云计算不是一种服务是一项技术

第一篇：云计算不是一种服务是一项技术

云计算不是一种服务是一项技术

在2011CENC中国企业网络通信大会上，工信部电信研究院总工程师蒋林涛表示云不是一种服务或者服务理念，而是一种技术，而且不是一项全新的技术，是一系列技术的继承和发展。

云计算与三种服务形态没有直接关系

提到云计算，人们总是要列出IaaS、PaaS、SaaS这三种服务形态。但是对此，蒋林涛认为这三种个服务形态早已经存在，不是只有云才能提供，这三种服务形态和云计算并没有直接关系。

“一台大型计算机外接远程终端也可以提供IaaS、PaaS、SaaS这三种服务。所以从严格意义上说，云与服务没有关系，云是一种实现技术，它将分离的IT资源有序的组织起来和有效的使用起来。云的用途不会局限于提供应用，在很多平台的建设中也可以采用云计算技术，当然只有在建设规模以上的平台体系时才值得去做，否则仅仅是徒有虚名，而不会得到实质意义的好处。”蒋林涛警惕道。

云计算是IDC的一种补充

目前，云的最主要用途是用于建设新一代的IDC。IDC是存在已久的IT基础设施，IDC一般有两方面的能力：设备托管和IT资源出租。其中，IT资源出租就和云计算有着紧密的联系。据了解，以资源出租为主的IDC有三种工作模式：集中方式、分散方式和分布方式。

蒋林涛认为分布式IDC在进入云计算前是没有的，分布式是目前IDC缺乏的一种工作模式，而云计算正好是一种分布式技术，所以，使用云计算技术来实现IDC，正好补充了分布式IDC这种工作形式。

（飞象网）

第二篇：服务是一种幸福

服务是一种幸福

她，在窗口服务岗位上，总能让客户满意而归，用心架起了企业与客户的桥梁；她，通过不断刻苦努力，掌握了扎实的业务技能，多次被荣获各级“服务明星”荣誉称号；她，只是平凡岗位上的一名普通的收样员，8年的青春献给了企业却无怨无悔。她就是，一位乐观上进、富有朝气的80后女孩。2005年，她以天使般的微笑、细致的服务和热情的工作态度，不仅在平凡岗位上充分体现了自身价值和独特青春风采，更完美诠释了“客户满意，我的责任”的 “阳光”服务理念，赢得了客户与同事的一致好评。她说，客户的肯定，是最大的满足；客户的理解，是工作的强大动力；客户的抱怨是金，她希望在抱怨中变得更加完美。客户夸她“最贴心”“大伯，千万百计为客户省钱、省心，做好客户用电的贴心小顾问，许多客户都对王憬的服务工作印象深刻。“虽然这的每个营业员服务态度都很好，但我每次到营业厅办业务还是喜欢找小王，因为她办事特别用心负责，服务也非常周到，我都把当自家的亲女儿了！”一说起王憬，家住营业厅附近的郑大娘对她的服务工作更是赞不绝口。郑大娘说，她每个月都会去营业厅查电费，但由于自己没读过什么书，不识字，所以每次去营业厅办业务都很麻烦，也很不好意思，不过王憬每次都对她很耐心，不仅会把电费单上的信息一字一句地读给她听，而且在得知郑大娘腿脚不便后，更是每月直接将电费清单送到她家里，这令郑大娘感动不已，并直夸王憬比自己的儿女还要亲。在同事们的眼中，王憬是一个聪明而且学习能力极强的人。她的同事应婷说，学习同样一个东西，她总是要比大家要学的快，同样的工作任务，她也总是第一个出色完成，经过短短几年的学习积累，王憬已经掌握了扎实的业务知识技能，成为了营业厅里的岗位能手，并很快被提拔为营业厅号长。因为王憬总是愿意和同事们分享自己的一些学习、工作经验，帮助大家共同提高成长。新进员工吴婧说，自新员工进入营业厅以来，是王憬手把手地传授她们业务知识和技能。而且无论王憬有多忙，只要有问题找她，她都会非常耐心地进行解答，几个新人的业务水平因此得到了飞速提升，每个人都已经能够独挑大梁。除了佩服王憬工作能力强外，同事们其实更看中她对大伙在生活中的那份珍贵情谊。礼仪督导师李卫平回忆说，有一年王憬过生日，全家人围着桌子等她回去庆生，但是家人等了很久却不见她的到来，打她的电话也不接，着急的家人只好打电话到单位询问，才知道因为同事突然生病无人照看，王憬得知消息后急忙陪她去医院打点滴，把手机落在了办公室里，直到晚上10点多回单位才看到手机上几十个未接来电，还有全体同事给她发的短信：生日快乐！领导爱她“敢创新”做好服务工作需要创新，而王憬就非常喜欢在创新方面动点脑经，因此部门领导都很喜爱她，直夸她是营业厅的参谋长。更令人没想到的是，王憬还根据不同情境研究出了一套能迅速与客户搭建信任关系的沟通技巧：遇到抽烟的客户，她会满脸微笑地提醒他：“您好，请吃颗糖，为了你的健康，请不要吸烟”；代客户复印身份证，细心地她发现当天是客户生日，会送上诚恳地祝福：“祝您生日快乐”；在为客户办理免费短信提醒，发现对方手机号码很有规律，她会说：“您的号码很好，真好记”。此外，她会给每位来办理业务的客户发放名片，并建立了一个电力客户QQ群，以便为客户提供多渠道的服务。家人想她“早回家”“我们一个大办公室30多号人，她常常是最晚一个回家。”很多人认为电力窗口服务工作枯燥乏味，她却有不同见解：“把简单的事情重复千万次地做好，就是不简单；把容易的事情认真地做对，就是不容易。”说到底就是把一件事情重复千百次的做对了，但是这对于很多人来说，就是一个活生生的奇迹，而她却做到了。这就是王憬，明星班组中一颗闪耀的明星，她说，服务工作是美丽的，在“阳光”营业厅工作就是她此生最大的幸福。

第三篇：跆拳道是一项运用手足技术

岳辉跆拳道暑假班招生简章

跆拳道是一项以腿为主、以拳为辅的竞技运动，被称为“踢的艺术”。主要学习内容分为腿法、品势（拳法）、礼仪三大部分。通过日常学习，增进腿法，品势的技艺，提高学员耐力、柔韧、爆发和协调等身体素质。同时，辅以“礼仪廉耻、忍耐克己、百折不屈”的学习精神，使学员在健体同时强志，懂得忍耐和尊重。

医学博士麦克罗依先生指出练跆拳道有如下益处：可刺激和开发练习者的速度、力量，灵敏耐力等身体素质。可提高心血管系统、呼吸循环系统机能以及中枢系统的灵活性，可克服自身的懒惰、消极、怯懦、畏惧等不良因素。可培养坚韧果断，自信良好的意志品质，从而造就健康的身心等。健体：健体作用不言而喻。其动作中的各种踢腿、手臂的上格、下截、拉伸等动作，可使肌肉和力量得到增强，肌腱、韧带、肌肉的弹性得以提高，从而增强人的体力和柔韧性。启智： 跆拳道可给大脑许多良好刺激。练习过程不单是骨骼肌肉的收缩，而是空间感知、经验、类型识别等右脑功能的综合发挥，因此非常有利于发展青少年的空间转换、形体感知等右脑功能，提高了形象思维和创造力。育心：跆拳道需要通过做变换方向的动作来明确方位，从而发展了空间知觉；此外，孩子们还要主动想办法克服困难，这锻炼了意志，培养了勇敢精神，学会了对人、事、物的正确态度。知礼：跆拳道推崇“礼始礼终”的尚武精神，讲究未曾学艺先学礼，未曾习武先习德。通过师生间的互敬、活动时的敬礼仪式、同学之间的相互礼让等，让孩子理解了“礼”的含义，知道怎样做才是“礼”的表现。

一、招生对象：幼儿园中大班、小学生、高中生、上班族。

二、教学内容：

1、跆拳道的历史、特点、精神、礼仪。

2、太极八章前三章。

3、腿法、拳法、步法、身法、防守法。

三、教练——毕业于西安体育学院本科学士，国家一级裁判，国家一级运动员，跆拳道教练培训讲师，多年跆拳道教学经验。曾多次获多个省市冠军。

四、开课时间学生放假后的第二天到8月31号，每天上课时间90分钟。

五、课程设置上午 6：00----7:30

联系电话：******

第四篇：云计算及其安全技术学习心得

云计算及其安全技术学习心得

作为一个云计算技术研究的工作人员，通过本课程的学习加深了我对云计算及其安全技术的认识。主要的心得体会如下：

随着科学技术的迅速发展，现代信息化建设对信息量的要求越来越高，传统IT技术已不能满足要求，高效率、低成本地对海量数据进行存储和处理的云计算技术就应运而生。云计算[1]是基于互联网的相关服务的增加、使用和交付模式，通过互联网来提供动态易扩展虚拟化的资源。云计算将赋予互联网更大的内涵，更多应用能以互联网服务的方式交付和运行；同时也扩大了IT软硬件产品应用的外延和改变了软硬件产品的应用模式。云计算是一种新的商业模式，带动IT产业格局的变化，为全球信息技术产业带来全新的发展机遇，同时也深刻影响世界经济的发展。

我国政府高度重视对云计算的发展，把云计算列为重点发展的战略性新兴产业。2012年9月，为了加快推进云计算技术创新和产业发展，科技部发布了《中国云科技发展“十二五”专项规划》。权威机构预测，未来三年中国云计算产业链的产值规模将达到2000亿元。《2013-2017年中国云计算产业发展前景与投资战略规划分析报告》指出，近年来企业在不断增加其云服务资产，并已经准备好开始集成工作；调查发现超过74%的企业客户计划用服务提供商来实现系统集成。同时，随着我国智慧城市建设的铺开，以及各地方的公有云和大型企业私有云建设的快速开展，中国云计算市场规模将进一步增大。

云计算技术的快速发展，用户对其可靠性和安全性有了越来越多的需求。根据美国研究公司Gartner发布的《云计算安全风险评估》的报告称云计算服务存在着如下七大潜在的安全风险[8]，安全问题依然不容忽视：可审查性、特权用户的接入、数据隔离和加密、数据恢复、数据位置、长期生存性以及调查支持持特定的调查。

云计算安全技术主要表现在身份的保护、基础设施的保护和信息数据的保护三个方面。第一个方面就是身份的保护。对于身份安全来说，用户需要强认证机制，一般考虑ID和密码的保护。在云环境中需要身份认证技术，才能实现云服务和应用的安全迁移；第二个方面是基础架构的安全保护。基础架构主要包括软硬件、网络设备、操作系统和应用环境等。对基础架构安全来说，要确保基础架构的安全是一项非常大的挑战。这就需要非常强的可信链条，这个可信链条不仅包括硬件安全，还有因特网、操作系统、虚拟化等，整个链条都要有非常强的可信性；第三个方面就是数据和信息的安全保护。对于数据和信息的安全保护也有两个方面，既数据的完整性和信息的保密性。数据的完整性主要指数据在被访问的时候，不应该被随意篡改、增加或删减。信息的保密性指信息只能是有权限的人才能阅读。这方面的技术主要有分布式的密钥管理技术、密钥的加密技术以及DLP技术等。

云计算作为一项新兴的技术，特点突出、优势明显，得到了众多人的追捧。云计算技术高速发展给互联网带来了新的机遇与挑战，各大IT公司加入到云计算行业，推出自己的云服务。但与此同时，云计算还面临诸多安全隐患，尤其是云安全问题，有待云计算相关安全技术的进一步研究解决。

第五篇：云计算 服务迁移service_migration总结

1.introduction 云服务迁移是云计算实现中的一个概念，它确保了个体或组织的数据，或其它商业元素，能轻松地在不同的云供应商之间，或在一个私有云设施内部，转移或迁移，且不用克服实现、整合、兼容性及互操作性问题。通过服务迁移，应用，基础设施，或者任意云主持的应用、服务都能避免被锁定在一个运营商的情况。服务迁移也定义了应用能部署在其它云供应商或被私有云架构支持的过程及框架。服务迁移的整个过程由几个不同进程和技术组成，它们依赖于被迁移的应用或服务的复杂性。服务迁移也包括了通过在开放式标准和框架上设计、开发云基础架构，而进行的最佳实践的开发。

服务前移是非常复杂的，因为大多数云服务供应商使用了专利技术，为了把数据从一个供应商的存储中转移到另一个，有时必须首先把数据移回用户自己的服务器上，然后再从这里转移到新的供应商地点。甚至这样时，由于需要格式的变换来确认数据也可能需要被重定格式，Even then, the data may need to be reformatted because of formatting changes made to conform to the first service provider’s system.Such a situation may lead to vendor lock-in – a situation in which a product or service vendor has made it so difficult or expensive to transition to a competitor’s offering that customers are effectively “locked in.”

2.Services Migration in Clouds 2.1架构

The servicemigration concept extends the notion of a service-orientedarchitecture.Web service has been the major standard for realizingSOA.Web services have good encapsulationand strong integration capabilities.Web services dynamicdistribution.Service providers and service requesters may bedistributed in different geographic locations.There are twoways to complete the request issued by the service requester.One is the data migration.The requester transfers data to aservice provider to have it analyzed.After that, the providerreturns the result back to the requester.The other way is theweb service migration.The requester desires to acquire aservice comes to his system to analyze the data.After thedata is processed, the service is moved from the requester'ssystem.For a large amount of data, such as a large set ofgigabytes to terabytes, rendered across the wide area networkcan be costly, it may increase the communication latencysignificantly.Due to the reason above, many researches work on theweb service migration are interested in minimizing thecommunication cost.In cloud environment,hardwareresources and their management utilities are all provided asservices.A large number of services deployed in differentnetwork domains.So it can directly select the “nearest”servers to migrate the services.The term “nearest” coversessential factors of service quality, including networkbandwidth, network delay, server capacity, service type,connecting fee, etc..A new infrastructure to support themigration of web services in cloud is presented.The proposed infrastructure includes five components: Load&Proximity Analyzer(LPA), Services DependencyAnalyzer(SDA), Publish/Select Manager(PSM), ServiceMigration Manager(SMM), and Service Migration DecisionManager(SMDM).In current web infrastructure, theinteractions among all components are soap messages basedon httpihttps.A host can be a web service provider, a webservice requester, or even a web service proxy.1)负载&邻近分析仪

收集所有主机的cpu负载信息和主机与其邻居间的邻近信息，并更新维护。The LPA runs periodically to collect all hosts' cpu loadinformation and the proximity information between the hostand its neighbors.When the network topology changes, itwill result in proximity change.We use the round trip timepackets and the number of hops they had traveled to reflectthe proximity's change.We also may use overage queuingdelay to reflect the cpu's load information.2)服务依赖分析仪

管理服务器之间的呼叫依赖性，获取相关服务的配置参数和它们的依赖性，分析来确保所选服务的先前服务被加入到正确的PSM中。

The SDA is used to manage the calling dependencyamong web services.It's function including capturing theconfiguration parameters of interrelated services and theirdependencies, analyzing the integrity to make sure that theantecedent services of the selected service are added to thecorrect PSM, avoiding incorrect cyclic dependencies ofsystem services, and generating proper configuration settingsequence.3)发布/选择管理

如果一个主机提供了特定的服务或接收了从其他主机迁移来的服务，它会向PSM发送注册请求。

If a host provides a specific web service or receives aweb service which migrated from another host, it will sendthe registration request to the PSM.So there may have manyentries for the same web service.When a requester sendsweb service looking request to the PSM, it should decidewhich entry is the best for the requestor based on therequestor's location, the information from the LPA, and thesecurity factors.4)服务迁移决策管理

收集分析从LPA何SDA来的必要数据，作出服务迁移的决定。考虑网络带宽，服务有效期，服务器容量，服务访问频率，可转移性等。

The SMDM is responsible for collecting and analyzingthe essential data from LPA and SDA to make the decisionon service migration.Factors should be taken into accountare network bandwidth, service valid period, server capacity,service access frequency, and transferability, etc.5)服务迁移管理

在SMDM决定何时并向何处迁移服务后，SMM收集并打包服务的状态信息，把它们转移到目的主机，并在目的主机上重建执行服务的环境。

After the SMDM decides when and where to migrate theweb service, the SMMcollects and packs the states ofservices, transfers them to the destination host, andreconstructs the executing environment on the target host.2.2服务迁移决策管理机制

Before SMDM make migration decision, it should takethree aspects into account: whether a web service ismigratable, when to migrate a web service, and where tomigrate a web service.1）In cloud environment, web services not only meansoftware sources, but also include the hardware sources, thedevelopment platforms, the databases, etc.These sources arenot all suitable for migration.For example, during a host isexecuting a web service, it need to access data from adatabase which residents on a remote server.At this time, themigration cost to migrate the database to the host may be toohigh.Even the migration cost is acceptable, the conditions toset up the database may not meet for this host.So we canconsider that the migration of a database is unacceptable.Similarly, it is not feasible to migrate a hardware indistributed area.It denotes these kinds of sources areunmigratable.We can label a web service is migratable orunmigratable when it published.The SMDM may not sendmigration command to the SMM if a web service isunmigratable.2）提出负载门槛

When to migrate a web service is an important factor forSMDM to make migration decision.One of the innovationsof this paper is that we propose a schema to determine themigration time.We predefine a overload threshold inSMDM.When the LPA collected the performance data fromall the hosts periodically, SMDM compares the data with theoverload threshold and makes migration decision accordingto the comparison results.For example, we may predefinethe migration condition is cpu's use-ratio more than 80%.Once the data collected from LPA shows a provider's usagerate of cpu is over the threshold, it means the serviceresidents on this provider should be migrated.3）After decided when to migrate, the next step for SMDMis to determine where the appropriate destination server toaccommodate the web service is migrated from the provider.When a provider publish a web service, it also providesconstraints that should be met to execute the web service(such as the required operation system, the minimal memoryrequirement etc)and the priority information among theseconditions.So there may have some candidate hosts in cloudcan provide the appropriate environment to accommodate theweb services.We should choose one among them.Thedecision is based on the conditions and the priorityinformation that the candidate can provide.4）Besides the consideration of constraints and the priorityinformation, the migration cost is also should be taken intoconsideration.When a client issues a web service request toa provider, the SDA constructs the web service call tree, theLPA collect round trip time between hosts and the averagequeuing delay.All these information are sent to the SMDM.SMDM computes the migration cost based on a cost modeland find the best host which yield lowest cost as a target host.3.Agent-based Service Migration Framework in Hybrid Cloud Figure 1 shows the architecture of the proposedsystem, which involves a federated broker and the hybridenvironment.Since the public cloud is charged in pay-perusescheme, in general, it should provide dynamic provisionof resources involving the computing platform and requiredstorage.In other words, the proposed system can start newcomputing cluster from public cloud for new jobsdynamically while the loading of private cloud is overrun.Such capability is provided by most virtualization tools ofvirtual machine, such as XEN, Microsoft’s Hyper-V andKVM.The tools provide Application Programming Interfaceto manage the resource of virtual machine.In addition,private cloud and public cloud can be connected via virtualprivate network(VPN)or public network if do not considerthe security issue between private cloud and public cloud.3.1联盟代理

Federated Broker layer is the second tier in thearchitecture.It is responsible for monitoring system resourceand all behaviors of resource, reconfiguring system scale,and migrating services and balancing the load betweenclouds.The layer consists of three agents and tworepositories;there are System Monitoring Agent,Reconfiguration Decision Agent, Service Migration Agent,Profiling Database, and System/Service InformationDatabase, respectively._ System Monitoring Agent(SyMA): The agent isresponsible for collecting the loading andremaindering resource related information of allnodes in the hybrid cloud.It will activelycommunicate with the Cluster Admin Agent(CAA)resided in each cluster periodically to get theinformation or passively receive the heartbeatmessage that contains the information from CAA.The information involving in the heartbeat are asfollows: 1)cluster's name, 2)cluster's loadinformation, 3)jobs etc.Upon receiving a heartbeatmessage, the SyMAwill log the information toProfiling Database and System/Server InformationDatabase._ Reconfiguration Decision Agent(RDA): The RDAis used to reconfigure and adjust the cloudenvironment after the reconfiguration policy isfitted.The RDA can retrieve current cluster's statusand loading information in the cluster to decide toadjust the scale of public cloud or not.If the SyMAis noticed the private cloud is overloading, he willcontacts the RDA to initiate the reconfigurationprocess to balance the loading between private andpublic cloud.Also, the SyMAwill notify the RDAscale the public cloud down if the private cloud isunder loading during a time period._ Service Migration Agent(SeMA): It is responsiblefor managing and initiating the service migrationbetween private and public cloud.If RDA informsit that the public cloud is scaled up and send amessage to migrate a job to public cloud, the SeMAwill initiate the service migration process accordingto the policy of service migration.The policy andalgorithm will be depicted next section._ Profiling Database: The database is to store theprofile of public cloud including the resourceinformation the public cloud has, such as thenumber of VM, the size of memory and storage,the bandwidth of link to public cloud, and theusage of these resources, which can be used to helpfor making decision of scaling._ System/Service Repository: The repository keepsthe system and service related information, such asthe location of private and public cloud, theinformation of services run in the hybrid cloud, andso on.3.2云内的代理

Except for the components in the federated layermentioned above, there are two agents will be developedinto both private and public cloud platform.They areCluster Admin Agent and Job Agent._ Cluster Admin Agent(CAA): The CAA is the maincomponent on the cluster, which can manage thewhole cluster and negotiate the actions with agents infederated layer.He also periodically collects cluster’sinformation, and sends them to SyMAthat isembedded within the heartbeat message.Besides, italso manages and guide the running of Job Agents runin the cluster._ Job Agent(JA): In order to deliver a service to othercloud, a service will be encapsulated into a JA beforemigrating to other cloud.A JA has all the informationa service needed, includes service's execution file,service's input data, the location to be migrated, andso on.Code mobility can be divided into two categories [5]:strong mobility and weak mobility.The strong mobility ischaracterized as if it allows executing units to move theircode and execution state to a different site, while weakmobility only allows moving their code.In the currentversion of proposed solution, in order to simplify thecomplexity of current system design, we encapsulate aservice into a JA, and provide weak migration scheme.Thejob model and encapsulating a job into JA are shown inFigure 2.It only restarts the execution instance from thebeginning of the code.In other words, all migrated serviceswill be re-executed in the other cloud environment.3.3服务迁移流程

图3是服务迁移的具体流程，其步骤如下：

1)簇管理代理周期性的发送包含负载信息的heartbeat message给系统监控代理。2)系统监控代理通过计算负载信息来检查云的负载是否平衡。

3)如果非常不平衡，系统监控代理通知重配置决策代理调整公共云的大小。重配置决策代理基于它的决策向公共云的簇管理代理发送一个请求。

4)公共云的簇管理代理将启动新的簇来接受和部署迁移服务，并把结果返回给重配置决策代理。5)重配置决策代理接着通知服务迁移代理迁移服务至公共云。

6)服务迁移代理根据迁移策略计算哪个服务将被迁移至公共云，并通知私有云和公共云。

3.4迁移策略

Although the hybrid cloud is constructed as a federatedmodel, we assume that all services initially are stored in theprivate cloud, excepting exterior job submitted by users.Therefore, all jobs invoked by users are queued in theprivate cloud first.When the load of the private cloudexceeds, the SyMAwill initiate service migration process.服务迁移策略是在服务迁移过程将要开始的时候用来做出决策。用来做出决策的算法有3个，分别是JC(Job Count)，SJ(Size of Job)和EFT(EstimatedFinish Time)。

1)JC方案是最简单的一个。它仅仅根据两个云中作业的数量来做出决定。2)SJ方案基于两个云中作业的总大小来做出迁移决策。3)EFT方案通过估算两个云中完成作业的时间来做出决策。