第一篇:词汇辨析
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词汇辨析
(五)up to date,update,to date
这三个词看来相似,也有关连,但涵义及用法截然不同。
Up to date(或 up-to-date)是形容词,可作定语或表语,解作“新式的”、“现代的”、“到目前为止最新的(latest)”。例:
On the outskirts of the city,we saw many up-to-date bungalows. 在市郊,我们看到很多新型的平房。Bring the ledger up to date. 把最新近的账目记在账本上。
The exhibition featured many most up-to-date inventions. 展览会的特色是众多的最新发明品。
Up to date也可用作解“获最新资讯”,如: I'll keep you up to date with any news. 我有最新消息就让你知道。
I am very up to date in terms of economic trends. 我对经济趋势的认识绝不落伍。
Update一般作动词用,也可用作名词,意为“更新”、“使跟上最新近的发展”,相当于to bring…up to date,如: His job is to update the ledgers. 他的工作是更新账簿上的账目。
The radio broadcasts news updates every hour. 电台每小时播出最新新闻。
To date是状语,意为“直至目前为止”(up to the present moment)。用法如下:
Only two have handed in their application forms to date. 到目前为止,只有两个人交来了申请表格。
To date,the government has spent billions of dollars on the project. 至现时,政府已为该项工程花费了数十亿元。
值得留意的是:因为to date是指从以往到现今的一段时间,主句的动词要用完成时态。
wood与woods
Wood的使用范围较广,它可以表示“木”、“木材”、“树木”、“树林”等义;而woods一般只作“树林”解。好读书教育
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在表示“木料”、“木材”之意时,wood是物质名词,前面不能加a,wood也不能用复数形式。例:
All the furniture here is made of wood. 这里所有的家具都是木制的。The wood is rotting. 木头在腐烂。
The woodcutter collected two bundles of wood. 樵夫收集了两捆木柴。
此外,wood解作“木料”时可作形容词,指“与木材有关的”或“木制的”;例: This is a wood plane. 这是把刨木用的刨。
This is a wood/wooden chair. 这是把木造的椅。
表示“树林”之意时,英国人用a wood,而美国人(特别是在口语中)则用a woods。与woods搭配的动词既可用单数形式,亦可用复数形式。There is a wood(s)near the house. 房子附近有片树林。
I'm fond of strolling in the wood. 我喜欢在树林里散步。
We came upon a clearing in the woods. 我们在树林里见到一片空地。
在英语中,wood(s)的成语用法不少,常见的有: cannot see the wood for the trees 见树不见林(即:因过于琐细反而不能顾及大体)dead wood 废物、冗员
out of the wood(s)脱离险境(或困难)touch wood 用手触摸木头(自夸幸运之后的迷信动作)take to the woods 逃入树林(即:躲避责任)
take a chair与take the chair
这两个片语的意思并不相同。
Take a chair的意思是“坐下”、“坐在椅上”;chair 之前用不定冠词。例: Please take a chair.
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请坐。
Won't you take a chair?
为什么不坐啊?
Take the chair的意思是“开会”或“主持会议”。chair之前用定冠词。例: Who will take the chair today? 今日谁主持会议?
Mr.Li takes the chair today.??? 今日是李先生当主席。
另外,hold the chair却表示担任教授一职,例如She holds the chair of chemistry in the university。
值得我们注意的是,在英语中,许多片语由于用了不同的冠词而表示大不相同的涵义。例如:
within an hour 在一小时内(即在六十分钟之内)
within the hour 在这一个小时内(如某人在四点三刻说这句话,意思就是指在五点之前,而不是指四点三刻到五点三刻)
for the moment 目前;当这个时候(= at the moment)for a moment 片刻;一会儿 in the family way 怀孕;有喜
in a family way 不拘礼节(注意,在美国,in a family way)亦可以作“怀孕”解
not all,not any,not both,not either
这四个片语在涵义上各不相同。
not all的意思是“非全体”,相当于only some;not any的意思是“全不”,相当于none;not both作“仅一个”解,相当于only one;not either作“两个都个”解,相当于neither. 请对比下列各句:
I do not know all of them.
我仅认识他们之中的几个人(或一部分人)。I do not know any of them. 这些人我一个都不认识。
I do not know both of them. 在这两个人中,我只认识一个。I do not know either of them. 这两个人我一个也不认识。上面四个句子亦可改写为: I know some of them.
I know none of them.
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I know only one of them. I know neither of them.
值得注意的是,not all指“并不是所有的…都…”,not both指“并不是两个…都…”。在英语中,它们称为“部分否定”(partial negation)。另有一些英语副词和not 搭配使用时,也是表示类似的涵义。例: not always=sometimes not everywhere = somewhere not entirely=somewhat not wholly=in some degree/to some extent
of age,of an age,of the age
这三个片语的意义各不相同。
Of age是“成年”,其对语是under age“未成年”。例:
You are of age now.
你现在是成年人了。
In some countries boys come of age at sixteen. 在某些国家,男孩是十六岁成年。
Of an age是“同年”或“到了…年龄”。例: John and I are of an age. 约翰和我是同年。
Mary,you are of and age to understand such things!玛丽,你现在这么大,应该懂得这种事了!
Of the age是“当代的”、“近代的”。例: He is one of the greatest poets of the age. 他是当代最伟大的诗人之一。
You must know the spirit of the age. 你必须知道这个时代的精神是什么。
顺便在此提一句,(for)ages和(for)an age的意义完全相同,都是表示“很久”之意。例:
They kept me waiting for ages(or for an age). 他们叫我等了很长很长的时间。
It took ages/an age for them to arrive. 他们需要很长很长的时间才到达。好读书教育
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older与elder
这两个词都是形容词old的比较级,但词义和用法有所不同。
(一)older专指年龄的大小而言,既可用于一个家庭成员之间,又可用于非同一家庭成员之间;elder专用于同一个家庭成员之间的比较,有时用作转义,指职位、身份较高的人。例:
He is older than his brother. 他比他的兄弟年长。
Mr.Chen is older than I by two years. 陈先生比我大两年。
Tom is my elder brother. 汤姆是我的哥哥。
My elder brother is twelve years older than I. 我的哥哥比我大十二岁。
You are all elder statesmen. 你们都是政治元老/资深政客。
Tom,you should be humble enough.They are all our elders. 汤姆,你要谦虚些,他们都是我们的长辈。
(二)older只能用作形容词,常与than连用;elder 既可作形容词,又可作名词,它决不能和than连用(例句见上)。
(三)在美国,“哥哥”、“姐姐”有人用older brother 和older sister,而不用elder brother(sister)。
下面是初学英语的人常犯的错误: She is the older of the two.(错)She is the elder of the two.(对)这两个人中,她的年纪较大。He is my older.(错)He is my elder.(对)他的年龄比我大。
请注意,elder只能用来指人,不能指物;older既可以指人的年纪,也可以指物的新旧。例如:
Mary is three years older than Betty. This is the oldest temple in Hong Kong.
Oldest和eldest的区别与older和elder的区别相同。
one after another与one after the other
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On after another的意思是“先后”或“相继”,相当于in succession 或one by one。例:
Our factory has concluded with many counterparts in the United States,one after another,agreements of cooperation 我们的工厂先后与许多美国工厂订立了合作协约。
Many candidates of the New Territories,one after another,stood up and expressed their opinions.
许多新界的候选人一个接一个地站起来发表意见。
One after the other的意思是“交替地”,相当于alternately。例:
The college students,one after the other,expressed their opinions in the debate lessons 大学生在辩论课上轮流发表意见。
有些英美语法书说:one after another用于三者或三者以上的场合,而one after the other只能用于两者的场合。其实,实际情况并非如此。例如,在下例中: A dozen cars came out of the gate,one after another. 十多辆汽车一辆接一辆地驶出闸门。
有不少英美人士,在这种情况下,也用one after the other来表达。因为用one after the other表达时,说话人是把这些小汽车分为每“两辆”作为一组看待,两辆两辆轮流交替。用one after another时,说话人是把十几辆小汽车看作“一个连续不断的整体”,而不是以“二”作为一个单位看待。因此,one after the other也可用于指两者以上事物的场合。
应当在此补充一句,one another和each other也存在着类似的区别,但each other也可以用于三者或三者以上的场合,正如between和among一样,between亦可用于三者或三者以上的场合。
one… the other与the one… the other
这一对词组都用于指两样事物的场合,但涵义有所不同。
One…the other是“一个…另一个…”; the one…the other是“前者…后者…”,相当于the former…the latter。
试对比它们在下例的不同内涵和使用场合:
I have two sisters; one is twenty and the other is eighteen. 我有两个妹妹,一个是二十岁,另一个是十八岁。
Both my sisters are abroad; one in Burma and the other in Indonesia. 我的两个妹妹都在国外,一个在缅甸,另一个在印尼。
We have two cats,a white one and a black one;the one is larger than the other.
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我有两只猫,一只白的和一只黑的,白的比黑的那只长得大。
值得注意的是,the one现在是指前者,the other是指后者,而从前却恰好颠倒过来,the one指后者,the cther指前者
first与firstly
这两个词的意义很近似,又都有“首先”、“第一”之意,但使用场合不尽一致。
First的使用范围较大,可以作名词、形容词和副词,有时还可以代替firstly使用;firstly的运用范围较小,只能作副词,用于列举事实或理由的场合。
汉语里的“首先”、“第一”,在英语中是firstly、first of all、in the first place或干脆说first;但汉语中的“最后一点”,英语里却不说last,而是说lastly或last of all,这是应当记住的。
下面是first和firstly通用的例句: First(or Firstly),we dice the pork and marinate it and,second(or secondly),we prepare the dough for the pie.
首先,把猪肉切成肉丁并加醃料;其次是预备做馅饼的麦粉。
但在下列场合里,first却不可以和firstly替换使用:
We first(不能用firstly)go to Shenzhen,and then to Beijing. 我们先到深圳,然后上北京。
He who would eat the nut must first(不能用firstly)crack the shell. 要吃核果,必须先破壳。
下面是first作名词和形容词的例句:
The first of May is International Labour Day. 五月一日是国际劳动节。
The first question is whether the Government is willing to improve elementary education.
第一个问题是:政府是否愿意改造小学教育。
go to bed与go to sleep
这一对并非同义短语。
Go to bed的意思是“上床”、“就寝”,bed之前不能加定冠词the,也不能加this、that、your、my等词,因为它是固定词组。在下列的固定词组中,我们也不能加上列的词,否则意义将要改变:get to bed,put to bed,take to bed,lie in bed,out of bed等。例:
When did you go to bed last night?
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昨晚你几点钟上床?
I usually go to bed at eleven. 我通常十一点就寝。
Go to sleep的意思是“入睡”、“睡着”。因此,go to bed并不等于go to sleep。如所周知,一个失眠的人往往在go to bed之后过了很久也不能 go to sleep。例: Last night I was too excited to go to sleep. 昨晚我激动得不能入睡。
I went to sleep at two this morning!今晨两点我才睡着。
现将 go to bed和go to sleep用在一个句中,以便区别:
She usually goes to bed at nine and goes to sleep a few minutes afterwards. 她通常九点上床,几分钟后就入睡了。
hand in hand与hand to hand
这一对并不是同义短语。
Hand in hand的意思是“携手”、“手拉着手”、“与…联系”、“共同地”。例: Let's work hand in hand. 让我们携手合作吧。
Theory should go hand in hand with practice. 理论应与实际结合。
You must to hand in hand with us. 你们必须和我们步调一致。
Hand to hand的意思是“短兵相接”。例:
On boarding enemy's vessel,the marines fought hand to hand. 登上敌船后,水兵们短兵相接。
From hand to hand的意思是“传递”:
The workers passed bricks from hand to hand in the construction site. 工人们在建筑工地上用手传递砖块。
注:hand的短语甚多,常见的有:from hand to mouth(做一天吃一天);hand over fist(快速而大量地);on all hands(四面八方)。
hardly与scarcely
这一对副词都同样“几乎不”、“几乎没有”的否定意味,但涵义重心有细微的差异。
Hardly强调“困难”,指程度而言,常用以修饰表示能力的词,与can、ever、any等词连用。
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He hardly knew what to say. 他简直不知道说什么才好。
I can hardly believe that some socialites and dignitaries are involved in syndicated crime.
我简直不能相信,一些社会名流,达官政要竟然涉及集团罪行。
scarcely强调“不足”,主要指数量而言,常与enough、sufficient、any或数词连用。例:
When he played the piano he was scarcely four years old. 他懂得弹钢琴还不满四岁。
The tram was so crowded that there was scarcely sufficient room for you. 电车上十分拥挤,几乎没有你立足之地。
At midnight,scarcely any taxi could be found in the streets. 午夜时分,街上几乎看不到一辆的士。
请注意,在表示“一…就…”的涵义时,hardly…when…和scarcely…before…,可互换
使用。当hardly或scarcely放在句首时,主句中的主语和辅助动词的次序要颠倒。例如: Hardly(or Scarcely)had I entered the station when(or before)the last train left.
我刚进入火车站不久,火车就开走了。
during与for
介词for引导时间状语时,很易和during混淆不清。它们的区别如下:
(一)during用在已知的时期、节日或表示时间观念的名词之前,其后通常接the、this、that、these、those、my、your、his……等词。例: during the last four days(the spring of 1995)during the winter(war,economic crisis of 1929)during that time(the course of the play)during my holidays(summer vacation)during her absence(interview)
during our stay in Japan(their visit here)
而for则用以表示“有限的”或“无限的”时间概念,通常其后接冠词、数词,复数名词或副词ever。例如:
for the first time(a time,a while)for a couple of weeks(days)
for two months(weeks)
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for years(months)for ever(ages)
(二)during的涵义是“当……之际”,它既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行,也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生。如:
He was sick for a week and during that week he was placed in an infirmary. 他病了一个星期,在这个星期里,他住在护养院。
It snowed all day but stopped snowing during that night. 下了一整天雪,到晚上才停了。
而for的涵义是指某个动作在某个时期里处于连续不断的状态。如: They worked for the whole day. 他们干了一整天。
在某些场合下,for含有“预先安排”或“为了某一目的”之涵义。表示此意味时,大都和come、go、stay、lend、rent、hire等词连用。例: I went to Europe for the holidays. 我到欧洲度假去了。
They will stay with us for the New Year. 他们将和我们在一起,共度新年。We're off for our honeymoon.
我们要去度蜜月。
May I borrow your camera for Christmas? 我可否借你的照相机在圣诞节时使用?
by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself?
这四个词组的意义有所不同。
By oneself的意思是“单独地”、“靠自己地”(alone or independently)。例: His father lives by himself in the village. 他的父亲独自一个人住在村里。
All his friends have deserted him and he is all by himself now. 他所有的朋友都离弃他,现在他孤独一人。
For oneself的意义为“为自己”(for himself or for herself)。例: One should not live only for oneself.
人不应单为自己而活。
In oneself的意思是“就其本身或本性而言”。例: This wood is hard in itself. 这种木头本要就是硬的。
Of oneself的意思是“自然地”、“自发地”、“自动地”(of one's own accord)。例:
Every day I awake of myself at half past five.
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每天早上我都是五点半就自己醒来。The door opened of itself. 门是自己开的。
The fire went out of itself. 火自己熄灭了。
与上列四个短语相类似的还有两个词组,即beside oneself和 to oneself,前者义:“失常”、“发狂”;后者是“独自占有或享用”。例: He was beside himself with joy. 他欣喜若狂。
When one dines in a restaurant,one likes a table to oneself. 人们在饭店吃饭时,总是喜欢独占一桌。
Oneself和 one's self的区别也是值得我们注意的。Oneself是反身强调代词,意指自己;one's self则是代词加名词,意指个人的本性。它们的区别如同myself和my self;yourself和your self ;himself和his self;ourselves 和our selves ;themselves和their selves一样。例: She made a cup of tea for herself. 她为自己烧了一杯茶。
She looked just like her old self. 她看上去和从前依然一模一样。
请注意,myself可以在句中表示me的涵义,这是其他反身代词所没有的特性。例:
They invited my father and myself(=me)to their party. 他们邀请我父亲和我参加他们的聚会。
He saw neither myself nor Mary in the street. 在马路上他既没有看见我,也没有看见玛丽。
China与china
这两个词都是名词,读音相同,但意义有别。
China(首字母大写)是“中国”,指 the People's Republic of China;china(首字母小写)是“瓷器”,尤指优质瓷器。例: This car is made in China. 这辆汽车是中国制造的。
She laid out a small tray with the best china on the table. 她把盛着上等瓷具的小托盆放在桌上。
与之类似区别的词有: Turkey 土耳其 turkey 火鸡 Japan日本
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japan 漆;(日本式)漆器 Guinea 几内亚
guinea 几尼(旧英车金币名,全21先令)
有趣的是,类似区别的现象不但出现于单词中,也见诸于短语里。如: in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums。前者的意思是“在Doldrums海域里”。Doldrums位于非洲海岸大西洋内,是个热带无风带。该海域的特点为,当大西洋其他地区刮大风时,海浪滔天,而the Doldrums 海面依旧平静如常,后来人们由此而引伸出另一个意义,当他们感到“意志消沉”、“毫无生气”或“闷闷不乐”时,就用 to be in the doldrums这个短语来表示。现在请对比 in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums在下列句中的不同涵义:
Our ocean liner is now sailing in the Doldrums. 我们的轮船现在正在Doldrums海域航行。
Recently,trade appeared to be in the doldrums.近来商业一片萧条。
You look as though you were in the doldrums.Cheer up!看来你的意志颇消沉,振作点吧!
close与near
用作形容词时,close很易与near混淆不清。
Close的意思是“紧接时”、“靠近时”、“近傍时”,涵义比near强。它既可以指地点、时间和次序上的接近,也可以指感情上的接近。例: My house is close to the public library. 我的家靠近公共图书馆。
The examination is close at hand. 考期已逼近。
She is close with him:They are very close friends. 她和他很亲密:他门是很亲密的朋友。First cousins are close relatives. 堂/表兄弟是近亲。
His father is close on ninety years of age. 他的父亲将近九十岁。
Close to 4,000 young men and women took part in this sportsmeet. 大约有四千名男女青年参加了这个运动会。
Near有时可以和close互换使用,但涵义比close弱。例如:我们形容两幢相近可见的房屋时,用near;而形容屋檐相接的两幢房屋时,则用close。因此,near并不像close具有紧接的意味,而是用以指距离较近或不久将要发生和实现之事。near有时亦可指关系和感情的密切。例:
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In Hong Kong,residential houses are quite near(to)the airport 在香港住宅很接近机场。
Is Tiger Balm Garden near or far? 虎豹别墅离这里是近还是远?
In the near future they can complete this arduous task. 在不久的将来,他们就可以完成这项艰巨的任务。All of them are my near relations. 他们都是我的近亲。
Near有时还可用以表示“吝啬”的意味。例: He is very near with his money. 他很吝啬。
请注意,“近视眼”是near-sighted,不用close,“近东”是the Near East,也不能用close。
college,institute,university
这三个词都能表示“高等学府”之义,但内涵和使用场合有所不同。
一般说来,college译作“学院”,它是university(大学)的一个组成部分,例如,一所综合大学里设有文学院、理学院、医学院等,故一所大学往往是由多所较小的college合并而成。值得注意的是,在英国,大学称为university,而在美国大学称为college;有些规模较小的大学也可称之为junior college。
“学院”一字的英语对应词很多,除了college之外,尚有institute,academy,school,conservatory,centre和faculty等字,例如以前的上海和北京的外语学院均用institute一词,麻省理工学院(MIT)也叫institute;美国的西点军校用academy;独立的音乐学院或大学多用conservatory或academy(欧洲多用);但一所大学内的音乐学院则叫School of Music或College of Music。西方有些医学院称之为medical centre;英国大学的学院则大都用school,如London School of Economics,较小的学院称为faculty,如Faculty of Science、Faculty of Arts,而神学院则用seminary一词。
Institute一般也译作“学院”,但它着重表示单科的或专科性的院校,例如,在中国,一般的铁道、航空、邮电、美术等学院均用institute一词。值得注意的是,世界著名的学府MIT(麻省理工学院)是一所多学科性的大学,但它依然用institute一词,即:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,既为世人所知,就没有必要把它改称为university了。
由此可见,用词不同多因地区不同而发生:college 在美国指大学,在英国则指学院,甚至中学;所以香港的中学很少称为middle school而叫college。school一词则既指大学学院,也解作一般中小学校。
有趣的是,university一词可以和college连用。英国有个以研究英语语音学 好读书教育
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而闻名于世的学者,叫Daniel Jones,年轻时,他曾攻读于伦敦的一所称为University College School。这里的University College是专有名词,用作定语,修饰School。
concerned与concerning
这两个词的词义并不相同,用法亦有异。
Concerned是分词形容词,其意为“有关的”(involved);concerning是由分词转换而成的介词,其意为“关于”(relating to)。请看下面的例句: This agreement will be signed by the parties concemed. 此协议将由各有关方面签署。
They called on all departments concemed to take prompt steps to promote the development of light industry.
他们要求各有关部门迅速采取措施,促进轻工业发展。
由例句可见,concerned用作形容词解作“有关的”时,是后置定语,大都放在它所修饰的名词之后。但在verb“to be”之后而同样解作“关于”时,则要用be concerned with的形式,如:
This book is concerned with English usage. 此书是与英语惯用法有关。
值得注意的是,concerned(亦可表示动词之意)也可解作“关心”、“担心”解,与之搭配的介词为at、about或,用作此意时,concerned也是形容词。例: He was deeply concerned at the news. 听到这个消息时,他深为担忧。
We are all concerned about the pollution of the environment here. 对这里的环境爱到污染,我们都感到不安。
Parents are naturally conerned for their children's safety. 父母自然关心他们儿女的安全。
下面是concerning的例句:
This is a proposal concerning the construction of the new airport. 这是关于兴建新机场的一项建议。
Yesterday we wrote him a letter concerning the business arrangement. 昨天我们就业务安排问题写了一封信给他。
在个别场合下,concerned with可以和concerning互换使用,原因是从句which are concerned with中的which are 省略了。例如: We had several disputes concerning/(which are)concerned with this matter. 关于此事,我们曾争论过数次。
请注意,下列语句的区别:
They were concerned(worried)about the matter. 他们为此事而担忧。
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They were concerned(implicated)in the matter. 他们参与此事。
They were concemed(connected)with the matter. 他们与此事有关。
此外,作为特定词组,as far as I am concerned解作in my opinion;as far as sth is concerned解作concerning sth/ talking about sth。例: As far as I'm concerned,this plan is impractical. 依我来看,这个计划不切实际。
As far as funding is concerned,some banks have agreed to provide loans. 关于资金方面,一些银行同意提供贷款
第二篇:2017年高中常用词汇辨析
2017最新高中词汇辨析
这些词或短语都有“发生”的意思,都不可以用于被动语态,但用法各不相同,区别如下:
take place 表示“发生”,一般指事件的发生一定有某种原因或事先的安排。通常指“(某事)按计划进行或按计划发生。”
Great changes have taken place in our hometown during the past ten years.此外还有“举行”之意。
The concert takes place next Thursday.happen 作“发生”解,常指具体事件的发生,特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”,一般用于偶然或突发性事件。
A storm happened across the river in another country.此外还有“碰巧”之意。
I happened to see him on my way home.= It happened that I saw him on my way home.= It happened that I saw him on my way home.occur 作“发生”解,其意义相当于 happen。What has occurred?(= What has happened?)A big earthquake occurred(= happened)in the south of China last month.此外还有“想到、突然想起”之意。
It occurred to me that she didn't know I had moved into the new house.温馨提示:Sth.occur to sb./ it occur to sb.that…“某人突然想起…”
come about 表示“发生、产生”,多指事情已经发生了,但还不知道为什么,常用于疑问句和否定句。
When Mother woke up, she didn't know what had come about.I'll never understand how it came about that you were late three times a week.Do you know how the air accident came about?
break out 意思为“发生、爆发”,常指战争、灾难、疾病或者争吵等事件的发生。
A fire broke out in the hospital in the mid-night.After the flood, diseases broke out here and there.练习:
B 1.____ is known to us all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.A.It B.What C.As D.Which 08福建
A 2.Great changes have taken place in that school.It is no longer____ it was 20 years ago, ____ it was so poorly equipped.A.what;when B.that;which C.what;which D.which;that 05安徽
2017最新高中词汇辨析
D 3.Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it______ yesterday.A.was happening B.happens C.has happened D.happened 06全国1 D 4.---Tom is never late for work.Why is he absent today?---Something ________ to him.A.must happen B.should have happened C.could have happened D.must have happened 05江西
D 5.I don't know whether you happen___ , but I’m going to study in the U.S.A.this September.A.to be heard B.to be hearing C.to hear D.to have heard 04辽宁
C 6.I _____ along the street looking for a place to park when the accident _______.A.went;was occurring B.went;occurred C.was going;occurred D.was going;had occurred 06安徽 C 7.It never occurred to me _____ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.A.which B.what C.that D.if 10陕西
A 8.I was still sleeping when the fire ___, and then it spread quickly.A.broke out B.put out C.came out D.got out 06广东
C 9.It's already 10 o'clock I wonder how it ____ that she was two hours late on such a short trip.A.came over B.came o suffer 经受,使遭受(坏事,不愉快的事),其宾语一般是loss, pain, punishment, defeat, wrong, hardship, torture, grief, injustice, discouragement, disappointment等。
I will not suffer such conduct.我不能容忍这种行为。
They suffered huge losses in the financial crisis.他们在经济危机时遭受了巨大损失。
suffer from 因……而痛苦
1.suffer from+疾病名词(或者他人闲言碎语、劳累、记忆力减退等),表示患病、为……受苦。
She suffers from headache.她患头痛病。
I'm suffering from a lack of time this week.我为这周时间不够用而苦。2.suffer from+自然灾害
suffer from drought 遭受旱灾;suffer from floods 遭受水灾
注:有时二者区别不大,可换用。
suffer hunger 挨饿; suffer from cold and hunger饥寒交迫 let alone, not to speak of, still less 等更不用说
Fewer and fewer of today's workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field, ________ the same company.A)all else B)much worse C)less likely D)let alone
2017最新高中词汇辨析
这道题的答案是D。题目的意思是:今天,越来越少的人愿意在同一领域工作一辈子,更不用说在同一家公司了。
let alone是一个固定短语,意思是“更不用说”。又如:
1.英国人自己也常常不能确定什么是俚语,更不用说外国人了。
Englishmen themselves are often uncertain what is slang and what isn't, let alone foreigners.(《英汉大词典》)
2.他连买一辆旧汽车的钱都不够,更不用说买一辆新的了。
He didn't even have enough money to buy a used car, let alone a new one.(《英语惯用短语词典》)
3.这婴儿连走路都不会,更不用说跑了。
The baby can't even walk, let alone run.(《简明英语短语辞典》)
除let alone外,“更不用说”在英语中还可用其它一些短语来表达,常见的有not to speak of, not to mention, to say nothing of, much/still/even less, much/still more等。现结合例句简介如下:
一﹑not to speak of(后接名词)
1.他的朋友和同事都会为此事难过,更不用说他的父母了。
His friends and colleagues will be very upset, not to speak of his parents.(《英汉大词典》)
2.这位学者精通拉丁语,至于他的本族语--英语就更不用说了。
The scholar is well versed in Latin, not to speak of English which is his native language.(《英语惯用短语辞典》)
3.他会说德语和法语,更不用说英语了。
He can speak German and French, not to speak of English.(《最新高级英汉词典》)
二﹑ not to mention或without mentioning(后接名词)
1.他们连法国香槟酒也端来给我们喝,更不用说平常的鸡尾酒了。
We were served French champagne, not to mention usual cocktail.(《英汉大词典》)
2.这孩子算术还没学会,更不用说代数了。
The boy has not learnt arithmetic, not to mention algebra.(《新英汉词典》)
3.大人﹑小孩都不赞成这个建议,更不用说年轻人了。
Old folks and children alike are all against the proposal , not to mention the youth.(《英汉六用词典》)
三﹑ to say nothing of(后接名词或动名词)
1.这个句子别扭得很,更不用说它语义晦涩了。
This sentence is very awkward, to say nothing of its being obscure.(《简明英语短语辞典》)
2.许多人受了重伤,更不用说房屋的毁坏了。
Many people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.(《最新高级英汉词典》)
四﹑much/still/even less(后接代词﹑动词或句子)
1.我想都未想到它,更不用说讲到它了。
I never think of it, much less say it.(《英语惯用短语辞典》)
2017最新高中词汇辨析
2.她连自己的工作都不能及时完成,更不用说帮助别人了。
She can't finish her own work in time, even less help others.(《英语惯用法大词典》)
3.他看都看不懂英语,更不用说教了。
He can't read English;still less can he teach it.(《英汉六用词典》)
五﹑never mind(常用于口语)
I can't walk, never mind run.我连走都不行,更不用说跑了。(《英汉大词典》)
六﹑much/ still more(用于肯定句,后接名词或介词短语)
1.她法语都懂,英语就更不用说了。
She knows French, much more English.(《最新高级英汉词典》)
2.他对我很和善,更不用说对我哥哥了。
He is kind to me, still more to my elder brother.(《英语惯用短语词典》)
七、much/ still less(后接动词或句子)
1.她连饮料都不愿喝一杯,更别提留下吃饭了。
She wouldn't take a drink, much less stay for dinner.(《英汉大词典》)
2.法语不是法国人的私有财产,英语就更不成其为英国人的私有财产了。
French is not the private property of Frenchmen, and still less is English the private property of Englishmen.(《英汉大词典》)much less, still less引导的词组或从句,表示一种追加的否定。
less是由little的否定意义而来的,所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中,意为“更不用说、更不必说”。
to say nothing of, not to speak of ,not to mention, let alone这四个词组意为“更不消说”,也是一种追补的说法。但它们与much less和still less有所不同,这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定,则追加的也是肯定意义。如果前一句是否定,则追加的也是否定意义。
We have no room for another house guest, let alone an entire family.she can't boil potatoes, let alone cook a meal.He was too tired to walk, let alone run.The father can't even discipline himself much less setting a good example to his children.想一想:这句话中的much less为什么不能用let 例句辨异
Don't give him anymore stress.He's had a difficult day.别再给他增加压力!一天够难为他的了。
Don't give him anymore pressure.He can't work any faster.别再对他施压了!他无法再快了。
词义辨析
以上两个词中文意思相近,有时多少可以互相替换使用,但一般情况下应该使用哪个词都已经预定俗成。
2017最新高中词汇辨析
stress和pressure都指压迫人的力量。物理学上,stress指将物体朝两个不同方向牵引的力.pressure指将物体朝同一方向推的力。用于人时,stress指使人感到内心痛苦的各种原因,pressure则指强制或促使某种行动的外部压力。因此stress通常为不好的东西.而适当增加pressure有时却是件好事。Stress results when one feels pulled in two different directiones.Pressure is the result of being pushed to do more or to do something that one does not want to do.扩展练习因压力成病
a stress-caused illness(常用表达)
a pressure-caused illness(错误的英语表达或英美人认为不地道的表达)stress会带来内心的痛苦,显示出的状态是a stress-caused illness。难以忍受的压力
unbearable stress(常用表达)unbearable pressure(常用表达)
都可以用,…stress 指由于各种各样的原因而感到内心痛苦,…pressure指被别人强制做某事的状态。来自伙伴的压力
peer stress(错误的英语表达或英美人认为不地道的表达)peer pressure(常用表达)
peer pressure 指伙伴硬性劝烟等情况,peer stress 意思不明。
第三篇:5 英语考试常用词汇、词组辨析
在职攻硕英语考试常用词汇、词组辨析
本部分将常用易混词和词组归纳为127例,进行详细的辨析,并举例说明,以便于考生掌握使用。以下这些词大部分出现在大纲词表上,考生应在学习中特别注意加以区分。(1)abroad adv./aboard adv./board n.&v.前两个词是副词,词形相近,容易记混。这两个词的意思差异很大。abroad意为“在国外”;而aboard的意思是“登(机),上(车船等)”,与动词go搭配来表示登机等;最后一个词board常用来表示“登机,上船”,是动词。
例:I have decided to study abroad next year.我已决定明年去国外读书。It is time to go aboard.现在该登机了。
We are asked to board half an hour before departure time.起飞前半小时之内,我们必须登机。(2)absorb v./concentrate v.absorb原义为“吸收”,引申词义为“吸引(注意力,精力等)”,常用于be absorbed in sth.表示“被„„吸引住,专注于”;concentrate的意思是“集中精神,全神贯注,聚精会神”,多与on或upon连用。例:The picture absorbed my attention.我被这幅画迷住了。
He found his brother absorbed in the watching of the match.他发现弟弟在聚精会神地看比赛。
She tried to concentrate on her work in the university.她试图专心致志地在大学里工作。
(3)accomplish vt./complete vt.&a./achieve vt.accomplish的词义是“成功地完成每项任务”,尤其指经过一定努力后完成;complete主要指“全部完成了,没有剩下”,另外complete也是形容词,意为“完整的,完全的”;achieve与accomplish相近,指“经过努力最终达到预期的目标”。
例:I knew that I had accomplished something during my first year in Beijing.我知道在北京的第一年我已经取得了一些成就。
I have just completed the revision of this report.我刚刚完成对报告的修订。
He went to London without having achieved any success.他一事无成便去了伦敦。
(4)accurate a./correct a./exact a.accurate的意思是“精确的,准确的”;correct的意思是“正确的,没有错误的”;exact的意思是“确切的,正好的”。
例:I need an accurate figure on what we have lost in the battle.1 我需要有关战事损失的准确数字。
This is not the correct answer to that question.这不是那个问题的正确答案。
These are the exact tools those people used several thousand years ago.这些人几千年前用的就是这种工具。
(5)acquire v./require v./inquire v.这几个词词形、发音相近,容易记混。acquire的意思是“经过自己的努力获得,习得”;require的意思是“要求”;inquire的意思是“调查,询问,打听”。例:She has acquired a new set of interests.她现在又有了一些新的爱好。
The rules require us all to be present.按规定我们都要出席。
Why don’t you inquire by telephone? 你为什么不打电话询问一下呢?
(6)actual a./genuine a./original a./real a./practical a.actual指“实际上”、“事实上”存在或发生的事情,或人所共知的客观事实;genuine指与真实情况“一模一样”,“名符其实”,“真心的”;original指信息或消息等“原原本本”的情况,见解等“独到而非抄袭别人”;real指“真实存在的,不是假的或捏造的;practical指从实践、实用角度讲“实事求是的,可行的,有实际经验的”。
例:The actual cost of repairs was a lot less than we had expected.实际的修理费用比我们预期的要低得多。This ring is genuine gold.这枚戒指是真金的。
This is an original play, not an adaptation.这是一本原创剧本,不是改编而成的。
He is just a recent graduate experiencing the real world for the first time.他只是一个刚毕业首次体验现实世界的毕业生。
This kind of product is worthless for all practical purposes.这种产品毫无实用价值。(7)adapt v./adopt v.这两个词拼写只差一个字母,非常容易记混。adapt的意思是“改编,改作„„用,适应”;adopt是“收养,采用,采纳”。
例:I suggest that he should adapt himself to new conditions.我建议他要适应新的环境。
This play has been skillfully adapted from the original novel.改编者很熟练地将原小说改编成一部戏剧。
We can adapt this old house for use as a garage.我们可以将这座旧房改造成一个车库。
Her mother had adopted a disapproving attitude.她母亲采取了不赞成的态度。
They have decided to adopt me as their own daughter.他们已决定收养我做女儿。
(8)adequate a./sufficient a.adequate常用来表示“充足的,完备的,完善的,胜任的”;sufficient则表示“在数量上是足够的,多的”。在表示充足的含义上前者更强调足够用来做某事,而后者则表示多,不缺乏。例:His wages are adequate to support these people。他的收入足以养活这些人。
Two pounds of orange will be sufficient for the party,don’t buy more.两磅柑桔就够聚会用的了,不必再多买了。(9)administration n./management n.这两个名词都是与管理有关的名词。administration的主要含义是“行政管理,政府等”,而management比前者的含义广,它可以指“包括企业管理在内的各种管理,经营”,也可以指“行政管理”。例:An executive should be experienced in administration.一个管理者应有行政管理的经验。
Nothing was done by the last administration.上届政府什么事也没干。
The management of the business has been done very well.这个企业管理得很好。
She is going to report the whole thing to the management.她将向领导做全面汇报。
(10)admit v./allow v./permit v./approve v.这几个词都有“同意,批准,允许”的意思,要注意区别运用。admit的意思是“同意进入,允许进入”(常与to连用);allow泛指“一般的同意,允许”;permit常用来表示“上下级之间的允许,批准”;approve的主要意思是“批准(条文,协议等),赞同”(常与of连用)。例:This ticket will admit two to the opening ceremony of the exhibition.这张展览会开幕式的入场券可允许两人入场。
His mother didn’t allow him to watch TV before he finished his homework.不做完作业,他母亲不许他看电视。
This state permits the sale of alcoholic beverages.本州允许销售酒精类饮料。
Do you think my father would permit this? 你认为我父亲会同意这样做吗? Congress approved the budget.国会批准了该预算。I do not approve at all of his moral character.我根本不赞同他的道德品格。
(11)advantage n./merit n./virtue n.advantage的主要意思是“优势,好处”,为可数名词,常用于短语take advantage of sth.;merit的主要意思是“优点,长处,好处,可取之处”,是可数名词,也是不可数名词;virtue的主要意思是“美德,品德,优点”,主要从事物的品质或价值的角度讲优点。例:I said we could see certain advantages in a change.我是说我们可以在改变中看到其优势。He knew the merit of his work.他了解他的工作的优点。
One of his virtues is that he never gets angry.他的美德之一就是他从不生气。
(12)affair n./event n./incident n.affair的意思是“有关的事,事务,活动等”,如foreign affairs(外事),也常指婚外恋;event指“每日里发生的事件,事或活动,比赛项目”;incident同event意思相近,指“事件,事”,尤指较重大的、有影响的政治事件等。
例:They have no right to interfere in the domestic affairs of Iran.他们无权干涉伊朗的内政。
The affair remained a complete mystery.那件事至今还是个谜。
The important event of the week was the big storm.那一周中的大事就是那场大暴风雪。
Coming events in the village include a dance-show and a treat for the school children.村里即将发生的大事,就是招待学校的孩子们和舞蹈表演。Our team won the silver medal in this event.我们队获得该项目的银牌。
On the very day before I left, an incident occurred.事件就发生在我要离开的当天。
There were several incidents on the frontier between the two nations in the 50s.50年代两国边境发生了许多大事。(13)afford v./offer v./provide v.afford的意思是“有条件担负,支付得起”;offer的意思是“给予,提出,出价”;provide的意思是“提供,供给,为„„做准备”,常与for, with一起连用。例:John can’t afford to give so much time to it.约翰花不起这么多时间来做这件事。
I don’t think we’ll be able to afford any travel any more.我想我们没钱再旅行了。They were friendly and even offered assistance.他们很友好,甚至表示愿意帮助我们。
Mrs.Baines offered no comment on Susan’s situation.贝恩太太对苏珊的处境未做任何评论。
On Sundays his landlord provided dinner as well as breakfast.周日,他的房东为他既提供早餐又提供晚餐。
He provided for his family by working in a factory。他靠在工厂做工来养家。
We must provide for the future.我们必须为将来做好准备。(14)alarm n.&v./warn n.&v.alarm的意思是“提醒,警告”,有使警觉,使做好准备的意思;warn的意思主要指“警告,告诫”,有事先告诉可能发生的事,警告说„„的意思。
例:There were several alarms during the night but no actual air raid actually took place.当夜,空袭警报拉响了数次,但并没有飞机来袭。He warned us that the road was icy.他警告我们说道路很滑。
(15)alike a.&adv./ identical a.这两个词都有长得一样,长得像的意思。alike是副词也是形容词,只做表语用;identical是形容词,意思是“同一个,完全相同”,除了作表语,也可以在名词前做定语,可用于词组be identical with。例:My brother and I are exactly alike.我兄弟和我长得一模一样。
It’s the identical coat which was stolen from my wife.这就是我妻子丢失的那件上衣。Your pen is identical with mine.你这支钢笔和我那支完全一样。
(16)area n./region n./zone n./district n.area通常用于面积可测量或计算的地区,界限明确,但不指行政区划。如:60 years ago, half French people were still living in the rural area.region常指地理上有天然界限或具有某种特色(如气候、自然条件)自成一个单位的地区。如:the Arctic regions北极地区。另外region也指较大的行政单位。如:Xinjiang Autonomous Region.zone通常指地理上的“(地)带”,尤指图表上的环形地带。如:refugees from the war zone从战争地区来的难民。district指行政划分的区,比region小,通常指市镇内的一区。如:Hai dian district海淀区
(17)alive a./live a./vivid a./lively a.alive指“活着的,处于工作状态的”的意思,和dead反义,常作表语。live指“有生命的”,即having life,“正处于工作状态”的意思。vivid指人的表情、故事等“生动”、“逼真”、“活泼”等。lively指人及生物等充满生机和活力,即“活泼的”、“充满生气的”。(18)affect v./influence v.这两个词都有“影响”的意思。
1)affect vt.作“影响”讲时可分三种情况:
① 直接的、有形的力量作用于某事物或事件并使之发生变化。
例:They try to affect the size of a crop by using fertilizer.他们施肥料以使庄稼长大。
② 用于表示对某事物或事产生不好的影响。
例:Exposure to intense light affects one’s eyes adversely.暴露在强光之下会损害眼睛。
③ 指对另外一个人感情上的影响,感染,感动。例:Music affects some people very strongly.音乐对一些人有强烈的感染力。
He was much affected at the sad sight.他深为这一悲伤的情景所感动。
2)influence通常指“不易觉察到的、潜移默化的影响”,往往是间接的,通过说服或以实际行动树立榜样而对他人产生影响。
例:He was influenced by a middle school teacher to take up the study of medicine.他受到一位中学教师的影响而学了医。(19)allowance n./tuition n.allowance 的意思是“生活费,补贴”;tuition的意思是“学费”。
例:They gave her a small allowance but didn’t pretend to like her work.他们给她一小笔生活费,但对她的工作却不甚满意。
At this school the tuition is free,but you have to pay for the books you need.这所学校免收学费,但书费要你自己负担。(20)amaze v./amuse v.这两个词词形相近,容易混。amaze的意思是“使惊愕,使惊讶”;amuse的意思是“使开心,使高兴”。这两个词用于被动式时,后而都接介词at(be amazed/amused at sth.)。例:She was amazed at the man’s sympathy with life.这个男人对生命的同情态度让她感到很惊讶。A clown’s job is to amuse the spectators.马戏团小丑的工作就是逗观众开心。
(21)announce v./declare v./claim v.announce的意思是“通知,宣布(结果,决定等)”;declare的意思是“宣布(公告,法律等),声明”;claim意为“声称,要求得到,认领”。
例:She announced that the singer would give one extra song.她宣布歌手将再加唱一首歌。
The United States and China had declared their normalization of diplomatic relations.中美双方宣布了双边外交关系的正常化。
They declared martial law in the mining communities.他们宣布对矿区实行军事管制。
If anybody owns this camera, will he or she please come forward and claim it? 请这部相机的失主前来认领。
She claims to be as good a pianist as Themelis!她声称自己的钢琴弹得与Themelis一样棒。(22)annoyed a./upset a.annoyed的意思是“不快的,恼火的”(比angry的程度要低),从生气的角度讲不高兴;upset的意思是“不高兴,难过,不舒服”,从感到别扭的角度讲不高兴。例:She was annoyed at your saying that.你这么说让她很不自在。
I’ll be quite upset now, if you don’t come.如果你不来,我会很不安的。
(23)apparatus n./instrument n./device n./appliance n.apparatus主要指“器械,装置,仪器,器官”;instrument主要指“仪器,工具,乐器”;device指“器具,装置,仪表,手段”;appliance指“器具,器械,家用电器等”。例:The television men set up their apparatus, ready to film.摄制组的人架好机器准备开拍。
All surgical instruments must be sterilized before use.手术前,所有手术器械必须消毒。
The television receiver is an electronic device.电视接收机是一种电子设备。
The kitchen is equipped with modern appliances.厨房装备了现代化的炊事用具。(24)appoint v./assign v.appoint的意思是“任命,指派,委任”,后多跟职位一类的名词;assign的相关意思是“分配,分派,指定”,后多跟具体的工作。
例:They appointed him Minister of Education.他们任命他为教育部长。
She was appointed to the Chairmanship of the Committee.她被任命为委员会的主席。
The problem was assigned to a commission.这项任务交给了一个特别委员会去处理。I assign you to wash the dishes.我分配你去洗盘子。
(25)approach n./method n.这两个词都可以表示方法。approach常指“针对某一问题的解决处理方法”,后跟介词to;method泛指“任何方法”,适用范围比approach要广,后常跟介词of。例:There is no very easy approach to mathematics.数学研究上没有什么捷径。
It is surprising that they should choose this method of passing the evening.很奇怪,他们怎么会选择这种方式来打发这个晚上。(26)approve v./permit v./admit v.approve指较正式地对某种事情表示认可、赞同或批准;permit指允许、不禁止某人干某事;admit指容纳,允许进入,承认。
例:The mayoress approved the new building plans.女市长批准了新建筑计划。
She won’t permit dogs in the house.她不准许家中有狗。He was admitted to the commission.他被该委员会接纳。(27)arise v./arouse v.arise是不及物动词,意为“发生,产生,出现”;arouse是及物动词,意为“引起,激起,唤起”。例:A democratic movement has arisen.一场民主运动应运而生。We aroused him from his deep sleep.我们把他从睡梦中唤醒。(28)assemble v./resemble v.这两个词词形与发音相近,assemble意为“集中,集合,装配”;resemble意为“相像”。例:People began to assemble on the platform.人们开始向月台聚集。In that factory they can assemble a car in less than 15 minutes.在那家工厂,工人们不到15分种就装配好一部汽车。Smith resembles his father very much in all his ways.史密斯各方面都象他的父亲。
(29)assure v./ensure v./insure v./reassure v.assure和ensure都有“保证,确保”之意。assure指十分肯定地向某人保证某事一定要发生,使其放心,因此后面往往跟人做宾语。ensure则强调能保证某种行为或某事件的结果一定发生。insure特指保险,替„„做保险;reassure意为“使人放心,使人安心,再向„„保证”。例:I assure you of the reliability of the information.我可以向你保证这消息是可靠的。
Ensure that it is written into your contract.你得保证把这一点写到合同中去。Is your house insured against fire? 你的房子做了防火保险了吗?
The woman was worried about the dangers of taking aspirins, but her doctor reassured her.这名妇女担心服用阿司匹林会带来危险,她的医生让她放心,不会有危险的。(30)assess v./access n.这两个词词形与发音很相近,容易搞混。assess是动词,意为“评估,估价”;access是名词,意为“通路,能接近或使用”,后常跟介词to。
例:The value of the property has been assessed at $70,000.这处房产的估价为7万美元。
They sent someone to assess the value of the factory.他们派人去评估那家工厂的价值。
The only access to the building is along the muddy track.通往那座建筑物的惟一通道就是这条泥泞的小路。
Only senior students have the access to this reading room.只有高年级的同学才能进这间阅览室。
(31)attach v./stick v.attach的主要意思是“附加,附着”,强调附加;stick的主要意思是“粘贴,贴附于,紧贴着,固定”,强调紧密。
例:Wires are then attached to the ends of the electrodes.然后将导线接到电极的一端。
There was a nice little present for everyone, with a suitable poem attached.每人都有一份礼物,每份礼物都附有一首得体的小诗。Just stick 2 stamps on the envelope.在信封上贴上两张邮票。
He stuck a rose in his buttonhole.他在扣眼里插了一枝玫瑰。
(32)attribute to/owe to/due to attribute to意为“归因于,认为是„„的结果”;owe to意为“„„应归功于„„”;due to意为“由于,因„„造成,归功于”,常用作表语或状语。
例:Mr.Dolittle attributes his good health to careful living.杜德先生把自己的健康体魄归功于审慎的生活方式。If I have improved in any way, I owe it all to you.如果我有所进步的话,那应该归功于你。His absence was due to the storm.由于风暴他未能出席。
He failed due to carelessness.他的粗心导致了他的失败。
(33)wake v./awake v.&a./waken v./awaken v.wake为动词,意思是“叫醒,醒来,唤醒”;awake意为“醒来,叫醒”,作形容词时意为“醒着”;waken是动词,意为“叫醒,闹醒”;awaken是动词,意为“叫醒”,多用于引申意义“觉醒,引起”。这四个词中最常用的是wake,尤其在口语中;awake和awaken多用其引申意义;awake常用作不及物动词;awaken/waken多用作及物动词。
例:My brother wakes at seven each morning.我弟弟每天早上7点钟醒来。This at once awakened suspicion.9 这马上引起了大家的怀疑。
When he awoke Joseph was beside him.当他醒来时,约瑟夫就在他身边。The national spirit awoke.民族精神觉醒了。
She gently wakened the sleeping child.她轻轻地叫醒熟睡的孩子。(34)award v.&n./prize v.&n.award作动词意为“发给„„奖品等”,作名词意为“奖品,奖金等”;prize作动词意为“珍视”,作名词意为“奖品,奖金”,也可以指“宝贵的物或人”,prize还可以作形容词,意为“获奖的”。例:The Olympic winner received a gold medal as an award.奥林匹克冠军获得了金牌的奖励。They awarded him the Nobel prize.他们为他颁发诺贝尔奖。
Prizes will be given for the three best stories.三部最佳作品将获奖。
Jane soon became popular for a prize rose.简因那枝获奖玫瑰而远近闻名。As a secretary she was a prize.她真是一个不可多得的秘书。(35)aware a./notice v.&n.aware意为“意识到的,认识到的”,常用词组be aware of;notice意为“注意到,察觉到”,notice还可以作名词,意为“通知,注意”。
例:She was not aware of his presence till he spoke to her.直到他跟她讲话她才注意到他的存在。She is politically aware.她很有政治头脑。
Did you notice anything else peculiar? 你有没有注意到任何特别的东西? They sent me a notice.他们给我发了一个通知。
(36)behave v./conduct v./act v.behave指人的行为、举止和表现。本为不及物动词,但用作此义时可与反身代词连用;conduct与behave在作“行为”、“举止”讲时同义,但强调自我控制、约束;act作“行为”、“举止”讲时,为不及物动词,不能和反身代词连用。
例:The child behaved(himself)badly at the party.那孩子在聚会上的表现很差。
She conducted herself stoically in her time of grief.她悲伤时,表现出奇的冷静。She acts like a born leader.她的举止象个天生的领导。(37)blame v./scold v.blame的意思是“责备,怪罪,埋怨”;scold的意思是“(厉声)责骂,斥责”。例:I don’t blame you, I blame myself.我不怪你,我怪我自己。
He blamed his failure on his teacher.他把自己的失败归咎于他的老师。
Her father scolded her for being too free with the soldiers.她父亲斥责她与这些兵交往太随便。(38)breed v./feed v.breed意为“养殖,培育,繁殖,教养”;feed意为“喂养,饲养”。例:Some animals will not breed when kept in cages.有些动物关在笼子里就会很难繁殖。Many farmers breed cows and sheep.许多农民养牛和羊。
She was feeding the baby with porridge.她正用粥喂自己的宝宝。
The cows were feeding quietly in the meadows.牛群在草地上静静地吃草。(39)burden n./load n.burden意为“负担,包袱,担子”,多为贬义;load意为“装载物,负荷,工作量”,也可指“思想上的负担,压力”。
例:They don’t want to add to the government’s burden.他们不想给政府添包袱。
He was faced with the severe financial burden.他面临着严重的财政负担。
The bridge has been built to support very heavy load.建这座桥是为了使重载车也能通过。The load on her mind grew lighter.她的思想负担轻了许多。
(40)campaign n./champion n.这两个词词形与发音相近,容易弄混。campaign意为“(竞选)运动,战役”;champion意为“冠军”。例:The Germans were defeated in the campaign in North Africa.德国人在北非战役中打了败仗。
The Party suggested a renewed campaign to raise production and practise economy.该党建议发起新的一轮运动来提高生产,发展经济。
The champion issued a challenge to all other boxers to fight him.拳击冠军向所有其他拳击手发出挑战。
(41)canal n./channel n./tunnel n.canal意为“运河等人工开凿的河流”;channel的意思是“海峡,渠道”,频道;tunnel的意思是“隧道,地道”。
例:The big canal was completed in five years.修建这条大运河花了5年时间。
The English Channel separates France from England.英吉利海峡将英法两国隔开。
You should go through the official channels if you want the government to help.如果你想得到政府的帮助,你就必须通过官方渠道。
The railroad passes under the mountain through a tunnel.铁路经隧道从大山下面通过。
(42)candidate n./applicant n./competitor n./representative n.candidate意为“候选人,应征者”;applicant意为“申请人”;competitor意为“竞赛对手”;representative意为“代表”。
例:This time our candidate got 260 votes.这一次我们的候选人获得了260张选票。There were three applicants for the job.这项工作有3个人申请。
Tell the competitors for the next race to come here.告诉下一项比赛的参赛者到这里来。
James is our representative at the meeting.詹姆斯在会上是代表我们的。
(43)cargo n./commodity n./goods n.cargo一般指“船或飞机运载的货物”;commodity意为“商品”;goods用来泛指“商品,货物等”。例:These planes can carry a cargo of six tons.这些飞机能运载6吨货物。
Wine is one of the many commodities that France sells abroad.葡萄酒是法国向海外销售的许多商品之一。
The goods were brought round early this morning.今天一大早,这些货物就被带来。
Consumer goods production was to go up by 7 percent.消费品生产计划增长7%。
(44)case n./condition n./situation n./occasion n.case常指事物的特定情况,事情真相和始末,如“病例”、“案件”等;condition指某时某处事情发展、存在的状况、状态或条件,一个人的“感觉如何”;situation往往指一组情况或一些情况的综合,常译为“情况”、“形势”;occasion指特定的“时机”、“场合”、“良机”。例:All the people involved in this case must be present.所有与这起案件有关的人都必须到场。
Conditions in the office made concentration impossible.办公室的状况根本不可能使人专心。
The current international situation is not optimistic.目前的国际形势不容乐观。
It is not very suitable to sing such a song on this formal occasion.在这种场合唱这样一首歌是不太合适的。
(45)chance n./opportunity n./advantage n./fortune n.chance着重指偶然或意外的可能,有时也指“好机会”,这时可用“opportunity”替代;opportunity着重指“好机会”,带有“适逢其时、正好便于行事”之意;advantage指有利的条件或优势;fortune指人“交好运气”,有一定迷信的色彩。例:There is a chance that I will see him these days.这几天我有可能见到他。
The 2008 Olympic Games will bring us many opportunities and challenges.2008年奥运会将给我们带来许多机遇和挑战。It is to your advantage to invest wisely.明智地投资对你很有利。
It is also believed that fireworks will bring good fortune in the coming year.据说放鞭炮还能为人们在新的一年里带来好运气。
(46)contest n./match n./game n./play n./competition n.contest指“人与人之间进行争夺以取得优胜”之意;match指对手之间进行的比赛、竞赛等力量或智慧较量,通常指具体的比赛;game指决胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则;美国称比赛为game,英国称比赛为match;play最一般用语,指通过游戏或运动达到娱乐目的文体活动;competition指对手之间以某种手段或智慧、力量等压倒对方而取胜。
例:She got the first prize in a recent beauty contest.她在最近的选美比赛中夺冠。
A critical football match is being transmitted on CCTV 5.中央五套正在转播一场关键的足球比赛。
The team is preparing for taking part in the coming winter games.这支队伍正在为即将举行的冬运会做准备。
The school uses some methods which combine language lessens with the play.这所学校采用了某些方法,将语言课与玩耍结合起来。
To get the advantage in the competition, you must have enough preparation in advance.为了在竞争中取得优势,你必须之前做好充足的准备。
(47)carry out/perform/realize/come true/come into being carry out指把预定的计划、规则等变成现实,其意相当于fulfill;perform是do的正规说法,指“执行”、“进行”某种任务或计划等;realize指把梦想、理想、雄心等变成现实,为及物动词;come true不及物用法,指梦想、理想等随时间前进而变成现实;come into being指原来没有的事物现在“开始存在”或“产生出来”。
例:It is time for us to carry out this plan.是我们实施这个计划的时候了。The surgeon performed the operation.医师做了手术。
He has finally realized his dream as a writer in his childhood.他终于实现了他童年时代想成为作家的梦想。
His dream as a writer in his childhood comes true finally.他童年时代想成为作家的梦想终于变成了现实。
Recently a new anti-Japan trend has come into being.最近产生了一股新的反日倾向。
(48)compose v./compile v./create v./produce v./conceive v.compose指把各种材料和构思编排成文章、乐曲等;compile着重指汇集资料而后加工成书籍、词典等;create着重指从无到有地进行“创造”、“创作”等;produce最一般用词,指通过一切方法“提出”或“生产”、“制造”出产品或思想成果;conceive指头脑经过思考、想像“想出”主意、办法、假设等。例:The great musician composed a wonderful musical piece during a night.这名伟大的音乐家在一夜之间就创作出了一首精美绝伦的音乐作品。It will take a long time and energy to compile a dictionary.编撰一本字典要耗费很多的时间和精力。
create a poem 创作一首诗;create a new life 创造一个新的生命 produce a videotape 制作一个录影带;produce a car 生产汽车
The sales manager has been conceiving a plan to increase profits all the night.销售经理整晚都在构想一个增加利润的计划。(49)companion n./fellow n.companion意为“同胞,伙伴,志趣相投的人”;fellow意为“同伴,同伙,家伙,一起共事的人”。例:My fellow travelers made good companions.我的旅伴是不错的搭档。
The boy went to join his fellows on the playing field.这孩了到操场上和其他小朋友玩起来。
(50)competent a./capable a./qualified a.这三个词都有可以做某事的意思,competent主要指“能胜任,称职,具有某种技能”;capable指“能干,有能力”,常用词组be capable of;qualified主要指“合格,有资格做某事”。例:Be sure to get a competent electrician for the job.一定要找一位称职的电气工程师来做这个工作。John is a very capable and very intelligent boy.约翰是一个非常有能力、非常聪明的孩子。
I don’t believe she is capable of winning the game.我不相信她有能力赢得这项比赛。
I am a qualified doctor, who will not hurt you.我是位合格的医生,不会伤害你的。(51)component n./element n.component意为“部件,元件,成分”,强调每部分是独立的、与其他不同的个体;element意为“元素,成分,要素”,强调每部分为最小的、不可再分的元素或单元。
例:The engine has more than 300 components, made of a number of different materials.这部引擎有300多个不同材料制成的零件。
Carbon is an element, while carbon dioxide is a compound.碳是一种元素,二氧化碳是一种化合物。
Honesty, industry, and kindness are elements of a good life.诚实、勤劳和善良是美好生活的要素。
(52)conserve v./reserve v./preserve v.conserve意为“保存,保护,节约”;reserve意为“保留,预定”;preserve意为“保存,保持,腌制,防腐”。
例:We must conserve our woodlands for future generations.我们必须为子孙后代保护好我们的林地。
I reserve the right to make my own decisions.我保留自己做决定的权利。
I reserved a table for four at Newland restaurant.我在新大陆餐馆定了一张四人桌。
A commission was set up to preserve historical houses in the city.成立了一个委员会来保护城里的那些历史建筑。Policemen preserve order in the streets.警察在街上维持秩序。
Fish are preserved in ice and salt until they are sold.鱼在出售前一直存放在冰和盐当中。(53)convert v./transform v.convert意为“改变,转变(信仰等)”,主要指把事物从一种状态改变为另一种状态,使其有了新的用途或特征;transform意为“变形,改变”,主要指外形,外表上的改变。例:These machines convert cotton into cloth.这些机器将棉花变成布。
Many Africans were converted to Christianity.许多非洲人皈依了基督教。
He transformed the old kitchen into a beautiful sitting room.他把一间旧厨房改造成一间美丽的客厅。(54)convince v./persuade v.convince意为“说服,使相信”;persuade意为“劝人做,使同意做,使相信”。例:I am not quite convinced by what he has said.他的话还不足以让我信服。
He convinced me that Howard was innocent.他使我相信霍华德是无辜的。
She persuaded Shelley to adopt a new job.她劝告雪莉接受新的工作。
She persuaded him that she was telling the truth.她使他确信她说的是实情。(55)crash v./crush v./smash v.crash指“车辆、飞机等的碰撞”;crush指“轧碎,辗碎”;smash指“打碎,摔碎”。例:I dropped the plate and it smashed.我失手将盘子掉在地上摔碎了。
One of his legs was crushed in an accident.他的一条腿在车祸中轧断了。
The airplane crashed into a house.那架飞机撞到了一所民宅上。
(56)danger n./risk n./hazard n.这三个词都可以用来表示危险。danger意为“面临危险的可能性或实际存在的危险,灾害”;risk与danger相比,意味着更多的遭受损失或失败的可能性,常用来指“有风险,冒着风险做某事”;hazard较danger更正式,多指“无法预见,无法控制的危险”。
例:They held a discussion to reduce the danger of military confrontation between the two nations.他们开会讨论了如何降低两国间发生军事冲突的危险。There is a risk of you catching cold.你有患感冒的危险。
The disease is spreading and all children under 5 are at risk.这种病正在蔓延,5岁以下的儿童都有染上该病的危险。Icy road is a hazard to all the drivers, especially the green hand.结冰的公路对所有的司机来说都是一种危险,对新手来说尤其如此。(57)decline v./reduce v./decrease v.decline指“数量、质量、重要性等慢慢减弱,下降,衰退的过程”;reduce多指“范围、强度、数量的减少,降低”,强调结果,主语往往是人;decrease意为“减少,降低”,强调减少,衰退的过程。例:During the crisis years the production of coal declined 41.6 percent.经济危机期间煤产量降低了41.6%。
We have reduced the price of the coat from $100 to $50.我们将这款外套的价格从100美元降到了50美元。Water consumption decreased during the winter.冬天耗水量下降了。
(58)defect n./fault n./mistake n./error n.这四个词容易弄混,实际上可分为两组:defect, fault指毛病、缺点;mistake和error指错误。defect指表面上的缺陷或人或物本质上的缺点,尤指生产品所存在的缺陷,着重指由于某种欠缺而影响到产品的质量,以致完全妨碍了某种功能的发挥。fault侧重于造成错误的个人责任,还可指人或物的缺点。fault指物时,特指缺乏某种要素而不完善,有毛病,过失。mistake指错误,由于有缺陷的判断,知识不足或粗心造成的失误或错误。error指错误,比较正式,常用于表现无意识地偏离正确的行为、主张或信念。例:The machine is unsafe because of the defects in it.这台机器因为有毛病,不安全。He suffers from a hearing defect.他听觉有毛病。
例:There is a small electrical fault in the motor.马达里的电路上有个小毛病。He could never accept the fact that he had been at fault.他无法接受自己有错这个事实。例:This mistake was made entirely through your fault.这个错误完全归咎于你。The waiter made a mistake over the bill.服务员把账算错了。Your paper is full of spelling mistakes.你的论文拼写错误很多。It is a mistake to leave my camera at home.把摄像机留在家里真是失策。
Professor Zhang found a technical error in your paper.张教授在你的论文中发现了一个技术性的错误。The accident was the result of human error.这事故是人为的错误造成的。
(59)despair n.&v./desperate a.despair是名词和动词,意为“沮丧,绝望,灰心丧气等”,常与in一起搭配;desperate是形容词,意为“绝望的,迫切的,不顾后果的”。例:Susan cried loudly in despair.苏珊绝望地失声痛哭。
Don’t despair, things will get better soon.别灰心,情况很快就会好转的。
He was desperate after the failure of his last attempt.最后一次尝试失败后,他绝望了。
The prisoners became desperate in their attempts to escape.囚犯们不顾一切地企图越狱逃跑。
(60)deserve v./justified a./reasonable a.deserve是动词,意为“应当享受„„,值得„„,应当(受到)„„”;justified为“有道理的,正当的”;reasonable意为“合情合理的,公道的,公平的”。
例:Mary really deserves a long holiday after two weeks’ work on end.玛丽连续工作了两个星期,她的确应享受一次长假。I’m perfectly willing to pay reasonable price.我非常愿意为一个合理的价格付款。
The editor is justified in refusing your lousy report.你这份报导写得真糟糕,编辑当然要拒发了。
(61)distinguish v./identify v.distinguish意为“区分,识别”,多与from,between等介词连用;identify意为“认出,识别出”。前者强调区分两个事物的差异,而后者多指从中认出,证明(是谁,是什么)。例:It was difficult to distinguish anything in the dark.黑暗中很难辨清物体。
Can you distinguish cotton cloth from nylon? 你能分清棉布和尼龙制品吗?
Could you identify your bicycle among a hundred others? 你能从100辆车中认出自己的自行车吗?
Fred identified the bag as his by telling what it contained.弗雷德讲出了包内存放物,从而认领了自己的包。
(62)discover n./invent n./conceive n./devise n.discover指首次“发现”原来早已存在的事物;invent指根据某种原理首次“研制”、“创造”、“发明”某种新东西;conceive构想出某种主意、方案或计划,着重指用脑筋设想、想像;devise着重指从多种可能性中反复研磨、试验,想出某种计划或设计出新东西。
例:Columbus discovered America in 1492.哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。Who invented the steam engine? 谁发明了蒸汽机? He is conceiving a new novel.他正在构思一部新的小说。
The man devised a new system for handling mails after experimenting many times.这个人在经过反复实验后设计出了一种新的信件处理系统。(63)disturb v./bother v./interrupt v.disturb意为“打扰,扰乱,使不安”,多用被动语态,指程度较深的烦恼,甚至心理方面的失常;bother意为“打扰,麻烦,费心”,常指暂时的,无关紧要的闲扰,在主动语态中bother有“有意打扰”的含义;interrupt意为“打断,使中断”。例如: The child continually disturbed the class.这个孩子不断地扰乱课堂秩序。
Emotionally disturbed children need special care and treatment.情感失调的孩子需要特别的关怀和治疗。
I’m sorry to bother you, but can you tell me the time? 对不起,打扰你了,请问几点了? Don’t bother about meeting me.不必费心来见我。
It is not polite to interrupt a speaker.打断别人的讲话很不礼貌。He interrupted his work to answer the question.他中断了自己的工作来回答问题。(64)diversity n./variety n.diversity是不可数名词,有时作单数用,前面可加冠词a,意为“多种多样”,多指从总体的角度看里面包含着很多不同的东西;variety既是可数名词也是不可数名同,作为不可数名词时,意为“各种各样”,多指从个体的角度看每个个体都与其他不同,不单调,有变化。
例:Mary has a great diversity of interests;she likes sports, travel and photography.玛丽兴趣广泛,她喜欢体育运动、旅游和摄影。
What the students requested most often was variety within the lesson hour.学生们最经常的要求就是课堂上要花样翻新。
(65)durable a./permanent a./perpetual a./long-lasting a.durable指衣物的经久耐用或友谊、和平或品德等经得起考验的性质;permanent指永久不变的,如“永久的”住宅、地址或职业等;long-lasting指事物的旷日持久、历时已久的性质。例:a durable fabric 耐穿织物;a durable friendship 持久的友谊 The universal human are yearning for a permanent peace.全人类都在渴望实现一种永恒的和平。
Solving the pollution problem is a long-lasting battle.解决污染问题是一场旷日持久的战役。(66)environment n./surroundings n.surroundings 指一个人四周的生活环境,是从周围事物这一客观着眼。environment指包括空气、水、人类等在内的生态环境、自然环境,也可指精神环境,均从环境对人的感受、道德及观念的影响着眼。例:The guest house stands in picturesque surroundings.宾馆四周环境优美如画。Everyone prefers to live in clean and comfortable surroundings· 人人都愿意生活在清洁舒适的环境中。
A child’s character is greatly influenced by his home environment.孩子的性格受家庭影响很大。
(67)examination n./investigation n./inspection n.examination一般用词,可指粗略的察看或对事物的细节也进行细致的考察;investigation指对某一事件、案件进行的从头至尾的调查研究;inspection强调按照确定的标准对事物进行的检验、视察。例:When shall we receive the examination results?(= exam)我们什么时候可以收到考试结果? a medical examination体格检查
The police investigation will take weeks.警察的调查将进行几个星期。
The mayor made an inspection of the school.市长视察了这所学校。
(68)extend v./expand v./expend v./stretch v./spread v./scatter v.extend意为“延伸,扩展,伸出”;expand意为“张开,展开,膨胀”;expend意为“用掉,耗费掉”;stretch指把某样东西变长,通常不是加长,而是用拉伸的方法使之变长;spread指使某物摊开、展开或消息等向四面八方传播开;scatter指把种子、垃圾或其他碎物撒开。例:She extended both hands towards her mother.她向母亲伸出双臂。The road extends for miles.这条路绵延数英里。
He expanded his short story into a novel.他将自己的一篇短篇小说扩展为一部长篇小说。Metal expands by heating.金属加热后会延展。
They had expended a great amount of time on the project.他们在这项工程上耗费了许多时间。
He tried to stretch the banner between two poles.他努力把旗在两杆之间拉直。
spread her fingers张开手指;spread the news 传播消息
We spread the bicycle parts out on the floor.我们将自行车零件在地板上摊开。
The farmer scattered the corn in the yard for the hens.农民把谷子撒在院子里喂鸡。
(69)feeling n./emotion n./passion n.均可表示“感情”。feeling泛指一般的情绪,在心理学上特指受到外界刺激所产生的感觉。emotion指受到刺激所产生的喜怒哀乐等激动情绪。passion指往往不能自持的极强烈的情绪,如强烈的愤怒、爱好、恋情、情欲等。
例:a feeling of happiness幸福感;a feeling of shame羞愧感 His voice was choked with emotion.他激动得说不出话来。My current passion is to play chess.我现在的激情是下棋。(70)fragment n./segment n.fragment意为“片段,碎片”,强调不完整,碎的概念;segment意为“瓣,事物(如网)的一段等”,突出一部分的概念。
例:She dropped the bowl on the floor, and it broke into fragments.她失手将碗掉在地板上摔成碎片。
He overheard fragments of their conversation.他偷听到他们谈话的一些片段。
An orange is easily pulled apart into its segments.我们可以很容易地把桔子剥成一瓣一瓣的。The shaded part is a segment of the circle.阴影部分是圆的一部分。
(71)gather v./assemble v./collect v.gather指把东西集中在一起或把人召集在一起。assemble指装配,集合,聚集。这个词表明所涉及的人或物有确定的通常是紧密的联系,表示涉及的人是出于共同的兴趣或目的而聚集。collect指为了特定的目的把东西经过仔细挑选后收集起来。
例:A group of students gathered in front of the administration building.一群学生聚集在行政大楼前面。
assemble the jury召集陪审团;assemble a machine装配机器 collect antiques收集古物;collect stamps集邮
(72)glimpse v.&n./glance v.&n.19 glimpse意为“瞥见一眼”,有时表示一点点,多从结果的角度讲,常用于短语get a glimpse of/catch a glimpse of;glance意为“很快地看一眼,一瞥”,多从动作的角度讲,常与at连用,词组为at a glance, glance through/over。
例:We glimpsed the field through the trees.透过树丛我们瞥了一眼田野。
We caught a glimpse of his face as he ran past.他从我们身边跑过时,我们看了一眼他的长相。I knew a glimpse of truth.我了解一些真相。
I had a glimpse of his true feelings when I saw how worried he was.当我看到他是如此着急时,我隐约意识到一点他的真实情感。I took a glance at the book.我飞快地浏览了一下这本书。She glanced quickly at them all.她很快地扫了他们一眼。(73)ignore v./neglect v.ignore意为“漠视,不理睬”;neglect意为“忽视,遗漏,疏忽”。例:Ann ignored her friend’s confusion.安娜不理睬她的朋友现在迷惑不解的样子。
The boy was so rude that we decided to ignore him.那个男孩太粗鲁,我们决定不去理睬他。You’re neglecting your work.你工作太不上心了。
I’ve neglected to clean your room this morning.今天早上我忘记打扫你的房间了。(74)ill a./sick a./faint v.ill指“不健康”,“坏”;英语用ill作表语当“生病”讲,美国则用sick。sick作“生病”讲,美国更常用,此外,常指“恶心”、“想呕吐”、“讨厌”等意。faint指“头晕”、“失神无力”。例:The child has been ill-treated in the orphan house.这孩子在孤儿院里一直受虐待。
ill effects副作用
She feels sick in buses.她在公共汽车上觉得很恶心。She fainted because of the heat.她热昏过去了。
(75)equipment n./facility n./appliance n./instrument n.equipment指成套的装备,设备,器具;facility指服务性的设施或为使主要设备工作方便而造的辅助设备;appliance指用于特定目的的工具,器具或家用器具等;instrument指科研、实验仪器或乐器等。例:office equipment 办公室设备;travel equipment旅行设备 public facilities公共设施;health care facilities.医疗保健设施 household appliances家用电器
musical instrument乐器;optical instrument光学仪器(76)imply v./suggest v./infer v.20 imply指暗含某种意思而不明言的“暗示”;suggest指用间接的、旁敲侧击的办法表示出自己的看法;infer表示推断, 指由证据或根据得出结论或由特定情况推测。例:Silence sometimes implies consent.沉默有时暗指同意。His erect and careless attitude suggested assurance and power.他直截了当和粗心的态度让人想到确信和力量。
I infer from your letter that you have not made up your mind yet.我从你信中推想,你还没有下决心。
(77)initiate v./launch v./start v./set off initiate用在较正式的场合,表示“发起”、“提议”,口语可用begin替代;launch指公开地有一定声势地“发起”或“开始, ”某项事业或运动;start指事物从静止状况开始运动,或开始某种实际活动等;set off常指“动身”、“出发”或“引起”某种突然的行动。
例:The two countries initiated their trade with each other until recently.直到最近两国之间才开始贸易往来。
The organization launched a campaign to support environmental protection.该组织发起了一项运动来支持环境保护。
It is three years since he started his studies in the college.自从他开始在那所大学学习已经是三年了。What else should we do before we set off ? 在我们动身前还有其他什么要做的吗?
(78)intend v./volunteer v./offer v./attempt v.intend指内心中具有某种尚不明确的意向或决定,即“意欲”、“想要”干什么;volunteer强调出自个人内心的自觉自愿的行动;offer指主动地向对方提出建议、给予奉献或帮助等;attempt指尝试采取某种行动以观察是否能够成功,暗指对其行动的结果缺乏成功的把握。例:I intend to go shopping this weekend.Many Chinese college students volunteer to be a teacher in remote and poor area.许多中国大学生志愿到边远贫困地区支教。
He offered us his help, which made us grateful.他主动提出给我们帮助,让我们很感动。
The criminal attempted to escape, but he failed.那名罪犯企图逃跑,但是没有得逞。
(79)merge v./combine v./join v./unite v.merge指数家公司或商行合并为一家;或使原来的事物在新事物中消失或被吞没;combine指把原来的事物结合起来成为新的统一体;join指把一些东西结合在一起,或连接在一起;unite与combine相近,尤指把各种力量团结成一个整体,侧重于结合起来的人或物的协调性或一致性。
例:Lately two big software companies has merged, which has aroused wide media concern.最近两家大的电脑公司合并,引起了媒体的广泛关注。
The two principal political parties have combined to form a government.两个主要政党已经联合起来组成政府。
The children joined hands.孩子们拉起手来。
We must unite together in order to realize our common purposes.为了共同的目标我们必须团结起来。
(80)memorize v./remember v./remind v./reflect v.memorize指有目的地记忆一些东西的内容;remember指在头脑中保存着某一事物或印象,加以思索,即可想出;remind指使人回想起某人某事,或提醒某人让他记住某事;reflect指仔细思索记忆中的往事,意为“反省”、“细想”。
例:The computer can memorize and deal with millions of data.这台计算机能够存储并处理数百万个数据。Do you remember to lock the door? 记着锁门了吗?
These photos remind me of my college life.这些照片使我回想起我的大学时光。
You should often reflect the mistakes you have made.你应该经常反省一下自己曾经犯过的错误。
(81)migrant n./emigrant n./immigrant n.这三个词都与移居者有关,由于前缀不同,含义不同:migrant移民,immigrant移入者,即入境移民。emigrant是ex的变体(=out):移出者,即出境移民,指自本国移居他国者。(82)only a./sole a./ single a./ unique a.only常用词,指“惟一的”,含“不会再多”之意;sole语气比 only 强,也较庄严,指“单独的”,即“一类中只有这一个”;single强调“单个的,单一的”;unique指“独一无二的”、“无可匹敌的”。例:This is the only solution to our current difficulty.这是解决我们目前的困难的惟一的办法。The court has the sole right to decide.法庭拥有独有的决定权。
a single room单人间;a single bed单人床
That building is unique because all the others like it were destroyed.那座建筑很独特,因为所有像它那样的其他建筑都毁坏了。(83)original a./creative a.除了其他意思之外,这两个词都有“创造”的含义。original强调“原创的”,比creative的含义窄一些,突出发源地的概念,原创的概念;creative强调“创造,有创造性”,突出从无到有的创造过程。例:The masses have boundless creative power.人民大众有着无穷的创造力。
James was one of the most creative writers.詹姆斯是最有创造性的作家之一。
He found it hard to form an original opinion.他觉得很难有新意。
She won an award for the most original design.她获得了最佳创意设计奖。(84)particular a./special a.particular意为“特殊的,特别的,某一特定的”,强调相对general而言的特定性,有时可与specific互换使用;special意为“专门的,特殊的,独特的”,含有不寻常,不一般的意思。例:That particular house is very nice,although the rest of them are not.其他的房子都不怎么样,就那所房子非常不错。I have something very particular to tell you.我有事要专门对你讲。Tonight is a special occasion and we have something very special for dinner.今晚是个不寻常的时刻,我们的晚餐也很特别。(85)possession n./procession n.这两个词词形与发音相近,易混淆。possession意为“占有,拥有,财物”;procession意为“行进,行列”,常与in一起用。
例:Possession of wealth does not necessarily bring happiness.有钱不一定会给人带来快乐。
The stupid old man soon lost all his possessions.那个笨老头很快就把他的财产丢光了。
The workers marched in procession to the president’s office.工人们列队向总裁的办公室走去。
The wedding procession moved slowly down the aisle.婚礼的队伍在过道间缓慢走过。(86)principal a.&n./principle n.这两个词发音与词形相近,很容易搞混。principal作形容词意为“主要的,首要的”,作名词时意为“校长,本金”;principle为名词,意为“原则,原理”。例:He has been the principal singer of our troop.他是我们团的主唱。
Those are the principal points I want to explain to everybody.这些便是我要向大家解释的要点。
She has been the principal of this school for ten years.她已经在这所学校里当了10年校长。What he said is against my principle.他的话与我的原则相悖。
(87)range n./scale n./scope n.range意为“距离,范围”;scale意为“规模,等级”;scope的含义较窄,意思是“范围,机会”。例:The transmitter has a range of 10,000 miles.发射机的发射范围是方圆1万英里。
We teach the full range of ball room dances.我们教授所有的交谊舞。
On a scale of 1 to 10 how do you rate his performance? 如果用1到10给他打分的话,你给他的表演打几分?
The scale of the pollution problem was much worse than scientists had predicted.污染的规模大大超过了科学家先前的预测。
The politics of the country is really beyond the scope of a tourist book like this.国家的政策问题的确超出了象这样一本旅游书的内容范围。(88)recent a./current a.recent意为“最近,新近的”;current意为“当前的,现时的”。例:The bicycle is a recent purchase.这辆自行车是最近才买的。
Of these recent magazines, only one is still current.这些近期杂志中只有一本是当月的。The current fashions are more casual than those in the 90s.现在的时尚比90年代的时尚更要随意。
They talked about the current events when they met again that night.那晚他们见面时谈了一些时事。
(89)remind sb.of/warn sb.of/remember sb.to sb.这三个词组都有向某人提及某事的意思。warn sb.of sth.语气最严肃。常指“警告某人有某种危险,要某人不要做某事,等等。remind sb.of指要某人想起某事,重申其重要性或认为值得记起。remember sb.to sb.指求某人代自己向某人问好。
例:Please keep in mind what the teacher warns you of.请记住老师警告你的话。This hotel reminds me of the one we stayed in last year.这家旅馆使我想起我们去年住过的那家。
Don’t forget to remember me to Lyle when you see her, please.见丽莉时别忘了替我向她问好。(90)resident n./inhabitant n.两个词都有居民的含义,resident多指“住在大楼、公寓等住所的住户或城市居民”,inhabitant多指“居住在某一地区的居民”。
例:The inhabitants of this tropical island are very friendly.这个热带岛国的居民对人很友好。
The residents of the town are proud of its new library.城里的居民都为他们的新图书馆感到骄傲。Only resident can drink in the hotel bar.旅店酒吧只对住店客人开放。(91)resist v./oppose v.resist意为“反抗,抵抗,顶住”;oppose意为“反对”,常出现在习语be opposed to中,表示“反对,违反,相反”。
例:The nation was unable to resist the invasion.这个国家无法抵御入侵。
No boy can resist the temptation of video games.男孩子很难抵御电子游戏的诱惑。He opposed the idea immediately.他马上表示反对这个想法。
This sort of thing is utterly opposed to all my principles.这种事完全违反我的原则。(92)security n./safety n.security意为“安全,保卫”,较safety正式,多指安全感,国家、社会的安全;safety指“处于安全状态,没有危险”,具体指人身、货物等的安全。
例:For security reasons the passengers have to be searched.出于安全原因,对所有乘客都要进行检查。
The captain is responsible for the safety of the ship.船长对船只的安全负责。
(93)see v./ catch sight of /spot v./recognize v.24 see指经过有意识地使用视觉器官才能“看到”,另外多指明白,理解;catch sight of是指被看到的东西进入了眼帘,而不是有意识地去使用视觉器官,可译为“瞥见”;spot指从人群中或同类事物中认出一个;recognize指认出,认识到是以前曾见过的事物。例:We must give the image of what we actually see.我们一定会对我们看到过的东西留下印象。
I caught sight of him when the thief ran into the shop.当那个贼跑进那家商店时我瞥见了他。She spotted his husband in the crowd.她从人群中认出了她的丈夫。
I recognized Peter although I hadn’t seen him for 10 years.虽然我有10年没看到彼得了,但我认出了他。
(94)show v./demonstrate v./express v./indicate v.show最常用词,指被别人看见或把某物指给别人看,教别人如何做。demonstrate正式用词,在展示、表明事情是如何做时可与show通用,但不作“被看见”讲。express指通过语言或表情,表达出自己的想法和要求。indicate指通过信号或标志,指示出方向、意图或要求等。例:I will show you how to use this computer.我来给你演示如何使用这台计算机。
The technician demonstrated the laws of physics with laboratory equipment.该技术员用实验装置演示了物理定律。I can’t express my gratitude too much.无论怎样都不足以表达我对你的谢意。
She indicated her approval with a nod.她点头表明同意。(95)slow v./postpone v./delay v.slow含有速度有意减慢的意思;postpone指把应做的某种事务搁在一边,意即延搁,或是将原定的事推迟、延期;delay常指由于难以克服的障碍而将某事耽搁或延迟。例:The driver slowed the car before coming to a full stop.司机在车完全停下来之前先减慢车速。
We postponed the match from March 5th to March 19th.我们把比赛从3月5日推迟到3月19日举行。The bus was delayed by a cloudburst.由于大暴雨,公共汽车来迟了。
(96)special a./particular a./peculiar a./specific a.special指与普通的、平常的、一般的东西在某些方面不相像;particular指一类人或事物中特定的、特殊的、独一无二的一个,还可指挑剔的;peculiar指稀奇古怪,与正常的情况、表现相比而使人奇怪罕见;specific指针对某一用途、某种疾病等有特殊作用或特殊效果的。例:a special occasion特殊场合;a special treat 特别的款待 She has a particular preference for Chinese art.她对中国艺术有特别的爱好。
Our history teacher has always been a little peculiar.我们的历史老师总是有点古怪。
a specific remedy for cancer 治疗癌症的特效药; a specific answer 具体明确的答案(97)spoil v./ruin v./damage v./break v.spoil指由于缺乏管教或长者的过分溺爱而“娇惯坏”等;ruin指由于娇惯或纵欲的结果把某人“毁掉”;damage指损害,造成损失或通过陷害之类手段有意“毁坏”某人的名声或健康;break指身心受到摧残而失去勇气、信心等。
例:The child is spoiled by the excessive love from his grandparents.爷爷奶奶过分的爱把这孩子惯坏了。I was ruined by that law case.我被那场官司搞得倾家荡产。
The storm did a lot of damage to the crops.暴风雨使庄稼受到了很大损失。
The case damaged greatly the reputation of the official.这件案子使那名政府官员的名誉大大受损。
The sudden bankrupt of his company broke him heavily.公司的突然破产使他遭受了严重的打击。(98)stable a./steady a.stable意为“稳定,牢固的”;steady意为“稳固的,平稳的”。例:The chair isn’t very stable.这把椅子不太结实。
He finally built a stable business operation.他终于建立起稳固的商业运作体系。The table isn’t steady.这张桌子不太稳。
He is making steady progress in his work.他的工作正蒸蒸日上。
(99)stress n./emphasis n.stress作名词的意思是“重点;紧张,压力”;emphasis意为“强调,重点”。表示强调时两个词在口语中常可互换使用。
例:He puts the emphasis on discipline in his teaching.他在教学中十分强调纪律。
Quite clearly the emphasis was on reading skills in our English classes.很清楚,我们的英语课重点是阅读技能。
Her parents always put a lot of stress on good table manner.她的父母总是强调进餐时的礼貌举止。The stresses of work made her ill.工作的压力使她病倒了。
(100)vacation n./vocation n.这两个词的词形与发音相近,容易搞混。vacation的意思是“假期,假日”;vocation的意思是“职业”。例:I think I’ll take a vacation this weekend.我想这个周末我将去度假。
A doctor’s vocation is medicine.医生是以行医为职业的。
第四篇:英语四级词汇:部分近义词辨析
英语四级词汇:近义词深度辨析
1.able, capable, competent
able为常用词,指具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知识与时间等,一般下效率无关,用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如:A cat is able to see in the dark.capable 指满足一般要求的能力,可以是表现出来的,也可是潜在的,搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定语,表示的能力没有able表示的能力强。如:He is capable of running a mile in a minute.He is a very capable doctor.competent 指“胜任”,“合格”,或受过专业技术等训练的,但不是超群的能力。如:A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases.2.aboard, abroad, board, broad
aboard 在船(或飞机,车)上。如:I never went aboard a ship.abroad 副词,在国外或海外。如:He often goes abroad.board 为动词,上(船,飞机,车)。如:The passengers are boarding the plane now.broad 为形容词,宽广的。如:He has very broad shoulders.3.accomplish, complete, finish, achieve, attain
accomplish表成功,强调完成的结果而不是过程。如:Because of his hard word, things are accomplished.(由于他的努力,事情都已完成了。)
complete 表示积极的完成,更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如:Has he complete his novel yet?(他的小说写完了吗?)
finish 最常用,后接动词的-ing形式,表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如:I’ll finish the job alone.(我要独自完成这项工作。)
achieve 完成,实现,强调通过努力而达到目的。如:You will achieve success if youwork hard.Attain达到,实现,常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如:Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.4.accurate, correct, exact, precise
accurate准确的,精确的。如:Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.(火车站的钟应该是准确的。)
correct“正确的”,指符合一定的标准或准则,含有“无错误的”意味。它的反义词是incorrect, wrong.exact“精确的”,“恰好的”,比“大体上正确”更进一步,表“丝毫不差”。它的反义词是inexact。
precise强调“精确”,“精密”。
5.accuse, charge, sue
accuse 指责,指控,常与of 搭配。如:His boss accused him of carelessness.charge 常与with搭配。如:The police charged the driver with reckless driving.sue 常与for 搭配。如:Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.6.achieve, acquire, require, inquire
achieve(成功地)完成,实现。如:He will never achieve anything unless he works harder.(如他不努力工作,将会一事无成。)
acquire取得,获得,学到。如:acquire knowledge(获得知识)
inquire打听,询问。如:inquire a person’s name(问一个人的姓名)
require需要。如:We require more help.(我们需要更多的帮助。)
7.act, action, deed
act 用作名词时,与action, deed均可表“行为”,“举动”。Act指时间较短的个人行动或行为,强调结果。如:The farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his apples.(农夫在孩子们正偷他的苹果时把他们抓住了。)
action较正式,往往指不止包含一个步骤,且持续时间较长的行为或行动,强调行为的过程。如:Actions are more important than words.(行动比语言更重要。)
deed为正式用语,多指伟大的,显著的,感人的行为。如:They thanked him for his good deeds.(他们感谢他做的好事。)
8.actual, true, real, genuine
actual 意为“实际的”,“现实的”,指所形容的事物在事实上已经发生或存在,而不是仅在理论上可能发生或存在的。
true“真实的”,指与实际相符,而非虚假。
genuine “真的”,“非冒充的”,“货真价实的”,强调正宗而非冒牌。
9.adequate, enough, sufficient
adequate 足够的,指数量多,适合需要的数量。
enough足够的,指数量多,足够满足某种目的或愿望。
sufficient同enough,常可互换使用。但sufficient指数量多,足够满足某种需要,在口语中常用enough,在书面语中常用sufficient,在不易肯定时多用enough。.Enough可放在被修饰名词后,且可作副词,sufficient则不可这么用。
10.admit, confess
两者都表“承认”。
admit指大胆地承认以前试图不论或推诿的坏事。如:John has admitted to breaking the window.(约翰已承认打破了窗玻璃。)
confess常指承认错误,罪行等。如:The thief confessed his crime to the police.(小偷向警察承认了罪行。)
11.advice, advise
advice劝告(名词)。如:I want to give you some advice.advise劝告(动词)。如:What do you advise me to do?
12.adopt, adapt
adopt(1)收养。如:Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl.(他们自己没有孩子,所以决定收养一个小女孩。)(2)采纳,采用,通过。如:He adopted our suggestion.(他采纳了我们的建议。)
adopt与adapt词形相近,后者的意思是“使适合”,“改编”等.13.advance, proceed, progress
均可表“前进”。
advance表向一个特定的目的地,在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如:Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow.(拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。)
proceed强调从一处向另一处的运动,常表停顿后继续前进。如:They proceeded from London to Paris.(他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。)
progress 多表自然过程,指生长,发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如:The year is progressing, it will soon be summer.(光阴似箭,很快又是夏天了。)
14.advantage, benefit, profit
advantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位,机会或时机。如:He had the advantage of good education.(受过良好的教育对他十分有利。)
profit 多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如Did you make any profit last year?(你去年赚钱了吗?)
benefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如:I get no personal benefit from the business.(我个人从这家企业中并不获益。)
16.advise, convince, persuade
均可表“劝说”。
advise表建议,规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如:He advised me to put my money in the bank.(他劝我把钱存入银行。)
convince指向某人陈述事实,运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信服。如:We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane.(我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。)
persuade指用感情说服某人去做某事。如:I persuaded him to go back to work.(我说服他回去工作了。)
17.affect, effect
affect影响(动词)。如Smoking affects health.effect效果,影响(名词)。如:Government policy will not have any effect on us.18.afford, provide, supply
都有“提供,供给”的意思。
afford一般只用于抽象事物。
provide 和supply意思相同,两个词都和with连用,构成provide /supply somebody with something的结构。
19.agree, consent
agree 为常用词。如:Do you agree to the condition?(你同意这个条件吗?)
consent为正式用词,多用于上下级的关系,表示同意别人的要求或请求。如:Did the king consent to your plan?(国王同意你的计划吗?)
20.aid, help, assist
用作动词均可表“帮助”。
aid为正式用词,help最常用。
assist最正式,表示协助某人做某事,尤指在体力上或具体事务上帮助和扶持。如:She employed a woman to assist her with the housework.(她雇了一名妇女帮她做家务。)
21.alive, living, live
alive 指虽有死的可能,但仍活着,一般只作表语。
living可用于人或物,作定语时可前可后。
live只做前置定语,用于动物和个别事物前。
22.almost, nearly
一般说来,almost比nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始”、“完成”(目标)等。
在all, every, always 前,两者都可用。如:He is almost(nearly)smoking.(他几乎每天抽烟。)
almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用,而nearly却不能。如:Almost no one believed her.(几乎没人相信他。)
23.alone, lonely
alone只表“独自”的客观状态,没有感情色彩,只作表语;
lonely表“孤独”,:“寂寞”,能作定语和表语。如:When she is left alone, she feels lonely.(剩下她一人时,她就感到寂寞。)
alone, only均可表“只有”,但alone须置于被修饰词之后,only往往置于被修饰词前。如:He alone(Only he)can remember the story.(只有他才能记起这段经历。)
24.already, all ready
already已经(副词)。如:The plane had already landed before we got to the airport.all ready准备好的(作表语)。如:We were all ready to leave when the telephone rang.25.alter, change
作不及物动词时,两者可通用。
作及物动词时,alter是对局部,表面的改变,而change则是对本质的,全面的,彻底的改变。如:Can you alter the dress?(你会改做这件衣服吗?)Can you change the dress?(你能给我更换这件衣服吗?)
26.altogether, all together
altogether总计,总共。如:Altogether there are six of us.(我们总计六人。)
all together 全都在一起。如:We played the game all together.(我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。)
27.amaze, astonish, surprise
都可作及物动词,意思相近,一般都是以事物作主语,人称作宾语。
amaze强调“使惊讶”,有时还有“惊叹”,“佩服”等意。
astonish表示“使大吃一惊”,“几乎使人无法相信”之意。
surprise只表“出乎意料之外”。
28.announce, declare
announce指宣布公众期望或与公众有关的事情,含有预告的意味。如:The government announced that they would pay their debts.(政府宣布将偿还债务。)
declare指正式负责地宣布,声明,通常用于庄重的场合。如:The judge declared him guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。)
29.annoy, bother, trouble, disturb
annoy指外界的干扰令人讨厌或无法忍受,或指某人故意去妨碍别人。
bother打扰,麻烦,指给人行动带来不便或身心上带来痛苦。如:May I trouble you with a few questions?
disturb打扰,扰乱,指使正常秩序或一时的安定受到破坏,精力一时不能集中。如:I am sorry to disturb you.30.answer, reply, respond
用作动词,都可表“回答”,“答复”。
answer是常用词,后可接letter(回信),question(回答问题),doorbell(开门),telephone(接电话),advertisement(应征广告)等。
reply较正式,一般只作不及物动词,可与to连用。如:He has replied to my letter.(他回答了我信中提的问题。)
respond作“回答”解,用得较少,也同to 搭配。如:He quickly responded to the question.(他很快就回答了问题。)
另外,respond还可表“对„„反应”,“响应”。
31.appreciate, enjoy
appreciate指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。
enjoy是一般用语,仅指感官或智力上的满足,“享受”的意味较强。
32.approve, prove
approve
(1)赞成,同意。如:I don’t approve of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。)
(2)批准,通过。如:The minister approved the building plan.部长批准建筑计划。
prove和approve词形相似,prove是“证明”,“表明是”等。
33.argue, debate, dispute
argue着重“说理”,“论证”,“企图说明”,且后可接that引导的从句。
debate着重双方各自陈述理由,尤其是“公开地”、“正式地”辩论。如:The subject was hotly debated.dispute着重就分歧进行热烈的“争论”,含有“相持不下”或“未得到解决”的意味。如:He disputed with his wife on household expenses.34.arise, rise
arise表无形的东西(如困难,问题等)“出现”,“发生”。
rise指具体事物的“上升”,“升起”,也是不及物动词。如:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东边升起。)
35.assure, ensure, insure
assure以十分肯定的语气向别人保证某事一定会发生,后需连用人称代词或指人的名词作宾语。
ensure表普通的“保证”。
insure表“保险”,有时同ensure可以换用。
36.awaken,awake, wake, waken
都可作动词。
awaken 及物,带抽象含义,“使觉醒/觉悟,唤醒”
awake既可及物,也可不及物,多用于比喻。
wake常指“睡醒”,多为不及物动词。
waken多用作及物动词,常指“吵醒”,“惊醒”。
37.await, wait
await是及物动词。如:I await your further instructions.wait“等”、“等候”,是不及物动词,后常接介词for。如:I will wait for you at the school gate.38.award, prize, reward
award, reward作动词。award意为“授予(奖品,奖金等)”,后面可跟双宾语;reward意为“报酬”,“酬谢”,只能跟人或以人的行为作宾语。
award, prize, reward作名词时,award常指奖金,奖品;prize多指在竞赛、竞争中获胜所赢得的奖;reward则指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。
39.base, basis
base表事物的下部的底部,多用于具体事物。
basis多用于比喻,主要指命题的基础。如:His ideas have no basis in reality.(他的意见缺乏现实基础。)
40.beside, besides
beside在„„旁边。如:Come and sit beside me.besides除„„之外。如:I have two other umbrellas besides this one.
第五篇:2012:精品之必备词汇辨析[十四]
2012:精品之必备词汇辨析
(十四)1、offer, provide, supply
这组词都有“供给,装备”之意。
offer: 常用词,意为“ 提出,提供,呈现”,表示向别人提供可接受也可拒绝的某物,如帮助,服务或物品,这可能是对方要求也可能是自己主动提出的。offer to help sb.表示愿意帮助某人;offer sb.sth./ offer sth.to sb.提供某人某物。例如:The river would offer power production estimated at 500,000 kilowatts if a dam were constructed.如果筑起水坝,这条河就能提供大约50万千瓦的电力。An international corporation offered him a well-paid job, which he refused politely, since taking it would involve traveling abroad most of the time.一家跨国公司向他许诺一份待遇优厚的工作,而他婉言谢绝了,因为接受那项工作就意味着大多数时间都得在国外出差。
provide: “供给,提供,装备,准备”,强调有预见,并通过储存或准备的方式为某事做准备,以在需要时提供所需物品。常用词组:provide sb.with sth./ provide sth.for sb.提供生活费,养活,为„„做准备。例如:Through the long days his wife sought by every possible means to provide him with occupation.在漫长的日子里,他的妻子试图用各种可能的办法给他找事干。As equipment improved, satellites began providing scientists with weather maps of the entire globe.设备改进后,人造卫星开始向科学家提供整个地球的气象图。
supply: “供给,补充,弥补”,着重表示替换或不足所需之物以及弥补缺陷,满足要求的意思,还可作名词,意为“供给(量),物资,存货”。常用短语:supply the market with new commodities 向市场供应新产品;supply a want 弥补不足;supply...for把„„供给。The book would be incomplete without such discussions as I have tried to supply.如果没有我努力提供的这样一些论述,这本书就会显得不完整。What I admire most in my life is doctors and others supplying medical care to assistance recipients.我一生中最敬佩的是那些向受援者提供医疗护理的医生和其他人。
2、opinion, proposal,advice
advice: “忠告,意见”, 指凭借丰富的知识,足够的经验及正确的判断,对他人提出自己的劝告,见解。My advice to you as a friend is that you should treat your wife with more consideration.作为朋友,我给你的忠告是你要多体贴妻子。It was only by her husband's advice that Julia had given up the idea.只是在她丈夫的劝告下,朱莉亚才放弃了这个念头。opinion: “意见,看法,主张,见解”,可指个人或权威人士的判断,主要表示对于有争议,有疑问的事经过仔细考虑后得出的结论,但暗含其中有个人因素,可能有误会或会遭到驳斥。常用词组:in one's opinion 依某人看。The professors arguing about the cause of the disease, the young doctor listened attentively waiting for a chance to put forward his own opinion.教授们在争论着这种疾病的病因,而那位年轻的医生专心倾听着,等待着提出自己见解的机会。Our doctor says it is due to a nervous disorder, but I think we should take another opinion.我们的医生说这是由于神经失调,但是我认为我们应该再请一位医生诊断。
proposal:“提议,建议,请求(如求婚)”,指较为正式的建议等,提出以供别人参考,接受或实施,但也可能被拒绝。The steel industry refused to make any wage proposals until it obtained federal clearance for higher steel prices.钢铁工业直到获得联邦政府提高钢价的许可后才不再拒绝提出任何有关工资的提议。She told me that the second proposal of marriage which she received came from an Italian prince.她告诉我3、outstanding, distinguished
这组词都含有“杰出”之意。
distinguished: “卓越的,卓著的,杰出的”, 一般指人的才华,品德达到受正式认可的水平,尤指因优越的品质而超越于同类之上,从而为公众所知。其动词词组:distinguish A from B, distinguish between A and B(分辨A和B)。例如:Dwight D.Eisenhower was a distinguished general in American history, who made outstanding contributions to the victory of World War II.艾森豪威尔是美国历史上战绩卓著的将军,他曾为二战的胜利作出了杰出的贡献。Unlike their obscurer colleagues, distinguished composers do not have to struggle to get a hearing for their music.著名的作曲家不像没有什么名声的同仁,无须为自己的作品得到上演而奔波。His mind could no longer distinguish between illusion and reality.他的头脑已经不再能分清幻觉和现实。
outstanding: “杰出的,突出的”,非正式的普通用词,一般指优于同类其他事物的人或事物,也可指某种与周围环境截然不同的特点。These organizations have done outstanding work in promoting friendship and cooperation between the countries.这些组织在促进邻邦间友谊和合作方面作出了杰出的贡献。He was one of the outstanding legislators who had to resign simply because they couldn't afford to serve any longer.他是那些由于不能继续工作而不得不辞职的杰出议员之一。
4、occupation, career, profession
occupation: “职业,事业”, 是个较有概括性也较正式的词。即某人经常做或训练有素的工作。The report pointed out that society and occupation normally play an important part in determining mortality.报告指出,社会与职业的因素在正常情况下对死亡有重要影响。You can see in her face that life was full of interest, expectation and occupation.你可以在她脸上看到对她来说生活中充满兴趣,期望和事业。
career:“事业,职业“,指一个人为之受过训练并愿终生或相当长一段时间从事的职业。还含有 “生涯,生活历程”之意。It was a thousand pities so clever a fellow should be shut out from a career.这么聪明的一个人不能在事业上一显身手,实在太可惜了。As far as I was concerned, it didn't make much sense to be changing careers at this point in my life.就我个人来说,到了这个年纪改行干别的,不会有多大出息。
profession: “职业”,指只有受过相当高的专门教育或训练,具有了某种专业知识和技能并有创造力的人才能从事的职业,过去专指法律,医学和神学,现在扩展到其他许多具有相当社会地位的工作,如教育,演艺等。常用词组:by profession(就职业而言)。例如:He chose to make his friends mostly among members of the advertising profession.他喜爱主要在以设计广告为职业的成员中交朋友。He was found early that he had a vocation for the ministry, though he ended up in the law profession instead.尽管他最后当上了律师,但人们发现他早年从事的是神职工作。
5、of one's own, one's own
这两个词组都是“自己的”的意思。
of one's own中的own作名词用。整个短语表示“属于某人自己”的意思,只作后置修饰语,修饰带有a(n), this, that, some, any, no, one, two, 等限定词的名词或修饰one, nothing, something, anything 等不定代词。例如:She has a mind of her own.她颇有主见。I have nothing of my own.我自己一无所有。The workers took him as one of their own.工人们把他当作自己人。
one's own既可用作名词,意指“自己的东西”;亦可用作形容词,意指“自己的”。例如:This house is his own.(= This is his own house.)这座房子是他自己的。(= 这是他自
己的房子。)I saw it with my own eyes.我是亲眼看见的。She makes all her own dresses.她的衣服都是她自己做的。
6、officer, officia
officer一般指“军官”或引申而指组织近乎军事化,穿特殊制服的工作人员,如警察等;也指商船的高级船员如大副,二副等。例如:He was promoted to the rank of the first officer.他被提升为大副。
official一般指政府的“文职官员”,在美国它也可指运动会上的田径赛裁判员。例如:Everywhere he went he was accompanied by a group of officials.他每到一处都有一群官员陪同。Nepotism and corruption among government officials can ruin a nation without foreign aggression.政府官员的裙带关系和贪污腐化,虽无外患亦能毁灭国家。
7、on board, on the board, on the boards
on board泛指“在船上”,它还可指“在飞机(火车,共用车辆等)上”。这个习语也可接船名(如:on board the Dongfeng 在东风号上)或船的类型(如:on board a liner在油轮上,on board a warship在军舰上)。例如:As soon as I'm on board I always feel sick.我一到船上,就总是感到恶心。He wasn't on board the ship when it sailed.启航时,他不在船上。The plane flew off after all the passengers came on board.飞机等到全部乘客上来后才起飞。
on the board除可表示“在(具体的)这只或那只船上”外,还可表示“在会上讨论(be discussed at a meeting)“的被动含义。例如:The plan is on the board.那项计划正在讨论中。The problem will be laid on the board at the next meeting.这个问题将在下一次会上讨论。
on the boards中的boards是“舞台”的意思,其本义表示“在舞台上”,现常引申为“做演员,演出”,常用在连系动词be后作表语。例如:Lily is on the boards, but Katie can get nothing to do.莉莉当上了演员,可是凯蒂却找不到事干。The play is now on the boards in Beijing.该剧目前在北京上演。
8、on earth, on the earth, in the earth
on earth有两个意思:1.“在世界上”,相当于in the wold。2.“究竟,到底;一点也,全然”,相当于at all的意思和用法,这时它常用于疑问句,否定词或最高级后加强语气。例如:Mary couldn't understand what on earth the teacher meant.玛丽不理解老师说的究竟是什么意思。I feel like nothing on earth.我感到说不出来的难过。
on the earth的意思是“在地球上”,用作地点状语或连系动词be的表语。例如:It is said that there are probably over one million living creatures on the earth.据说地球上可能有百万多种生物。It is supposed at the present that human beings can only live on the earth.据目前所知,人类只能生活在地球上。
in the earth尽管可译成“在世界上”,实际上它含有“在地下”的意味。因此,指世界上空间的存在物不能用它。例如:The genie said he would show all the treasure in the earth to the man who would set him free.那妖怪说,他将让放他出来的人看到世界上的所有宝藏。There is much petroleum in the earth.地下有大量的石油。
9、on foot, on one's feet
on foot的本义为“步行”,用作方式状语,它也常常转义为“在活动中;在实行中,在进行中”,含进行时的被动意义,可用作表语或后置定语。例如:If the weather permits, I'll go to town on foot.如果天气许可,我将步行进城。A game of this kind is never played with the remainder of the financial community entirely unaware of what is on foot.耍这类花招是决不可能在金融界其余的人士毫无所知的情况下进行的。This is a plan on foot.这是一
项正在实施的计划。
on one's feet中的feet任何时侯不可用单数形式foot替代。它常同动词be, stand等连用,表示“站着”的意思;它还可指病人经过治疗后“恢复健康”,指经济状况“恢复正常”或某人,某企业等“经济独立”。例如:A shop assistant is on her feet for most of the day.售货员几乎是整天站着的。In three days you will be on your feet.三天后你的病就会好的。He stood on his feet at last.他终于在经济上独立了。
10、on purpose, in purpose, of purpose
这三个介词短语都可用来指某人做某件事情带有一定的目的,即表示“有意地,故意地;有目的地”的意思。这时它们均在句中作状语,一般可以换用,只是on purpose最为常见,in purpose和of purpose基本废弃。试比较:”I'm sorry I stepped on your toe;it was an accident.“ ”It wasn't!You did it on purpose.“"对不起,踩着你的脚了,我是无意的。” “不,你是故意的。”We sometimes turn back in purpose.我们有时故意走回头路。The insult was made of purpose.这是故意侮辱人。
in purpose还可用作方面状语,表示“在目的方面”的意思;有时还可表示“在意志方面”的意思,这时,可用of purpose替代。例如:They are similar in purpose.他们目的相似。He is weak in purpose(or: of purpose).他意志薄弱。Peter is so infirm of purpose that it is useless to ask him for advice.彼得这人优柔寡断,向他征求意见是徒劳无用的。
11、out of question, out of the question
这两个短语只有一个the之差,但意思却几乎完全相反。
out of question中的question是“疑问”的意思,整个短语一起表明对一项事物或建议等的肯定,即“毫无疑问”的意思,通常用作状语或者表语,其意思和用法与without question相当。例如:Out of question, this plan can be fulfilled ahead of time.毫无疑问,这个计划可以提前完成。It is out of question that he will be appointed Chief Engineer of the railway.毫无疑问,他将被任命为那条铁路的总工程师。
out of the question中的question是“问题”的意思,整个短语表明对某项事物,要求或建议等的否定,即“不可能”的意思,一般用在连系动词be的后面作表语。例如:I have so much work to do that a holiday for me this year is out of the question.我要做的工作太多,因此,今年我休假是根本不可能的事。Raising more pigs is out of the question unless the fodder question is solved.饲料问题不解决,多养猪是办不到的。
12、only to do, only doing
only后接动词不定式和现在分词都被用作结果状语。only to do的意思是“不料(却)„„,结果(却)„„“, 表示一个没有料到的结果。例如:I hurried to the supermarket, only to find it was closed.我匆忙赶到超市,不料它已经关门了。He made a long speech only to show his foolishness.他讲了一大通,结果只是显露了他的愚蠢。I went to see him, only to learn that he had left the city the night before.我去看他,不料听人家说他已经在前夜离开这个城市。
only doing的意思是“结果就„„”,表示一个意料之中的结果。例如:He died, only leaving nothing but debts.他死了,结果只留下了一身债务。He dropped the plate, only breaking it into pieces.盘子从他手中掉下来,结果摔成了碎片。He aimed, fired, only bringing down a red-necked bird.他瞄准,射击,结果打下了一只红颈鸟。