也。乃厚赂发之。故雍门之人，至今善歌哭，放(通仿，效仿)娥之遗声也。

【注释】

（1）讴（ōu）：徒歌（无伴奏）歌唱。这里指歌唱。

（2）于：向。

（3）穷：尽、完，用完。这里指学完。

（4）技：本领。

（5）谓：以为，认为，自认为。

（6）尽：学尽，学完。

（7）遂：于是，就。

（8）之：代词，指代上句中的秦青之技。

（9）辞：告辞，告别。

（10）归：回去，回家。

【译文】

薛谭向秦青学习歌唱，还没有学完秦青的技艺，就以为学尽了，于是就告辞回家。秦青没有劝阻他，在城外大道旁给他饯行，秦青打着节拍，高唱悲歌。歌声振动了林木，那音响止住了行云。薛谭于是向秦青道歉，要求回来继续学习。从此以后，他一辈子也不敢再说要回家。

秦青对他的朋友说：从前韩国的娥到东边的齐国去，没有粮食了，经过雍门(齐国的城门)时，在那卖唱乞讨食物。虽然她走了但是还有余音绕着(那雍门的)中梁，三日不停(消失)，旁边的人还以为她人没有走呢。住客栈时，客栈的人侮辱她。韩国的娥因此放声哀哭，整个巷子的老小都因此而悲伤愁苦，互相垂泪相对，三天都不吃饭。(巷子的人)赶紧去把追她(回来)。娥回来后，又放声歌唱。整个巷子的老小欢喜跳跃拍手舞蹈，不能克制自己，全忘了刚刚的悲伤了。(巷子的人)于是给了她很多钱财打发她走。所以雍门那的人，至今还善于歌唱表演，那是效仿娥留下的歌唱(技艺)啊。

【启示】

这篇古文告诉人们学习是永无止境的，千万不可有成功就骄傲自满的心态，不要浅尝辄止的学习，学习必须虚心、持之以恒。犯错误不要紧，知错就改才是最重要的。

不要因为有一点皮毛知识就骄傲自满，要努力刻苦地学习，超越自我。因为学海无涯，永远精进。

学习科学文化知识要虚心求教，要没有止尽地学下去。不能骄傲自大，要知错就改。

这个故事说明了学习必须虚心，持之以恒，不能骄傲自满。同时这里也给我们以启示：一方面可以说恰当的正面教育可收到很好的效果。道理是从实际生活中抽象出来的，当反过来用它来指导学生实际时，就应具体化、形象化，教师的引导也要晓之以理，动之以情，针对往往容易产生自满的同学，这样的导向往往能使其看到别人身上的闪光点，使其客观地评价自己和他人，让其真正懂得如何做到全面发展，以及如何才能真正成为“四有人才”，进而激励他们锐意进取的可贵精神。