第一篇：英语专业八级常用偏门单词总结
【狮子座】pompous爱炫耀的 exuberant生气勃勃的 enthusiastic热情的 insufferable难以忍受的 arrogant傲慢的 temperamental喜怒无常的 over-bearing专横的 self-involved自我专注的 pretentious 自命不凡的 inspiring 鼓舞人心的 courageous勇敢的 charismatic有领袖魅力的
Doctors】主治医生:physician in charge 住院医生:resident doctor 实习医生:intern 私人开业医生:private practitioner 内科医生:physician 外科医生:surgeon 中医:doctor of traditional Chinese medicine 江湖医生:quack/charlatan 护士长:head nurse 中草药医生:herb doctor 牙医:dentist 眼科医生:oculist 妇科医生:gynaecologist 产科医生:obstetrician 儿科医生:paediatrician 神经外科医生:neurosurgeon 精神病医生:psychiatrist 肿瘤科医生:oncologist 皮肤科医生:dermatologist 整形外科医生:plastic surgeon 【#禁毒日# 毒品词汇】1.鸦片opium ；2.海洛因heroin ；3.吗啡morphia ；4.那可汀narcotine ； 5.安非他明amphetamine；6.兴奋剂pep pill ；7.快乐丸MDMA ；8.可卡因cocaine；9.罂粟poppy；10.安眠镇静剂narcotic；11.可待因 codeine；12.大麻cannabis；13.甲基安非他命 methamphetamine
【嘴边常说的潮词】富二代 the rich second generation；团购 group purchase；脑残brain-impaired；给力gelivable；秒杀Instant Kill；围观circusee 80后80's generation；另类/非主流的offbeat；发烧友fancier；菜鸟/新手rookie/newbie；娘娘腔sissy；裸奔streaking；扫把星 jinx 宅男indoorsman 实用的扑克英语】big joker-大王；little joker-小王；club-梅花；diamond-方块；face cards-花牌(J、Q、K)；heart-红桃；spade-黑桃； jack-钩儿；king-老K；ace-尖儿；pocket-手上的底牌；straight flush-同花顺； straight-顺子；shuffle-洗牌；in-跟牌下注；out-不跟；pass-不要。
【厨房用具】1)cutting board 切菜板 2)eggbeater 打蛋器 3)pressure cooker 高压锅 4)frying pan 煎锅 5)refrigerator/freezer电冰箱 6)juicer 榨汁机 7)kettle 电烧水壶
8)electric cooker 电饭锅 9)oven 烤箱 10)microwave oven 微波炉 11)range hood 抽油烟机12)toaster面包机 13)dishwasher洗碗机
【实用词汇】“挣钱；赚钱”是make/earn money，“赔钱”是lose money，“花钱”是spend money，“借钱”是borrow/lend money，“欠钱”是owe money，“费钱”是cost money，“攒钱”是save money，“浪费钱”是waste money，“付款”是pay money，“筹款”是raise money，“理财”是manage money。
【love】deep ~深深的爱;chaste ~贞洁的爱;devoted ~专一的爱;loyal ~忠诚的爱;tender ~温柔的爱;sincere ~真挚的爱;fervent ~热烈的爱;burning ~炽热的爱;intense ~强烈的爱;wild ~狂热的爱;~ at first sight一见钟情;~ story爱情故事;~ triangle三角恋爱;~ affair风流韵事 【微博词汇】转发forward/retweet评论comment/to leave a comment 一条微博a Weibo update/post;a tweet 私信private message(PM)/direct message(DM)粉丝fans/followers 话题topic 认证verified account 热门话题榜most popular topics/trending topics 【婚礼关联词汇】: 1）marriage certificate 结婚证 2)wedding dress 婚纱、结婚礼服 3)wedding ceremony 结婚典礼 4)bride新娘 5)bridegroom/groom 新郎 6)主婚人 officiator 7)证婚人marriage witness 8)vows 婚誓 9)honeymoon 蜜月
【各种蔬菜】Potato 马铃薯；Carrot 红萝卜；Onion 洋葱；Aubergine 茄子；Celery 芹菜；White Cabbage 包心菜；Red cabbage 紫色包心菜；Cucumber 大黄瓜；Tomato 蕃茄；Radish 小红萝卜；Mooli 白萝卜；Watercress 西洋菜；Baby corn 玉米尖；Sweet corn 甜玉米；Cauliflower 花椰菜
【称赞男性的英语用词】smart-时髦 virile-有男子气概 handsome-英俊 charismatic-(领导风范)有魅力的 athletic-活跃健壮 dashing-生气勃勃 spruce-外表干净英挺 aristocratic-有皇室风范 clean-faced-五官清秀 clean-shaven-剃净胡须 majestic-宏伟 adorable-可爱 suave-(对女性)体贴温柔
【多''雨''的季节】1.rainy day 雨天 2.rain spell/rainy season 雨季 3.sprinkle/drizzle 毛毛雨4.light rain小雨 5.moderate rain 中雨 6.heavy rain 大雨 7.thunder shower 雷阵雨8.downpour 大暴雨 9.ice rain 冻雨 10.瓢泼大雨rain cats and dogs 11.零星阵雨scattered shower 【家用电器household appliances】1)socket / outlet 插座；2)plug 插头；3)extension cord / power extender 延长线；4)power cable 电线；5)U盘 USB(Universal Serial Bus)；6)switch开关；7)external hard drive移动硬盘
盘点世界拯救者—蝙蝠侠Batman;青蜂侠Green Hornet；绿灯侠Green Lantern；钢铁侠Iron Man;蜘蛛侠Spider-man;闪电侠Flash;超人Superman;绿巨人Hulk;黑客Neo;007；神奇四侠Fantastic Four;地狱男爵Hellboy;奥特曼Ultraman；阿童木Astro Boy；海扁王Kickass;美国队长Captain America 【医药词汇】医院常用英语单词:处方-prescription[pris'kripʃən]；绷带-bandage；担架-stretcher；轮椅-wheelchair；X光-X-Ray；止疼药-painkiller；胶囊-capsule['kæpsju:l]；药丸-pill；氧气-oxygen；体温表-thermometer [θə'mɔmitə]；针头-needle；手术台-operating table-;救护车-ambulance 【你今天是哪种情绪】delighted高兴;joy快乐;excitement兴奋;unpleasant不愉快;indifference无所谓;peaceful平静;anxiety焦虑;fear恐惧;worry担忧;stress压力;pain痛苦;sadness悲伤;helplessness无助;nervous紧张;depressed沮丧;anger愤怒;pity遗憾;regret后悔;satisfaction满足;gratitude感激
#秒杀音译词#hula hoop呼啦圈Judo柔道kongfu功夫mahjong麻将marathon马拉松Olympic奥林匹克ping-pong乒乓球samba桑巴舞snooker斯诺克tango探戈mango芒果yoga瑜伽waltz华尔兹modern摩登lace蕾丝nylon尼龙calorie卡路里hertz赫兹humor幽默hysteria歇斯底里mosaic马赛克
动物声音，唸到像动物叫就对了 ：1）狗 woof，2）猫 meow，purr，3）公鸡
cock-a-doodle-doo，4）鸭 quack，5）牛 moo，6）马 neigh，7）猪 oink，8）小鸟chirp、中鸟:tweet、大鸟squawk，9）蜜蜂 buzz，10）布谷鸟 cukoo，11）青蛙 ribbit，12）猫头鹰 hoo，13）狮子 roar，grr.【各种water】1.salt water 盐水；2.fresh water 淡水；3.tap water 自来水；4.drinking water 饮用水；5.waste water 废水；6.soda water 汽水；7.bubbly water(俚)香槟；8.distilled water 蒸馏水；9.hard water 硬水；10.running water流动的水；11.surface water 地表水
【各种护肤用品】洗面奶 facial cleanser；保湿霜 moisturizers；护手霜 hand lotion；日霜 day cream；面膜 facial mask；爽肤水 toner；磨砂膏 facial scrub；沐浴露 body wash；润肤露 body lotion；防晒霜 sun screen；晚霜 night cream；眼部啫喱 eye gel 【调料类词汇】醋 vinegar 酱油 soy sauce 盐 salt 加碘盐 iodized salt 糖 sugar 沙拉 salad 辣椒 hot pepper 胡椒 pepper 色拉油salad oil 冰糖 rock sugar 芝麻 sesame 枸杞medlar 面粉 flour 咖喱粉curry 番茄酱 catsup 葱 shallot 姜 ginger 蒜 garlic 蚝油oyster sauce 香草精vanilla extract 【哈七回顾】魔法学校:Hogworts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry 校长:Dumbledore/Snape/McGonagall 哈利伙伴:Harry Potter/Ron/Hermione/Ginny/Neville 伏地魔:Lord Voldmort 食死徒:death eaters 古灵阁:Gringotts 魂器:Horcrux 死亡圣器:deathly hallows 冥想盆:Pensieve 魔咒:spell 魔杖:wand 关于痘痘】 粉刺=acne['ækni]或pimple['pimpl]或zit[zit];毛孔=pore[pɔ:];皮脂=sebum['si:bəm];黑头粉刺=blackhead['blækhed];白头=whitehead['wait.hed];疣=wart[wɔ:t];粉刺脸=pizza-face;脓疮=pus[pʌs];深层难清出的暗疮=boil[bɔil];疤痕=scar[skɑ:]补一句I am breaking out.=我在发粉刺。【各种风】风=wind；微风=breeze；和风=moderate breeze；清风=fresh breeze；强风=strong breeze；疾风=moderate gale； 大风=fresh gale；烈风=strong gale；狂风=whole gale；暴风=storm；台风=typhoon；龙卷风=tornado；旋风=cyclone；飓风=hurricane Bank —— 开户:open an account 存入:deposit 提取:draw 透支:overdraft 转账:transfer 汇款:remit 定期存款:fixed deposit 活期存款:current deposit 利率:interest rate 柜台:bank counter 存折:bankbook 余额:balance 自助提款机:ATM 借记卡:debit card 信用卡:credit card Book —— 目录:contents 序言:introduction 致谢:acknowledgements 前言:foreword 跋:afterword 章:chapter 上下文:context 附录:appendix 索引:index 参考书目:bibliography 插图:illustration 图片说明:caption 版权:copyright 版税:royalty 出版物:publication 选集:anthology [形容声音的词汇：You have a __ voice!] 1)sweet 甜美的；2)gentle 温柔的；3)manly 男性化的；4)camp 有点娘的；5)pleasant 悦耳的；6)shrill 尖锐刺耳的；7)soft 轻柔的；8)husky 沙哑的；9)cute 可爱的；10)sexy 性感的；11)deep 低沉的
唇形lip shape[ʃeip]6大分类：1.丰厚唇形full lips;2.宽唇形wide[waid] lips;3.圆唇形round[raund] lips;4.薄唇形thin[θin] lips;5.弓型唇形bow-shaped[bəu-ʃeipt] lips;6.下弯唇形downward-turned['daunwəd-tə:nd] lips.记得:有上唇upper['ʌpə] lip与下唇lower['ləuə] lip 【表达情绪的单词】confident自信的 hysterical歇斯底里的 smug自鸣得意的 bored无聊的 shy羞涩的 ashamed羞愧的 depressed沮丧的 shocked震惊的 frustrated挫败的 hopeful满怀希望的 proud骄傲的 angry愤怒的 confused迷惑的 suspicious怀疑的 indifferent冷漠的
【电视英语】电视节目的英语是television program 或television show；季（部）season； 集 episode； 字幕 Subtitles；黄金时段 prime-time；预告片 trailer；肥皂剧 soap opera； 电视剧 TV drama ；演员 actors ；女演员 actress；角色 characters； 情节 plot 【微博热词】微博Micro blog/weibo；关注 follow；转发reshare/retweet；评论
reply/comment；粉丝 followers/fans；私信 private message(PM)；收藏 favorite；认证用户 verified account；黑名单 black list；新微博update/post；分组 listed；博主 micro-blogger~ 【词汇-学生】大学生=undergraduate / college student / university student；大一=freshman；大二=sophomore；大三=junior；大四=senior；毕业生=graduate； 研究生=graduate student / post graduate；硕士研究生=master candidate / master student；博士研究生=doctor candidate / PhD student 咖啡用语】Milk牛奶(Non-fat脱脂/Whole全脂/Soy豆奶)；Coffee intensity咖啡浓度(Extra coffee更多咖啡/Decaf低因)；Syrup糖浆(Vanilla香草/Caramel焦糖/Hazelnut榛子/Raspberry覆盆子)；Whipped cream or no whip(加入搅打奶油或不加)；Add a topping浇盖（Mocha/Caramel drizzle 摩卡或焦糖酱）
【购票相关词汇】ID-based ticket booking system 实名购票制；recognized identity document 有效身份证件；ticket tout 黄牛党/票贩子；buying tickets in groups 购买团体票；migrant workers 农民工；high-speed rails 高铁；telephone booking system 电话订票系统 【各种哭】cry 大声哭；weep 默默哭；sob 啜泣；whimper 呜咽；wail 嚎啕大哭；blubber 又哭又闹；lament 恸哭；mewl 低泣；snivel 啜泣；squall大声哭喊；whine发呜呜声；yammer哭泣叹息； yowl 号叫
【汇率】汇率:exchange rate 弹性的:flexible 升值:appreciate 贬值:depreciate 贸易逆差:trade deficit 贸易顺差:trade surplus 中美贸易不平衡:Sino-US trade imbalance 货币操纵:currency manipulation 互利双赢:mutual benefits and win-win results 贸易保护主义:protectionism 【各种各样的人】snob 自负的人；fossil 古板守旧的人；wet blanket 扫兴的人；bully 恃强欺弱的人；airhead 笨蛋；drama queen 喜欢小题大作的人；dirty old man 老色鬼；noodlehead 傻子；psycho 疯子； brown-nose 巴结的人；weirdo 怪人；cheapskate 小气鬼；yellow-belly 胆小鬼
【乘飞机】book/reserve 预订；airline ticket 飞机票；boarding pass 登机牌；check-in 登机手续办理；departure 出发；take-off 起飞；smooth flight平稳的飞行；bumpy flight 不平稳的飞行；airsick 晕机；landing 降落；arrival 到达
【各种软件版本】Alpha内测版； Beta 公测版； Trial试用版； Final正式版； Demo演示版； Lite精简版； Full version完整版； Preview预览版； Standard标准版； Corporation/Enterprise企业版； Professional专业版； Upgrade升级版。目前新浪是beta版本
【发型颜色】直发straight；卷曲curly；波浪wavy；柔软soft；粗糙coarse。自然的发色有黑色black；棕色brown；金色blond；红色red。黑头发是最普遍的发色，有jet black 深黑；红黑rufous；柔黑soft；蓝黑blue-black。此外，Dark brown 深棕色；golden blond 金黄色；auburn 赤褐色；yellowish 淡黄色 【居家】checked pyjamas,格子睡衣；nightdress/nightgown,睡袍；bathrobe/dressing gown,晨衣；towelling/toweling,毛巾布；polo neck/turtleneck,高领毛衣；round/V-neck,圆/v领；sweater/jumper,针织衫；sweatshirt,长袖运动衫；tracksuit/sweats,运动服；tracksuit bottoms/sw 【工资条你伤不起】1)Salary薪水 2)Wage时薪 3)Deductions扣除 4)Income tax个人所得税 5)Pension养老金 6)Medical医疗保险 7)Net净工资 8)Bonuses奖金 9)Raise加薪 10)Pay rate工资标准 11)Pay period工资周期 12)Pay stub工资存根 13)Commissions佣金 14)Direct deposit直接存入eatpants,运动裤
【机场必备】登机门Boarding Gate；登机证Boarding Pass；登机时间Boarding Time；机场税Airport Tax；安全检查Security Check；候机室Waiting Room；航班信息Flight Information Board；登机证Boarding Pass；头等舱First Class；商务舱 Business Class；经济舱Economy Class ；转机transfer 【拒绝冷漠】 passers-by过路人；heartless people无情的人；hit-and-run incident肇事逃逸事故；rubbish collector拾垃圾的人；surveillance cameras监视摄像机；emergency surgery紧急手术；toddler初学走路的孩子；busy marketplace繁忙的市场地区； in a coma陷于昏迷；wander off 走散 【新鲜热词】绿领巾 green scarf；占领华尔街 Occupy Wall Street；公务员考试 civil service examination；驴友 tour pal；世界杯预选赛 World Cup qualifying campaign；大闸蟹 hairy crab；B2C Business To Customer；地沟油 illegal cooking oil 【各种各样的''本''】作业本 homework/exercise book;课本 textbook;日记本 diary;便签本 Note pads;记事本 memo pad;笔记本 Note book;电话本 Contacts/Phone Book;账本 account book;记录本 log book;练习本 exercise book;抄写本 copybook;剧本 script 【潮词汇】 淡定relax/calm down；冷战cold war；小白脸 toy boy；拜金女 gold digger；愤青 young cynic；山寨copycat；街拍street snap；菜鸟newbie/rookie；熟女cougar；炫富flaunt wealth；裸奔streaking；人肉搜索 flesh search；麦霸 Mic king/queen；剩女 3S lady(single, seventies, stuck 【主食类词汇】长米 Long rice；短米Pudding rice or short rice；糙米 Brown rice；泰国香米THAI Fragrant rice；糯米Glutinous rice；高筋面粉 Strong flour；中筋面粉 Plain flour；低筋面粉 Self-raising flour；小麦面粉 Whole meal flour；方便面 Instant noodles 流行词汇：磁悬浮:maglev train 维基解密:Wikileaks 快递:express delivery 行业洗牌:industry reshuffle 肇事逃逸:hit-and-run 犀利哥:Brother sharp 拜金女:material girl 植入式广告:product placement 淡定:calm/poised/as cool as cucumber 零和博弈zero-sum game减肥达人:the biggest loser 【各种牛仔裤】：1)oversize jeans大号牛仔裤 2)edgy jeans小脚裤 3)paint-splattered jeans雪花裤 4)jodhpurs-like jeans牛仔马裤 5)jeggings牛仔打底裤 6)ripped jeans破洞仔裤 7)cropped edgy jeans窄腿七分裤 8)frayed or distressed jeans磨损仔裤 9)skinny jeans铅笔裤
【变质食品的英文说法】保质期 shelf life/expiration date;下架 remove off shelves;处理 dispose of;召回 recall;变质 spoil/go bad;变酸 go sour;异味 strange taste/odd smell;食品变质 food spoilage;易变质的 perishable;不新鲜的 stale;发霉的 moldy;腐臭的 rotten/rancid;过期的:expired 【花语大全 part2】薰衣草lavender：奉献。丁香lilac：初恋，回忆。莲花lotus：纯洁。木兰magnolia：热爱自然。金盏花marigold：痛苦和悲伤。薄荷mint：怀疑。牵牛花morning glory：徒劳的爱。橄榄olive：和平。兰花orchid：优雅的美。报春花primrose：永恒的爱。芸香rue：后悔。白百合white lily：纯洁。芦荟aloe：悲伤。银莲花anemone：不灭的爱。紫苑aster：信任，爱的象征。杜鹃azalea：节制，保重。满天星babies' breath：天真，纯洁的心。鸢尾iris：好消息。月桂bay：荣耀。秋海棠begonia：爱幻想的天性。风铃草bellflower：想念你。
【零食包装上的常见单词】Nutrition Facts 营养明细;Amount Per Serving 每份含量;Calories 热量;Total Fat 脂肪总量;Sat.Fat 饱和脂肪;Cholesterol 胆固醇;Protein 蛋白质;Vitamin A维他命A;Calcium 钙;Iron 铁;dietary fiber 膳食纤维;protein蛋白质;phosphorus 磷;no preservatives 无防腐剂
【烹饪词汇大汇总】香酥:crisp 麻辣:spicy 红烧:in brown sauce 茄汁:in tomato sauce 鱼香:with fish flavor 糖醋:with sweet and sour flavor 丝:shredded 丁:diced 泥:mashed 片:slices 煎:fried 爆炒:stir-fried 焖/炖:stewed/braised 蒸:steamed 熏:smoked 烤:roast/grilled/broiled 【二十四节气的英译法】立春 Spring begins；雨水The rains；惊蛰 Insects awaken；春分Vernal Equinox；清明Clear and bright；谷雨Grain rain；立夏Summer begins；小满 Grain buds；芒种 Grain in ear；夏至 Summer solstice；小暑 Slight heat；大暑 Great heat；立秋 Autumn begins 【快餐店常用英语】hamburger 汉堡；hot dog 热狗；sandwich 三明治；wrap(墨西哥)面粉卷饼；chicken neggets 鸡米花；fried chicken 炸鸡；pizza 比萨饼；french fries(美)/chips(英)薯条；tomato sauce 番茄酱；cola 可乐；straw 吸管；eat-in 在店里吃；take-away 外带
【中国特有词汇】小品 witty skits；相声 cross-talk；噱头、掉包袱 gimmick, stunt；夜猫子 night people;night-owls；本命年 this animal year of sb.；处世之道 philosophy of life；姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage）；还愿 redeem a wish(vows)；铁饭碗 iron rice bowl 【美国甜食】cream corn 奶油玉米； omelet 煎蛋卷；hash browns 薯饼；brownie 布朗尼；pancake 薄饼；waffle 华芙饼；cheesecake 起司蛋糕；donut 甜甜圈；muffin 松饼；pie 馅饼
【游戏迷必备词汇】剧情 story line；人物 character；非玩家人物 non-player character(NPC)；视角 view；关卡 level/stage；隐藏关卡 hidden level；生命力 hit point(HP)；魔法力 magic point(MP)；经验点数 experience point(EXP)；游戏攻略 walkthrough；通关提示 hint。
【彩妆】遮瑕膏 concealer；粉底 foundation；眼线液liquid eye liner；眼影eye shadow；睫毛膏 mascara；唇膏 lipstick；唇彩lip gloss/lip color;腮红 blush；卸妆水 makeup remover；眉笔 brow pencil；睫毛夹 lash curler 【“快乐” 的各种表达】ecstatic狂喜的 / over the moon兴高采烈 / overjoyed狂喜的 / bright欢快的 / cheerful快乐的 / glad高兴的，乐意的 / joyful欢喜的，令人高兴的 / tickled pink高兴极了 / delighted高兴的，欣喜的 / convivial欢乐的 / jubilant欢呼的，喜洋洋的 / elated兴高采烈的
【“鼻子”相关表达】Roman nose高鼻梁； nose is bleeding 流鼻血； nose is running流鼻水；pick your nose挖鼻孔；a runny nose鼻涕；follow your nose 凭直觉行事/跟着感觉走；pay through the nose付出高昂代价；lead by the nose 牵着鼻子走；hold your nose 捏住鼻子；nose around 到处打听
【''工艺''与''职业''的表达】1)Cooking烹饪→Cook厨师 2)Hairdressing理发→Hairdresser 理发师 3)Mechanics机修→Mechanic机修工 4)Baking烘焙→Baker面包师 5)Bartending调酒→Bartender调酒师 6)Butchering屠宰→ Butcher屠夫 7)Gardening园艺→Gardener 园艺工 8)Painting 喷漆 Painter油漆匠 天天说英语
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第二篇：英语专业八级 语言学 总结
英语专业八级 语言学 总结
语言学总结
一、语言和语言学
1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features oflanguage
任意性arbitrariness指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系
二重性duality指语言由两层结构组成创造性creativity指语言可以被创造
移位性displacement指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点
2、语言的功能（不是很重要）
信息功能 informative
人际功能 interpersonal
施为功能 performative
感情功能 emotive function
寒暄功能 phatic communication
娱乐功能 recreational function
元语言功能 metalingual function3、语言学主要分支
语音学 phonetics研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列
形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则
句法学 syntax研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则
语义学 semantics不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义
语用学 pragmatics在语境中研究意义
4、宏观语言学 macrolingustics
心理语言学 psycholinguistics 社会语言学 sociolinguistics人类语言学 anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学 computational linguistics
5语言学中的重要区别
规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言
历时：diachronic研究语言发展规律
语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体
言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言
语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)
能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备
运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用
二、语音学
1、语音学分支
发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生
声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性
听觉语音学 auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学
1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位 phoneme
3音位变体 allophones
4互补分布 complementary distribution
5自由变体free variation
6区别特征distinctive features
7超音段特征 suprasegmental feature
音节 syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation
四 形态学
1词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morpheme
Root 词根词缀affix词干stem
屈折词汇和派生词汇 inflectional affix and derivational affix
2特有的词汇变化lexical change proper
新创词语invention混拼词blending缩写词abbreviation
首字母缩写词 acronym逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit
类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked，slay-slayed
外来词 borrowing
五 句法学
1范畴category数number性gender格case时tense体aspect
一致关系concord支配关系govenrment
2结构主义学派the structure approach
组合关系 syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起
聚合关系 paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起
结构和成分 construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure(句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)
3直接成分分析法 immediate constitutional analysis
指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分
4向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions
向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man
离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。例：on the shelf
5生成学派the generative approach
深层结构deep structure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlying level
表层结构surface structure指结构形成的最后结果阶段final stage
6功能学派the functional approach
主位与述位 theme and rheme
主位：谈话中已知的信息,说话者从它谈起known，述位：与说话者内容有关的内容what the speaker states about
7交际力communicative and dynamism简称CD
指句子成分对交际发展所作的贡献的程度
六、语义学
1利奇的意义七分法Leech and his 7 types of meaning
概念意义conceptual meaning 字面意义
内涵意义connotative meaning 实际交往过程中所指的事物
社会意义
情感意义 affective meaning
反射意义 reflective meaning 由一个词语联想起来的另外一种意义
搭配意义 collocative meaning
主位意义 thematic meaning 通过调整信息的顺序和强调内容所表达的意义
2指称论 referential theory
指将词的意义和他所指的食物联系起来的意义理论
3语义三角semantic triangle 奥格登和理查兹提出
Symbol或form 指语言要素（如词和语素），the linguistic elements
能指thought指概念concept
所指reference 指经验世界中的物体the object in the word of experience涵义sense语言形式的意义
4主要涵义关系
○同义关系synonymy
地域同义词dialectal synonymy
风格同义词 stylistic synonyms
感情同义词 synonymys that differ in connotation意义相同，但内涵不同，有褒有贬
○反义关系antonymy
等级反义关系gradable antonymy 例cool-warm;hot-cold
互补反义关系 complementary antonymy,肯定A就否定B，否定B 就肯定A，例dead-alive
反向反义关系converse antonymy.reversal of a relationshipbetween 2 enti
ties.例 husband-wife;teacher-student
○上下义关系hyponymy 意义包含关系。例：花－水仙、玫瑰、百合补充：同音同形异义关系homonymy
一词多义 polysemy
七、语用学
1言语行为理论speech act theory奥斯汀提出John Langshaw Austin
认为人在说话的同时也在进行一定的行为动作
○施为句和叙事句performative and constative
施为句：实施某种行为。
叙事句：描述说话人在说话时所作的动作。
○行事行为理论a theory of the illocutionary act
言内行为：locutionnary act表述字面意思
言外行为：illoutionary act 因为言语本身的习惯力量随之产生的其他一些行为言后行为：perlocutionnary act 话语在听者身上产生的效果
2会话含义理论 the theory of conversational implicature
格赖斯提出Herbert Paul Grice
○合作原则:说话人和听话人为达一定的交际目的，都有一种默契，一种都遵循的原则○ 四个准则four categories of maxims
数量、质量、关系、方式(manner)准则
3后格赖斯时期的发展
○关联理论：relevance theory:交际应被看做一种表明自身说话意图的行为every act of ostensive(直接表明的)communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance
○数量关系和关系原则the Q-and R-principles
由霍恩Laurence Horn 提出
八 现代语言学理论和流派
1索绪尔Saussure瑞士语言学家，“现代语言学之父”或者“使语言学科走向现代的大师” 2布拉格学派Prague School
贡献:共时语言学研究，从“功能”角度看待语言，强调语言的系统性，把语言看做一种功能
突出贡献：语音学说，及其划分语音学和音位学
突出：Trubetzkoy特鲁别茨柯依：提出语音学属于言语，音位学属于语言，提出音位概念
4伦敦学派 the Lundon School:系统语言学和功能语言学
创始人：弗斯Firth.人物：弗斯受马林诺夫斯基影响。韩礼德为新弗斯派领袖三人都强调语言环境和语言系统的重要性
韩礼德和系统功能语法：由系统语法和功能语法构成。把实际使用的语言现象作为研究对象
5美国结构主义American Structuralism
共时语言学分支，由博厄斯提出F.Bos.○撒皮尔-沃尔夫假说Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
语言相对论-语言决定论
○布隆菲尔德Bloomfield《语言论》－20世纪被大西洋两岸同时奉为科学的方法论典范和语言学领域的杰出代表。描述语言学的代表人物转换生成语法transformational–generative grammar
乔姆斯基提出Chomsky.认为语言是某种天赋，语言习得机制Language Acquisition device
第三篇：英语专业八级单词背诵窍门
英语专业八级单词背诵窍门
1．背单词要背得好，要背得快，最基本的原则是脑子不断地想单词，让单词不断地从脑子里过，看书看10遍，还不如脑子过一遍。要做到单词在脑子里过的次数比在书本上过的次数多得多，要做到完全抛开书本，不依赖书本，不拿书的时候也在想单词、背单词。要尽量在单词被忘记之前在脑子里过一遍，这样，它留给你的印象要深得多，就算以后忘记，也很容易记起来。
2．背单词时还要注意在单词之间建立联系。当然，刚开始时可能能建立的联系很少，但要注意培养这种意识，争取一串串地背单词，看见一个，就能想起一串。比如，同义的单词一块儿记，反义的、形似的、分类的、词根的，背单词一段时间之后，就应该看到该单词，想一想以前学过什么同义的，如果只有印象而想不起来，最好在一个笔记本上记一笔，下次碰到该单词时，特别注意。比如，背单词一段时间后，应该问自己：我一共学了多少关于衣服的词？如果你只记得中文意思，想不起英文，下次就要特别注意了。或者你看到holograph的时候是否能想起homograph?芽虽然有些书给你整理了一些联系，可我觉得自己总结的才会印象最深。
这样，单词之间建立联系后，不拿书本的时候你也能利用这些联系不断地想单词，当某一个单词记不起来时，就要注意了。不妨看后面的单词时，就不断地想前面学过的单词中有哪些类似的，或意思相反的，把有联系的单词的页数写在单词旁，每当看到这个单词时，总想起和它有关的单词，想不起时再根据页数翻看。如果有印象而想不起来，就在笔记本上记一笔，下次补上。
3．背单词时不要在一个单词上花的时间太多，根本不用超过一分钟，像扫描般一掠而过。只是重复的次数要多，特别在脑子里重复的次数要比在书本上重复的次数多得多。其他方法还有听录音带，背单词软件等等。不时翻一翻别的单词书也挺有用，因为有新鲜感。
英语专业八级常见词辨析:不同＂目的＂用法不同
英语专业八级常见词辨析：不同目的用法不同，例如：When he at last arrived in Rome he felt he had reached his goal.(当他终于抵达罗马时, 他感到自己已达到了目的。)
aim, goal, purpose, end, target, object
这些名词均有“目标、目的”之意。
1.aim ：从本义“靶子”引申而来，侧重比较具体而明确的目标，但常指短期目标。
例如：You aim too low.(你志向太低。)
2.goal ：指经过考虑和选择，需经坚持不懈的努力奋斗才能达到的最终目标。
例如：When he at last arrived in Rome he felt he had reached his goal.(当他终于抵达罗马时, 他感到自己已达到了目的。)
3.purpose ：普通用词，既指以坚决、审慎的行动去达到的目的，又指心中渴望要实际的目标。
例如：He returned to his homeland with the purpose of serving his own people.(他返回祖国, 意在为祖国人民服务。)
4.end ：指心目中怀着的某种目的，强调结果而非过程。较正式用词。
例如：Do the ends justify the means?(只要目的正当就可以不择手段吗?)
5.target ：指射击的靶，军事攻击目标。引申指被攻击、批评或嘲笑的目标。
例如：What's the target readership of this paper?(这份报纸以哪些人为读者对象?)
6.object ：强调个人或需求而决定的目标、目的。
例如：Our object is to get at the truth.(我们的目的是弄清事实真相。)2012英语专业八级考试：常见名词和介词搭配短语
1.absence from 缺席，不在 如：
His long absence from work delayed his promotion.他长期不上班，耽误了提升。2.absence of 缺乏 如：
In the absence of my commanding officer, I acted on my own initiative.指挥官不在场，我主动见机行事。
In the absence of their teacher the class was in a state of anarchy.教师不在，班上一片混乱。
3.access to ……的入口，通路 如：
The only access to the farmhouse is across the fields.要到那农舍去唯有穿过田地。She was forbidden access to the club.人家不允许她到那个俱乐部去。
4.acquaintance with 相识，了解 如：
I have only a nodding acquaintance with Japanese.我对日语仅略知一二。
The guide has some acquaintance with Italian.导游懂得一点意大利语。
5.action on sth 对……的作用 如： evidences of glacial action on the rocks 岩石上的冰河留下的痕迹 6.addition to sth 增加 如：
She is a beautiful addition to the family.她是我们家漂亮的新成员。
Can we finance the addition to our home? 我们可以为你提供经费。
7.admission to /into 进入；入(场，学，会等)如： How does one gain admission to the Buckingham Palace? 怎样才能获准进入白金汉宫？
Admission to British universities depends on examination results.英国大学入学以考试成绩为凭。8.admission of sth 承认 如：
His admission of guilt surprised everyone.他供认犯罪使大家感到意外。
The write of the letter is ipso facto an admission of guilt.写此信的本身就是一种认罪。9.advance in 改进,进步，如：
an advance in genetic engineering 遗传工程学方面的进展 to advance in years 年纪增长
10.advantage over 优于……的有利条件 如： Now we have won an advantage over the enemy.我们现在经赢得了对敌人的优势。
英语专四常见词辨析143：“祸”不单行
摘要：disaster, calamity, catastrophe, misfortune这些名词均表示“灾难”或“不幸”之意。
disaster : 普通用词，指大破坏、痛苦或伤亡。
They kept a record of earthquake disasters.(他们记录地震所引发的灾害。)
calamity : 多指个人的不幸，比disaster严重，强调灾难引起的悲痛以及对于损失的感觉。
The marriage proved to be the greatest calamity of his life.(事实证明这桩婚姻是他一生中最大的不幸。)
catastrophe : 语气最强，指可怕的灾难，强调最终的结局。
The flood was a major catastrophe.(洪水是一场大灾难。)
misfortune : 普通用词，多批较为严重的不幸，强调不幸多由外界因素所致。
Misfortunes never come single.(祸不单行。)
英语专八重点词汇（1）——政治
政治类：
1.日益昌盛 become increasingly prosperous 2.快速发展 develop rapidly 3.隆重集会 gather ceremoniously 4.热爱和平love peace 5.追求进步 pursue progress 6.履行权利和义务 perform the responsibilities and obligations 7.回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle 8.展望伟大征程 look into the great journey 9.充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength 10.必胜 be bound to win 11.主张各国政府采取行动 urge governments of all countries to take action 12.和平共处 coexist peacefully 13.对内开放和对外开放 open up both externally and internally 14.经历两个不同时期 experience two different periods 15.战胜无数的困难 overcome numerous difficulties 16.赢得一个又一个胜利 win one victory after another 17.完全意识到 be fully aware that
18.迈出重要的一步 make an important step
19.采取各种措施 adopt various measures
20.得出结论 ,告一段落 draw(arrive at, come to reach)a conclusion
21.实现民族独立 realize national independence
22.追求真理 seek the truth
23.建立社会主义制度 establish a socialist system
24.根除(防止,消除)腐败 root out(prevent, eliminate)corruption
25.响应号召 respond to the call
26.进入新时期 enter a new period
27.实行新政策 practice new policies
28.展现生机和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality
29.增强综合国力和国际竟争力 enhance comprehensive(overall)national strength and international competitiveness
30.进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world
31.解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing
32.吸收各国文明的先进成果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations
33.与日俱增 increase every day
34.实现夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes
35.必将实现 be bound to come true
36.锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army
37.建立巩固的国防 build a strong national defense
38.进行和谈 hold peace talks
39.修改法律 amend the laws
40.在．．．中起（至关）重要作用 play a major的(crucial, an important)role in
41.对．．．做出重要(巨大)贡献make important(great, major)contributions to
42.遵循规则 follow the principles
43.把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice …
44.把．．．作为指导 take… as the guide
45.缓和紧张状况 ease the tension
46.高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner
47.解决新问题 resolve new problems
48.观察当今世界 observe the present-day world
49.开拓前进 open up new ways forward
50.增强凝聚力 enhance the rally power
51.结束暴力，开始和平谈判 end the violence and resume peace talks
52.进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment
53.开始生效 go into effect / enter into force
54.就．．．接受妥协 accept a compromise on
55.接受．．．的采访 be interviewed by
56.把……看成社会公敌 look upon … as a threat to society
57.把……捐给慈善机构 donate …to charities
58.维护世界和平maintain world peace
59.摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness
60.实现发展繁荣 bring about development and prosperity
61.反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism 62.宣布。。召开 announce the opening of 63.对．．．具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on 64.面对．．．明显的缺陷 face up to the obvious defects of 65.保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee（protect）women’s rights against infringement
英语专八重点词汇（2）——经济
经济类 1.给．．．带来机遇和挑战 present(bring)both opportunities and challenges to 2.给．．．带来积极影响 bring a more positive impact on．．．.3.给予财政资助 support financially 4.有巨大潜力 have huge potential for 5.开发 / 青睐中国市场 tap / favor the Chinese market 6.申请专利 apply for a patent 7.阻碍．．．的经济发展 handicap(hamper)the economic development 8.增加农业投入 invest more in agriculture 9.有望达到（上升到）be expected to reach(rise to, be up to)10.造成很大压力 pose a big pressure on 11.占领市场10% occupy(take, account for)10 percent of the market 12.缩小．．．间的距离 narrow the gap between 13.加快经济发展和结构调整 speed up economic development and restructuring 14.夺回失去的市场 take back lost market 15.减轻．．．的负担 reduce(lighten)the burden of(on)16.采取反垄断措施 take anti-monopoly measures to 17.加快努力 speed up efforts to 18.在．．．建立分公司 set up branches in 19.促进改革 promote reform 20.面对可能的压力和竞争 face possible pressure and competition 21.充分利用 make full use of 22.把。。列为基本国策 list…..as fundamental national policies 23.发挥自身优势 give full play to one’s advantages 24.开拓市场 exploit markets 25.扩大消费市场 expand consumption market 26.改善投资环境 improve the environment for investment 27.加强风险防范 prepare oneself against possible risks 28.扩大贫富差距 widen the gap between the rich and the poor 29.为。。提供巨大商机 present huge business opportunities 30.快速稳定增长 grow fast and steadily 31.让．．．处于同一起跑线 put… on the same platform and at the same starting point 32.赶超先进 surpass the advanced 33.遵循市场经济的规律 follow the law of market economy 34.根据市场作出调整 gear ourselves to the market orientation 35.牟取暴利 seek excessive profits
36.做好充分准备 make good preparations for
37.对．．．造成／构成威胁 form ／pose的a threat to…
38.和．．．合作 cooperate with
39.和．．．进一步合作 further cooperation with
40.提高公务员工资 raise the salaries of civil servants
41.计算出准确的工资水平figure out an exact salary level
42.和．．．有合作关系 have cooperative ties with
43.从国外引进先进技术和管理经验 introduce from abroad the advanced technology and management expertise
44.优胜劣汰 select the superior and eliminate the inferior
45.保证下岗职工的基本生活 guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers
46.取缔非法收入 ban unlawful incomes(ban illegal earnings)
47.深化改革 deepen the reform
48.控制通货膨胀 control inflation(keep inflation under control)
49.让位于竞争需要 give way to the need for competition
50.向．．．投资巨额资金 invest huge amounts of money into
51.损失惨重 suffer great losses
52.制造假象 create smoke screens to do
53.陷入困境 land oneself in deep trouble
54.吸引外商投资 attract foreign investment
55.抓住机遇 seize opportunities
56.适应．．．的发展 adapt oneself to the development of
57.被指控接受贿赂 be accused of accepting bribes
58.和。。达成（签订）协议 reach（sign）an agreement with
59.促进地区间的合作 promote regional cooperation
60.退还大量钱款 give back an amount of money
61.举报非法行为 disclose any illegal activities
62.筹集足够的资金 raise enough funds
63.采取不同的办法 adopt various methods
64.承担风险 bear(take)risk
65.创收外汇 earn foreign exchange(currency)
66.活跃市场 enliven the market
67.造成损失 cause a loss to
68.十分重视 attach importance to
69.制订．．．法律 make a law of(to)
70.大力发展 strive to develop
71.提高居民生活 improve residents’ standard of living
72.提高管理水平raise the management level
73.加强管理 reinforce the management
74.完善服务 perfect services
75.刺激国内需求 stimulate domestic demand
76.打破垄断 break the monopoly
77.加快竞争步伐 accelerate the competition
78.为当地人带来多种经济的和社会的效益 bring multiple economic and social benefits to the local people
79.优先发展公共运输 give priority to the development of public transportation
80.调整产业结构 adjust the industrial structure 英语专八重点词汇（3）——文化
1.There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students' doing a part-time job.对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。
2.By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。
3.Although people’s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。
4.Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。
5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。
6.These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past.Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。
7.It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。
8.At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。
9.No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。
10.In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。
第四篇：英语专业八级作文
旅游高峰中国旅游景点是否该高收费
Nowadays, with the quick development of economy, we are embracing a tourism boom in China.More and more people want to spend their holidays in some famous tourism attractions and get themselves relaxed.Under this circumstance, whether the price of admission tickets in scenic spots should be charged high becomes a heated topic.In my opinion, the tickets price should be set at an affordable level for most of Chinese people and should not be too expensive, and the following are my reasons: First of all, all the natural and cultural tourism attractions are heritages which belong to the whole Chinese people, as a result, every citizen should have equal access to these spots.And affordable tickets price is a guarantee for this basic right.If the ticket price is too expensive, it actually means that the citizens who have lower income are deprived of their right to these places of interest.Secondly, tourism can make an important contribution to economic development, since tourism can create employment opportunities and boost the local economy.In this regard, affordable tickets price will help to attract more visitors and better finance the local economy as well as finance the protection of cultural and natural heritage.The last but not least, tourism helps to keep traditions alive and increase visitor appreciation of the natural and cultural heritage, which will give them a sense of national pride.Hence, affordable tickets price will provide this chance for most Chinese people instead of just the rich ones, and this is beneficial to the whole nation.All in all, affordable tickets price in scenic spots is beneficial to both the development of tourism and the development of local and national economy, and it is a wise decision to set the tickets price at an affordable level.
第五篇：英语专业八级短语
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英语专业八级
1.abide by(=be faithful to;obey)忠于；遵守。
2.be absent from….缺席，不在
3.absence or mind(=being absent-minded)心不在焉
4.absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态):be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近:be engrossed in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on
5.(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于,富有
6.access(to)(不可数名词)能接近,进入,了解
7.by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外.Without accident(=safely)安全地, 8.of one’s own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主动地
9.in accord with 与…一致 / out of one’s accord with 同….不一致
10.with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地
11.in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照,根据
12.on one’s own account
1)为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益
2)(=at one’s own risk)自行负责
3)(=by oneself)依靠自己
on account 赊账;on account of 因为;on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.13.take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去
14.give sb.an account of 说明, 解释(理由)
15.account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解释, 说明.16.on account of(=because of)由于,因为.17.on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)18.accuse…of…(=charge…with;blame sb.for sth.;blame sth.on sb.;complain about)指控,控告
19.be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于.20.be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉
21.act on 奉行,按照…行动;act as 扮演;act for 代理
22.adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己适应于
23.adapt…(for)(=make sth.Suitable for a new need)改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)24.in addition(=besides)此外, 又, 加之
25.in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外
26.adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;坚持, 遵循
27.adjacent(=next to, close to)毗邻的, 临近的28.adjust..(to)(=change slightly)调节;适应;
29.admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)…的可能，留有…的余地.30.in advance(before in time)预告, 事先.31.to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地.真人外教一对一 徐小平老师鼎力推荐
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32.have an advantage over 胜过.have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件
have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事
33.take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.34.agree with 赞同(某人意见)agree to 同意
35.in agreement(with)同意, 一致
36.ahead of 在…之前, 超过…;…………….ahead of time 提前.37.in the air 1)不肯定, 不具体.2)在谣传中.38.above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是, 最重要的.39.in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)总共, 总计
40.after all 毕竟,到底;(not)at all 一点也不;
all at once(=suddenly)突然;once and for all 只此一次;above all 最重要的;first of all 首先;all in all 大体上说;be all in 累极了;all but 几乎.41.allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考虑到, 估计到.42.amount to(=to be equal to)总计, 等于.43.answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)对…负责.44.answer to(=conform to)适合,符合.45.be anxious about 为…焦急不安;或anxious for 46.apologize to sb.for sth.为…向…道歉
47.appeal to sb.for sth.为某事向某人呼吁.appeal to sb.对某人有吸引力
48.apply to sb.for sth.为…向…申请;apply for申请;apply to 适用.49.apply to 与…有关;适用
50.approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)赞成, approve vt.批准
51.arise from(=be caused by)由…引起.52.arrange for sb./sth.to do sth.安排…做…
53.arrive on 到达;arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出;arrive in 到达某地(大地方);54.be ashamed of(=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth.done)以…为羞耻
55.assure sb.of sth.(=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.)向…保证, 使…确信.56.attach(to)(=to fix, fasten;join)缚, 系 ,结
57.make an attempt at doing sth.(to do sth.)试图做…
58.attend to(=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料
59.attitude to/ toward …对…的态度.看法
60.attribute…to…(=to believe sth.to be the result of…)把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果
61.on the average(=on average, on an average)平均
62.(be)aware of(=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道.63.at the back of(=behind)在…后面
64.in the back of 在…后部(里面);on the back of 在…后部(外面);be on one’s back(=be ill in bed)卧病不起.65.at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.)支持,维护;have sb.at one’s back 有…支持, 有…作后台
66.turn one’s back on sb.(=turn away from sb.in an impolite way)不理睬(某人),背弃，真人外教一对一 徐小平老师鼎力推荐
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抛弃
67.behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)68.be based on / upon 基于
69.on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上
70.beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢
71.begin with 以…开始.to begin with(=first of all)首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)72.on behalf of(=as the representative of)以…名义
73.believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth./sb.to be true)相信,依赖,信仰.74.benefit(from)受益,得到好处.75.for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)76.for the better 好转
77.get the better of(=defeat sb.)打败, 胜过.78.by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时;give birth to 出生
79.blame sb.for sth.因…责备某人.blame sth.on sb.把…推在某人身上
80.in blossom开花(指树木)be in blossom开花(强调状态)come into blossom开花(强调动作)
81.on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机
82.boast of(or about)吹嘘
83.out of breath 喘不过气来
84.in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之
85.in bulk 成批地,不散装的86.take the floor 起立发言
87.on business 出差办事.88.be busy with sth.于某事。be busy doing sth.忙于做某事
89.last but one 倒数第二.90.but for(=without)要不是.表示假设
91.buy sth.for…money 用多少钱买
92.be capable of 能够, 有能力
be capable of being +过去分词:是能够被…的
93.in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost, whatever happens;anyhow)无论如何
94.in case(=for fear that)万一;
95.in case of(=in the event of)如果发生…万一
in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
96.in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)97.be cautious of 谨防
98.center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on)把某人的注意力集中在…上
99.be certain of(=be sure of)有把握, 一定.100.for certain of(=for sure)肯定地,有把握地 人文知识
1.A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2.Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to
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their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位学;在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学
3.Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科
4.Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学
5.acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6.Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7.Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life(Shakespeare).明喻, 一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由 like或 as引导的短语中，如 “我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）
8.Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如 “忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)the ship of desert 沙漠之舟
9.Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.矛盾修饰法, 一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在 震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观 cruel kindness 10.The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11.John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost.Paradise Regained was also written by him.12.Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行诗体, 一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式, 莎士比亚用过此诗体。
13.Slang: A kind of language occurring chiefly in casual and playful speech, made up typically of short-lived coinages and figures of speech that are deliberately used in place of standard terms for added raciness, humor, irreverence, or other effect.俚语主要出现在非正式的、游戏性的话语中的一种语言，基本由存在时间很短的派生词和修辞构成，它们被故意地用来取代标准的词语以达到生动、幽默、无礼或其它效果
14.Catch Phrase: A phrase in wide or popular use, especially one serving as a slogan for a group or movement.警句，妙句，吸引人的词句广泛使用的或流行的用语，尤指用作集团或运动的口号的用语。
15.Jargon: The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.真人外教一对一 徐小平老师鼎力推荐
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行话, 一个行业、职业或类似的团体中使用的专业的或技术的语言.terminology
16.Platitude: A trite or banal remark or statement, especially one expressed as if it were original or significant.陈腔滥调, 陈腐的或平庸的评论或陈述，尤指某人表述它时好象它是新颖的或有意义的
17.Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton.夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
18.onomatopoeia: The formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.象声词, 词的构成或用法，例如 buzz或 nurmur模仿事物或行动的声音.19.hypotaxis: 从属关系
20.parataxis: 并列结构，指 短语或分句间不用连词，如：I came, I saw, I conquered.21.Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is knowable through intuition.超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生和玛格丽特•富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
22.Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote the Scarlet Letter.美国
23.Morphology: The study of the structure and form of words in language or a language, including inflection, derivation, and the formation of compounds.词法，词态学，形态音位学, 语言或某一语言中对于单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成24.affricate: A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant辅音 followed by a fricative摩擦;for example, the initial sounds of child and joy.塞擦音由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如 child和 joy的第一个音Also called: affricative.25.Vanity Fair 名利场 was written William Makepeace Thackray
26.Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the moon.Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins 尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27.The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada.此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28.Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.29.etymology: the history of a word.词源学
30.The dominant accent in the United States is General American.除纽约市、南方、新英格兰
31.John Lennon is a member of the band of Beatles 披头士或甲壳虫乐队in the 1960s.32.In Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记, Jonathan Swift describes the island of the Houyhnhnms as the world’s most perfect society.有理智和人性的马 Houyhnhnms are horses in fact.33.Ceoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in fourteenth century.34.morpheme: A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as-ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.词素, 一种含有一个单词的有意义的语言单位，如-ed在单词 walked中，不能被划分为更
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小的有意义单位
35.The name of the famous stadium露天体育场 in the north of London is Wembley.36.Wimbledon温布尔登[英国英格兰东南部城市](位于伦敦附近, 是著名的国际网球比赛地)
37.Toad in the hole is a Traditional English recipe食谱, originating from Yorkshire, a county in the north of England.烤面拖牛肉，面拖烤香肠
38.Boycott: To act together in abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with as an expression of protest or disfavor or as a means of coercion（强制）.联合抵制, 联合起来拒绝使用、购买或经销以示抗议、不满或作为强制的手段
39.Segregation: The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry, especially so as to practice discrimination against people of color in a predominantly white society.种族隔离, 强制实行种族的社会分离政策及实践，如在学校、居住和工业中，尤指在白人居多的社会中实行有色人种歧视的政策
40.Apartheid: An official policy of racial segregation practiced in the Republic of South Africa, involving political, legal, and economic discrimination against nonwhites.种族隔离制, 南非共和国实行的一种官方的种族隔离政策，包括在政治、法律和经济诸方面对非白色人种的歧视.41.Integration: The bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups into unrestricted and equal association, as in society or an organization;desegregation.种族或宗教融合, 在社会或组织中，使不同的种族或宗教派别的人处于无限制的平等的关系中；取消种族隔离
42.The majority of French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec.43.Sir Thomas More coined the word “Utopia”, it means nowhere land in Greek.44.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible spirit.45.Phoneme: any one of the set of smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language that distinguish one word from another 音位，音素, 语言中最小的语音单位，如英语里 mat中的 m和 bat中的 b 46.polysemy: 一词多义
47.patron saint：保护圣徒, 守护神
48.Parentese: 父母语
49.back formation: 逆构词 脱落一词的词缀以构成新词 typewriter → typewrite 50.allomorph: Any of the variant forms of a morpheme.For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and z of horses and the en of oxen are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme.语素变体, 语素的一种变体形式，如语音学的中之 s在 cats中，z在 dogs中，和 iz在 horses中，还有 en在 oxen中都是英语复数语素的语素变体.听力新闻词汇
政治新闻常用词汇
absolute majority 绝对多数 ad hoc committee 特别委员会 advisory body 咨询机构 anti-establishment反政府情绪 all-embracing agreement包罗万象的协定 arbitration 调停
bipartisan diplomacy两党一致的对外政策 carrot-and-stick 威胁利诱政策
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deadlock 僵局 shoe-string majority 微弱多数 embargo 禁运 summit conference 首脑会议 abstain from voting弃权 air of tension 紧张气氛 administrative authorities行政当局 amendment 修正案 apartheid 种族隔离 bare majority勉强过半数
briefing meeting 简要新闻发布会 nonaligned country不结盟国家 congressional hearing(美国)国会意见听证会
diplomatic immunity 外交豁免权 shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交
经贸新闻常用词汇
accumulated deficit 累计赤字 active trade balance 贸易顺差 business slump 生意萧条 dull market 萧条的市场 economic takeoff 经济起飞 broker 经纪人 reciprocal trade agreement 互惠贸易政笼 dividend 红利
wholesale dealer批发商 economic recession 经济衰退 gold standard金本位 devaluation 贬值
American Selling Price美国销售价格 retailer零售商 price index 物价指数 deficiency亏损 across-the-board tariff cut talks 全面削减关税会谈
demand and supply balance 供求平衡 gold reserve 黄金储备 price-curbing policy抑制物价政策
tycoon 巨头 petrodollar石油美元
non-confidence motion 不信任案 stalled peace talks陷入僵局的和谈 adverse trade balance 贸易逆差 economic sanction 经济制裁 switch trade 转手贸易 fiscal year 财政
balance of trade贸易平衡 cash transaction 现金交易 fluctuating salary 附加工资，浮动工资
军事新闻常用词汇
active armed forces 现役武装部队 blanket bombing 地毯武轰炸 administration party 执政党 ambassador-at-large 巡回大使 anti-inflation measures 制止通货膨胀的措施 agenda 议程
back number过时的人或物 bluff diplomacy恫吓外交 closed-door meeting秘密会议 diplomatic channel外交途径 memorandum备忘录 showdown 摊牌
unanimous resolution一致通过的决议 belligerent powers 交战国 military expansion军备扩张 beam weapons激光束武器 scud missile飞毛腿导弹 aircraft carrier航空母舰
around-the-clock bombing 日夜不停的轰炸 general armistice全面停战
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adopted by consensus 经过协商一致通过 alien domination外国统治 amicable relations 友好关系 apple of discord 引起不和的争端 behind-the-scene maneuvering 幕后操纵 budget committee预算委员会 communiqué 公报 diplomatic maneuvers 外交策略
arms build-up 军备集结 unconditional surrender无条件投降 armament race军备竞赛 mushroom cloud蘑菇云 scout plane侦察飞机 airlift troop空降部队 destroyer驱逐舰 sweeper扫雷艇
chemical weapon化学武器 armored corps装甲兵团 ABM(anti-ballistic missile)反弹道导弹
marine corps海军陆战队 submarine潜水艇 nuclear weapon核武器
AAM(air-to-air missile)空对空导弹
科技、教育、文化、卫生新闻常用词汇
academia 学术界 academic year学年
brain drain 人才外流 open classroom讨论式教学 atomic energy原子能 comet彗星 extraterrestrial外星的 hardware硬件 dispensary药房 laboratory实验室 injection注射 blood type血型 dysentery痢疾 chicken pox水痘 anemia贫血 euthanasia安乐死
industrial disease职业病 cramming system填鸭式教学法 astronomer 天文学家 chip晶体片 constellation星座 galaxy银河系
coeducation男女同 ambulance救护车 surgical department外科 inoculate注射预防针 disinfectant消毒剂 malaria疟疾 plague鼠疫 tumor肿瘤
genetic engineering遗传工程学 audio-visual aids视听教具 AIDS(acquired immune deficiency syndrome)爱滋病 CAI(computer-assisted instruction)计算机辅助教学 文体、娱乐新闻常用词汇
athletics运动 record-holder记录保持者 referee(足球、拳击)裁判员 goalkeeper足球守门员 a drawn game和局 semifinal半决赛 hurdle跳栏 elimination海汰赛 hamper因故停赛 columnist专栏作家 primetime黄金时间 athlete运动员
sprint短跑 umpire(垒球、网球)裁判员 linesman边线裁判员 trial预赛
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final决赛 relay race接力赛
feint假动作 intermission中场休息 audience rating收视率 acrobatics杂技 overture序曲 symphony交响曲 newsreel新闻片 rehearsal排练 relay转播 serenade夜曲
philharmonic爱乐 film festival电影节 telecast电视转播 karaoke卡拉OK
社会生活、宗教；法律新闻常用词汇
assault袭击 scandal诽谤，丑闻 hijack劫机 detention拘留 surrender oneself自首 verdict判决 bail保释 electrocute电刑 accused被告 accuser原告 criminal case刑事案件 subpoena传票
acquit宣判无罪 commutation of sentence减刑 population explosion人口爆炸 addict吸毒上瘾者 Buddhism佛教 Hinduism印度教 Protestant新教 bishop主教
fraud诈骗 embezzlement挪用公款 contempt of court蔑视法庭 confess供认 juror陪审员 sentence判刑
capital punishment死刑 supreme court最高法庭 witness证人 barrister大律师 civil case民事案件 indictment起诉 amnesty大赦 dropout逃避现实者 feminine liberation妇女解放 Christianity 基督教 Islamism伊斯兰教 Catholic天主教 Baptism浸理会 mosque清真寺
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