中俄饮食文化对比

第一篇：中俄饮食文化对比

中俄饮食文化对比

吃穿住用行是一个人存活在这个时代的的必须需求，无论哪个国家、哪个民族都不能离开这些。这其屮吃又排在首位，即饮食。吃什么、怎么吃，一个地区或者民族的饮食习惯在一定程度上反映了人们的生活习惯和思维方式。屮俄两国的饮食文化的差异很自然地就成为两国民族性格差异的一种外在表现。

一、中俄民族的“饮”差异

（一）酒文化。酒，是人类文明的标志之一，也是人们表达思想感情，促进友谊，调节日常生活必不可少的饮品。

中国的酒文化历史悠久,始于商周，且种类繁多，各具特色。中国人饮酒讲究尽兴，中国人爱以酒为媒介进行社交活动，并且，人与人的感情交流往往在喝酒时得到升华。中国人喝酒比较讲究下酒菜，讲究荤素搭配，凉热兼顾。在酒宴上，主人往往先讲上几句话，之后 就开始第一轮敬酒，主人向将杯中酒一饮而尽，即所谓“先干为敬”，以表示对客人的尊重主人要向客人敬酒，客人要回敬主人，敬酒时还要说上几句敬酒词。敬酒时，一般起立，普通敬酒以三杯为度。中国人敬酒时，往往都想对方多喝点酒，以表示自己尽到了主人之谊，客人喝的越多，主人就越高兴。

俄罗斯大部分地区位于高纬度，因此年平均气温在0℃以下。就是在这种恶劣的环境中，俄罗斯人通过喝酒来取暖，伏特加（водка）一词源自俄语“水”（вода），有“生命之水”的意思。伏特加一般是40度，与白兰地和威士忌一起，同为世界三大烈酒。不过，同威士忌在饭前加冰块苏打水浅尝辄止、白兰地在餐后细品慢啜相比，俄罗斯人喝伏特加要豪放得多，哪怕是满满一大杯也“一口闷”。伏特加成为了俄罗斯人生活中的必备品，也成为了他们的精神寄托。

（二）茶文化。茶，是世界上最为普遍的饮品之一。茶文化有着悠 久的历史，千百年来受到人们的重视。作为饮食的重要组成部分之一，饮茶成为了中俄两国人民共同的爱好。

中国的茶文化源远流长，世界闻名，是茶的故乡，茶叶品种繁多。中国人喜欢喝清新淡雅的绿茶，用沸水冲泡，香气四溢，再配置以茶道器具特别是紫砂壶一类精美的茶具，充分体现了清新淡雅之意境及君子之风。

俄罗斯的茶文化历史并不长，直到十八世纪 茶叶才在普通百姓中传播开来。与中国人不同，俄罗斯人喜欢味道相对较重的红茶。俄罗斯人喝红茶喜欢配以砂糖、方糖、巧克力等用茶炊引用。展现了俄罗斯人独特的民族性格。在俄罗斯，茶炊是不可缺少的饮茶器具，有“无茶炊不能算饮茶”的说法。

二、中俄民族的“食”差异 从“食”的角度看，它是人类生存的最基本要素。由于自然环境和自然资源的差异，形成了中俄两种不同的“食”文化。

中国人的传统主食是五谷，辅食是蔬菜，外加肉和 水果等。中国人注重菜品的精致和丰富，招待客人往往是一桌丰盛的菜肴方见主人的热情及对客人的重视。中国的饮食文化源远流长，一道菜便诠释了一种文化理念和内涵。例如，四喜丸子、东坡肉、龙风呈祥等。中国饮食文化可以与时代、地域、技法及喜好程度等划分开来。例如在中国比较闻名的各大菜系之分。

俄罗斯大部分地区位于高纬度，食物种类要比中国少，俄罗斯人的主要饮食有：面包、牛奶、土豆、奶酪和香肠——“五大领袖”，圆白菜、葱头、胡萝卜和甜菜——“四大金刚”，以及黑面包、伏特加、鱼子酱——“三剑客”。虽然俄罗斯的传统美食不如中国一样精致，但是热情好客一点不比中国弱，招待客人都是一桌丰盛的菜肴。俄国菜肴的命名方法通常是直白明了，说明原料即可，很少会运用修辞手段。例如炸鸡、腌黄瓜、熏香肠等等，但是在粗犷、随便的背后诠释了俄罗斯人朴实无华的生活方式和独特的生活方式。

中国和俄罗斯虽然在文化习俗和文化生活有差异，但差异是相对的，随着中俄联系的不断加深，两国的饮食文化也在不断地融合，相信两国关系越来越好。

第二篇：中俄高等教育对比

中俄高等教育对比

陈琪

中俄在现代化进程中所进行的教育合作扩大了彼此教育资源在国际教育领域的影响，对于双方在国际教育领域占有一席之地具有特别重要的意义。随着我国社会主义市场经济体制和政治体制的不断完善和发展，我国的高等教育体制也面临着新的发展阶段，俄罗斯一直在对自己的高等教育体制进行改善。所以与俄罗斯教育体制对比找出二者之间的差异，再结合具体国情运用在我国高等教育改革中，是有着十分积极的意义的。

一、中俄高等教育概况

1、学前教育，小学教育，中等教育，高等教育，指专科、本科、研究生教育。

中国高考制度：“3+文科综合/理科综合”（即“3+X”）“3”指“语文、数学、外语”，“X”指由指学生根据自己的意愿，自主从文科综合（涵盖政治、历史、地理）和理科综合（涵盖物理、化学、生物）2个综合科目中选择一个考试科目。此方案是目前全国应用最广，最成熟的，最被人们接受的。总分750分。

2、俄罗斯的教育体系分为学前教育、初始教育、基础教育、中等教育、大学教育。俄罗斯教育的评价同样是通过考试来完成的，评价的标准均为5分制。除考试外，在平时的课程学习中也进行一些测验，如果学生在历次的测验以及平时的课堂学习都表现得非常好，根据情况，教师可以给予该生免试。

俄罗斯全国统一考试形式为笔试。考试内容主要分为：俄语，数学和根据所选学科进行其他类别的考试，主要包括：外语、历史、文学、物理、化学、生物、地理、社会知识以及计算机和信息通讯技术。一般学科都要求通过外语考试。外语类别一般包括英、德、法、西四类，可以任选一类。每门考试都设有全国最低分数线，要上了分数线才能去竞争被相应大学录取的机会，才能去竞争录取后的公费名额。

二、高等教育发展现状

1、学位制度

中国的学位分为学士、硕士和博士三级。

俄罗斯的硕士教育有别于中国的硕士教育，中国的硕士教育是研究生教育的一个阶段，而俄罗斯的硕士教育则属于大学教育的一个阶段。俄罗斯的研究生(大学后)教育除了包括副博士和博士阶段以外，还包括临床医学研究阶段、高等军事院校研究阶段、助理实习阶段。这三个特殊学习阶段均等同于副博士学习阶段。

2、学费和奖学金：

中国所有本科生需自行交纳学费，学费金额通常为4800—6000元/年，个别学校个别专业为10000—12000元/年。但在校期间学生可申请校奖学金，国家奖学金（8000元/年），国家励志奖学金（5000元/年），和国家助学金（1500—4000元/年）。从2015年开始，研究生也开始自行支付学费，金额为6000—15000元/年，个别专业15000—25000元/年。

在俄罗斯只要是通过俄罗斯全国统一考试并申请到俄高校公费名额的学生，均可获得俄罗斯高等教育的奖学金。俄罗斯高等教育奖学金的额度总体上参差不齐，主要是研究生阶段高于大学阶段，国家优先发展领域的专业高于其他专业。如果学生未能通过俄罗斯全国统一考试或没有申请到理想院校的公费名额，就要按照自费生标准在高校接受高等教育。

3、中国高等教育存在的问题

1）高等教育大众化与质量监控问题 大学生为何就业难？我们往往将其归因为扩招、金融危机…然而质量问题才是关键。中国大学生存在的种种问题让人担忧，但与其说这是中国大学生的问题，不如说是中国教育制度普遍存在的问题。中国教育，从小学开始，到中学，都是在追求“应试教育”，以知识灌输为主，对能力培养、素质培养重视不够，而一些大学，采取的是严进宽出的模式，应试教育魔棒下，培养出了大量轻松混得大学文凭的学生，这是中国教育的尴尬现状。大学只有“严出”，才能让大学生将时间和精力放在学习上，才能提高质量。说到底，现在的大学教育早已实际上产业化了，教育生产出的产品就是毕业生。毕业生无论什么原因滞销，大学都难辞其咎，必须负起责任。

2）高等教育人才培养与社会人才需求不相适应，培养与需求相脱节 毕业生素质技能与岗位素质技能需求之间的不匹配。毕业生对就业能力的认知与用人单位的需求存在一定差异。比如毕业生实践经验、动手能力的缺乏和责任心、敬业精神、团队精神等就业能力不高，还有就业观念陈旧、技能层次不高等，部分高校毕业生因缺乏必要的职业就业指导，以及毕业生甚至家长受传统观念影响，对职业定位和薪酬期望值较高，不愿意去基层就业，导致热门岗位因竞争激烈、能力不足不能如愿，越需要人的基层岗位越是没人愿意去，从而导致与用人单位需求的脱节。

3）毕业生数量多，就业难

2001年我国高校毕业生大约115万人，到2013年就达到699万人，12年间增长了5倍。从本世纪开始，近13年来，每年大学毕业生人数有增无减，可想而知，大学毕业生的就业竞争力有增无减。而2015年，大学毕业生有749万人，大学高校毕业人数创历史最高，堪称“史上更难就业季”。

三、中俄高等教育合作前景

2012-2013年在俄学习的外国留学生人数为11．8万人。这其中除了独联体国家以外，来俄留学生最多的国家就是中国。2014年，中俄合作高校的数量，俄方已达到120所，而中方则达到600所。2014-2015年，中国留学生在俄数量预计将达到2．48万人。由于中俄两国的历史渊源关系以及良好的政治经济合作基础，中俄两国高等教育合作的前景广阔。根据两国元首达成的意见，到2020年，双方学生交流数量将达到10万人。中俄双方将会为这一结果的实现，共同努力奋斗。

第三篇：中法饮食文化对比

中法饮食文化对比

世界上最懂饮食的意义，并用它来充实生活和提高生活质量的民族只有两个：中国和法国。这两个国家的美食史不仅和他们的文明一样悠久，而且还成为本国文明的一个部分。一道菜肴，或一种烹饪方法似乎就能让人嗅到一个民族文化悠久和深远的味道。而中国和法国一个响当当代表东方饮食文化，一个是西方饮食文化的神奇，要谈中西方饮食文化差异就从这两国的食文化比较说起吧。

一、味觉盛宴：百味中国VS原味法兰西

中国烹调的核心是“五味调和”即《文子〃上德篇》所称之“水火相憎，鼎鬲其间，五味以和”。《吕氏春秋〃本味篇》称赞“五味以和”是“鼎中之变，精妙微纤，口弗能言，志弗能喻”。史书另有记载，南北朝时，梁武帝萧衍的厨师，一个瓜能变出十种式样，一个菜能做出几十种味道，烹调技术的高超，令人惊叹。

原料的多样，刀工的多样，调料的多样，烹调方法的多样，再加以交叉组合，一种原料便可做成数种以至十数种、数十种菜肴。譬如最常用的原料鸡，到了粤菜大厨师手中，做出数十道以至上百道菜式都不在话下。其他原料也是如此。因而在盛产某种原料的地方，常常能以这一种原料做出成桌的酒席，如北京的“全鸭席”，延边的“全狗席”，广东 的“全鱼席”、“全蚝席”，长沙李和胜的“全牛席”，北京一些清真饭馆的“全羊席”以及北京砂锅居的“全猪席”。可谓一种食材，千般做法，百人百味。

传统的中国菜有八大菜系，系系菜色口味各不相同，除了主食米面比较一致，各地人所中意的食物五花八门。

法国料理的精髓在于尽可能真实体现食材的原味，当法国师傅在做料理时，他所加入的调味料、配菜甚至于搭配的酒，都只有一个目的：把主要食材的原味给带出来。其料理以精致豪华的高尚品味，风靡全球食客的胃。因为菜肴要体现食材的原味，法国料理十分重视“食材”的取用，“次等材料，做不出好菜”是法国料理的至理名言。而法国料理就地取材的特色，使南北各地口味不一，因此”到什么地方吃什么菜、什么时令吃什么菜”也很重要。

法国料理的精华在酱汁(SAUCE)，因为对食材的讲究，法国人使用酱汁佐料时，以不破坏食材原味为前提，好的酱汁可提升食物本身的风味、口感，因此如何调配出最佳的酱汁，就全看厨师的功力了!此外，法国菜也被喻为最能表现厨师内涵的料理，每一道菜对厨师而言，都是一项艺术的创作。

法国人最爱吃的菜比较固定，是蜗牛和青蛙腿，最喜欢的食品是奶酪，最名贵的菜是鹅肝，家常菜是炸牛排外加土豆丝。

二、酒文化：杜康VS葡萄酒神

美酒配美食，食文化大国必定是酒文化大国。中国酒多以谷物酿制，有清酒、烧酒、汾酒、白酒、黄酒、沽酒…品种丰富口味繁多。闻名于世的茅台、花雕、女儿红、二锅头等都是谷物酒。法国酒多以水果酿制，象是法国人最爱的苹果酒、茴香酒等。但法国最富盛名的还属葡萄酒，依产地和酿造工艺不同又有红葡萄酒、白葡萄酒、气泡酒、波尔多酒、勃垦第酒、博若莱酒、香槟酒，XO等。其中包括闻名遐尔的勃肯地产葡萄酒酒、波尔多餐酒、酩悦香槟。

在中国，酒神精神以道家哲学为源头。庄周主张，物我合一，天人合一，齐一生死。

法国葡萄酒的守护神是圣-文森 Saint-Vincent，葡萄酒文化不仅表现了法兰西民族对精致美好生活的追求，也是法国文明和文化不可分割的一个重要部分。

中国的艺术家从酒中获得创作的灵感，中国的政客从酒桌中广结人脉，中国的文人在酒精作用下创造出惊世骇俗的名著。

法国的艺术家为美酒留下许多不朽之作，自古法国的军政要员都向酒庄致敬行李，法国的文人墨客纵情书写葡萄酒的有亚于高贵。

中国宴会上，祝酒是一种礼节，喝多少代表对对方的尊重程度，醉的程度表示尽兴的程度。俗话说“不醉不归”“一

醉方休”，所以中国的餐桌上人们通常只喝一种酒，但会喝很多，甚至烂醉如泥。

法国宴会上，喝酒是一种传统，餐前有开胃酒，佐餐吃肉要配干红、海鲜配白葡萄酒，餐后有烈性酒，配茶点还有气泡酒和香槟，但喝多少则取决于个人能力和喜好，通常大部分人不会喝太多。

三、纯净的茶文化VS自由的咖啡馆

我国人民历来就有“客来敬茶”的习惯，是中华民族的文明和礼貌的一种反映。古代的齐世祖、陆纳等人曾提倡以茶代酒。唐朝刘贞亮赞美“茶”有十德，认为饮茶除了可健身外，还能“以茶表敬意”、“以茶可雅心”、“以茶可行道”。唐宋时期，众多的文人雅士如白居易、李白、柳宗元、刘禹锡、皮日休、韦应物、温庭筠、陆游、欧阳修、苏东坡等，他们不仅酷爱饮茶，而且还在自己的佳作中歌颂和描写过茶叶。

茶，是中华民族的举国之饮。它发乎神农，闻于鲁周公，兴于唐朝，盛在宋代。中国茶文化的关键不在于茶叶的本身，而在于茶文化的内涵上。从茶文化的内涵上来看，其“精神”层面上的东西最为重要，它是一种行为文化和心态文化，属于精神文明的范畴，将饮茶与人生处世哲学相结合，上升至哲理高度，“茶是人生”便由此而发，若再品出更深的境界，就成了“吃茶去”公案的禅宗开示以及茶道的精神之源。茶

文化由于有了中国儒、释、道思想的加盟，形成了茶礼、茶德、茶道、茶艺等等，这就是中国茶文化的核心部分。但是它又不是完全脱离物质文明的文化，而是两者相结合。先前，中国老百姓不太注重茶文化，因为每天要饮茶，方知青、红、黄、绿茶之类，这多半是和自己的饮茶习惯有关。但是，真正喜爱和关心茶文化的人，并不注重茶类之分，茶品之分。茶类、茶品他们早已烂熟于心中了。比如龙井、碧螺春、铁观音、君山银针、毛尖、毛峰、云雾等，谁人不知?而是注重着这些茶的“味”外之音--感兴着一种民族的审美趣尚，浸润着一派清雅的文化氛围，涵养着一个廉净的精神境界，充溢着一缕优美茵蕴诗意，提升着一种道德的精神素质。

法国人的血管中流淌着拉丁民族热烈奔放的血液，他们热衷于高谈阔论，张扬自我。中世纪封建王朝年代，法国宫廷是法国政治文化生活的中心，上流社会的沙龙一直引领着法国的大众文化和生活时尚。皇宫贵族轻松优雅、浪漫多彩的生活方式影响了大众的生活情趣。咖啡馆在百姓，尤其是知识分子的社交生活中传承的是贵族沙龙的某些交际功能。

法国人去咖啡馆不单单是为了喝咖啡，他们更多的是去那里放松身心。普通百姓喜欢凑热闹，聚会或聚餐，哪里人多就喜欢去那里。无怪乎在法国的普通餐馆中，服务生大多会把第一批客人安排在靠窗的桌边，然后点上一支小蜡烛。夜色降临时分，外边的客人会不由自主地被餐厅内摇曳的烛

光、隐约的人影所吸引，去分享厅内温馨的空气。

不论你是一个学问深邃的哲学家，还是失意文人，潦倒的艺术家，放学下课的学生，只要要一杯热咖啡或其他饮料，你就可以在那里放松自己。当然，邀上几个朋友、同事或同学坐在那里谈天说地，交流思想，讨论功课，书写作业也无不可。一些孤独落寞的人，常会来此消磨难耐的时光，寻找心灵的慰藉。法国人崇尚的自由、平等、博爱常被浓缩在这不足百米见方的咖啡馆中。

四、饮食方式：随性的中餐VS考究的西餐

在饮食方式上，中国人也有自己的特点，这就是聚食制。聚食制的起源很早，从许多地下文化遗存的发掘中可见，古代炊间和聚食的地方是统一的，炊间在住宅的中央，上有天窗出烟，下有篝火，在火上做炊，就食者围火聚食。这种聚食古俗，一直至后世。聚食制的长期流传，是中国重视血缘亲属关系和家族家庭观念在饮食方式上的反映。

在食具方面，中国人的饮食习俗的一大特点是使用筷子。筷子，古代叫箸，在中国有悠久的历史。《礼记》中曾说：“饭黍无以箸。”可见至少在殷商时代，已经使用筷子进食。筷子一般以竹制成，一双在手，运用自如，即简单经济，又很方便。

在菜色上中餐的前后道菜之间没有必然的联合，吃什么与喝什么酒水也没有必然的联系，很有些像中国多元的文化

观念和不断改变的社会组织形式，多样、包容、同化、为我所用是基本特点。

在吃正式的法国餐馆吃饮，餐具、酒具的配合使用都是一丝不苟的。法国的菜单通常都只有区区两三页，还包括甜品和饮料。每道菜都有特定搭配的点心、酒水。

吃甚么样的菜用甚么样的刀叉，也很有讲究的，所以每人面前都选了两三套。酒杯也是一样，因为在这里吃食与喝品配搭是一艺术。习惯上，餐前要喝一杯开胃酒;用餐过程中，如果吃肉要配干红葡萄酒;吃鱼虾一类的海味，要喝干白葡萄酒;餐后有些人还喜欢喝一点白兰地地一类的烈性酒。每种酒所用的酒杯都不同。看着高矮胖瘦好几个酒杯放在跟前。席问大家边吃边聊，酒只是起到助兴和调节气氛的作用，却频频举杯，却都浅到即止。保持餐桌上愉快的气氛，但又不至于过分喧闹。

吃法国菜还有许多特别的礼节，如吃完抹手抹嘴切忌用餐巾大力擦，注意仪态用餐巾的一角轻轻印去嘴上或手指上的油渍便可。就算凳子多舒服，坐姿都应该保持正直，不要靠在椅背上面。进食时身体可略向前靠，两臂应紧贴身体，以免撞到隔壁。用刀叉时记住由最外边的餐具开始，由外到内，不要见到美食就扑上去，失礼死人。

第四篇：中韩饮食文化对比

中韩饮食文化对比

摘要

饮食文化是一种广视野、深层次、多角度、高品位的悠久区域文化。本论文主要对中韩两国饮食发展的历史背景、饮食的一般特征以及饮食礼仪上进行研究。

本论文通过上网查阅资料、查阅书籍、询问韩国同学的方法，了解到中韩这两国关系密切的伙伴在饮食文化方面有着很多的相同点，也有很多的不同点，多民族与单民族，地大物博与地小人多，经济发展条件等等的因素都很大程度的形成了两个国家各自应有的特点。

关键词 中国 韩国 饮食文化 饮食礼仪 饮食特征

目 录

摘要................................................................................................................................1 引言................................................................................................................................3 1.中国饮食文化.............................................................................................................3

1.1 中国饮食发展历史.........................................................................................3 1.2 中国饮食的一般特征.....................................................................................4 1.3 中国饮食礼仪.................................................................................................5 2.韩国饮食文化.............................................................................................................5

2.1 韩国饮食发展历史.........................................................................................5 2.2 韩国饮食的一般特征.....................................................................................6 2.3 韩国饮食礼仪.................................................................................................7 3.中韩饮食文化对比...................................................................................................10 总结..............................................................................................................................13 参考文献......................................................................................................................15 致谢..............................................................................................错误！未定义书签。引言

饮食，一个再熟悉不过的名词，一个我们每天都要接触到的词语，我国不仅是具有数千年历史文化的国家，而且幅员辽阔，资源丰富，气候、风土、生活习惯的差别导致饮食习惯也有大差异，各地的大城市，产业文化中心，各大港口城市，每个地方都有独特的饮食特点。韩国是一个有着丰富历史和美味饮食的国家，500多年来，至今还保留着朝鲜时代饮食风格。但是由于社会环境和地理位置的不同，中韩两国在饮食文化上存在着差异，通过研究中韩两国的饮食文化，了解中韩两国在饮食文化上的差异，发现两个国家在饮食文化上的各自特点。

1.中国饮食文化

中国不仅是具有数千年历史文化的国家，而且幅员辽阔，资源丰富。气候、风土、生活习惯的差别导致饮食习惯也有很大特点。并且中国的烹饪技术与医疗保健有着密切的联系，在几千年前就有医食同源和药膳同功的说法。利用食物原料的药用价值，做成各种美味佳肴，从而达到对某些疾病防治的目的。自古以来中国就有“饮食男女，人之大欲存焉”“民以食为天”等真知灼见。由此可见中国自古以来就非常重视饮食及其特殊的文化特点和意义。1.1 中国饮食发展历史

饮食最早起源于巢氏的旧石器时代：当时的人们不懂得人工取火，也不懂得熟食，当时的饮食状况是茹毛饮血，并足以形成文化。燧人氏的时候已经能够钻木取火食用熟的食物，进入石烹时代。

中华民族的饮食状况有了改善是在皇帝时期，皇帝作灶，始为灶神，集中火力节省燃料，使食物速熟，而广泛使用在秦汉时期，当时是釜，高脚灶具逐步退出历史舞台，“蒸谷为饮，烹谷为粥”首次因烹调方法区别食品，蒸锅发明了，叫甑。蒸盐业是黄帝臣子宿沙氏发明，从此不仅懂得了烹还懂得调，有益人的健康。

中国饮食文化的丰富时期是在汉代，这归功于中西（西域）饮食文化的交流，引进了石榴、芝麻、葡萄、胡桃（即核桃）、西瓜、甜瓜、黄瓜、菠菜、胡萝卜、茴香、芹菜、胡豆、扁豆、苜蓿（主要用于马粮），莴笋、大葱、大蒜，还传入一些烹调方法，如炸油饼，胡饼即芝麻烧饼也叫炉桡。淮南王刘安发明豆腐，使豆类的营养得到消化，物美价廉，可做出许多种菜肴，1960年河南密县发现的汉墓中的大画像石上就有豆腐作坊的石刻。东汉还发明了植物油。取代了动物油 的使用。饮食文化的高峰是在唐宋时期，过分讲究“素蒸声音部、罔川图小样”，最具代表性的是烧尾宴。

到了近代是中国饮食文化的传承和创新，近现代的饮食文化的发展，就是融合中西饮食文化精华于一炉的过程实现的，自从西方列强用大炮轰开中国的国门，开始了中国近代历史的进程，在西方的文化领先于中国的大背景下，便开始了西化的进程，这一进程是以饮食为先导的，西方的饮食文化通过各种路径不断涌入中国，其速度之快，势头之猛，在中华文化对外交往史上是空前的正如严昌洪先生《西域东渐记》所说：“由冲突走向融合的结果是外来的许多习尚已成为中国人生活中须臾不可少的一部分，我们的生活呈现出与祖、父辈完全不同的风貌。”这便是中国传统饮食生活中出现了创新，二创新又蕴含着传统。就像农作物的近亲繁殖，必然使其原有的优良本性逐渐退化，而远缘杂交，不仅可以保持双方原有的优良外来风格，而且也不是他们简单综合的中国近代饮食文化，在文化形态上完成了古代向近代的转型。1.2 中国饮食的一般特征

1.菜系多种多样。由于我国幅员辽阔，地大物博，各地气候、物产、风俗习惯都存在着差异，长期以来，在饮食上也就形成了许多风味。我国一直就有„南米北面‟的说法，口味上有„南甜北咸东酸西辣‟之分，主要是巴蜀、齐鲁、淮扬、粤闽四大风味。还有八大菜系：川菜、粤菜、苏菜、鲁菜、湘菜、浙菜、闽菜、徽菜。

2.讲究品味情趣。我国烹饪不仅具备了“清、鲜、滑、嫩、爽”的口味特点，而且对它们的命名、品尝的方式、进餐时的流程、用餐的娱乐性等都有一定的要求。中国菜肴的名称可以说出神入化、雅俗共赏。菜肴名称既有根据主、辅、调料及烹调方法的写实命名。

中国饮食的特点主要体现在：色、香、味、形，这四个点上。但如果按季节变化来调味、配菜，那么可以将冬天和夏天分为：冬天味醇浓厚，夏天清淡凉爽；冬天多炖焖煨，夏天多凉拌冷冻。中国的烹饪，不仅技术精湛，而且有讲究菜肴的美感的传统，注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。中国烹饪很早就注重品位情趣，不仅对饭菜点心的色、香、味有严格的要求，而且对它们的命名、品味的方式、进餐时的节奏、娱乐的穿插等都具有一定的要求。3.伴随优美动人的故事传说、名人食趣。中华美食往往伴有优美动人的故事。也有根据历史掌故、神话传说、名人食趣、菜肴形象来命名的，如„全家福‟、„将军过桥‟、„狮子头‟、„叫化鸡‟、„鸿门宴‟、„东坡肉‟。

4.食医结合。我国的烹饪技术，与医疗保健有密切的联系，在几千年前有 „医食同源‟和„药膳同功‟的说法，利用食物原料的药用价值，做成各种美味佳肴，达到对某些疾病防治的目的。1.3 中国饮食礼仪

我国地域辽阔，礼仪繁多而且不同，但有些用餐礼仪是通用的。如主人长辈先食，不伏碗吃饭，应端碗吃饭，使用匙，不举碗喝汤，不用筷子搅拌热汤，不呡汤而饮。如果盘中的菜已不多，你又想把它“打扫”干净，应征询一下同桌人的意见。不狼吞虎咽，不用嘴送食他人的让菜。不用舌头舔食餐具。用餐时不大声说话。吐出的骨头鱼刺等饭渣，应放到指定的的地方。如果要咳嗽，打喷嚏，要用手或手帕捂住嘴，并把头向后方转。如果有长辈，那么应礼节性的让菜或斟酒。筷子不可对夹，如果用餐时一双筷子因为夹菜而夹到另一双筷子，称为筷子打架，这是非常不礼貌的事情。用餐时如果餐具失落到地上而损坏，比如打碎了碗，是非常不好的。有些地方新年打碎餐具有说：“（碎碎）岁岁平安”的习惯。任何餐具反扣的行为被视为不礼貌。

2.韩国饮食文化

韩国是—个有着丰富历史和美味饮食的国家，500多年来，至今还保留着朝鲜时代饮食风格。韩国人对饮食很讲究，有“食为五福之一”的说法。韩国菜的特点是“五味五色”，即由甜、酸、苦、辣、咸五味和红、白、黑、绿、黄五色调和而成。韩国人的日常饮食是米饭、泡菜、大酱、辣椒酱、咸菜、八珍菜和大酱汤。八珍菜的主料是绿豆芽、黄豆芽、水豆腐、干豆腐、粉条、椿梗、藏菜、蘑菇八种。菜肴以炖煮和烤制为主，基本上不做炒菜。韩国人喜欢吃面条、牛肉、鸡肉和狗肉，不喜欢吃馒头、羊肉和鸭肉。韩国人普遍爱吃凉拌菜，还有生拌鱼肉、鱼虾酱等菜肴。汤也是用餐时必不可少的部分。韩国人爱吃辣椒，因此家常菜里几乎全放辣椒。2.1 韩国饮食发展历史

旧石器时代的人们通常采摘野果和猎取动物以及鱼类为食，新石器时代开 始，人们开始从事农耕种植谷物，并开始制作陶器用来储藏食物。青铜器时代人们种植的作物开始增多：水稻和豆类开始被种植栽培。由于铁器时代由于使用铁质用具，作物的产量呈飞跃的增长，三国时代，由于高丽人喜欢吃肉，所以发展了百济和新罗人的酿酒和制酱技术。

在高丽时代，受佛教影响，因为禁忌杀生，所以肉食衰退。并且在寺院内只能制作酒饼、面条、盐和茶等等。高丽后期，蒙古军队侵入，肉食的苗头也随之而来。牛杂汤、香肠、牛头料理逐渐流传开来。烧酒也从他们的驻扎地区开始大范围流传。这样以来，这个时期肉食与素食交替食用就演变成了如今的饮食方式。

在朝鲜时代，佛教和饮茶文化衰退，人们开始食用狗肉和生鲜。这个时期的玉米、辣椒、土豆、地瓜等从美洲进入，饮食生活也因此发生了变化。用辣椒面腌制泡菜和制作辣椒酱的时代开始了。土豆和地瓜也在青黄不接时派上了用场。2.2 韩国饮食的一般特征

韩国人在其漫长的历史发展过程中，形成了丰富多彩的饮食文化。其饮食习惯具有典型的民族特色。

韩国主食为白米饭，常用菜肴有以肉、鱼、豆腐、蔬菜等炖煮的火锅，韩国特有的营养丰富的泡菜，以及用韩国食的调味作料拌制的各类小菜。韩国有名的食物有：韩定食（韩国式客饭）、烤牛肉和烤牛排、面条火锅、包饭套餐、冷面、参鸡汤、石锅拌饭（韩国独有的食谱）、紫菜包饭。同时韩国的茶也挺有名的如大麦茶、人参茶。

韩国饮食特点十分鲜明，食物以“辣”和“少油”为主要特点，但口味深受中国人的青睐。与中国料理不一样的地方在于，韩国料理比较清淡，少油腻，并且基本上没有将味精加进去，从营养和保健的角度出发，蔬菜以生食为主，用凉拌的方式做成，将由厨师牢牢掌握味道的好坏。对于广大外来客人而言，对于韩式白菜泡菜这个属于韩国饮食文化中的“国粹”都留下了深刻的印象。韩式烤肉以高蛋白，低胆固醇的牛肉为主。韩国美食以辣味著称，辣中带甜的味道让人觉得回味无穷，然而与中国四川的辣不一样的地方在于，属于只辣不麻的类型，并且还有“冷辣”。冷面就是韩国典型的冷辣食物，就算冬天仍旧有很多人吃冷面。

韩国是一个有着丰富历史和美味饮食的国家，韩国人对饮食很讲究，自古就有“食为五福之一”的说法。基于独特的历史文化、地理环境以及国民爱好，韩国 饮食形成了自己鲜明的特征。

一是韩国饮食的地域性特征。韩国虽说是我们的近邻，但毕竟是不同的国家，有着不同的历史和生活习惯。因此，两国的饮食文化业有着很大的不同。韩国的气候和土壤很适合发展农业。谷物是韩国饮食文化的中心。由于地形和气候的差异，韩国饮食还表现出了很强的地域性特征。北部地区因山多，主要种旱田，所以多产杂谷。面向西海岸的中部和南部主要种稻。因此，北部以五谷饭为主食，南部以大米饭和大麦饭为主食。在山区因购买肉类和新鲜鱼比较困难，所以多吃腌鱼或干鱼，海草以及用山菜做的食物；在海滨或岛屿城市主要吃海鲜、海草做的食物。

二是韩国饮食的搭配特点。韩国的饮食也分主食、副食。主食类似我国北方，以稻米饭为主；而副食则主要是汤、酱汤、泡菜、酱类，还有用肉、干鱼丝、蔬菜、海藻等做成的食物。这种吃法不仅能均匀摄取各种食物，还能达到均衡营养的目的。韩国居民的日常饮食以米饭为主食，再配上几样小菜。主食主要是大米饭和混合小米、大麦、大豆、小豆等杂谷饭。另外，也偶尔以面条、饺子、年糕汤、粥、片儿汤等为主食用来调节生活。副食则以汤、泡菜、酱类食品为主，还有用平鱼、肉、蔬菜、海藻制作的食物也很常见。

三是韩国饮食口味的取向。食物吃其味道，味道凭舌部来感知。在人的舌部，不同领域分布有不同味道的味觉细胞，人们称其为味域。在韩国人的舌部，感知特定味道的部位特别发达。这就是用于感知食物发酵时散发发酵味的部位。这是因为韩国人吃了数千年的饮食中80%-90%是发酵食品。所以，韩国人感知发酵味的味域发达也理所当然。2.3 韩国饮食礼仪

在餐具方面，韩国传统食具包含筷子和匙。箸以金属制成，多呈扁平而长；匙亦多为金属制。特别的是，韩国人一般吃饭、喝汤皆以匙来进行，箸多用以夹菜作为辅助工具。

从韩国传统餐桌的摆法这个角度进行分析的话，所谓“床”是现代式的厨房和餐桌出现之前，韩国的一般家庭使用的移动式餐桌。目前，依旧执着于传统的餐厅一般家庭也仍在使用这种矮餐桌——“床”。传统韩国饮食的餐桌摆法一般是将准备好的菜一次全部上齐为原则，每种菜的位置也是固定的。根据摆桌的方法 和种类可分为粥床、饭床、面床、酒宴床、交子床。

一般来说，主要用于摆饭和菜的桌子叫饭床，一人吃的饭桌叫独床，两人吃的饭桌叫兼床。独床饭桌有3碟、5碟、7碟、9碟、12碟等叫法，数字是指除了饭、汤、泡菜、作料以外的菜碟数。3碟是一般平民的摆法，5碟是富裕的平民，7碟是新郎、新娘的餐桌，9碟是一般平民最高级的宴请，12碟是宫廷中献给国王的御膳。

在餐桌礼仪方面，坐法：韩国饭馆内部的结构分为两种，分别是使用椅子和脱鞋上炕。在炕上吃饭时，男人盘腿而坐，女人右膝支立——这种坐法只限于穿韩服时使用。现在的韩国女性平时不穿韩服，所以只要把双腿收拢在一起坐下就可以了。注意：围坐在一张矮腿方桌周围。盘腿席地而坐。在这种情况下，切勿用手摸脚，伸直双腿，或是双腿叉开，都是不允许的。

斟酒：给对方斟酒时，右手拿酒瓶，左手放于右腕或右肘下，左手伸展托右腕或右肘。身体前倾以示礼貌。如果对方是长辈，则必需用一只手托住酒瓶低端斟酒。对方给自己斟酒时，也要点头示意感谢。饮酒时晚辈和女孩子一定要侧过身，用手挡住酒杯然后喝光。注意：如果双方第一次见面，则一手需托住另一只手的肘部为对方斟酒；双方熟悉之后，则可单手为对方斟酒。

吃饭：中国人、日本人都有端起饭碗吃饭的习惯，但是韩国人视这种行为不规矩。而且也不能用嘴接触饭碗。圆底儿带盖儿的碗“坐”在桌子上，没有供你手握的把。再加上米饭传导给碗的热量，不碰它是合情合理的。至于碗盖，可以取下来随意放在桌上。既然不端碗，左手就一定要听话，老实地藏在桌子下面，不可在桌子上“露一手儿”。右手一定要先拿起勺子，从水泡菜中盛上一口汤喝完，再用勺子吃一口米饭，然后再喝一口汤、再吃一口饭后，便可以随意地吃任何东西了。这是韩国人吃饭的顺序。

勺子在韩国人的饮食生活中比筷子更重要，它负责盛汤、捞汤里的菜、装饭，不用时要架在饭碗或其它食器上。而筷子呢？它只负责夹菜。不管你汤碗中的豆芽儿菜怎麽用勺子也捞不上来，你也不能用筷子。这首先是食礼的问题，其次是汤水有可能顺着筷子流到桌子上。筷子在不夹菜时，传统的韩国式做法是放在右手方向的桌子上，两根筷子要拢齐，三分之二在桌上，三分之一在桌外，这是为了便于拿起来再用。招待外宾韩国饮食时：

招待外宾时，要特别注意摆席，不得让外宾感到不便或别扭，最好能让外宾带著兴致接受招待。首先，要决定餐桌的形状。传统的餐桌为四方桌或圆桌。按用餐人数摆为独桌、共餐桌、3人餐桌、4人餐桌，超过4人时，摆为圆桌或四方形大餐桌。按韩国的传统，应该把食物和匙、筷摆在桌子上招待客人，但超过4人时，对外宾来讲站著吃要比坐著吃更加方便。

除了桌布、桌垫、匙筷托子、汤匙和筷子、餐叉、餐刀、餐巾、水杯、酒杯之外，服务时使用的剪刀或擦桌子的抹布清洁与否，将对影响到外宾下次还会不会再用我们的饭菜。

桌布和桌垫：

传统的饭桌不需要桌布，桌子的原样会显得更加雅致，干净。但在饭店使用桌 布或单人桌垫看起来会更加美观且卫生。桌布虽然以白色为原则，但饭馆也可在上面铺上彩色正方形桌布，以营造气氛，也较 容易清洗。桌布下垂30cm 左右，不抵膝盖时最恰当，但坐在坐垫上的时候，还要稍短一些。

如果桌布不能盖住整个桌面时，不要将食物，匙和筷原原本本 放在桌面上，最好要使用桌垫，至少使用用纸做的桌垫。这时即使不使用匙筷托儿，也能使人以愉快的心情用餐。一般桌布的大小要能放下前碟、匙和筷、餐刀、水杯等餐具。

大体上，以30×45cm 的四方形或椭圆形桌布，印上漂亮的条纹，饭店名称和菜单等来使用。或者就直接使用白纸。纸制的桌垫是一次性。

匙筷托子：

匙筷托子的材料有瓷器、木头、银等多种，但最好是用物美价廉，方便使用的简单式样。使用桌布时，或在大方卓上使用匙筷托子会显得更加高雅。

匙筷以及餐叉 ： 中国，日本及东南亚人会使用筷子，因此，可以在桌上放匙和筷子。但对不能熟练使用筷子的外国人，把餐刀和餐叉与匙筷子一起摆在桌上更恰当。放餐刀的时候，把餐刀放在匙和筷的左边，并将餐叉放在左手易拿到的左边，这样会使人感到更加亲切。

餐巾：餐巾种类和大小式样繁多。最好是用与桌布相似的布做成的50～60cm 长方形或正方形餐巾。但在一般饭店不能每次使用这种餐巾时，可使用餐巾纸。餐巾纸最小标准为30cm正方形，更小的餐巾纸用于茶席。水杯和酒杯：瓷器制成的水杯使用起来较方便。一般用餐之前准备凉水是迎接客人的一 种礼仪，但中国、新加坡以及东南亚人一年四季喝热水，所以最好也要准备热水。在正餐席或酒席上，应准备玻璃杯或水晶杯。用正宗清酒或传统民俗酒招待外宾时，应准备瓷器酒杯。

食物剪刀和餐桌抹布：餐桌抹布要白净，整洁。擦桌子的抹布若不干净，食物再好吃，也会影响食欲。常在冷面店或排骨店看到，剪面和肉的剪刀太尖，使人感到恐怖。外宾到我国印象最坏的就是在饭店使用的剪刀样子和卫生问题，希望今後有所改正。剪刀的尖最好是不尖而圆，并用不锈钢材料。

注意事项：

与长辈一起用餐时，长辈动筷后晚辈才能动筷；

勿把汤匙和筷子同时抓在手里；不要把匙和筷子搭放在碗上；不要端着碗吃饭喝汤（这点与我国传统正好相反）；

先喝汤再吃别的食物；用餐时不要出声也不要让匙和筷碰到碗而发出声音。共享的食物要夹到各自的碟子上以后吃，醋酱和辣酱也最好拨到碟子上蘸着吃。

用餐时咽到骨头或鱼刺时要避开旁人悄悄地包在纸上再扔掉，不要直接扔在桌子上或地上。

用餐不要太快也不要太慢，与别人统一步调。与长辈一起用餐时，等长辈放下汤匙和筷子以后再放下。

用餐后，汤匙和筷子放在最初位置上，使用过的餐巾迭起来放在桌子上。用餐中长辈会给晚辈添菜，以示关心，晚辈无论是否爱吃，都不能用手挡住碗拒绝，长辈给晚辈添菜时，晚辈一定要起身但不用站起来，以深深点头示意鞠躬答谢。第一碗的饭一定要吃干净，不能剩下。如果长辈过于热情，第二碗以后的饭或菜是可以剩下。

就餐完毕后，要保持筷子、汤匙和碗的洁净，不能粘着食物，汤匙和筷子放在开餐时的位置摆好，用过的纸巾要叠好。

3.中韩饮食文化对比

首先我们要了解什么是饮食文化，它是指特定社会群体食物原料开发利用、食品制作和饮食消费过程中的技术、科学、艺术，以及以饮食为基础的习俗、传 统、思想和哲学，即由人们食生产和食生活的方式、过程、功能等结构组合而成的全部食事的总和。所以我们要比较中韩两国的饮食文化就必须从各个方面入手。中国人的饮食从先秦开始，就是以谷物为主，肉少粮多，辅以菜蔬，这就是典型的饭菜结构。韩国的气候和土壤很适合发展农业，早在新石器时代之后就开始了杂粮的种植，并普及了水稻的种植，因此，谷物也是韩国饮食文化的中心，由此可见以谷物为主食这一方面两国是相同的。饭作为主食，而菜则是为了下饭，即助饭下咽的功能。为什么要助饭下咽呢？那是因为主食并不可口，必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点，但是不等同于盐。这样促使两国烹饪的首要目的是装点饮食，使不可口的食物变得精妙绝伦。

我国幅员辽阔，资源丰富，具有悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴。饮食文化历来是世界文化宝库中的瑰宝，是人类文明的重要组成部分。驰名中外的中国美食囊括了中华民族丰富的食源、独到的加工技艺、蕴含深厚的饮食美学以及饮食民俗等文化内涵，不仅仅是精神文明的重要体现，也对社会物质文明产生重大影响。

我国的传统饮食具有历史悠久、技术精湛、品类丰富、流派众多、风格独特的特点，是中国烹饪数千年发展的结晶，在世界上享有盛誉，美好的色泽可以使人心情愉快，赏心悦目，而且可以增进人们的食欲，因此，我国传统饮食在一定程度上对菜肴的整体美感引起了足够地重视，讲究的是色、香、味、意、形、养六大重要特征一应俱全。与此同时，一年四季，按季节而吃，是中国烹饪又一大特征。我国传统饮食还结合季节特征来进行调味、进行配菜，夏天多凉拌冷冻，清淡凉爽；冬天多炖焖煨煮，味醇浓厚。中国饮食文化历史可以说是十分悠久的，中国传统饮食将色、香、味、意、形、养六者融于一体，紧密协调在一起，这一高超的烹饪技艺不仅能改善营养，而且能丰富生活情趣，更能体现中国人在长期的饮食实践活动中创造出来的物质财富和精神财富的综合，乃至于中国饮食超越物质层面进入精神范畴，并被赋予新的文化内涵。

韩国地理位置处在亚洲大陆东北部朝鲜半岛的南段，三面环海，是典型的半岛国家，是一个多山的国家，气候四季分明。韩国气候和风土适合发展农业﹐早在新石器时代之后就开始了杂粮的种植﹐进而普及了水稻的种植，所以，韩国也就以谷物为中心作为本国的饮食代表。除此之外，韩国饮食以其食用功能分为主 食、副食和甜点。主食跟我国北方相类似，主要以稻米饭为主；副食则主要是汤、酱汤、泡菜、酱类等发酵食品和由贝类、鱼类、海藻等海产品做成的食物，这样一种饮食搭配将帮助人类吸收所需要的各种元素，从而可以保证营养均衡的。

韩国自然形成的地理分界线使各地区形成了相近而又各具特色的饮食传统，以首尔、京畿道、江原道、全罗道等地方饮食最为著名。韩国饮食的最大特点，是讲究调料的搭配，菜肴鲜美可口，有益养生保健。韩国饮食的主要特点是高蛋白、多蔬菜，喜清淡、忌油腻。

韩国作为中国的邻国，在历史上一直是中国的附属国家，连最隆重的皇帝加冕仪式都要经过中国政府的批示才算承认，可见中国古代的文化对于韩国文化的进程有着不可磨灭的推动和影响作用。一个民族的特质，往往能够形成一种独特的饮食文化。韩国从古代到如今一直是个单名族国家。而中国历史上有许多个民族，每个民族都有其独的特点，我们中国人一向热情好客，大家围在一起吃一顿“大锅饭”似乎更能增进彼此的感情。这一点当然也深深的影响着韩国朝鲜族，因此聚食制也是两国人民相同的饮食习惯。聚食制的长期流传，是两国人民重视血缘亲属关系和家族家庭观念在饮食方式上的反映。

中国饮食艺术，是以色、香、味为烹调的原则，无论缺少哪一项都是不可以的。为了使得食物达到色美的最佳效果，更多的时候是在青、绿、红、黄、白、黑、酱等色中取叁到五种颜色调配在一起，也就是选择使用恰当的荤素菜料，在这其中，主要包括一种主料以及

二、叁种具有不一样颜色的配料，使用适当的烹法与调味，就能够使得菜色更为美观。在进行烹饪时，适量的使用如酱油、糖、醋、香料等种种调味品，在一定程度上可以使得嗜浓味者不觉其淡，嗜淡味者不嫌其浓，爱好辣味者感觉辣，爱好甜味者感觉甜，这样才能使烹制的菜肴合乎大家的口味，人吃人爱。韩国的饮食主要分烤肉料理、汤、火锅料理及蔬菜料理。韩国料理的味道非常复杂，蒜头、辣椒是不可缺少的调味料；韩国烤肉一般放在铁锅上烤，多为猪、牛肉；高级一点的，则是在铁网上烤牛排等；名声在外的“泡菜”最为普遍，无论叫什么菜，必定伴有一碟。

第一，韩国是“饭文化”中国是“菜文化”。在韩国点菜时，点一个菜（主要汤、全体料理）的话一般免费提供小菜。但是在中国点菜的时候，没有像韩国那样的免费小菜，要点各种菜。第二，吃的速度也不一样。有个研究表明“中国人基本上有慢慢的性质，还有喜欢边吃边谈，所以一般中国人吃的速度较慢”，但是在韩国有一种“快快”文化。已经快快的文化浸透日常生化，所以吃的速度也很快。还有吃饭的时候，中国人双方一起对话着吃饭，但是以前在韩国不喜欢一边吃饭一边说话。这样以为没有礼貌。但现在韩国年轻人也喜欢双方一起对话着吃饭。

第三，韩国和中国都是用筷子但样子不同。因为在中国常常吃的鱼是比较大,容易剔出鱼刺，所以筷子的梢模样比较圆圆的。但是在韩国常常吃的鱼刺是又薄又细，所以为了容易剔出鱼刺筷子的梢模样比较尖溜溜，短一点。

第四，现在韩国爱咖啡但中国爱茶。现在在韩国有很多咖啡厅甚至在城市里中心地方从摸一个咖啡厅到另外咖啡厅不到一百米。现在韩国的年轻人越来越爱喝咖啡。但是，中国是茶的国家。中国人吃饭的时候以喝茶代喝水，还有出驻车司机也放在驾驶座椅旁边茶以后常常喝茶。韩国人是如果要减肥的话有一些人为了减肥花很多钱 但是中国人不要太努力比较容易一些减肥因为茶有中和作用所以即使大部分中国菜有多油也不会那么胖。

第五，邀请客的时候，中国人认为留饮食有礼貌，所以迎接客人的时候，主人点多菜或者做了多菜，客人留下一点食物，但是在韩国留下食物不太礼貌。韩国人认为给东道主看出空碗就是真正表示感谢的象征。

总结

中韩两国在地缘上有很大的接近性，文化发展上有着相同的根源。但是，随着社会、地理位置、环境的影响，在饮食文化上还是各有各的特点。韩国饮食的主要特点，高蛋白、多蔬菜、喜清淡、忌油腻、味觉以凉辣为主。中国饮食的主要特点，花样繁多、喜鱼肉、喜油腻，在饮食方式上两个国家都有着自己的用餐礼仪，但是却都遵循着“礼”。

中韩有着紧密的联系，无论从地理位置还是历史文化，都使我们具备了交流的条件，我们的沟通中共同点很多。通过以上的比较，我们发现中韩这两个关系密切的伙伴在饮食文化方面有着很多的相同点，当然也有很多的不同点，原因是各方面，多民族与单民族，地大物博与地小人多，经济发展条件等等的因素都很大程度的形成了两个国家应有的特点。

本论文由于时间和地域原因，有所局限，以及所查资料时间比较长，随着社 会环境的变化，有些饮食文化、礼仪发生了变化，可能掌握不太准确，还是存在许多不足之处，希望以后有机会能够亲身去韩国感受一下韩国的饮食文化，从而具体的了解中韩两国在饮食文化上的差异。参考文献

[1]冬明.《韩国饮食》.成都时代出版社，2009年 [2]吴澎.《中国饮食文化》.化学工业出版社，2009年

[3]华明，康晓城编著.《细说大长今》.中国出版集团东方出版中心，2005年 [4]段洁，陈谦.《餐桌礼仪与口才》.中国经济出版社，2008年 [5]任晓丽.《韩国日常生活中的歇语与礼节》.民族出版社，2004年 [6]灯草.《韩国的饮食文化》，《人民日报》.2001年12月21日第十一版 [7]文英子.《韩国饮食文化》.扬州大学烹饪学报.2007年第01期

[8]杨艳丽，李文凤.《浅谈韩国饮食熟语》.科教文汇（中旬刊）.2008年09期 [9]徐旺生编著.《民以食为天—中华美食文化》海南出版社，1993年 [10]金炳镐.《中国饮食文化的发展和特点》.黑龙江民族丛刊，1995年

第五篇：中西方饮食文化对比论文

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外语系 专 业 班： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 2011年 5 月

I

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方饮食文化对比

I

Abstract

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture of China and the west, come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.But actually the differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

II

摘 要

随着经济全球化进一步发展，中西方联系越来越频繁。作为打开中西方人民交流的重要切入点，探讨中西方饮食差异变的十分重要。其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交流障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误会。因此，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化而言具有很重要的意义。此外，它有助于指导我们的实践。但是不言而喻中西美食的差异与社会文化的发展密切相关。文化是人们在长期的社会生活中生活方式凝聚起来的总称，其中生活方式又包括思维方式和行为方式，虽然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特点是以血缘和地缘关系为基础，以名族为单位形成的整体。饮食文化，同样以名族为单位，当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯，饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种文化。这也与中国和西方的不同地理和历史条件息息相关，毕竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文将从以下五个方面来说明中西文化的差异，它具体体现在饮食观念的差异、饮食内容的差异、饮食方式的差异以及不同的餐桌礼仪等。而本文不仅探讨了中西方饮食文化上的差异，更简要分析了造成这一差异的原因。除此之外，本文还以美国的餐桌文化给出了一些例子，例如，面包盘是在主盘的左边，饮料在主盘的右边；沙拉叉、刀和汤匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要远；甜点餐具上方放置或随主板送达。一般吃东西的时候嘴巴紧闭；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打喷嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者过分大声说话。总之，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化具有很重要的意义。它不仅在于了解这一事实本身，更重要的是用它来知道我们的实践活动，在提高认识的基础上，改善食品结构，革除餐饮弊端，提高餐饮质量，保证人们的生活需要，弘扬中华文化的餐饮文化。

关键词：中西方饮食文化；差异；观念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China‟s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato‟s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers‟ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners‟ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture‟s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun‟s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners‟ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth‟s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners‟ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China‟s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one‟s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China‟s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food‟s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition‟s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative‟s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department‟s characteristic and even each chef‟s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart‟s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people‟s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people‟s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people‟s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still „food to eat‟ stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people‟s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people‟s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China‟s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries‟ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other‟s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China‟s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China‟s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year‟s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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