第一篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语第6章6-1翻译
Electric Power Systems 电力系统
Section 1
Introduction 第一节介绍
The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily than ever before.现代社会的电力供应依赖于更多地比以往任何时候。It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world.它无法想象的世界应该是什么，如果电力供应中断了世界各地。Electric power systems(or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world.电力系统（或电力能源系统），提供电力到现代社会，已成为不可缺少的组成部分产业界的。
The first complete electric power system(comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads)was built by Thomas Edison – the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.第一个完整的电力系统（包括发电机，电缆，熔断器，计量，并加载）的托马斯爱迪生所建-站纽约市珍珠街的历史始于1882年9月运作。This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius.The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was supplied at 110 V through an underground cable system.这是一个半径直流系统组成的一个蒸汽发动机驱动的直流发电机面积约1.5公里至59供电范围内的客户。负载，其中包括完全的白炽灯，为V提供110通过地下电缆系统。Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world.With the development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were added to such systems.This was the beginning of what would develop into one of the largest industries in the world.In spite of the initial widespread use of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems.By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent.They could deliver power only a short distance from generators.在一个类似的系统在大多数大城市在世界各地运行数年。随着马达的弗兰克斯普拉格发展在1884年，电机负载被添加到这些系统。这是什么开始发展成为世界上最大的产业之一。在最初的直流系统广泛使用尽管如此，他们几乎完全被空调系统所取代。到1886年，直流系统的局限性也日益明显。他们可以提供功率只有很短的距离从发电机。
To keep transmission power losses(I 2 R)and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity.为了保持发射功率损失（我2 R）和电压下降到可接受的水平，电压等级，必须长途输电高。如此高的电压不发电和电力消耗可以接受的，因此，电压转换成为一个方便的手段的必要性。
The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L.Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems.在发展的变压器，法国和交流输电由L.巴黎戈拉尔和JD吉布斯导致交流电力系统。
In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland.1889年，第一次在北美交流传输线将在俄勒冈州波特兰之间威拉梅特大瀑布和实施。
It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V over a distance of 21 km.With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive.By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems.Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems.这是一个单相线路传输功率为4,000公里，超过21 V系统的距离。随着交流的发展多相系统由尼古拉特斯拉，成为更具吸引力的。通过1888年，特斯拉举行交流多项专利电动机，发电机，变压器和输电系统。西屋公司购买了这些早期的发明专利，并形成了系统的基础，现在的交流。
In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC.By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons: 在19世纪90年代，有很大的争议或交流电力行业是否应该统一于直流。到了世纪之交的，在交流系统赢得了原因出在下面的直流系统为：
（1）Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation, transmission, and consumption.（1）电压水平可以很容易地改变了空调系统，从而提供了传输的灵活性，发电用不同的电压和消费。
（2）AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.（2）交流发电机简单得多比直流发电机。（3）AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.（三）交流电机和电机便宜简单得多，比直流。
The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California.前三个阶段的美国北线投产于1893年-1 2300五，南加州12公里路线研究。In the early period of AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized.在电力传输初期交流，频率不规范。Many different frequencies were in use: 25, 50, 60, 125, and 133 Hz.有许多不同频率的使用：25，50，60，125，和133赫兹。This poses a problem for interconnection.Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standard in North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries.这对互连的问题。最后60赫兹标准获得通过，成为美国在北美，虽然是50赫兹在许多其他国家使用。
The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, the industry has standardized voltage levels.In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage(HV)class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage(EHV)class.In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330(only in Northwest China)and 500 kV for
EHV class.较长的距离越来越需要大量的电力传输多激励他们逐步使用高压的水平。为了避免电压增殖数量无限，业界标准电压水平。在美国，标准是115，138，161，和230千伏的高电压（高压）类，345，500和765千伏级的特高电压（超高压）。在中国，各级使用电压为10，35，110级高压，220，中国330（仅在西北）和500千伏超高压类。
The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China.第一个750 kVtransmission线将建在不久的将来在中国西北地区。
With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC(HVDC)transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations.随着交流的发展/直流转换设备，高压直流高压直流（HVDC）传输系统已经成为更具吸引力的经济和情况特殊。The HVDC transmission can be used for transmission of large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the systems are different.在高压直流输电可用于输电块以上的大长途电话，并提供不同系统间的异步连接在AC联网系统将是不切实际的，因为稳定考虑，或因标称频率的系统。
The basic requirement to a power system is to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptable voltages and frequency.基本要求到电源系统是提供一个不间断的能源供应，以客户可接受的电压和频率。Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way, the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.A fault or misoperation in any stages of a power system may possibly result in interruption of electricity supply to the customers.由于电力无法大量储存在一个简单的方法和经济，电力的生产和消费必须同时进行。系统的故障或误操作的权力在任何阶段可能导致电力供应中断给客户。Therefore, a normal continuous operation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.因此，一个正常的电力系统连续运行的，提供可靠的电力供应给客户的重要性是至关重要的。
翻译
Power system stability may be broadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance.电力系统稳定，可广泛定义为干扰财产的权力系统，可继续经营的状态下正常运行的平衡条件和后向遭受恢复一个可以接受的平衡状态。
Instability in a power system may be manifested in many different ways depending on the system configuration and operating mode.在电力系统的不稳定可能会表现在经营方式和多种不同的方式取决于系统配置。
Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation.Since power systems rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially “in step”.This aspect of stability is influenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to “ rotor angle stability ”.传统上，稳定性问题一直是一个保持同步运行。由于电力系统的发电电力，一个令人满意的系统运行的必要条件是，依靠同步电机同步电机都留在同步或通俗的“步骤”。这一方面是受稳定的发电机转子的动态角度和功角的关系，然后提到“转子角稳定”。
第二篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语第一章课文翻译
第一章第一篇sectiong Two variables u(t)and i(t)are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuit u(t)和i(t)这两个变量是电路中最基本的两个变量，它们刻划了电路的各种关系。
Charge and Current
The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena.Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs(C).电荷和电流
电荷的概念是用来解释所有电气现象的基本概念。也即，电路中最基本的量是电荷。电荷是构成物质的原子微粒的电气属性，它是以库仑为单位来度量的。
We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons.We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×1019C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron.The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.我们从基础物理得知一切物质是由被称为原子的基本构造部分组成的，并且每个原子是由电子，质子和中子组成的。我们还知道电子的电量是负的并且在数值上等于1.602100×10-12C，而质子所带的正电量在数值上与电子相等。质子和电子数量相同使得原子呈现电中性。
We consider the flow of electric charges.A unique feature of electric charge or electricity is the fact that it is mobile;that is, it can be transferred from one place to another, where it can be converted to another form of energy 让我们来考虑一下电荷的流动。电荷或电的特性是其运动的特性，也就是，它可以从一个地方被移送到另一个地方，在此它可以被转换成另外一种形式的能量。When a conducting wire is connected to a battery(a source of electromotive force), the charges are compelled to move;positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the opposite direction.This motion of charges creates electric current.It is conventional to take the currentflow as the movement of positive charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges, as Fig.l-1 illustrates.This convention was introduced by Benjamin Franklin(l706～l790), the American scientist and inventor.Although we now know that current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons, we will follow the universally accepted convention that current is the net flow of positive charges.Thus, Electric current is the time rate of charge, measured in amperes(A).Mathematically, the relationship among current i, charge q, and time t is 当我们把一根导线连接到某一电池上时(一种电动势源)，电荷被外力驱使移动；正电荷朝一个方向移动而负电荷朝相反的方向移动。这种电荷的移动产生了电流。我们可以很方便地把电流看作是正电荷的移动，也即，与负电荷的流动方向相反，如图1－1所示。这一惯例是由美国科学家和发明家本杰明－富兰克林引入的。虽然我们现在知道金属导体中的电流是由负电荷引起的，但我们将遵循通用的惯例，即把电流看作是正电荷的单纯的流动。于是电流就是电荷的时率，它是以安培为单位来度量的。从数学上来说，电流i、电荷q以及时间t之
dqi间的关系是：
dt
The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by integrating both sides of Eq.(1-1).We obtain 从时间t0到时间t所移送的电荷可由方程（1－1）两边积分求得。我们算得：
tq tidtThe way we define current as i in Eq.(1-l)suggests that current need not be a constant-valued function, charge can vary with time in several ways that may be represented by different kinds of mathematical functions 我们通过方程（1－1）定义电流的方式表明电流不必是一个恒值函数，电荷可以不同的方式随时间而变化，这些不同的方式可用各种数学函数表达出来。电压，能量和功率
To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some work or energy transfer.This work is performed by an external electromotive force(emf), typically represented by the battery
dwin Fig.l-1.This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference.uabThe voltage uab between two dqpoints a and b in an electric circuit is the energy(or work)needed to move a unit charge from a to b;mathematically 在导体中朝一个特定的方向移动电荷需要一些功或者能量的传递，这个功是由外部的电动势来完成的。图1－1所示的电池就是一个典型的例子。这种电动势也被称为电压或电位差。电路中a、b两点间的电压等于从a到b移动单位电荷所需的能量（或所需做的功）。数学表达式为：
where w is energy in joules(J)and q is charge in coulombs(C).The voltage uab is measured in volts(V), named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Antonio Volta(l745～l827), who invented the first voltaic battery.Thus, Voltage(or potential difference)is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts(V).式中w是单位为焦耳的能量而q是单位为库仑的电荷。电压Uab是以伏特为单位来度量的，它是为了纪念意大利物理学家Alessandro Antonio Volta而命名的，这位意大利物理学家发明了首个伏达电池。于是电压（或电压差）等于将单位电荷在元件中移动所需的能量，它是以伏特为单位来度量的。
Fig.l-2 shows the voltage across an element(represented by a rectangular block)connected to points a and b.The plus(+)and minus(-)signs are used to define reference direction or voltage polarity.The uab can be
0 2 interpreted in two ways: ①point a is at a potential of uab volts higher than point b;②the potential at point a with respect to point b is uab.It follows logically that in general 图1－2显示了某个元件（用一个矩形框来表示）两端a、b之间的电压。正号（＋）和负号（－）被用来指明参考方向或电压的极性，Uab可以通过以下两种方法来解释。1）在Uab伏特的电位中a点电位高于b点，2）a点电位相对于b点而言是Uab，通常在逻辑上遵循
uab-uba
Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric circuit, they are not sufficient by themselves.For practical purposes, we need to know power and energy.To relate power and energy to voltage and current, we recall from physics that power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts(W).We write this relationship as 虽然电流和电压是电路的两个基本变量，但仅有它们两个是不够的。从实际应用来说，我们需要知道功率和能量。为了把功率和能量同电压、电流联系起来，我们重温物理学中关于功率是消耗或吸收的能量的时率，它是以瓦特为单位来度量的。我们把这个关系式写成：
dw
p dtWhere p is power in watts(W), w is energy in joules(J), and t is time in seconds(s).From Eq.(1-1), Eq.(1-3), and Eq.(1-5), it follows that 式中p是以瓦特为单位的功率，w是以焦耳为单位的能量，t是以秒为单位的时间，从方程（1－1）、（1－3）和（1－5）可以推出
pui
Because u and i are generally function of time, the power p in Eq.(1-6)is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power.The power absorbed or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it.If the power has a plus sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element.If, on the other hand, the power has a minus sign, power is being supplied by the element.But how do we know when the power has a negative or a positive sign？
由于u和i通常是时间的函数，方程（1－6）中的功率p是个时间变量于是被称为瞬时功率，某一元件吸收或提供的功率等于元件两端电压和通过它的电流的乘积。如果这个功率的符号是正的，那么功率向元件释放或被元件吸收。另一方面，如果功率的符号是负的，那么功率是由元件提供的。但我们如何得知何时功率为正或为负？
Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in determining the sign of power.It is therefore important that we pay attention to the relationship between current i and voltage u in Fig.1-3(a).The voltage polarity and current i direction must conform with those shown in Fig.1-3(a)in order for the power to have a positive sign.This is known as the passive sign convention.By the passive sign convention, current enters through the positive polarity of the voltage.In this case, p = ui or ui ﹥ 0 implies that the element is absorbing power.However, if p =-ui or ui ﹤ 0, as in Fig.1-3(b), the element is releasing or supplying power.在我们确定功率符号时，电流的方向和电压的极性起着主要的作用，这就是我们在分析图1－3（a）所显示的电流i和电压u的关系时特别谨慎的重要原因。为了使功率的符号为正，电压的极性和电流的方向必须与图1－3（a）所示的一致。这种情况被称为无源符号惯例，对于无源符号惯例来说，电流流进电压的正极。在这种情况下，p＝ui或ui>0，表明元件是在吸收功率。而如果p＝－ui或ui<0，如图1－3（b）所示时，表明元件是在释放或提供功率。
In fact, the law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit.For this reason, the algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero 事实上，在任何电路中必须遵循能量守恒定律。由于这个原因，任一电路中在任何瞬间功率的代数和必须等于零
p0This again confirms the fact that the total power supplied to the circuit must balance the total power absorbed.From Eq.(l-7), the energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to time t is 这再一次证明了提供给电路的功率必须与吸收的功率相平衡这一事实。从方程（1－7）可知，从时间t0到时间t被元件吸收或由元件提供的功率等于
t wpdtt
Section2 An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements.There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements and active elements.An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element is not.Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors.The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them.电路仅仅是元件之间的相互结合。我们发现电路中存在有两种元件：无源元件和有源元件。有源元件能够产生能量而无源元件却不能，无源元件有电阻、电容和电感器等。最重要的有源元件是通常向与它们相连的电路释放能量的电压和电流源。
Independent sources
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.An independent voltage source is a two-terminal element, such as a battery or a generator, which maintains a specified voltage between its terminals.The voltage is completely independent of the current through the element.The symbol for a voltage source having u volts across its terminals is
0 4 shown in Fig.1-4(a).The polarity is as shown,indicating that terminal a is u volts above terminal b.Thus if u > 0, then terminal a is at a higher potential than terminal b.The opposite is true, of course, if u < 0 一个理想的独立源是产生完全独立于其它电路变量的特定电压或电流的有源元件。一个独立电压源是一个二端口元件，如一个电池或一台发电机，它们在其端部维持某个特定的电压。该电压完全独立于流过元件的电流，在其端部具有u伏电压的电压源的符号如图1－4（a）所示，极性如图所示，它表明a端比b端高u伏。如果u>0，那么a端的电位高于b端，当然，如果u<0，反之亦然。In Fig.1-4(a), the voltage u may be time varying, or it may be constant, in which case we would probably label it U.Another symbol that is often used for a constant voltage source, such as a battery with U volts across its terminals, is shown in Fig.1-4(b).In the case of constant sources we shall use Fig.1-4(a)and 1-4(b)interchangeably.在图1－4（a）中，电压u可以是随时间而变化，或者可以是恒定的，在这种情况下我们可能把它标为U，对于恒定电压源我们通常使用另一种符号，例如在两端只有U伏电压的电池组，如图1－4（b）所示。在恒定源的情况下我们可以交替地使用于图1－4（a）或图1－4（b）
We might observe at this point that the polarity marks on Fig.1-4(b)are redundant since the polarity could be defined by the positions of the longer and shorter lines.我们可能已经注意到这一点，即图1－4（b）中的极性标号，是多余的因为我们可以根据长天线的位置符，确定电池极性
An independent current source is a two-terminal element through which a specified current flows.The current is completely independent of the voltage across the element.The symbol for an independent current source is shown in Fig.1-5, where i is the specified current.The direction of the current is indicated by the arrow 一个独立电流源是二端元件在两端之间特定的电流流过，该电流完全独立于元件两端的电压，一个独立电流源的符合如图1－5所示。图中i是特定电流，该电流的方向由箭头标明
Independent sources are usually meant to deliver power to the external circuit and not to absorb it.Thus if u is the voltage across the source and its current i is directed out of the positive terminal, then the source is delivering power, given by p = ui, to the external circuit.Otherwise it is absorbing power.For example, in Fig.1-6(a)the battery is delivering 24 W to the external circuit.In Fig.1-6(b)the battery is absorbing 24 W, as would be the case when it is being charged.独立源通常指的是向外电路释放功率而非吸收功率，因此如果u是电源两端的电压而电流i直接从其正端流出，那么该电源正在向对电路释放功率，由式p＝ui算出。否则它就在吸收功率。例如图1－6（a）中电池正在向外电路释放功率24w，在图1－6（b）中，电池就在充电情况，吸收功率24w。Dependent sources
An ideal dependent(or controlled)source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols, as shown in Fig.1-7Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types of dependent sources, namely:（1）A voltage-controlled voltage source(VCVS).（2）A current-controlled voltage source(CCVS).（3）A voltage-controlled current source(VCCS).（4）A current-controlled current source(CCCS).Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such as transistors, operational amplifiers and integrated circuits.一个理想的受控源是一个有源元件，它的电源量是由另外一个电压和电流所控制。
受控源通常用菱形符号表明，如图1－7所示。由于控制受控源的控制量来自于电路中其他元件的电压或电流，同时由于受控源可以是电压源或电流源。由此可以推出四种可能的受控源类型，即 电压控制电压源（VCVS）电流控制电压源（CCVS）电压控制电流源（VCCS）电流控制电流源（CCCS）
受控源在模拟诸如晶体管、运算放大器以及集成电路这些元件时是很有用的 It should be noted that an ideal voltage source(dependent or independent)will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow.Thus an ideal source could in theory supply an infinite amount of energy.It should also be noted that not only do sources supply power to a circuit, but they can absorb power from a circuit too.For a voltage source, we know the voltage but not the current supplied or drawn by it.By the same token, we know the current supplied by a current source but not the voltage across it.应该注意的是：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供以保证其端电压为规定值所需的任意电流，而电流源可向电路提供以保证其电流为规定值所必须的电压。还应当注意的是电源不仅向电路提供功率，他们也可从电路吸收功率。对于一个电压源来说，我们知道的是由其提供或所获得的电压而非电流，同理，我们知道电流源所提供的电流而非电流源两端的电压。
第三篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语
induction machine 感应式电机 horseshoe magnet 马蹄形磁铁 magnetic field 磁场 eddy current 涡流 right-hand rule 右手定则 left-hand rule 左手定则 slip 转差率 induction motor 感应电动机 rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场 winding 绕组 stator 定子 rotor 转子 induced current 感生电流 time-phase 时间相位 exciting voltage 励磁电压 solt 槽 lamination 叠片 laminated core 叠片铁芯 short-circuiting ring 短路环 squirrel cage 鼠笼 rotor core 转子铁芯 cast-aluminum rotor 铸铝转子 bronze 青铜 horsepower 马力 random-wound 散绕 insulation 绝缘 ac motor 交流环电动机 end ring 端环 alloy 合金 coil winding 线圈绕组 form-wound 模绕 performance characteristic 工作特性 frequency 频率
revolutions per minute 转/分 分 motoring 电动机驱动 generating 发电 per-unit value 标么值 breakdown torque 极限转矩 breakaway force 起步阻力 overhauling 检修 wind-driven generator 风动发电机 revolutions per second 转/秒 秒 number of poles 极数 speed-torque curve 转速力矩特性曲线 plugging 反向制动 synchronous speed 同步转速 percentage 百分数 locked-rotor torque 锁定转子转矩 full-load torque 满载转矩 prime mover 原动机 inrush current 涌流 magnetizing reacance 磁化电抗 line-to-neutral 线与中性点间的 staor winding 定子绕组 leakage reactance 漏磁电抗 no-load 空载 full load 满载 多相(的 Polyphase 多相 的)iron-loss 铁损 complex impedance 复数阻抗 rotor resistance 转子电阻 leakage flux 漏磁通 locked-rotor 锁定转子 chopper circuit 斩波电路 separately excited 他励的 compounded 复励 dc motor 直流电动机 de machine 直流电机 speed regulation 速度调节 shunt 并励 series 串励 armature circuit 电枢电路 optical fiber 光纤 interoffice 局间的 wave guide 波导 波导管 bandwidth 带宽 light emitting diode 发光二极管
silica 硅石 二氧化硅 regeneration 再生 后反馈放大 再生, coaxial 共轴的 同轴的 共轴的,同轴的 high-performance 高性能的 carrier 载波 mature 成熟的 Single Side Band(SSB)单边带 coupling capacitor 结合电容 propagate 传导 传播 modulator 调制器 demodulator 解调器 line trap 限波器 shunt 分路器 Amplitude Modulation(AM 调幅 Frequency Shift Keying(FSK)移频键控 tuner 调谐器 attenuate 衰减 incident 入射的 two-way configuration 二线制 generator voltage 发电机电压 dc generator 直流发电机 polyphase rectifier 多相整流器 boost 增压 time constant 时间常数 forward transfer function 正向传递函数 error signal 误差信号 regulator 调节器 stabilizing transformer 稳定变压器 time delay 延时 direct axis transient time constant 直轴瞬变时间常数 transient response 瞬态响应 solid state 固体 buck 补偿 operational calculus 算符演算 gain 增益 pole 极点 feedback signal 反馈信号 dynamic response 动态响应 voltage control system 电压控制系统 mismatch 失配 error detector 误差检测器 excitation system 励磁系统 field current 励磁电流 transistor 晶体管high-gain 高增益 boost-buck 升压去磁 feedback system 反馈系统 reactive power 无功功率 feedback loop 反馈回路 automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)自动电压调整器 自动电压调整器 reference Voltage 基准电压 magnetic amplifier 磁放大器 amplidyne 微场扩流发电机 self-exciting 自励的 limiter 限幅器 manual control 手动控制 block diagram 方框图 linear zone 线性区 potential transformer 电压互感器 stabilization network 稳定网络 stabilizer 稳定器 air-gap flux 气隙磁通 saturation effect 饱和效应 saturation curve 饱和曲线 flux linkage 磁链 per unit value 标么值 shunt field 并励磁场 magnetic circuit 磁路 load-saturation curve 负载饱和曲线 air-gap line 气隙磁化线 polyphase rectifier 多相整流器 circuit components 电路元件 circuit parameters 电路参数 electrical device 电气设备 electric energy 电能 primary cell 原生电池 电能转换器 energy converter 电能转换器 conductor 导体 heating appliance 电热器 direct-current 直流 time invariant 时不变的 self-inductor 自感 mutual-inductor 互感 the dielectric 电介质 storage battery 蓄电池 e.m.f = electromotive force
电动势 generator 发电机 gas insulated substation GIS 气体绝缘变电站 气体绝缘变电站 turbogenerator 汽轮发电机 neutral point 中性点
hydrogenerator 水轮发电机 moving contact 动触头 hydraulic turbine 水轮机 fixed contact 静触头 steam turbine 汽轮机 arc-extinguishing chamber 灭弧室 dynamo 直流发电机 stray capacitance 杂散电容 motor 电动机 stray inductance 杂散电感 stator 定子 sphere gap 球隙 rotor 转子 bushing tap grounding wire 套管末屏接地线 power transformer 电力变压器 electrostatic voltmeter 静电电压表 variable transformer 调压变压器 ammeter 电流表 taped transformer 多级变压器 grounding capacitance 对地电容 step up(down)transformer 升(降)压变压器 voltage divider 分压器 降 压变压器 circuit breaker CB 断路器 surge impedance 波阻抗 dead tank oil circuit breaker 多油断路器 Schering bridge 西林电桥 live tank oil circuit breaker 少油断路器 Rogowski coil 罗可夫斯基线圈 vacuum circuit breaker 真空断路器 oscilloscope 示波器 sulphur hexafluoride breaker SF6 断路器 peak voltmeter 峰值电压表 峰值电压表 potential transformer PT 电压互感器 conductor 导线 current transformer CT 电流互感器 cascade transformer 串级变压器 disconnector 隔离开关 coupling capacitor 耦合电容 earthing switch 接地开关 test object 被试品 synchronous generator 同步发电机 detection impedance 检测阻抗 asynchronous machine 异步电机 substation 变电站 Insulator 绝缘子 hydro power station 水力发电站 lightning arrester 避雷器 thermal power station 火力发电站 metal oxide arrester MOA 氧化锌避雷器 nuclear power station 核电站 bus bar 母线 oil-filled power cable 充油电力电缆 overhead line 架空线 mixed divider(阻容 混合分压器 阻容)混合分压器 阻容 transmission line 传输线 XLPE cable 交链聚乙烯电缆(coaxial)cable(同轴 电缆 relay 继电器 同轴)电缆 同轴 iron core 铁芯 tuned circuit 调谐电路 winding 绕组 suspension insulator 悬式绝缘子 bushing 套管 porcelain insulator 陶瓷绝缘子 波头(尾 电阻 front(tail)resistance 波头 尾)电阻 glass insulator 玻璃绝缘子 inverter station 换流站 flash counter 雷电计数器 steel-reinforced aluminum conductor 充电(阻尼 阻尼)电阻 钢芯铝绞线 charging(damping)resistor 充电 阻尼 电阻 tank 箱体 point plane gap 针板间隙 earth(ground)wire 接地线 exciting winding 激磁绕组 grading ring 均压环 trigger electrode 触发电极 highvoltage engineering 高电压工程 glow discharge 辉光放电 highvoltage testing technology 高电压试验技术 harmonic 谐波 Power electronics 电力电子 Automatic control 自动控制 Principles of electric circuits 电路原理 Digital signal processing 数字信号处理
电气工程专业英语词汇表 2 power system 电力系统 impulse current 冲击电流 power network 电力网络 impulse flashover 冲击闪络 insulation 绝缘 inhomogenous field 不均匀场 overvoltage 过电压 insulation coordination 绝缘配合 aging 老化 internal discharge 内部放电 alternating current 交流电 lightning stroke 雷电波 AC transmission system 交流输电系统 lightning overvoltage 雷电过电压 介质)损耗角 arc discharge 电弧放电 loss angle(介质 损耗角 介质 attachment coefficient 附着系数 magnetic field 磁场 attenuation factor 衰减系数 mean free path平均自由行程 anode(cathode)阳极 阴极 mean molecular velocity平均分子速度 阳极(阴极 阴极)breakdown(电)击穿 negative ions 负离子 电 击穿 bubble breakdown 气泡击穿 non-destructive testing 非破坏性试验 cathode ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器 non-uniform field 不均匀场 cavity 空穴 腔 partial discharge 局部放电 空穴,腔 corona 电晕 peak reverse voltage 反向峰值电压 composite insulation 组合绝缘 photoelectric emission 光电发射 critical breakdown voltage 临界击穿电压 photon 光子 Discharge 放电 phase-to-phase voltage 线电压 Dielectric 电介质 绝缘体 polarity effect 极性效应 电介质,绝缘体 dielectric constant 介质常数 power capacitor 电力电容 dielectric loss 介质损耗
quasi-uniform field 稍不均匀场 direct current 直流电 radio interference 无线干扰 divider ratio 分压器分压比 rating of equipment 设备额定值 grounding 接地 routing testing 常规试验 electric field 电场 residual capacitance 残余电容 electrochemical deterioration 电化学腐蚀 shielding 屏蔽 electron avalanche 电子崩 short circuit testing 短路试验 electronegative gas 电负性气体 space charge 空间电荷 epoxy resin 环氧树脂 streamer breakdown 流注击穿 expulsion gap 灭弧间隙 surface breakdown 表面击穿 field strength 场强 sustained discharge 自持放电 field stress 电场力 switching overvoltage 操作过电压 field distortion 场畸变 thermal breakdown 热击穿 field gradient 场梯度 treeing 树枝放电 field emission 场致发射 uniform field 均匀场 flashover 闪络 wave front(tail)波头 尾)波头(尾 gaseous insulation 气体绝缘 withstand voltage 耐受电压 Prime mover 原动机 Power factor 功率因数 Torque 力矩 Distribution automation system 配电网自动化系统 Servomechanism 伺服系统 Automatic meter reading 自动抄表 Boiler 锅炉 Armature 电枢 Internal combustion engine 内燃机 Brush 电刷
Deenergize 断电 Commutator 换向器 Underground cable 地下电缆 Counter emf 反电势 电气工程专业英语词汇表 3 退磁,去磁 Loop system 环网系统 Demagnetization 退磁 去磁 Distribution system 配电系统 Relay panel 继电器屏 Trip circuit 跳闸电路 Tertiary winding 第三绕组 Switchboard 配电盘 开关屏 Eddy current 涡流 配电盘,开关屏 Instrument transducer 测量互感器 Copper loss 铜损 Oil-impregnated paper 油浸纸绝缘 Iron loss 铁损 Bare conductor 裸导线 Leakage flux 漏磁通 Reclosing 重合闸 Autotransformer 自耦变压器 Distribution dispatch center 配电调度中心 Zero sequence current 零序电流 Pulverizer 磨煤机 Series(shunt)compensation 串(并)联补偿 并 联补偿 汽包,炉筒 Drum 汽包 炉筒 Restriking 电弧重燃 Superheater 过热器 Automatic oscillograph 自动录波仪 Peak-load 峰荷 Tidal current 潮流 Prime grid substation 主网变电站 Trip coil 跳闸线圈 Reactive power` 无功功率 Synchronous condenser 同步调相机 Active power 有功功率 Main and transfer busbar 单母线带旁路 Shunt reactor 并联电抗器 Feeder 馈电线 Blackout 断电、停电 Skin effect 集肤效应 断电、Extra-high voltage(EHV)超高压 Potential stress 电位应力 电场强度 电位应力(电场强度 电场强度)Ultra-high voltage(UHV)特高压 Capacitor bank 电容器组 Domestic load 民用电 crusher 碎煤机 Reserve capacity 备用容量 pulverizer 磨煤机 Fossil-fired power plant 火电厂 baghouse 集尘室 Combustion turbine 燃气轮机 Stationary(moving)blade 固定 可动 叶片 固定(可动 可动)叶片 Right-of-way 线路走廊 Shaft 转轴 Rectifier 整流器 Kinetic(potential)energy 动(势)能 Inductive(Capacitive)电 势能 感的(电容的 电容的)感的 电容的 Pumped storage power station 抽水蓄能电站 Reactance(impedance)电抗 阻抗 Synchronous condenser 同步调相机 电抗(阻抗 阻抗)Reactor 电抗器 Light(boiling)-water reactor 轻(沸)水反应堆 沸 水反应堆 电抗的,无功的 Reactive 电抗的 无功的 Stator(rotor)定(转)子 Phase displacement(shift)相移 转子 Armature 电枢 Surge 冲击 过电压 Salient-pole 凸极 冲击,过电压 Retaining ring 护环 Slip ring 滑环 Carbon brush 炭刷 Arc suppression coil 消弧线圈 Short-circuit ratio 短路比 Primary(backup)relaying 主(后备 继电保护 后备)继电保护 后备 Induction 感应 Phase shifter 移相器 Autotransformer 自藕变压器 Power line carrier(PLC)电力线载波 器)电力线载波(器 Bushing 套管 Line trap 线路限波器 Turn(turn ratio)匝(匝比 变比 Uninterruptible power supply 不间断电源 匝比,变比 匝比 变比)Power factor 功率因数 Spot power price 实时电价 分时(电价 电价)Tap 分接头 Time-of-use(tariff)分时 电价
Recovery voltage 恢复电压 XLPE(Cross Linked Polyethylene)交联聚乙烯(电缆 电缆)交联聚乙烯 电缆 Arc reignition 电弧重燃 Rms(root mean square)均方根值 Operation
mechanism 操动机构 RF(radio frequency)射频 电气工程专业英语词汇表 4 Pneumatic(hydraulic)气 动(液 压)Rpm(revolution per minute)转 / 分 Nameplate 铭牌 LAN(local area network)局域网 Independent pole operation 分相操作 LED(light emitting diode)发光二极管 Malfunction 失灵 Single(dual, ring)bus 单(双,环形 母线 环形)母线 双 环形 Shield wire 避雷线 IC(integrated circuit)集成电路 Creep distance 爬电距离 FFT(fast Fourier transform)快速傅立叶变换 Silicon rubber 硅橡胶 Telemeter 遥测 Composite insulator 合成绝缘子 Load shedding 甩负荷 Converter(inverter)换流器 逆变器 Lateral 支线 换流器(逆变器 逆变器)Bus tie breaker 母联断路器 Power-flow current 工频续流 Protective relaying 继电保护 sparkover 放电 Transfer switching 倒闸操作 Silicon carbide 碳化硅 Outgoing(incoming)line 出(进)线 Zinc oxide 氧化锌 进线 相位超前(滞后 滞后)Phase Lead(lag)相位超前 滞后 Withstand test 耐压试验 Static var compensation(SVC)静止无功补偿 Dispatcher 调度员 Flexible AC transmission system(FACTS)灵活交流输电系统 Supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA)监控与数据采集 EMC(electromagnetic compatibility)电磁兼容 ISO(international standardization organization)国际标准化组织 GIS(gas insulated substation, geographic information system)气体绝缘变电站 地理信息系统 IEC(international Electrotechnical Commission)国际电工(技术 技术)委员会 国际电工 技术 委员会 IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)电气与电子工程师学 会(美)美 IEE(Institution of Electrical Engineers)
电气工程师学会(英 电气工程师学会 英)scale 刻度 量程 calibrate 校准 刻度,量程 rated 额定的 terminal 接线端子 保险丝,熔丝 fuse 保险丝 熔丝 humidity 湿度 resonance 谐振 共振 moisture 潮湿 湿气 谐振,共振 潮湿,湿气 analytical 解析的 operation amplifier 运算放大器 numerical 数字的 amplitude modulation(AM)调幅 frequency-domain 频域 frequency modulation(FM)调频 time-domain 时域 binary 二进制 operation amplifier 运算放大器 octal 八进制 active filter 有源滤波器 decimal 十进制 passive filter 无源滤波器 hexadecimal 十
第四篇：电气工程及其自动化专业英语
电气工程及其自动化专业英语
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专业：电气工程及其自动化
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Automatic Control system
自动控制系统
When a specific systemis proposed for a given application,it must
satisfy certain requirements.This may involve the system response or optimization of the system in a specified way.These requirements that a control system must meet are generally called performance specifications.当一个精细的系统被推引入一个给定的应用程序的时候，它必须满足这个特定的要求。这个可能包括系统响应或者系统精细方法的最佳组合。一般把这些一个系统必须处理的要求叫做性能指标。
The performance that of a control system can be considered in three parts.The first part pertains to the specification as they directly relate to system response.The second has to do with a
performance index that is a functionof the erroror output.The last part is concerned with system error caused by parameter variations.一个控制系统的性能可以从三个部分来考虑。第一个部分涉及到的规格直接和系统响应有关。第二个部分和误差与输出功能的性能指标有关。第三个部分与参数变化引起的系统误差相联系。
Control system specifications can directly related to system response as shown in the Fig 8.1.This type of information is germane to second-order systems of higher-order systems which have a pair of characteristic zeroes that are complex and dominate the transient behavior.For example ,a system with characteristic zeroes at-5,-10+j2and-0.5+j2 is a fifth-order system but the dominant zeroes are-0.5+j2.The commonly used terms to describe system specification are peak
overshoot ,rise time ,delay time ,setting time ,bandwidth ,damping ratio and undamped natural frequency.如图8.1所示控制系统的规格可直接的与系统响应有关。这类信息和二阶系统和高阶系统有关，此类系统的特征方程具有一对复数零点，对系统瞬态响应起主要作用。例如，一个有以-5，-10+j2,和-0.5+j2作为特征根的系统是五阶系统，但是这个系统的正解是-0.5+j2.通常用来描述系统规格的方法是尖峰超越量，上升时间，延迟时间，稳定时间，带宽，阻尼比率，无阻尼自然频率。
Peak Overshoot
尖峰超越量
This is measured when the response has maximum value.It is an indication of the largest error between input and output during the transient state.For the system considered we observed that the peak overshoot increased as the damping ratio decreased.The concept of peak overshoot is not limited to only second-order systems.It is often used for higher-order systems that have a
dominant pair of complex poles.These poles are those located nearest the imaginary axis.In most well-designed systems ,peak overshoots are lower than 30%.这个是在响应有最大值的时候测量得到的。这是系统在不稳定部分内输入和输出之间最大的误差的象征。对于这个系统我们观察到尖峰超越量在无阻尼比率下降的时候上升。尖峰超越量的概念不仅限制于二阶系统。它还经常用在有一对显性的复数极点的高阶系统。这些极点就是那些位于离虚周最近的极点。在多数精心设计的系统里，尖峰超越量低于30%。Rise Time
上升时间
The rise time is a measure of the speed of response.It is defined as the time necessary for the response to rise from 10%to 90%of its final steady state error.Sometimes an equivalent measure is to represent the rise time as the reciprocal of the slope of the response at the instant the response is 50%of its final steady state value.For second-order underdamped systems ,the time to reach the peak overshoot is also a good measure of the speed of response.上升时间衡量系统的响应速度。它定义了响应从稳定部分误差的10%上升到90%需要的时间。有时用一个等效值来代替上升时间，及响应达到稳态值的50%时，输出响应上升斜率的倒数。对于二阶欠阻尼系统，到达尖峰超越量的时间也是一个较好的对系统响应速度的衡
量。
Delay Time
延迟时间
The time necessary for the response to reach some value(usually 50%)of its steady state value is called delay time.响应到需要达稳定状态的某些值（通常是50%）的时间叫做延迟时间。
Settling Time
稳定时间
The settling time is defined as the time necessary for the response to increase to and stay within a specified range of its final value.Two of five percent is often stated as the tolerable range.The number of oscillations necessary to reach this condition is also a useful index.稳定时间定义的是响应增加到或保持在系统的终值得指定的单元中所需要的时间。Bandwidth
带宽
The bandwidth is defined as the frequency at which the output magnitude is 0.707as compared to the output magnitude at low(or zero)frequency when the system is subjected to sinusoidal inputs.带宽定义为一个频率，当系统在正弦形式输入作用下，在该频率上输出幅值和低频（或零频）时的输出幅值之比为0.707.Damping Ratio
阻尼比
This is a ratio of the system damping to the critical damping for a second-order system。It measures the damping of a complex pole pair.Higher-order systems may have more than one damping ratio although the damping measured by the most dominant complex pole pair is of most importance.The damping ratio is an important parameter in determining the transient performance and stability of a system.这是一个二阶系统的阻尼与临界阻尼的比。它衡量主导极点的阻尼。高阶系统可以有多个阻尼比，而由主导极点做对应的阻尼是最重要的。阻尼比是一个重要的用来确定系统的瞬态性能和稳定性的参数。
Underdamped Natural Frequency
欠阻尼的固有频率
This is directly related the “springiness”of a system.Like the damping ratio it may be applied to second-order systems or higher-ordersystems possessing dominant poles.这直接和系统的弹性相关。像阻尼比一样，它可能被应用到二阶或高阶系统来确定主导极点。
System specifications are also given in terms of the error constants as well as the system type.The error constants are used to relate the system gain and time constants to the system error of a unity feedback system.They measure directly the minimum ideal steady state error of a system for a step ,ramp and parabola input.系统规格同样可以以误差系数和系统类型来表示。误差系数用来把单位反馈系统的增益及时间常数和系统误差联系在一起。它们用来直接衡量一个系统的阶跃，斜坡，抛物线输入的最小且理想的误差区域。
第五篇：电气工程与自动化专业英语
第一单元
1． electrostati静电的 2． charge 电荷 3． positive 正的 4． negative 负的 5． electron电子 6． proton 质子
7． gravitational引力的 8． precipitator 电滤器 9．power plant 发电厂 10． current电流 11． conductor导体 12．insulator 绝缘体
13．semiconductor半导体 14．valence shell 价电子层 15．Silicon硅 16．germanium 锗 17．selenium硒 18．voltage 电压 19．resistance 电阻 20．circuit电路
21．electromotive force(EMF)电动势
22．repel 排斥
23．multimeter 万用表 24．milliammeter 毫安表 25．ammeter安培表 26．ohmmeter欧姆表 27．voltmeter 电压表 28．polarity 极性 29．parallel 并联 30．series 串联 31．filament灯丝 32．resistor 电阻器 33．hot wire火线 34．neutral wire中线 35．phase 相位
36．electrical power电源 37．cylinder圆柱
38．electromagnetic induction 电磁感应
第二单元
1.analog electronics 模拟电子学 2.feedback反馈 3.linearity线性度
4.integrated-circuit 集成电路 5.amplifier 放大器 6.component 元件 7.couple耦合 8.transistor晶体管 9.silicon硅 10.package 封装 11.gain增益
12.capability性能 13.impedance阻抗 14.bandwidth带宽 15.label为……标号 16.resistor 电阻器
17.zener diode齐纳二极管 18.heat sink散热器 19.terminal 接线端子 20.power supply电源 21.schematic 原理图 22.minus 减号，负号 23.plus加号，正号
24.inverting amplifier 反向放大器 25.noninverting amplifier 同向放大器
26.differential差动的，微分的 27.rejection 抑制, 衰减 28.integrator 积分器 29.differentiator 微分器 30.capacitor 电容器 31.constant常数 32.bias 偏置，偏压
33.passive filter无源滤波器 34.active filter 有源滤波器 35.implement 实现
36.magnitude 大小，幅度 37.cascade级联 38.cut-off 截止的 第三单元
1.digital electronics 数字电子学 2.numerical 数值的 3.filp-flop触发器 4.decimal十进制 5.radix底 6.with respect to相对于 7.power 幂 8.weighted 权 9.binary 二进制
10.manipulate 处理，操纵，控制 11.subscript下标，脚标 12.remainder余数 13.quotient商 14.octal 八进制
15.hexadecimal十六进制 16.circuitry 电路 17.bistable双稳态的 18.relay 继电器 19.capacity 性能 20.buffer 缓冲器
21.simultaneously同时地 22.algebra 代数
23.truth table 真值表 24.variable 变量 25.alphabet字母表 26.complement补码
27.multivibrator多谐振荡器 28.trigger 触发
29.symmetrical对称的 30.leading edge 上升沿
31.trailing(lagging）edge 下降沿 32.counter 计数器 第四单元
1.power电力,功率 2.amplitude 幅度 3.converter 转换器 4.adjustable-speed调速 5.encompass 包含，拥有 6.flexible柔性的 7.magnitude 量值 8.sinusoidal正弦的 9.utility中心电站 10.welding 焊接 11.ventilate使通风 12.pump 泵
13.throttle 节流阀 14.compressor压缩机 15.thermal 热的16.fluorescent 荧光的 17.incandescent白炽的 18.mileage 里程
19.renewable 可恢复的 20.photovoltaic 光电的 21.depict 描述 22.subset 子系统 23.matrix 矩阵
24.dictate 规定，决定 25.isolation 隔离 26.Power supply电源 27.transformer 变压器 28.cycle周期 29.constant 常数 30.modulate 调制 31.filer 滤波器 32.inductor电感器 33.attenuation 衰减 34.plethora过多，过剩
35.maintenance 维护，保养 36.module 模块 37.loss 损耗 38.topology 拓扑 第六单元 1.setpoint v.给定值；整定值
2.fly-by-wire 电传操纵系统3.router protocols 路由器协议
4.autonomous 自主的5.attenuation 衰减6.game theory 博弈论7.control-oriented 面向控制8.fidelity n.保真度 9.be derived from源自于10.crucial至关紧要的11.causal reasoning 因果推理 12.counterintuitive 违反直觉的 13.governor调节器 14.flyball离心球 15.throttle油门
16.resilient有弹性的；有回力的 17.perturbation扰动；干扰
18.on-off control 开关式控制 19.over-react 过度反应 20.extrapolation归纳，推论
21.proportional-integral-derivative(PID)比例-积分-微分
22.stochastic disturbance随机扰动 23.autopilot自动驾驶（仪）24.aeronautics 航空学25.cybernetic控制论
26.heterogenous不同种类的；多相
27.diversity多样性
28.fuzzy control模糊控制29.matrix inversion 矩阵求逆30.lemma n.引理 31.rational fraction 有理分式
32.monograph n.专论 33.harsh粗糙的；苛刻的34.accumulation积累；累加值 35.learning system学习系统；训练系统
36.recursive递归；循环 37.identification辨识；识别 38.self-adjusting自调节 39.criteria标准
40.frequency spectrum 频谱第九单元
1Culmination顶点，极点 2split分离的3philosophy原理，原则 4incorporation合并，结合 5volatile易变的 6commit保证 7emulation竞争 8albeit虽然 9custom定制
10variant不同的，替换的 11piggy-back背负式的 12erasable可擦除的 13socket插座
14thermostat恒温器 15protocol协议
16time-comsuming耗时的 17baud波特 18elapse经过 19evaluation估计 20preset事先调整的 21preloadable预载的 22decrement减少量 23auxiliary辅助的24drawback缺点，障碍
25dysfunction官能不良，官能障碍 26interface接口，界面，连接体 27irksome令人厌烦的，令人恼恨的 28namely即，那就是
29peripheral次要的。外围的，外围设备
30sequencer程序装置，定序器 31specialization特别化，专门化 32troubleshooting故障诊断
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