日语论文——中日两国饮食文化对比

第一篇：日语论文——中日两国饮食文化对比

目 次 要

旨...................................................................................................................................1 キーワード........................................................................................................................1 はじめに.............................................................................................................................2 1 日中饮食観の対比................................................................................................2 1.1 饮食観の形成...............................................................................................2 1.2 各饮食観が形成した原因....................................................................3 1.3 结论....................................................................................................................4 2 饮食観の中に含む「物」................................................................................4 おわりに.............................................................................................................................5 参考文献.........................................................................................................................6 要 旨饮食観は人类と共に产生したものでなく。それは生产能力が飞跃的に向上し食べ物に対して余裕が出るようになると产生したのである。本论文は日中両国の饮食文化の中に含む饮食観を対比するつもりのである。その形成した原因を分析する。最后に、各国の饮食観の中に含む文化はなんでしょうかも笔者自身の意见を出す。キーワード饮食観生产能力余裕 日中両国の饮食文化対比について 饮食観の比较 はじめに 中国人は饮食を论じる事から饮食を重视するようになったが、基本的な思想部分は日本人と共通しているためやはり饮食に関する饮食観の形成や其の原因を分析するな研究が尐なく、资料�9�9著作も尐ないといった问题がある。本论文はこのような问题点を基づいて研究を行う。1 日中饮食観の対比 1.1 饮食観の形成 饮食観とは人が饮食行为に対する见方であり、见方に対する评価でもある。これには食物饮料器及び调理法に対するものも含まれている。かつて人类がまだ采集�9�9狩猟�9�9渔労の时代、食べ物を见つけ出すことが非常に困难で、生命维持のために见つけ出し得た物を食べるしかなかった时には、もちろん饮食観など形成することは不可能であった。人类が労働道具を発明、使用后、生产能力が飞跃的に向上し食べ物に対して余裕が出るようになると、様々な生活経験を长い时间かけ次第に味覚も発达し嗜好に合うものを选ぶようになった。こうして食べ物に対して一种の见方が成立していった。嗜好に合うものを选んで采取し、保存するまでになる。嗜好に合わないものは舍て、见向きさえもしなくなる 人类の初期には特别な饮料があったわけではなく、自然の水と水分の多い果実や野生の瓜类があるだけであった。食べ物と同様に生活の过程において优劣の顺位や取舍选択をしている间に、ある种の饮食観が形成されてきた。人类のこの様な饮料や食物に対する评価が饮食観の形成につながるのである。1.2 各饮食観が形成した原因 日本は中国から多くの文化を受け容れているにもかかわらず、煎尐量の油でじっくりあげる、炒油でいためる烹油でいためた后调味料を入れて煮る、炸あげる、调调味料を配合するといった调理法と温かい料理が日本に定着しなかった。なぜ日本は生ものとあっさりした冷たい食物を定着し発展させたのかこのことは今だ彻底的に解明されていない谜である。中国人として、中国人は干した食材料を使うのはよくわかるであろう。この原因を分析させていただく、中国の国土面积が広いである。各种の気候があるとよくわかる。例えば、内陆の人民は海产物を食べたいなら、干した、运びやすい鱼など最高の选択であろう。また、中国の北方は冬となると随分寒いである。野菜とか、肉类などの产量はないとも言える。冬に食べる食品は夏に贮まった干したものが大部分である。でも、食べる时は乾燥したものを水に戻した。しかしこれによって鲜度はかなりおちる。鲜度を保ちかつ美味しく感じさせるためには色々な香辛料と调味料を加え复雑な加工作业と时间を费やすことによって初めて味覚と鲜度を保持することができる。この様にして多种多様な香辛料による调合法や、调理法煎、炒、烹、炸などの调理技术が生まれたのである。中国菜系の主流を分析すると油の使用が大部分を占めている素材を洗う、适度な大きさに切るなどして下処理をして油に通し、さくさくと美味しく、香りよくさせて人々の味覚を浓厚で复雑な味で満足させる。これが中国大陆菜系の主な特徴である。日本は海に囲まれ四千以上の岛々から成り立つ。気候は温暖で四季がはっきりしていて自然环境にも恵まれている。その条件の下で独自の海洋性菜系を発展させることができた。これを受け容れることは大陆菜系を受け容れることよりも、自然である。存在决定の意识は菜系の発展においでも例外ではないつまり风土が菜系を醸したのである。日本が海洋性菜系であると考えられるもう一つの原因は、日本が岛国の上に资源が乏しいことである。また隣接する国がないために自然环境による危机感の意识が强く、常に何かの天灾による灭亡を危惧している。「油断大敌」という四字熟语を见てわかるように、油がなくなることは敌に临むことにつながる中国のように食事毎に油を大量に使うことはできない。常に节油しできる限り油を使わず料理をつくり生活を営んできた。长い间これが习惯になり平淡で新鲜な味が日本菜系の主流となっていった。1.3 结论 日本料理は味よりも形を重视するため日本料理は目で食べる料理とも言われている。これも风土によるものである。日本は人口が多く面积が狭い。自然を重视し生活の一部に取り入れることは日本人古来の伝统であるために、膳の料理の中でもそれが如実に表现されている。これはまた、人々の生活を润す役目も担っている。一方中国では、広大な面积を持つため例え一部分失ってもどうにか生き延びられると思うためか自然の保护や破壊についての危机意识が薄い。异民族の侵略を防御するために万里长城を修筑し、人类に伟大なる建筑物を遗したが、反面多くの自然景観を壊し原始森林を伐采した。人々の味覚を満足させるために野生动物の保护もしなかった。健康と长寿によいとされるあらゆるものを中国人は食した。この风土が中国今日の独特な菜系を作り上げたのである。それも大陆の性质を十分备えたものである。2 饮食観の中に含む「物」 日本と中国とを比较した场合中国人の方が饮食に重きをおく、中国の昔から、中国人は客に必ず食事を接待する风习があり、そこから人々の交流が生まれた。后にこれは礼仪とされた。中国のある地方では、“知り合い”と“一绪に食事”とは同意语として使われていたこともあるほどだ。だから、食事は中国人にとっては人间関系の円滑油とも言えるのであろう。いまでも「御饭を食べましたか」は挨拶かわりに使われている。それは相手に関心を示す表われである。「礼」のはじめは、これを饮食にはじまるとあるように、礼は饮食生活の中から生まれてきたものである。日本は饮食観においては、はるか中国に及ばない。日本の朝廷、もしくは上层阶级は歴史の书物の中で饮食に関して触れる事はほとんどないと言える。江戸时代になって武士の禁欲思想が后世に大きく影响し特に男子が饮食に対して语るべきではない谚にもあるように「武士は食わねどたかようじ」式の饮食観の伝统がある。日本人は持続性が强いとおもわれる。ある思想概念が定着すると変えることなく守り続ける事が多い。日本人が食べ物に持っていた秽れ観は第二次世界大戦まで続いた。当然、これは日本の自然环境�9�9政治制度�9�9宗教�9�9民族风习などの影响もある。以上の分析によると中国の饮食観の中に「礼仪」が根ざした。「食は天である」という思想ははっきりに体现してのであろう。それによって、いろんな礼仪が出るし中华文化の特有の物となった。でも、日本は「武士道」の思想によって「武士は食わねどたかようじ」式の饮食観の伝统があるが、日本の饮食観も体现できるのであろう。おわりに 本论文を通して、両国の饮食観の形成は明らかとなった。これは人类の诞生からの物でなく、豊かな物资生活によって产生したものであるというこたがわかるのであろう。また、両国の饮食観は自己の风土と密接した関系があるということも阐明した。最后に各国の饮食観に含む物を対比した。でも、本论文は不足点もある。この饮食観に含む物の歴史渊源は何であるか、まだ研究しなかった。机会があれば、次回の论文に研究したいと思う。参考文献 1 清水勋著.『日本饮食の歴史』M.日本: 岩波书店 1999.5-940-47.2 ジョンAランド著『.アジア太平洋の饮食観』J.北京中国传媒大学出版社2003.23-29 3 中野晴行著.『饮食产业论』M.北京: 中国传媒大学出版 2007.2-9 谢 辞 小论は、研究方法の确定から完成までは、半年间ぐらいかかりました。その间、指导先生から数え切れないご指导を赐りました。先生は时间を惜しむことなく、论文の构成と执笔の仕方から、文法などの细かい点まで、亲切に教えてくださいまして、心よりお礼申し上げたいです。そして、大学院での勉强と研究の期间中、担当先生からも多くの御示唆を赐り、また、同级生である诸君からも、いろいろなご协力をいただき、心から感谢の意を表したいです。最后に、本稿を読んで、贵重なご指摘をしてくださった论文の审査员の方々にも、感谢の意をあらわせて顶きたいです。

第二篇：中日两国地震救灾对比

2008年5月12日，中国四川发生8.2级汶川大地震。遇难69142人，失踪17551人，地震实际造成8.6万多人死亡。-

2011年3月11日，日本本州岛宫城县发生9.0级地震。根据目前估计，地震至少造成1.2万人以上死亡。是近千年来，日本境内发生的最严重地震。-

中日两国，一衣带水，同属东亚，文化相似。甚至文字都有30%是相同的。千年来，特别是近百年来，两国发生了许多理不情的纠葛……-

巧合的是，中日两国发生的地震时间竟然也是相同的。汶川地震发生的时间（2008年5月12日），与日本宫城地震发生的时间（2011年3月11日），两个数字相加都是等于2025。即： 2008+5+12=2025；2011+3+11=2025。如果我们用数字游戏的方式来诠释两国地震的话，则是“汶川地震”与“宫城地震”的数值是相等的。当然，这纯粹是一种巧合。但有一点不是巧合，那就是地震发生后，两国对于抗震救灾的做法，有许多可比性。

根据几天来的观察，敝人以为，中日两国在抗震救灾中，各有所长，各有所短。简单来讲，就是：中国政府抗震救灾的能力、效率、成效优于日本政府；中国的民间社会抗震救灾的能力、心态、秩序弱于日本的民间社会。-

下面重点谈谈中日两国政府抗震救灾能力对比分析。-

2008年的汶川地震发生后，中国政府应对灾情，呈现了高速、高效，运转协调的应对机制。对灾情判断及时，处置有力，行动迅速，上下齐心，效果非常明显。三天之内，即迅速平稳整个灾区的混乱社会秩序。-

2011年日本宫城地震发生后，由于日本国民素质高，民间社会比较成熟，灾情发生后，灾区社会秩序良好，没有拥挤，哄抬物价等情况发生，灾民情绪比较稳定。然而，由于日本政府抗震救灾指挥调度不力，行动不果断、出手不迅速，犹犹豫豫，畏畏缩缩，首鼠蛇端，未及及时调谴大量人力、物力扑灭灾情，致使灾情在三天后迅速扩大，并发生了不可逆转的灾难性后果：核电站爆炸、核泄漏、核辐射……坏消息一桩接一桩，接踵而至。

躲过地震、海啸、火灾的日本灾民，在三天后，仍然缺水、缺粮、缺衣，日本的公路并未受到严重损毁，而奇怪的是，救灾物资却运不进去……

可以对比的是，2008年，中国汶川地震发生后，政府立即调集大型机械不惜一切代价，挖山开路，填壑搭桥，在损毁极其严重的丛山峻岭中，开辟出了抗震救灾的生命线。相比之下，日本政府的救灾是懒洋洋，根本没有什么气势。观者多，动者少。政府效率低下，协调能力也很差，指挥调度也不太灵，好象主要是靠自觉，而不是行政命令。-

3月12日，核电站发生冷却剂失灵后，其实是重大灾难前奏，奇怪的是日本政府处置相当犹豫，先是拒绝美国答应帮助运送冷却剂，政府却也不组织强有力的核电站事故抢险队，害怕承担责任，听凭、放心地让核电站公司独立去去处理这场世纪劫难…… 所作所为，不可想象。象这种紧急情况，中国一定是出动军队，组成十万火急的抢险队，赶赴灾区，及时除险，扑灭灾情，防止灾情进一步扩大！中国是绝不可能让核电站发生爆炸泄漏事故的！-

险情处置得早，后续麻烦就会少许多。

但是，3月14日，福岛核电站发生爆炸，重大危机爆发后，日本政府仍然没有派军队前往处置，也没有由政府协调组成抢险队，举一国之力，扑来险情，而是仍然由电力公司组织员工进行除险救灾。实在不可思议！

在最初处置核电站爆炸事故中，日本政府和首相基本好象是没有什么作为。听到核电站第二次爆炸，核电站公司为策安全，撤回大部分员工后，日本首相菅直人所做的事，竟然是暴哮一顿：“你们竟然敢全部撤了下来，你们的这样的公司活该100%倒闭！”

都什么时候了，如此人命关天的天大之事，事涉全日本、全世界人民生命安危的大事，首相竟然如此搪塞责任，要一家电力公司独立去承担，如此严重的事故、责任和灾情，它一家小小的核电站公司应对得了吗？真是狗屁逻辑！-

面对如此艰难危局，政府要做的，不应是去斥责心力交瘁的核电站公司，而应是立即由政府牵头，组成强有力的抢险队，举全国之力，调集人力、物力，立即抗灾扑险，把事故所带来的危险控制在最小的范围。

日本首相去斥责势单力薄的核电站公司，叫他们去应对天塌下来一般的灾难？他们应对得了吗？日本政府抗震救灾严重失职！日本首相把最宝贵的抢险黄金时间错失了！-

记得2008年5月12日下午2时32分地震发生后，温家宝总理得到消息后，立即从中南海启程，乘车赶往机场，乘专机飞往四川，指挥抗震救灾。他是一边走在路上，一边吩咐手下，通知国务院各部委立即入川，各司其职，组成抗震救灾抢险队。

我依然记得，2008年5月12日和13日的电视新闻，当时，温家宝总理走得很急，没有带厚衣服，只穿了一件西装加薄白衫。他当晚就到达都江堰，看望了一所小学的受灾学生。他当晚在嘉凌江的江边，设国务院抗震救灾指挥部，现场办公，现场指挥。当时，夜深了，旁边哗哗的河水声都听得到，温总理因为穿衣少，冷得他有些打颤，后来不知是哪位民警给了他一件警服棉衣穿在身上，让他遮风挡寒。温总理是穿着警服棉袄，四川度过了指挥抗震救灾的第一个极其重要的难眠之夜。-估计也是总理第一次穿警服吧。

温总理从中南海出发飞四川的时候，有中央台电视记者陪同前往。温总理在飞机上接受了采访，总理是将讲话简单地写在一张纸上，偶尔看看，肯定是飞机上临时写的。我清楚记得总理当时讲过的最关键、最重要的话：“当前，最重要的是要冷静、镇定、信心以及强有力的指挥！”

温总理在飞往四川的空中，其实并不知道灾情有多严重。他只是听到7.8级地震发生（后修正为8.0级），立即判明重大灾情，然后二话不说，立即赶赴灾区的。事后证明，总理对灾情的判断多么及时、准确。温总理此举，挽救了多少灾区人民的生命！

中国政府的领导人，就这样身先士率，高速、高效，勇敢、果断地在第一时间赶赴灾区最前线，及时领导抗震救灾，为汶川地震的抗震救灾，赢得了最宝贵的时间！

温总理对突发事件的处置，方法非常到位，那就是：冷静、镇定、信心以及强有力的指挥！后来的抗震救灾，都基本遵循这一原则进行，特别是强有力的指挥。-中国政府对汶川地震的抗震救灾，实现了强有力的指挥！

汶川地震发生后，中国政府在三天内，调集了10万军队入川。其中，有8万解放军正规武装部队，2万公安和武警人员，加上政府组成的救灾人员、志愿者等，直接参加救灾的人数至少50万人以上。

当时，灾情发生后，中国的电视新闻实行24小时滚动播出救灾画面，那些催人泪下的画面，触及了国人的情感，全国迅速掀起了支援灾区的高潮。民间的救灾物资、救灾人员源源不断地往灾区输送。

地震发生后，在三天，基本缓解了缺衣、缺粮、缺水的困难；五天后，基本确保生活的基本所需，有饭吃、有水喝、有地方睡觉。震后第七天，建起了“抗震救灾帐篷小学”。这是“抗震小学”的诞生，极大地振奋了全国人民的人心，迅速平稳了灾区的秩序和人心。

以上这一些，中国政府所能够做的，我没有在日本政府中看到。-今天是日本地震进入第6天，我所看到的情景是，日本的地震灾区不仅没有得到缓解，而且灾情在扩大！

日本政府的救灾能力效率低下，其灾区没有发生大规模骚乱，得益于国民素质好，平时守秩序。但是，如果灾区的情况在未来几天内没有得到缓解的话，难保日本社会秩序是否会大乱，种种迹象显示，日本发生骚乱，也不是不可能。-

最后，谈谈日本首相。我对日本首相菅直人的救灾行为感到失望。我当然相信，日本各级政府官员、公务人员都在努力救灾，他们的确很辛苦，夜以继日，没有休息。就日本政府而言，日本首相这样去救灾，是不行的。日本首相，好象是中国新闻发言人的角色。呆在东京首相官邸，时不时发一个新闻消息，这样的事，不要首相去做呀，新闻发言可以交给部下去做，自己埋头去指挥、协调，去组织人力、物力抗灾救险呀！遗憾的事，日本首相对当新闻发言人很感兴趣，对救灾的事，犹犹豫豫，畏畏缩缩，根本不象一个国家的领导人。-

另外，日本自卫队的表现也太让人失望了。人们对日本自卫队（军队）的印象仍然停留在二战时的水平，以为今日的日本军人仍然会象二战时一样，勇猛顽强，服从命令，时刻有一种敢死之心。现在看来，今日的日本自队军人，远不是那么一回事了。他们接到首相命令，要求他们用直升机吊海水浇核电站以降温后，竟然以核辐射太强、太高，生命健康受到威胁为由，拒绝执行首相的命令。军队以保卫人民为天职，竟然抗国家最高领导人的命，真是闻所未闻。

日本卫队竟然好意思袖手旁观，单靠核电站留守的50名工人进行施救。这一幕，不仅日本在看，而且全世界在看！

日本福岛核电站爆炸，不仅危及数百万、上千万日本人民的生命安危，而且影响全世界人民的健康，在国家遭受如此重大危机的面前，在最需要军人前往救灾除险的时候，日本军人竟然以堂而皇之的理由逃之夭夭，实在难于理喻，可怜、可叹、可悲！-

日本自卫队在其他地方的救灾，也是懒洋洋的，没有什么气势和规模。我看到他们，更多的是处置遗体，而没有什么象模象样的救灾行为。日本此次调了10万军人前往救灾，人数同中国当年的10万军人救灾一样多，但是，救灾效果却相差十万八千里，完全不在一个水平之上。-

在抗震救灾中，日本的舆论不感谢政府，认为是政府的天然职责，不值得感谢。这其实是不对的。是政府天职这没有错，但是，政府也是人，需要舆论的支持、鼓励、激励，如果媒体和舆论只盯着政府人员的责任，那么政府人员就会人人怕事，怕担责，而畏畏缩缩，没有人会猛打猛冲，什么都不敢作主，只好不断向上请示，生怕承担责任，就就没有效率。日本首相可能就是怕承担职责，怕被人骂，所以行动很犹豫。国家最高领导人都这样了，那么，下面的行动就可想而知了。中国有一句话，上梁不正下梁歪，中梁不正倒下来。日本政府的情形让人叹息。

救人，是最大的恩。被人救出来，获得新生命，表示感谢是最起码的人性，感谢政府，感谢救命恩人，没有错呢。日本媒体鼓吹不用感恩是错误的。

如果自己冒险救了人，不能获得感恩，那么，谁会去救人了。且不要说有没有利益，连一句好话都得不到，会有人积极去救人吗？所以，日本媒体是失职的。

日本媒体的眼光只注重于传播信息，没有注重挖掘人性闪光的东西。这是中日媒体的差异。显然，在抗震救灾中，日本媒体逊色于中国媒体。2008年中国抗震救灾时，中国媒体做得非常好，他们的报道极其感人，激发了全国人民团结一心、共同应对国难。在这一点上，日本媒体要向中国媒体好好学习。-

在日本宫城地震发生后，日本成熟的公民社会，民间很有秩序，应对灾难淡定、从容、不慌张，社会和人民团结、守纪，让人很是钦佩。这一点，是值得中国人民学习的。

第三篇：中日酒文化对比日语

毕业设计

浅谈中日酒文化对比

作者

专业 学号 指导老师 日期

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目 录

摘要 ······························································ 3 要旨 ·············································· 错误！未定义书签。绪论 ·············································· 错误！未定义书签。1中日酒文化背景概况 ························ 错误！未定义书签。

1.1中日酒文化的起源 ············································ 6 1.1.1 中国酒文化的起源············································ 6 1.1.2 日本酒文化的起源············································ 7

1.2中日酒文化社会影响 ········································· 7 1.2.1中国酒文化社会影响 ·········································· 8 1.2.2日本社会酒文化 ············································· 9 2中日酒文化对比 ················································· 9 2.1中日酒的种类和命名 ··········································· 10 2.1.1中国酒的种类和命名 ········································· 10 2.1.2日本酒的种类和命名 ········································· 11 2.2中日酒德酒礼

··············································· 11 2.2.1饮酒方式和礼仪中的酒文化 ··································· 11 2.2.2祭祀中的酒文化 ············································ 12 2.2.3婚俗中的酒文化 ············································ 13 3中日酒文化的异同点 ············································ 13 3.1中日酒文化共同点 ············································ 13 3.2中日酒文化不同点 ············································ 14 结论 ····························································· 15 谢辞 ····························································· 16 参考文献 ························································· 17

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【摘要】

酒文化无论在哪个国家的民俗中都占有非常重要和特殊的地位。中日两国是一衣带水的邻邦，同属东方民族。两国从古代就开始了交流，日本从中国学习技术的同时也吸收了中国文化，在各方方面有相似的生活方式及文化。其中酒文化也出自同一渊源，中国的传统文化、农业文明和曲酒酿造技术传到日本，促进了日本文化及酒业的发展。中日两国的酒文化历史、酒俗、饮酒态度和酒德酒礼都大同小异，各有所长，各有所短。中日两国人民相互交流、相互学习和借鉴，在差别中寻求融合，在融合中保存差别，共同创建适合于本国国情和世界酒文化发展方向的新型酒文化。本文以中日两国的酒文化为研究对象，进行展开论述。本文首先从中日两国酒文化的起源，社会影响等方面详细说明，接着从中日两国酒文化的多个方面，例如酒的种类和命名，喝法的差异，酒德酒礼等方面，对中日两国的酒文化进行详细的分析，最后通过对两国酒文化的比较，总结出两国酒文化的异同点。【关键词】中日；酒文化；交流；发展；异同点

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要旨：

酒文化はどのような国の習慣においても重要な地位を占める。両国の距離が近く,一衣带水の国である。两国は古代からさまざまな交流がはじまり、日本は中国からの技術を勉強するとともに、中国の文化を吸収し、各方面に似ている生活方式と文化がある。その中の酒文化が同じ根源であり、中国の伝統的な文化、農業文明および醸造技術は日本につたわり、日本文化と酒造の発展を促進した。中日の酒文化史、飲酒の習俗、酒に対する態度と飲酒の礼儀作法は大同小異であり、それぞれの長所と短所がある。中日の国民はお互いに交流し、勉強し、差異の中に共通処を見つけ出しながら、自分の特色を保つ。共同で自国文化と世界酒文化の発展に適する新型酒文化を創ろうとしている。本稿は中日酒文化を研究対象にして検討し、先ずは中日の酒文化の起原、発展、特徴などから説明する。それで、中日酒文化の各方面から、たとえば、酒の種類とか飲む方法の異同とか礼儀などの方面から中日酒文化を詳しく分析する。最後に両国酒文化の比較することを通じて両国の酒文化を総括する。

キーワード: 中日 酒文化 差異 交流 発展 異同

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绪论

在中国，酒有着悠久的历史，古人们曾有无酒不成席，无酒不成礼仪，无酒没有乐趣这样的说法。人们用酒来招待朋友，因为酒可以增强气氛，同时酒也可以暂时消除自己的烦恼。无论是家里过节，人际交往，还是庆祝国家喜事都离不开酒。酒已经融入到人们生活的各个方面，甚至对于更多的人来说，酒已经成为他们生活中的重要伙伴。酒在我们日常生活中起着重要的作用，甚至是一种不可取代的作用。酒被誉为“繁荣之水”。

在世界上，酒的种类非常之多，因为各个民族受气候和风土的影响，都有着各自的酿酒方式，自然也就孕育出了与众不同的酒文化，酒文化可以定义为以酒为中心的一系列物质，艺术，精神，风俗，心理，行为等现象的综合体。这其中包含了酒的起源，生产，流通和消费，而且还涉及到了关于酒的社会文化，以及相关的社会问题。

研究酒文化，我们可以了解一个国家的文化特征，而且酒文化本身就是人类文明史中不可或缺的重要一划。中日两国一衣带水，一直以来维持着友好的关系，彼此之间互相学习，互通有无，因此两国的文化和习惯非常类似，但是两国在历史的发展中还是形成了自己特有的酒文化。

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1中日酒文化背景概况

1.1中日酒文化的起源 1.1.1中国酒文化的起源

中国是世界上最早的酿酒国，是三大酒系的发源地之一。关于中国酒的起源有着许许多多不同的传说。但是，最原始的酒是依靠谷类发霉，并且经过长时间的发酵下形成的。

中国的酿酒技术可以说是中国酒文化发展的重要象征。日本著名的酿酒专家坂口谨一郎曾经高度评价中国发明的曲子（将粮食、糠等蒸后繁殖酵母菌而成的发酵剂）完全可以和中国的四大发明相提并论。

当然，古书中关于酒历史的记载的真实性很难去验证，俗话说：“耳听为虚，眼见为实。”关于中国的人工酿酒究竟是什么时候开始的？这一问题，我们可以从地下挖掘出来的文物来证实一下。实际上从出土的大量河姆渡文化时期的古老酒杯来看，早在7000多年以前，中国人就开始人工酿酒了。1.1.2日本酒文化的起源

日本，关于酒的起源和酒的酿造文献并不多，大多数日本人认为弥生时代的农耕者在九州，京畿等地的酿酒活动是日本酒文化的起源。那个时候，日本用咀嚼法来造酒，在日语中称之为口齿办。在《古事记》中有关于咀嚼酒的记述。在古代的王宫，通常用女人咀嚼过的饭来发酵造酒。在那个时代，酒只用于祭祀神灵和祖先。人们通过酒来和神灵交流，表达敬意。

到了奈良时代，用曲子酿酒的方法开始普及起来，在宫廷已经设立了专门造酒的部门，酿酒者被称为“刀自”意为已婚的妇女。之后，因为和中国进行交流。得知中国酿酒的鼻祖叫做杜康。所以日本人把酿酒水平最高的人的称号由“刀自”改为杜氏。现在，日本把酿酒工厂的最高技术指导者称为杜氏。由此可见，中国和日本两国酒文化渊源之深。在镰仓，室町时期，随着商业的繁荣，酿酒已经不仅限在王宫内，已经扩展到寺院和神社，酒开始作为普通的商品在市场上广为流通，以京都为中心的都市，开始出现了卖酒的居酒屋，因为居酒屋的出现给爱喝酒的人们提供了喝酒的场所，所以居酒屋非常有人气。至此以后，酒从高级的祭祀品转变成为人们日常生活中的饮品。

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1.2中日酒文化社会影响 1.2.1中国社会酒文化

酒文化是中华民族饮食文化的一个重要组成部分。酒是人类最古老的饮品之一，它的历史几乎是与人类文化历史一起开始的。自从酒出现之后，作为一种物质文化，酒的形态多种多样，其发展历程与经济发展是同步，而酒又不仅仅是一种饮料，它还具有精神文化价值，作为一种精神文化，它体现在社会政治生活，文学艺术乃至人生态度，审美情趣等诸多方面。从这个意义上讲，饮酒不单是为饮酒而饮酒，也是在饮文化。

中国是屹立世界的文明古国，是酒的故乡，在中华民族五千年的历史长河中，酒文化一直占据着重要的地位。就是一种特殊的食品，是属于物质的，但又同时溶于人们的精神生活中，酒文化作为一种特殊的文化形式，在传统的中国文化中，有其独特的地位。在五千年的文明史中，就已经渗透到社会生活中的各个领域。首先来讲，中国是一个农业国家，因此所有的政治和经济活动都以农业发展为立足点。因为中国的酒，多是用粮食酿造而成的。所以酒必须紧紧依附于农业，成为农业经济的一部分。粮食生产的好坏直接影响到酒业的兴衰，各个朝代统治者都会根据粮食的收成情况，通过发布酒禁或开禁来调控酒的生产量，从而确保民食，在一些地区，酒业的繁荣对提高当地的社会生活水平也起到了重要作用，酒与社会经济活动也是密不可分的。

酒，在中文化的历史长河中，已不仅是一种客观的物质存在，而是一种文化的象征，及酒神精神的象征。

因醉酒而获取艺术的自由状态，这是中国古代的艺术家摆脱精神束缚获得艺术创造力的重要途径。

“李白一斗诗百篇，长安市上酒家眠，天子呼来不上船，自称臣是酒中仙。”南宋政治诗人张元年说：“雨后飞花知底数，醉来赢得自由身。”酒醉而成传世诗作，这样的例子在中国诗史中俯拾皆是。

不止诗词如此，在绘画和中国的书法中酒神精神也到处可见。众所周知，郑板桥的字画很难得，于是人们拿狗肉和美酒款待他，郑板桥明知道这是求画者的把戏，但他还是经不住狗肉和美酒的诱惑，只好写诗自嘲:“看月不妨人去尽，对月只恨酒来

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迟。笑他缣素求书辈，又要先生烂醉时。”由此可见，酒对中国的艺术文化产生了重要影响。

在中国，酒有着其他事物不可替代的作用。例如：人们通过喝酒来表达自己的感情，构建和维持人际关系。在世界上，喜欢喝酒的民族多不胜数，但是像中国这样把酒和民族，文学，风俗紧密的结合起来，并且形成了自己独特的酒文化，恐怕世界上没有第二个国家能做到。1.2.2日本社会酒文化

日本是非常重视集团活动的国家，为了保持机体的稳定，喝酒成了一种不可或缺的仪式。日本人下班以后，上级和下级会一起喝酒聊天，这样做不仅可以使上下级关系融洽，还可以提升整个集体的凝聚力。因此，就可以看做是日本社会的润滑剂。

在日本全国大约有一半的人喝酒，而且这个数量还在增加。日本男人非常喜欢喝酒，很多人下班后不会直接回家，而是要到居酒屋喝上一杯。居酒屋是体现日本酒文化特征的产物。虽然日本人把沉默是金当做自己的座右铭，但是遇到麻烦时，还是可以借酒消愁。

从上个世纪60年代以来，日本的酒文化迅速发展起来。而且一发不可收拾。一些有名的小说家和文学家发明的酒文化名词被流传开来。外国的记者和评论家甚至把这一现象称之为“酒店文学”。日本酒文化的发展对维持日本社会的人际关系，日本经济的快速增长，以及维护日本社会的等级秩序起到了重要的作用。

2中日酒文化对比

2.1中日酒的种类和命名

从中日两国的酒文化起源来看，两国不仅酿酒历史悠久，而且由于酿造方式不不同和多样，两国的酒的种类和命名也就名目繁多，因此，从酒的种类和命名也能清楚的反映出中日两国的酒文化的特色。2.1.1中国酒的种类和命名

中国酒大致上可以分为白酒、老酒、果酒、药酒和啤酒等五类。

白酒是用粮食和其他含有淀粉的农作物为原料，以酒曲为糖化发酵剂，经发酵蒸馏而成。白酒并非是白颜色的，而是指无色透明的蒸馏酒，特点是质地纯净、醇香浓

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郁，味感丰富，酒精度在30度以上，刺激性比较强。有名的的白酒有茅台酒（53度），五粮液（60度），汾酒（50-60度）等。

黄酒因为是酿造酒，所以颜色为接近琥珀的黄色，这便是所谓的老酒，其中尤为有名的是绍兴酒（13—18度），黄酒的产地主要在长江以南地区。

药酒是以成品酒（大多用白酒）为酒基，配各种中药材和糖料，经过酿造或浸泡制成，具有不同作用的酒品。药酒可以分成两大类：一类是滋补酒，它既是一种饮料酒，又有滋补作用，如竹叶青酒，五味子酒，男士专用酒，女士美容酒；另一类是利用酒精提取中药材中的有效成分，以提高药物的疗效，此种酒是真正的药酒，大都在中药店出售。

啤酒是以大麦为原料，啤酒花为香料，经过发芽、糖化、发酵而制成的一种低酒精含量的原汁酒，通常人们把它看成为一种清凉饮料。其酒精含量在2度~5度之间。中国酒类品种繁多，命名方法各异，但是能清楚的反映出中国的酒文化特色。归纳起来大致有以下十种方法：

⑴以地名或地方特征命名。以一个地名（省、市、县）来作白酒名称或以地方名胜

或地方的美丽传说来命名，如贵州茅台酒、山西汾酒、泸州老窖酒、双沟大曲酒、苏 酒、皖酒、孔府家酒、杏花村酒、等等。

⑵以生产原料和曲种命名。以生产白酒所用的粮食原料及曲种来命名，如五粮液酒、双沟大曲酒、浏阳河小曲酒、高粱酒、沧州薯干白酒、小高粱酒等等。

⑶以生产方式命名。主要是以“坊”、“窖”、“池”等作酒名，让人感到这酒的年代的悠久，有信任感。如泸州老窖酒、水井坊酒、千年酒坊酒、国坊老窖酒、月池酒等等。

⑷以诗词歌赋、历史故事命名。如蒙古王酒、杏花人家酒、杏花村家酒、大宅门酒等等。

⑸以帝王将相、才子佳人命名。如两相和酒、曹操酒、宋太祖酒、百年诸葛酒、华佗酒、钟旭酒、秦始皇酒、君临天下酒、太白酒、等等。

⑹以佛教道教、仙神鬼怪命名。如老子酒、庄子酒、中国道酒、小糊涂仙酒、酒妖酒、酒鬼酒、酒神酒等等。

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⑺以历史年代命名。如1573酒、1915酒、百年皖酒、六百岁酒、1952晋原酒、清宫酒、千秋汾酒等等。

⑻以时代特征和场所命名。如国藏汾酒、国宾酒、国粹酒、中南海酒、钓鱼台酒、蓝色经典酒、神舟酒等等。

⑼以动、植物命名。如桂花酒、红杉树酒、牡丹酒、真龙酒、熊猫酒、红骏马酒等等。

⑽以情感命名。有情、缘等情感，如今世缘酒、情缘酒、同心结酒、随缘酒等等；有祝福情感，如金六福酒、好日子酒、红双喜酒、等等；有区域情感，如店小二酒、百年老店酒、宿迁人酒、黑土地酒、刘老根酒、土老帽酒等等；有民俗情感，如藏羚羊酒、王朝奶酒、金骆驼酒、唐古拉酒、等等。

从中国酒的名目繁多的种类和命名的特色来看，中国是历史悠久的酒文化大国。2.1.2日本酒的种类和命名

日本酒以米为主要原料，利用酒曲和酵母酿造而成，其酒精纯度在13度至16度左右。酿酒所用的水的水质也是重要的因素，日本各地的纯净水源孕育了日本酒肚特的品质。日本白酒以其酿造方式可分为清酒和烧酒两种。

日本清酒是借鉴中国黄酒的酿造法二发展起来的日本国酒。日本清酒虽然借鉴了中国黄酒的酿造法，但却有别于中国的黄酒。该酒色泽呈淡黄色或无色，清亮透明，芳香宜人，口味纯正，绵柔爽口，其酸甜苦涩辣诸味协调，酒精含量在15%以上，含多种氨基酸、维生素，是营养丰富的饮料酒。

日本清酒的制作工艺十分考究，清酒一般可分为最高级的吟酿酒、纯米酒和本酿造酒。

吟酿酒使用碾磨留存率在60%以下的白米、米麯、酿造酒精经过精心酿制而成的日本酒，其特点是带有果香和花香，而且口味清纯。白米碾磨留存率在50%以下的被称为“大吟酿酒”。

纯米酒以白米、米麯以及水为原料酿制的酒，具有香气醇和、口味浓郁且润泽的特点。

本酿造酒以碾磨留存率在70%以下的白米、米麯、酿造酒精以及水为原料酿制的酒，其特点是香味温和，口感清爽。

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日本烧酒制造方法为蒸馏，将原料糖化，发酵后的液体蒸馏生产的酒类，根据原料不同有番薯烧酒，麦烧酒，红糖烧酒，米烧酒等。一些度数较高的酒如泡盛，也是蒸馏而成的米酒，但与烧酒不同的是，泡盛使用泰国米，由泰式风格制作而成，而烧酒使用的是日本米；另外泡盛由黑米曲菌发酵而成，而烧酒是白米曲菌。

清酒的牌名很多，并且基本都有其特定的来由，在一定程度上显示出其独特的日本文化。日本《铭酒事典》中介绍的就有400余种，命名方法各异。有的用一年四季的花木和鸟兽及自然风光等命名，如白藤、鹤仙等；有的以地名或名胜定名，如富士、秋田锦等；也有以清酒的原料、酿造方法或酒的口味取名的，如本格辣口，大吟酿、纯米酒之类；还有以各类誉词作酒名的，如福禄寿、国之誉、长者盛等。最常见的日本清酒品牌及其有月桂冠、樱正宗、大关、白鹰、白牡丹、松竹梅及秀兰等。大多数日本清酒的命名都有其特定的来由和含义，因此显示出日本独特的酒文化。如：

菊正宗——菊花在繁花丛中显自然淳朴，到处可见。人人喜爱的花卉，不求高贵但求人人喜爱。

朝香——酒的清香就好像清晨扑面而来的空气一样，怡人惬意。

松竹梅——松、竹、梅，日本庭园自然高贵的植物，此酒就像他们一样给人和谐自然又不失高贵的感觉。

千寿、万寿——长寿之人必不可少之意。

上善如水-----感觉就像奔流的水一样向四面八方流传。而日本烧酒的命名多以原料命名区分，如麦烧酒，番薯烧酒等。

日本酒口感多倾向于清淡，并且对于酒的命名也比较素雅，凸显日本酒文化的特色。

2.2中日酒德酒礼

2.2.1饮酒方式和礼仪中的酒文化

俗话说没有规矩不成方圆。饮酒也有饮酒的规矩。

在中国的宴会上喝酒大体有三个忌讳：

⑴不能按自己的节奏喝酒

在饮酒的时候，双方一定要干杯，还要一边目光交流，一边喝酒，这是中国式宴会饮酒的基本规矩。而且，中国人一定要大家一起喝。例如：12个人围坐在桌子旁，第 11 页

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主人会举起杯子说：“非常欢迎大家的到来，干杯”。在日本所谓的干杯是举起杯子适量饮酒，但是在中国却不同，必须将杯中的酒全部喝完才行。在中国最理想的干杯方式就是和所有人干杯，从自己右侧的人开始，一个一个的干杯对饮，尽可能使所有人饮酒的量相同是中国宴会重要的做法。

⑵绝对不可以喝醉

在中国人的宴会上，会因为有许多特殊的情况喝了很多的酒。但失去论什么原因，也不能表现出喝醉酒的样子。直到宴会结束必须保持清醒。换言之，即使在桌子上喝得再多，也不能表现出失礼的举动，这样的人在中国的社会是被尊重的。

⑶在宴会上必须注意自己的言行

在宴会上一定要注意自己的言语和措辞，尤其在谈论有关政治方面问题的时候，更要如此注意。中国人不能很放松的喝酒，因为在中国人看来，宴会不是娱乐的场所，而是向人们展现个人素养的地方。除此之外，宴会对于中国人来说有着重要的意义。第一:在宴会上可以分辨出哪些人值得结交哪些人不值得结交；第二：宴会上可以结交一些新的朋友。

而在日本，喝酒的气氛会比较轻松。日本人在宴会刚开始时会干杯，之后自己随意饮酒。对于无论喝多少酒都不醉的人被认为不实在，关系处的不到位，而带有醉态的人会给人一种信赖的感觉。日本人在饮酒后对自己的言行会有适度的调整，到了宴会后半段会变的非常自由。人们交换座位后，可以无视等级观念。及时和上级开玩笑也无妨。日本的宴会只是为了喝酒，消遣，并没有像中国宴会这样的复杂的关系。2.2.2祭祀中的酒文化

在日本，传统祭祀是为了供拜神灵而举行的某种仪式，日本祭祀各式各样，作为一个祭祀大国，日本的传统祭祀已经成为日本一种非常重要的无形的文化遗产。一年中每一个月份都有各式各样的祭祀活动在全国各地举行。男女老少载歌载舞十分热闹。有天皇参与的祭祀活动要使用特定的酒，其余祭祀活动的酒都是市民和政府部门提供的。在日本祭祀活动一结束，大家就一起喝供奉神灵的酒，吃供奉的食物。这就是所谓的“神人共食”。捧起酒杯喝酒向神灵和祖先祈祷来满足自己的愿望，这样可以营造出人们团结的气氛。

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而在中国，我国各民族普遍都有用酒祭祀祖先，在丧葬时用酒举行一些仪式的习俗。人死后，亲朋好友都要来吊祭死者，汉族的习俗试吃斋饭，这就是葬礼期间举办的酒席。虽然都是吃素，但酒还是必不可少。云南怒江地区的怒族，村中若有人病亡，各户带酒前来吊丧，巫师灌酒于死者嘴内，众人各饮一杯酒，称此为“离别酒”。古代的习俗还有在墓穴内放入酒，为的是死者在阴间也能享受到人间饮酒的乐趣。汉族人在清明节为死者上坟，必带酒肉。在祖先的灵象前，还要插上蜡烛，放一杯酒，若干碟菜，以表达对死者的哀思和敬意。2.2.3婚俗中的酒文化

在中日两国的婚俗中，酒起着重要的作用。无论在订婚的时候，还是接受定亲的时候都少不了酒。

在中国，“喜酒”往往是婚礼的代名词，置办喜酒即承办婚事，去喝喜酒，也就是参加婚礼，由此可以看出酒在中国婚俗中扮演着非常重要的角色。

南方的“女儿酒”，南方人生下女儿数岁，便开始酿酒，酿成酒后埋葬于池塘底部，带女儿出嫁之时才取出供宾客引用，承载了浓浓的祝福与爱意。此外还有我们熟知的一些风俗，如交杯酒，接风酒，出门酒，定亲仪式时的会亲酒，回门酒等。均表现出酒在我国传统婚俗中的重要地位。

日本在婚礼上，新婚夫妇也要喝交杯酒，这是神前式婚礼中最为重要的一个程序。在日本有“三三九”制度。（用三个大杯，分别代表着天，地，人。“三”代表着吉利的阳数，“九”则代表着最高的数字。这两个数字都意味着好事情到了无以复加的程度。）新郎和新娘在婚宴上，用三只酒杯互相交换，每只就被交换三次，一共九次。这种饮酒习惯，作为订婚仪式一直被日本人沿用至今。

3中日两国酒文化的异同点

3.1中日酒文化的共同点

通过以上对比论述我们可以看到

日本与中国一衣带水，两国从古代就开始进行交流，两国人民都喜欢喝酒，关于酒的文章很多，例如中国的三国时代有曹操的《短歌行》，日本的《万叶集》中上亿良写的著名的《贫躬问答歌》都讲述饮酒抒怀的故事。

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在酒的种类和命名上，中日两国的国酒都是以米作为原料以酒曲发酵而酿制成的。且色泽清亮透明，芳香宜人，口感独特。且两国都有果酒，都有按地名来命名酒名的习惯，并且酒的命名都带有各自特色文化的印记。

在饮酒方式和礼仪中，饮酒是可以作为释放压力的一个方式，并在两国社会关系中都起到了润滑剂的作用。

酒在祭祀中的作用是明显的，中日两国都用酒来祭祀，酒是人与神之间的桥梁，是奉献给神的物品，并能表达出我们的喜怒哀乐。

酒在中日两国婚俗中，代表着祝福，喜庆，扮演着非常重要的角色。

中日两国人民都将自己的生活、喜怒哀乐与酒联系起来，形成了自己独特的酒文化。

除此之外，中日两国在烹调的时候也经常会使用酒来调味，中国使用黄酒，日本使用甜料酒。

3.2中日酒文化的不同点

在中国，以白酒为“国酒”，酒精度数相对于日本的清酒比较高，口感绵柔却辛辣。日本的清酒分为甜味和辣味，酒精度数一般都比中国的白酒低，口感也比较清淡可口，所以绝大多人都可以喝。而中国酒则偏向于成年人的口味。对于酒的酿造方式，相对于中国，日本酒的的分类比较细致，且制作工艺比较讲究，根据米的碾磨留存率来酿成不同口感的酒，并注重酒的容器、酒与不同料理的搭配，来获得最好的感官和心理的享受。而中国人在酒桌上喝酒则更多的注重的是量。追求酒桌上每个人喝酒的量是相同的，而日本则比较随意，即使喝醉也没有失礼之说，相反会让人觉得可以信赖。这在中国是不同的。

在祭祀中，相对于日本，中国公共的或大规模的祭祀活动比较少，但在重大节日，用是选用酒来祭奠祖先，酒的选择性自由度比较大。而在日本，天皇参与重大祭祀活动的酒都和其他祭祀活动所用的酒是不同的。在婚俗中，中日两国虽然都是用酒来表达喜庆，但是表现的方式也是不同的。

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结论

酒是饮料的一种，按分类，它当属饮料范畴，但它又不同于一般的饮品，因为它的重要功用并不是用来解渴。然而，酒在人们的日常饮食当中，却扮演着重要的角色，起着不可替代的作用。中国人、日本人都在以不同方式，不同场合，如丧葬，嫁娶，礼仪等，不同程度地享用酒这一饮品。酒是人生的伴侣，人们经常以酒敬友，以酒饯行，以酒庆功，以酒作诗，以酒绘画，以酒助兴等。自从酒出现之后，作为一种物质文化，酒的形态多种多样，其发展历程与经济发展史同步，因此酒又不仅仅是一种食物，它还具有精神文化价值。作为一种精神文化它体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人的人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。在这个意义上讲，饮酒不是就饮酒而饮酒，它也是在饮文化。可以说酒深入到我们生活的各个领域，于两国政治，经济，文化活动密不可分，构成姿态万千、内涵丰富的酒文化，它对社会、经济、文学艺术等各个领域都产生着巨大的影响，对于整个民族文化的形成起到了一定的作用，并折射出各自民族的文化特点，可以说是巨大的文化财产。

由于酒文化深入到了各民族人们的生活中，通过对中日酒文化的了解，不仅可以丰富酒文化方面的知识，可以通过它来窥视中日社会，加深对彼此社会生活的理解、认识，中日两国都是世界大国，而且两国都视对方为重要的合作伙伴，只有加强双方的政治经济文化等多方面的交流和沟通，才能真正意义上实现两国长期的友好关系。

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毕业设计（论文）报告纸

谢辞

在写这篇“浅谈中日酒文化对比”论文的时候，笔者站在辩证分析的角度上思考问题，起初思考方向一片空白，翻阅了从学校图书馆借来的相关书籍，查阅了相关期刊，先用手写摘录的方式一边整理要点一边思考论文切入点。从提交任务书、开题报告，我的指导老师倾注了大量的时间和心血，严格把关，一遍又一遍地看完修改稿，一丝不苟地指出修改稿中的不足之处。从开始选题到论文的最终完成，我收到了许多老师、朋友和同学的帮助，在这里请接受我真心的感谢。感谢老师的谆谆教诲，感谢朋友们的热忱帮助。这三年的大学生活结束是我人生道路的转折点，也同样是我人生的一笔财富。今后我将更加努力的接受挑战。

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参考文献

1范作申.日本的传统文化.三联书店出版社，2000，237-240 2贺静彬.日本历史与文化.大连理工大学出版社，1998，52-60 3秦明武.日本习俗文化比较.北京大学出版社，1990，24-36 4徐少华.中日酒文化比较研究.新疆出版社，1987，134-146 5新邦.日本的酒文化.浙江出版社，2003，131-147 6秋山裕一.酒文化研究会及与中日酒文化的交流.人民大学出版社，2001，234-255 7吉牧.中日饮食文化的差异.光明日报出版社，2007，115-151 8[美]罗伯特.库里斯特发.日本精神与风俗.吉林人民出版社，1986,123-151 9胡雪峰.日本的饮食文化.黑龙江出版社，2001,124-156 10何满子.醉乡日月.上海古籍出版社,1995,356-467

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第四篇：中日茶文化对比论文

中国与日本茶文化对比

引言：茶叶是起源于中国的世界性饮品,由茶的发展而形成的茶文化也是世界文化史上的一个重要组成部分。中国作为茶文化的发祥地,在茶文化的发展史上占有举足轻重的地位。而日本,这个毗邻中国的东方岛国,其对茶文化的发展和研究无论是从数量上还是在质量上都位居世界前列。下文将通过中国茶文化与日本茶道文化的对比来发现其差别。关键词：茶 茶道 民族 正文

中国是茶叶的故乡茶文化历史悠久层次复杂内容丰富。日本茶道和茶道文化起源于中国的茶文化无论从形式还是从实质来说都同中国文化有着不可割裂的联系。然而一方面中国茶文化传到日本已经一千多年了经过日本本土的影响从最初的模仿到不断地改造和不断地注入日本的民族特性而最终成为了代表和体现日本民族性的文化另一方面中国茶文化也处于不断的历史变迁过程中所以中国茶文化和日本茶道既有联系又有了较大的差异。

一、中国茶与文化

（一）中国茶文化发展历程

中国是茶的故乡，是世界上最早发现茶树、利用茶叶和栽培茶树的国家。茶树的起源至少已有六七万年的历史。茶被人类发现和利用，大约已经有四五千年的历史。茶文化产生之初是由儒家积极入世的思想开始的。两晋北朝时，一些有眼光的政治家便提出“以茶养廉”，以对抗当时的奢侈之风。魏晋以来，天下骚乱，文人无以匡世，渐兴清淡之风。这些人终日高谈阔论，必有助兴之物，于是，多兴宴饮，所以最初的清淡家多酒徒。如：竹林七贤。后来清淡之风发展到一般文人，但能豪饮终日不醉的毕竟是少数，而茶则可长饮且始终保持清醒，于是清淡家们就转向好茶。所以后期出现了许多茶人。唐代茶圣陆羽的茶经在历史上吹响了中华茶文化的号角。从此茶的精神渗透了宫廷和社会，深入中国的诗词、绘画、书法、宗教、医学。几千年来中国不但积累了大量关于茶叶种植、生产的物质文化、更积累了丰富的有关茶的精神文化，这就是中国特有的茶文化，属于文化学范畴。

（二）中华民族茶文化的社会作用

人们常说，“茶中人生，哲理悠悠”。大概是说的就是饮茶和思茶之人往往能从茶中得到深刻的人生道理吧。这句话并不是没有道理的，茶文化深刻的内涵和其重要的历史地位早已经神扎入每一个中华儿女的心中。中华民族在历史的长河中，不断改造自然创造物质财富的同时，也创造了光辉灿烂的文化，为世界人类的进步和发展做出了巨大的贡献，意义十分深远。茶文化是中华文化教育的一个重要组成部分；茶文化教育的表现及存形式，既有物质形态的，也有精神形态的。表现为物质形态的，诸如茶的历史文物、遗迹、茶书、茶画、各种名优茶、茶馆、茶具、茶歌舞和茶艺表演等等。表现为精神形态的，诸如茶德、茶道精神、以茶待客、以茶养廉、以茶养性等等，其内涵极其丰富；由于茶文化的内涵极其丰富，既是物质的，也是精神的，因此中华茶文化在发展的过程中所发挥的社会功能和作用也必然是多方面的。传统的茶文化与人们社会生活的关系，向来就是非常密切的，无论是历史文人生活中的“琴棋书画洒诗茶”，还是平民百姓生活中的“柴米油盐酱醋茶”，茶都是不可缺少的。茶文化发展至现代，茶的社会功能更加突出，例如，以茶会友、以茶联谊、以茶代酒、以茶养性等等著名词语，更是将中华茶文化的精髓体现的淋漓尽致。茶能洗净尘心，导致清和。中华民族是一个文明古国、礼仪之邦，无论贫富，大凡家有客来，均有以茶待客的礼仪。在民间亦有“粗茶淡饭，不成敬意”的说法。国家领导人会见外宾时，也往往以茶赠客，中国茶文化在社交场合中的地位，由此可见一斑。中华茶文化中的“礼”，几乎贯穿了整个茶文化的所有内容，从倒茶、敬茶、品茶等一系列活动中，均与“礼”有密不可分的联系。

二、日本茶道

（一）从中国而来的日本茶道

日本的茶道已具有800年的历史，是日本的传统文化。茶道，顾名思义，即品茶之道。就是在茶艺操作过程中所追求和体现的精神境界和道德风尚。日本与中国一衣带水，中日两国自古以来就有着政治、经济和文化的联系。茶文化是两国源远流长的文化交流内容之一，特别是茶文化作为中日文化交流关系的纽带，一直起着重要作用。

唐顺宗永贞元年，日本最澄禅师从我国研究佛学回国，在他回国的行李中，就有中国的茶籽，最澄禅师将茶籽种在近江（滋贺县）。815年，日本嵯峨天皇莅临滋贺县梵释寺，僧人们献上清茶一杯。天皇饮后龙心大悦，开始大力推广饮茶，于是茶叶在日本得到大面积栽培。

（二）日本茶文化

日本茶道是在“日常茶饭事”的基础上发展起来的，以千利休提出的“和，敬，清，寂”四字为宗旨，将日常生活行为与宗教、哲学、伦理和美学熔为一炉，成为一门综合性的文化艺术活动。它不仅仅是物质享受，通过茶会，学习茶礼，它还可以陶冶性情，培养人的审美观和道德观念。正如桑田中亲说的：“茶道已从单纯的趣味、娱乐，前进成为表现日本人日常生活文化的规范和理想。” 茶道之茶称为“佗茶”，“佗”有“幽寂”、“闲寂”的含义。“清”与“寂”指的是环境的清幽与寂静。邀来几个朋友，坐在幽寂的茶室里，边品茶边闲谈，不问世事，无牵无挂，无忧无虑，修身养性，心灵净化，别有一番美的意境。千利休的“茶禅一味”、“茶即禅”观点，可以视为茶道的真谛所在。

日本的茶道源于中国，却具有日本民族味。它有自己的形成、发展过程和特有的内蕴，它将日常生活行为与宗教、哲学、伦理和美学熔为一炉，成为一门综合性的文化艺术活动。它不仅仅是物质享受，而且通过茶会，学习茶礼，陶冶性情，培养人的审美观 和道德观念。日本茶道在许多方面受禅宗影响的成为一个完整的生 活体系。日本茶道的鼻祖僧人村田珠光强调“茶道之美来自自身的内心功夫”。这正是禅宗所提倡的“内省”或“自悟”。而历代茶人要去禅寺修禅后，返回茶室过茶人的生活，对茶人来说，佛法就存在于茶汤之中，别无他求，饮茶的过程就是追求“茶禅一味”的境界。也就是说茶道里“禅”的内涵，在于通过繁琐的规则来磨练人心，当这些规则不再令饮茶者厌烦，当饮茶人信手而为就符合茶道礼法时，才算领会了茶的真谛，才能喝到一杯好茶，才能最终达到“茶禅一味”的境界。

三、中国茶文化的继承发扬者

（一）两国茶文化联系

中日茶道都是取茶的清心、静气、养神、助智等健康向上的精义。两者之间有颇深的渊源。中日茶文化虽有不同，但渊源颇深。中国茶叶传入日本，最初，应是圣德太子派遣遣隋使并且随着唐朝的强盛发展，日本已不在满足于当时没落而又单纯的部民制形式，试图探索和汲取中国文化的精髓。而随着“大化改新”的推行，日本从政治制度，土地制度，科学文教，风俗习惯等向唐朝开始了全面的模仿和学习，这其中也包括茶文化，所以中日茶文化颇有渊源。

（二）两国茶文化差异

由于地理环境，社会发展程度以及思想文化的不同，中日茶文化又存在巨大的差异。中国茶文化以儒家思想为核心，融儒、道、佛为一体，三者互为补充、绝少抵触，从而使中国的茶文化内容非常丰富，无论从哪个层次、哪个方面讲都能做出宏篇大论。而日本茶道则主要反映中国禅宗思想，当然也融进了日本国民的精神和思想意识。中国人“以茶表礼仁”、“以茶表敬意”、“以茶可行道”、“以茶可雅志”，充分贯彻了儒家礼、义、仁、德的道德观念以及中庸和谐的精神标准。日本茶道吸收了中国茶文化思想的部分内容，主张“和、敬、清、寂”，公开申明“茶禅一位”，它规劝人们要和平共处，互敬互爱，廉洁朴实，修身养性。但同时日本茶文化注重修性，有非常复杂繁琐的程序，它的传播阶层多为上流社会，带有浓重的宗教色彩。

结论：

从两国茶文化的差异可看出中华民族与大和民族的差异：中国茶文化所反映的中华民族特性主要有四 一是重视现实人生，二是追求人格完善，三是讲求和谐，四是以天人合一为最高的审美美感；日本茶道所反映的日本民族的特性也主要有四：一是重规范，二是重礼义，三是重视自我克制和坚强意志训练，四是独特的悲剧审美美感。中国茶文化和日本茶道都是东方文化的奇葩在世界文明史上各显风采、引人深思。日本茶道与中国茶道一样，其中蕴涵着的文化博大精深，尤其是对于一个外人来说，要把握其精髓，确实需要渊博的知识和不懈的努力茶道在日本传统文化中占有标致性的主导地位，成为极具代表性的日本传统文化的瑰宝。茶道是日本民族的文化象征，在世界传统文化中颇具影响。无论是中国茶文化还是日本茶道，都是一衣带水一脉相承的文化，经过千百年的演化，它们形成了自己独特的风格并将继续传承下去。中国茶文化和日本茶道都是东方文化的奇葩在世界文明史上各显风采、引人深思。理解中国茶文化和日本的茶道文化的联系要结合各自的历史及茶文化在历史过程中的变迁才能得到正确的认识。

参考文献：

韩旭李睿杜泳 中日茶文化交流的历史地理学透视 [J];农业考古;2011年02期

高燕 浅谈日本的茶道文化 [J];网络财富;2010年11期 彭云 龙中日茶文化发展的对比探讨 [J];魅力中国;2010年04期 关剑平文化传播视野下的茶文化研究 [J]农业出版社;2009年5月1日

第五篇：中西方饮食文化对比论文

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外语系 专 业 班： 姓 名： 学 号： 指导教师： 2011年 5 月

I

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方饮食文化对比

I

Abstract

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture of China and the west, come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.But actually the differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

II

摘 要

随着经济全球化进一步发展，中西方联系越来越频繁。作为打开中西方人民交流的重要切入点，探讨中西方饮食差异变的十分重要。其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交流障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误会。因此，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化而言具有很重要的意义。此外，它有助于指导我们的实践。但是不言而喻中西美食的差异与社会文化的发展密切相关。文化是人们在长期的社会生活中生活方式凝聚起来的总称，其中生活方式又包括思维方式和行为方式，虽然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特点是以血缘和地缘关系为基础，以名族为单位形成的整体。饮食文化，同样以名族为单位，当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯，饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种文化。这也与中国和西方的不同地理和历史条件息息相关，毕竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文将从以下五个方面来说明中西文化的差异，它具体体现在饮食观念的差异、饮食内容的差异、饮食方式的差异以及不同的餐桌礼仪等。而本文不仅探讨了中西方饮食文化上的差异，更简要分析了造成这一差异的原因。除此之外，本文还以美国的餐桌文化给出了一些例子，例如，面包盘是在主盘的左边，饮料在主盘的右边；沙拉叉、刀和汤匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要远；甜点餐具上方放置或随主板送达。一般吃东西的时候嘴巴紧闭；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打喷嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者过分大声说话。总之，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化具有很重要的意义。它不仅在于了解这一事实本身，更重要的是用它来知道我们的实践活动，在提高认识的基础上，改善食品结构，革除餐饮弊端，提高餐饮质量，保证人们的生活需要，弘扬中华文化的餐饮文化。

关键词：中西方饮食文化；差异；观念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China‟s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato‟s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers‟ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners‟ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture‟s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun‟s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners‟ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth‟s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners‟ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China‟s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one‟s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China‟s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food‟s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition‟s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative‟s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department‟s characteristic and even each chef‟s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart‟s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people‟s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people‟s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people‟s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still „food to eat‟ stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people‟s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people‟s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China‟s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries‟ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other‟s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China‟s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China‟s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year‟s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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