第一篇:单句 分类、主谓 非主谓句
单
句
一、句子的分类(一)句型
句型的归纳和整理是语法研究的基本工作之一。而句型教学则是语法教学,尤其是第二语言教学过程中的重心之一。
(二)句类
句子还可以从整体功能、用途的角度进行观察。“句类”,就是从句子的功能或者语气上对句子进行观察、区分的结果。因而,所谓句类,实际上是句子的用途、功能或者语气的类别。
传统语言学研究指出,从句子的用途、功能或者语气上观察句子,可以看到句子有四种不同的类别:
1.陈述句:说明一件事情。陈述句发挥特定的陈述功能,在语气上属平直调或者缓降调。如:
① 他来了。
② 小王走了。
2.疑问句:提出一个问题。在语气上,疑问句有一个缓升的语调。如:
① 他来了吗?
② 小王走了吗? 3.感叹句:表达说话人的某种强烈的情绪。在语气上,感叹句有一个急升的语调:
① 他来了!
② 小王走了!
4.祈使句:表达命令、劝诱、禁止意义的句子。在语气上,祈使句可以是一个急升调,也可以是一个缓降调。如:
① 你来!
② 小王,你走吧。
其实,每一类句子都是一个功能范畴——表达功能的范畴,比如,陈述范畴、感叹范畴、疑问范畴、祈使范畴等。这样,语法研究还可以以此为基础进行以下研究:
汉语怎样表达陈述范畴?
汉语怎样表达疑问范畴?
汉语怎样表达感叹范畴?
汉语怎样表达祈使范畴?
这些问题都是汉语教学过程中应该重视的问题。
(三)句式
除了上述两个角度之外,句子还可以根据其自身不同的结构特性加以区别。句式,就是在结构上有独到之处的单句格式。
汉语的句式通常有“把”字句、“被”字句、“是”字句、“有”字句、“连”字句……等等。
任何语言的语法学习,除了学习一些句子类型之外,还必须把握一些特殊的句子格式,所以,句式教学,是语法教学尤其是第二语言教学过程中的重点。
二.句型确定的原则和方法
(一)句型确定的原则
在确定一种语言的句子结构类型之前,首先要对这种语言的句子进行结构分析,确定句子的基本结构成分的类,确定句子成分之间的搭配关系的格局,最后归纳、确定句子格局的类——句型。句型确定的具体过程中,要遵循以下三个方面的原则。
1.确定句型,不考虑句子语气方面的因素,即语气的差异不影响句子结构格式:
① 你是谁?(疑问语气、疑问句)
② 我去!(感叹语气、感叹句)
主+谓:主谓句
③ 你来一趟!(祈使语气、祈使句)
2.用语法功能相同的词语替换句中词语,不改变句子的结构类型。如:
N1│V │N2
他 │ 写│信。
我 │ 看│书。
主+谓:主谓句
北京│ 是│大城市。
小王│ 来了。
这里,实际上包含了一个规则:由相同词类构成的不同的句子属于一个句型。
3.句型是句子的结构类型,因此,句子中的超结构成分(即独立成分、独立语)不作为确定句型的因素。如:
① 身体怎么样了,老刘?
② 你想,我能不去吗?
③ 这件事,看样子,没戏了。
这说明: 首先,要明确句子中的独立成分与句中其他成分不存在结构上的联系,因而,不能误将独立成分作为一个句子的普通成分。如上述三例中,如果将其中的“老
刘”、“你想”、“看样子”三个独立成分作为一个普通的成分来处理,就有可能对各个句子的结构类型做出不同的判断。
其次,也是比较重要的一点,要明确独立成分的个性、特征,要能够认识并判断哪个成分是独立成分,这实际上也是免将独立成分作为一般成分处理的前提。
(二)确定句型的方法
原则与方法不同,前者是宏观上的规定,而后者则是微观上、具体过程中的细则。
确定句型的方法有三点:
1.句型是一个层级性系统,在确定句型时,要从大到小、从上到下逐级进行。如上面基本概念中看到的汉语句型系统图。
实践证明,越级操作的结果是句型系统混乱,达不到划分句型的目的。
2.如果一个句子整体上是一个偏正结构,则它的结构类型要由被修饰的中心语部分的结构类型来确定。如:
① [关于种棉花],我没有经验。(单句、主谓句、动宾谓语句)
② [在我国],北方还是冰天雪地,而南方已经开始播种了。(复句、转折关系)
如果没有看到①中的句首状语“关于种棉花”而误将①的句型判断为偏正结构,就是不合理的,因为从句子成分的角度来看,句首状语不是必有的结构成分。
②的情况更加明显,如果按照宏观结构来确定句子类型,它可能被判定为单句,但实际上,这个句子是一个复句,这是公认的结果,而这个结果必须根据被修饰的部分的结构情况才能得出。
三.主谓句
(一)动词谓语句
(二)形容词谓语句
(三)名词谓语句
(四)主谓谓语句
1.主谓谓语句的含义
用主谓短语充当谓语的句子。如:
① 小王‖心地善良。
② 那个人‖身材高大。
由这些例子可以得出主谓谓语句的总体结构是是:
曾经有人认为,上述大小主语之间往往隐含着领属关系,所以,整个句子应看作是定中短语作主语。但是,大小主语之间确实可以加上一个状语,从而证明它们是不同的句子成分,整个句子是主谓谓语句:
① 小王[的确/确实……]心地善良。
② 那个人[的确/确实……]身材高大。
试比较“我们国家资源丰富。”
2.主谓谓语句的类型
主谓谓语句可以根据大小的情况区分为以下类别。
(1)大小主语之间具有领属或整体和局部的关系。如:
① 我‖身体很好。(领属)
(2)大小主语与小谓语之间有施事、受事、与事、工具等关系。如:
① 他‖普通话说得不错。
② 那个人‖我们一起打过球。
③ 这支笔‖我写过字。
(3)大主语是个话题,整个谓语从某个方面对这个话题进行说明。如:
① 无线电,‖我是外行。
② 那个地方,‖他并不陌生。
(4)大主语和谓语中的某个词语是复指关系。如:
① 小王,他是我们的班长。
② 白杨树,‖我赞美你。
③ 咱们俩‖谁也别去。
(5)大主语和谓语有解注关系。
如:
① 白菜‖五毛钱一斤。
② 红酒‖十块钱一瓶。
上边的种种主谓谓语句都是各种著述中意见比较一致的,摘录在这里,供大家了解。
3.主谓谓语句和“定中短语作主语句”
汉语中有一种句子,叫做“定中短语作主语句”,故名思义,其主语是由一个定中短语充当的。但外表上非常像主谓谓语句。比较下列两组句子,说出不同点,并说明理据。
第一组
第二组
老王白发苍苍。我们工厂很大。
小李思维敏捷。车间书记是我。
车间热气腾腾。连队战士活跃。
─
─
─
─
─
─
A B
C
A B C
这两组句子的共同特点是:都可以分为三段。似乎A、B之间都隐含有领属的关系。但却是两种不同的结构类型。这里有两个问题是:
a.到底这两组句子有何区别?
b.怎么区别? 研究表明,上述两组句子中,第一组是“主谓谓语句”,第二组是“定中短语作主语句”。具体判别方法有以下两种:
(1)看A+B+C内部可有停顿的位置:如果是“A,+B+C”,则整个句子是主谓谓语句;内部停顿是“A+B,+C”,则整个句子就应该是定中短语作主语句:
第一组
第二组
*老王白发/苍苍。我们工厂/很大。
*小李思维/敏捷。车间书记/是我。
*车间热气/腾腾。连队战士/活跃。
可见,第一组应该是主谓谓语句,而第二组应该是定中短语作主语句。
(2)看内部插入语气词的位置:
A
B
a1老王(呢/嘛/呀)白发苍苍。*b1我们(呢/嘛/呀)工厂很大。
*a1'老王白发(呢/嘛/呀)苍苍。b1'我们工厂(呢/嘛/呀)很大。
a2小李(呢/嘛/呀)思维敏捷。*b2车间(呢/嘛/呀)书记是我。
*a2'小李思维(呢/嘛/呀)敏捷。b2'车间书记(呢/嘛/呀)是我。
a3车间(呢/嘛/呀)热气腾腾。*b3连队(呢/嘛/呀)战士活跃。
*a3'车间热气(呢/嘛/呀)腾腾。b3'连队战士(呢/嘛/呀)活跃。
语言实践中,有一些是兼具上述两类句子特征的句子。如:
① 西湖春色正浓。
② 中国历史悠久。
③ 照片颜色发黄。
试通过上述界定方式加以界定。
答案:① 西湖/春色正浓。(主谓谓语句)
西湖春色/正浓。(定中短语作主语句)
② 中国/历史悠久。(主谓谓语句)
中国历史/悠久。(定中短语作主语句)
③ 照片/颜色发黄。(主谓谓语句)
照片颜色/发黄。(定中短语作主语句)
4.主谓谓语句和“主谓短语作主语句”
汉语中还有一种句子与主谓谓语句容易发生纠葛,这就是主谓短语作主语的句子,简称“主谓作主句”。
典型的“主谓作主句”指的是以下句子 :
① 他当书记,‖真是再合适不过了。
② 你心里想什么,‖我早就知道。
观察表明,这类句子的结构特征是:
a.前后两个部分有“,”隔开。
b.前一个部分是个主谓短语,作句子的主语;后一部分表示判断,作句子的谓语。
如果取消中间的“,”,就可能与动宾短语作小主语的主谓谓语句相混淆:
① 笨人干活不耍滑。
② 这个人说话风趣。
上述两个句子是什么句型?为什么?
实际上,上述两个句子就是一种兼具上述两种特征的句子格式。找到或者加上不同的标记,就可以实现为不同的句式。具体界定过程的关键是,根据“主语+谓语”之间可以添加状语,可以有停顿的特征,找到句子内部的可有的停顿位置,即找到添加状语的位置:
[1]笨人干活不耍滑。
→笨人(,/嘛/的确)干活不耍滑。(主谓谓语句)
→笨人干活(,/嘛/的确)不耍滑。(主谓作主句)
[2]这个人说话风趣。
→这个人(,/嘛/的确)说话风趣。(主谓谓语句)
→这个人说话(,/嘛/的确)风趣。(主谓作主句)
下边是几个相关的例子:
他走路姿势好看。
我睡不着是当然的。
我打字快起来了。
四.非主谓句
(一)非主谓句的含义
汉语多数句子,尤其是书面语中的句子,都是可以分析出主语和谓语来的句子,叫做主谓句。但是,也有一些句子,尤其是用于口语中的句子,往往是分析不出主语和谓语来的句子,这就是和主谓句相对而言的非主谓句。
非主谓句,就是结构上分析不出主语谓语来的句子,即句子的主题结构不是由一个主谓短语构成的句子。如:
① 刮风了。
② 蛇!
(二)非主谓语句的种类
根据句子具体构成成分的复杂程度,汉语的非主谓句总体上可以分别为以下两种:无主句和独词句。
1.无主句
(1)无主句的含义
无主句,是结构上没有主语的非主谓句。如上述例①。
非主谓句中的无主句与主语缺省的句子是有区别的。
(2)无主句和主语省略句的区别
从理念上来讲,无主句是或者很难确定,是说不出的;或者在任何环境中都无须说出来。这样,无主句和主语省略的句子对特定语境的依赖程度是不同的。这就决定了两者有以下两个方面的区别。
a.主语缺省的句子的主语是确定的,只是处于上下文的限制、提示而有所省略而已,因而是可以补出的。而无主句往往是没有确定的主语,所以补不出主语:
① 小王刚才来了,[ ]又很快就走了。
② 救命!
两个例子所反映的情况是有差异的:根据语境的提示,可以判断出①中的[ ]省略了一个主语“小王”,是一个省略句或者“不完全主谓句”;②的情况就不同:我们无法通过一些语境的因素来判断其确定的主语到底是什么,因而,是一个省略句。
b.由于对语境的严重依赖,不完全主谓句脱离了特定的语境就往往会表义不明确、不确定。比如上述①“[ ]又很快就走了。”离开了特定的语境,接受者就难以解读其明确的具体的含义。而②中的“救命!”则不然,没有特定的语境暗示,人们照样可以了解它的具体含义。
(3)无主句使用的环境
汉语的无主句通常在以下几种环境中使用。
a.叙述自然现象或提示新发生的某种变化。如:
① 下雪了。
② 发水了。
③ 集合了!
④ 下课了!
b.用于表述自然、社会、生活经验知识的格言、谚语,如:
① 放虎归山,必有后患。
② 立冬不砍菜,一定受霜害。
c.用于某种劝诱、阻止、祝愿的情境,如:
① 请勿吸烟!
② 禁止携带易燃易爆品进站上车!
③ 祝你生日快乐!
④ 为两国人民的友谊干杯!
d.用于某种解释、存在的语境,如:
① 是我拿走了那个东西。
② 有人!大家注意!
2.独词句
(1)独词句的含义
独词句,是由一个词或者作用相当于一个词的短语充当句子主体的非主谓句。如前述“蛇!”就是。
独词句也是一种完整的句子,名词性的独词句不同于主谓句的主语,而非名词性的独词句也不同于主谓句的谓语。它不依赖于特定的上下文语境也照样可以表达清楚、明确。
和无主句一样,独词句也没有省略什么,因此也补不出确定的主语或谓语来。
(2)独词句使用的环境
汉语的独词句通常用于以下几种环境中。
a.用于某些感叹的情景:
好大的雨!这种人!
天哪!
真好!
b.叙述某种时间、场所或者提醒出现了某种新的情况:
① 星期天上午9:30,办公室。
② 第二年冬天。
③ 老鼠!
④ 鬼子!
c.用于特殊的祈使情景:
①(甲对乙一伸手)钥匙!
②(顾客对饭店服务小姐招招手)筷子!
d.用于呼应情境:
① 喂!老王!老王!
② 哎!来了!
③ 是!是!好!好!当然!
④ 怎么!为什么!
e.用作敬语:
① 劳驾!
② 谢谢!
③ 客气!
④辛苦了!
由于传统习惯、观念的影响,以往的汉语语法研究者们大多只是关注汉语主谓句的研究而不重视或者说忽视汉语的非主谓句的研究,这种操作上的偏颇所带来的缺憾已经在实践应用中日渐明显,因此,不论如何,有关汉语非主谓句的研究或观察都应该重新得到足够的重
第二篇:·单句分类
·单句分类
*单句分类:
A.主谓句:
1.名词谓语句:后天||中秋节。
2.动词谓语句:
a.一般句式:荷花||开了。
b.特殊句式:
<1>把字句:他们(把)对方打败了。
<2>被字句:对方(被)他们打败了。
<3>连动句:我(去)书店(买)书。
<4>兼语句:校长叫(主任)主持会议。
<5>是字句:我们(是)龙的传人。
<6>存现句:(讲台上)放着黑板擦。
3.形容词谓语句:建筑||雄伟。
4.主谓谓语句:这部电影||我看过。
B.非主谓句:
1.名词非主谓句:漂亮的玫瑰花!
2.动词非主谓句:立正!
3.形容词非主谓句:多好啊!
4.叹词、拟声词非主谓句:嗨!叮铛!
*句子基本成份和主干
(定语)+主中||[状语]+谓中+<补语>+(定语)+宾中
(他)的 妈妈|| [只] 牵 <回>(一头)+小牛
主中=主语中心语 谓中=谓语中心语 宾中=宾语中心语
口诀:
主谓宾、定状补,主干枝叶分清楚。
定语必居主宾前,谓前为状谓后补。
状语有时位主前,逗号分开心有数。
*句子常见毛病:
1.成份残缺:听了老山英雄的话,使我受到很大的教育。
(缺主语。要么“讲话”作主语,去掉“听了”;要么“我”作主语,去掉“使”。)
2.搭配不当:路旁种植着果树。
(动宾搭配不当)
3.语序不当:这是有效的管理学校的方法。
(修饰语序不当,“有效的”应挪到“方法”前)
4.句式杂糅;我前天观赏了这个根雕是很有特色的。
(“我前天观赏了这个根雕”和“这个根雕是很有特色的”。)
5.不合事理:今天,班主任把许多同学的父母和家长请来了。
(“父母”包括在家长中,与“家长”不能并列,应去其一。)
第三篇:浅析汉英“非主谓句”的对比
浅析汉英“非主谓句”的对比
摘 要:“非主谓句”是汉语中的句式之一,而在英语句法中,并没有对此类句式进行明确的概念划分。为方便进行对比,将英语中主谓不全的句子作为对比对象与汉语的非主谓句进行对比分析,通过对两语中广泛存在的这种句式进行分析,探寻该类句式的存在方式以及分类问题。
关键词:非主谓句;英汉对比;分析
关于非主谓句这个概念的界定,诸多致力于做汉、英对比分析的学者在此类句式的类别归属和句法分析上仍存在较大分歧,一般对于主谓不全的句子,人们常常作“省略句”或“非主谓句”两种解释。许多研究汉、英对比分析的学者认为:“所谓‘非主谓句’不过是一种特殊的省略句而已。”而在《英汉语比较语法》(徐士珍1985)一书中,对此类语法现象的对比也仅仅只做出了“英语的无人称句、无主句与汉语的无主句的比较”。
一、客观存在的“非主谓句”
在归类方面,对于主谓不全的句子,许多英汉对比文献都将其归为无主句或者省略句。而这种归类方法是为了便于英汉对比而进行的强行分类,不够科学、也不能够涵盖全面。Geoffrey N.Leech在1995年演讲“英语语法的过去、现在与未来”中曾提到:“从二十世纪中后期开始,在讲英语的国家里传统的、规范的语法势力越来越小。”这就为非主谓句这类“非正式”句式提供了发展前景,非主谓句在汉英两种语言中的应用愈发广泛。
二、非主谓句的存在形式
英语当中没有非主谓句这个概念,这与英语句子的形式特点是有关系的。英语的句子并不像汉语句子那样流散,而注重形式上的整齐。因此,英语句子强调句子中主谓成分存在的必要性。但英语中主谓不全的句子也仍然存在,通常有以下几种形式:(1)在祈使句中,常省去主语You。如,Open the window please.(请把窗户打开)。汉英的祈使句都是省略主语以表示命令、请愿等情感,主语可以补出,按照之前对于非主谓句的概念,祈使句不属于典型的非主谓句。(2)口语表述时的省略:Glad to meet you.(很高兴见到你)。省略了(I am)。此类句式也属于一种省略主语的形式,因此,也不能算作典型的非主谓句。(3)表示感叹、惊讶等情感的句子:Oh,my God!(我的天哪!)这类句式同汉语的此类句式形式相同,都是单独的名词性或动词性的句子。从意义上来讲,这类句式是通过阐述最直接的内容来表示特殊的情感。(4)答语:Thanks.(谢谢)。Not at all.(不用谢)。拿Thanks举例来说,也有Thank you!的表达方式,而Thank you.则是动宾结构省略了主语I,因此,不是非主谓句,而Thanks.则是名词性的非主谓句。(5)谚语:Out of sight,out of mind.(离久情疏)。Seeing is believing.(眼见为实)。汉英语中的谚语也可以从名词性、谓语性的句子分析角度去划分。由此我们也可以看出,在英语中,该类动词性句式也有无法补出主语的情况,是典型的非主谓句。
三、从汉英对比看非主谓句的一些问题
由上文可以看出,非主谓句的存在形式多样、种类复杂,也因此容易产生概念混淆、类别不清的情况。而由于英汉两种语言的差异,一种语言中非主谓句可能对应着完全不同的情况。比如,汉语里的“下雨了”,对应到英语里应是“It’s raining.”关于这句话的分析有两种观点,一种是汉语里面的“下雨了”,看似是动词性的非主谓句,但主语补出也未尝不可,可以说“外面下雨了”“天下雨了”。但从意义上来看,主语完全没有必要补出,或者说,主语在这个句子中的存在的意义不大,因为说话人的本意只是想强调“下雨”,并不涉及这个动作所陈述的对象。另一种说法是汉语里面的“下雨了”主语应该为天气,只不过由于人们多年来的语言习惯省略了主语。由此两种观点,我们便可以对英语句子“It’s raining!”进行分析,It在此句中可以有两种理解,一种是代词做主语,一种是形式主语。如果当代词讲的话,it即指天气,那么,此句就是我们上文提到的天气做主语的例子,是省略了主语,不属于非主谓句。而如果it作为形式主语来讲,我们都知道英语里面的形式主语并不是真正意义上的主语,那么,此句的真正主语就只能是raining了,就变成了动词构成的动词性非主谓句。
由此可见,关于非主谓句的研究,国内对于汉语的研究较多,对于英语以及其他语言的研究较少,我们应该注意到非主谓句在任何语言中都有它的存在方式和特点,对此进行具体的语言描述并加以对比分析,可以在句法的层面上促进双语的对比研究,也可以从侧面促进双语的相应语法概念的研究发展。
参考文献:
[1]颜迈.“非主谓句”质疑[J].贵州教育学院学报,2008(02).[2]熊金丰.非主谓句的范围和类型[J].龙岩师专学报,1989(03).[3]张修仁.非主谓句的用途和界定[J].厦门大学学报,1996(02).[4]朱文献.怎样区别简略句和非主谓句[J].语文教学与研究,1984(03).基金项目:黑龙江大学研究生创新科研项目(YJSCX2014-092HLJU)。
作者简介:侯文硕,男,1987年出生,现黑龙江大学应用外语学院翻译硕士(英语笔译)研究生。
冯莉,女,1972年出生,黑龙江大学应用外语学院副教授、硕士生导师。
编辑 郑 淼
第四篇:高考英语短文改错_单句分类训练
高考英语短文改错单句分类训练
名词
真题单句归纳
1.Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew making a new film with one of my favourite actor.(2011·陕西卷)
2.He was right there in the front of me!(2011·陕西卷)
3.My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to stay another couple of day.(2011·全国II)4.In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports was steady,around three per weeks.(2011·辽宁卷)5.Tom was having much troubles getting up in the morning and was always late for work.(2011·四川卷)6.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.(2011·全国新课标卷)
7.When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.(2011·全国新课标卷)8.I was playing at my cousin house.(2011·浙江卷)
9.Although her English is a little hard to understand, we enjoy chatting and we usually talk a lot about our own family.(11·重庆卷)模拟单句演练
(1)Women live longer than men in most country.(2)The film is very interesting.I have seen it many time.(3)It's said that all the ticket have been sold out.(4)The children spend a lot of times watching TV.(5)I met a lot of interesting peoples on holiday.(6)Computer are becoming more and more popular in the country.(7)He made his first time visit to China when he was 18.(8)There's a paper's factory near our school.(9)It's one of the most interesting book that I've ever read.(10)Hearing the news, the woman burst into tear.时态
真题单句归纳
1.Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they have finished the scene and actor couldn't be seen anywhere.(2011·陕西卷)2.When I finally arrived at my friend's he lent me lots of clothes.I feel very happy that I could change my clothes at last.(2011·全国新课标卷)
3.She knows what had happened, but she thanked me and never mentioned it again.(2011·浙江卷)4.We became friends shortly after we meet each other.(2011·重庆卷)模拟单句演练
(1)Just now Jim tells me his mother was ill.(2)I phone my friend the other day.(3)We often played together when we are children.(4)What are you doing when I called you?
(5)In the last two weeks, we met people from different countries.(6)We'll stay at home playing cards if it will rain tomorrow.(7)Work hard and you pass the final exam.(8)It's years since I come here in China for my further study.动词
真题单句归纳
1.I couldn't believe my luck-not only did I had my photo taken with him, but he signed his name on my shirt!(11·陕西卷)2.However, my father had to return to work on Monday so we fly back last Saturday afternoon.(2011·全国II)3.I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy playing with the toy or faced my cousin again;(2011·浙江卷)
三、模拟单句演练
(1)He lied down by the side of the path to rest.(2)Books may be keep for four weeks.(3)Uncle Ben will also go back for Christmas.(4)„and let you know when the book you want has returned.(5)I'd like to your pen-friend, and get to know more about your country.(6)They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.(7)Because of so much viewing, children may not be develop the habit of reading and the ability to enjoy themselves.(8)What your favorite sport?
(9)I use to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time, but now I am interested in football.(10)I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day.主谓一致
一、考点规律分析
从广义来说,英语中的一致问题涉及多个方面,如主谓一致、人称的一致、并列结构的前后一致等。由于人称的一致已归入“代词”考点、并列结构的前后一致已分别归入非谓语动词、时态等,所以这里只归纳主谓一致问题。
二、真题单句归纳
1.In early January this year, the rate of UFO reports were steady, around three per week.(2011·辽宁卷)
2.Luckily I had all my money in my pocket, but the only clothes I had was those I had on.(2011·全国新课标卷)3.Katia, like many other Russian girls, are nice and lively.(2011·重庆卷)
三、改正方法:分清主语
四、模拟单句演练
(1)Her parents were in Shanghai, and so was his.(2)As is known to us all, remembering English words are not easy.(3)The police was looking for the murderer everywhere in the city.(4)Writing English and speaking it is different things.(5)It is the parents and their son who wants to buy the bicycle.(6)What he said at the meeting were very important to us.多词
一、考点规律分析
多词错误主要涉及英语中一些“小”词,如冠词、介词、不定式符号、人称代词、动词 be、比较级more等。具体说来,多词错误可能涉及的问题有:及物动词后接宾语时误加介词,在该用动词原形的地方误加不定式符号to,在物质名词、抽象名词、复数名词等表示泛指时误加定冠词,在一些可直接用作状语的短语前误加介词in, on, for 等,误加一些导致语义重复的小词(如two 与both连用,all 与whole 连用等),在本身已是比较级的词前误加more,在不是从句的地方误加从句“引导词”,在一些习惯用语和固定表达中误加不该用的“小词”(如冠词、介词、副词等),等等。
二、真题单句归纳
1.My brother was so much fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to stay another couple of days.(2011·全国II)
2.He wrote an article, which said that all UFO reports could be explained for quite naturally by aircraft movements.(11·辽宁卷)
3.His boss wanted to fire him if he didn't start coming on time,so he went to the doctor for a help.(2011·四川卷)4.When I finally arrived at my friend's he lent to me lots of clothes.(2011·全国新课标卷)
5.I guessed, even at that age, I would never be able to enjoy to playing with the toy or face my cousin again;(2011·浙江卷)6.Now, we are planning a small party for the next Sunday.(2011·重庆卷)
三、模拟单句演练
(1)David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.(2)Modern people know more about the health, have better food, and live in clearer surroundings.(3)Most people can quickly get for help from a doctor or go to a hospital when they are ill.(4)As a result, people in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.(5)I never knew about a ride down a river could be so exciting.(6)Today I visited the Smiths — my first time visit to an American family.(7)I'll spend all the whole weekend reading and preparing for it.(8)Suddenly, I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.(9)Because of so much viewing, children may not be develop the habit of reading and the ability to enjoy themselves.(10)Though I am a student now, I will work as very hard to make my dream come true.缺词
一、考点规律分析
与多词错误的情形相似,缺词也主要涉及英语中一些“小”词,如冠词、介词、不定式符号、人称代词、动词 be等。具体说来,漏词错误可能涉及的问题有:不及物动词后接宾语时漏加必要的介词,在该带不定式符号to的地方漏加 to,在单数可数名词表示泛指意义时漏加必要的限定词(尤其是漏加不定冠词),漏掉表特指的定冠词,漏掉被动语态中的助动词 be,漏加系表结构中的连系动词 be,漏加一些常用结构或表达中的介词(如漏掉 a lot of 中的 of,漏掉 because of 中的 of,漏掉 instead of 中的 of等),漏掉某些从句的“引导词”(通常会导致意义不通),等等。
二、真题单句归纳
1.I didn't have my camera with me at that time, so I rushed back home to get.(2011·陕西卷)
2.The commanding officer,Wayne Tyler,who directly responsible for the study of all such repsorts,decided to make his findings known.(2011·辽宁卷)
3.He had time for a proper breakfast and was still the first reach the factory.(2011·四川卷)
4.I was going to visit a friend there and after that I would go to Xiamen for long holiday.(2011·全国新课标卷)5.I put into my pocket when he wasn't looking.(2011·浙江卷)
6.This is the first time that I′ve been away my family for such a long time.(2011·重庆卷)
三、模拟单句演练
(1)When I have free time I go a long walk.(2)Good health is person's most valuable possession.(3)In some places you may borrow many books as you want.(4)We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ourselves.(5)My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.(6)There is public library in every town in Britain.(7)But then there is always more mysteries look into.(8)I'd like very much come but I have an examination on Monday morning.介词
一、考点规律分析
短文改错对介词的考查主要涉及在及物动词后接宾语时误加介词和在不及物动词后接宾语时漏加介词、可直接用作状语的副词短语前误加介词、介词与其他词的常用搭配、常用介词的基本用法、习语中的介词用法等。
二、真题单句归纳
1.I was really disappointed and about to leave when he walked out a building.(2011·陕西卷)
2.Thank you very much for showing us around your city and providing us for the wonderful meals.(2011·全国II)
3.When, however, on Monday, January 16, a science fiction film about visitors to outer space was shown on television,there was an immediate increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the States.(2011·辽宁卷)
4.Tom was having much trouble getting up in the morning and was always late with work.(2011·四川卷)
5.Luckily I had all my money on my pocket, but the only clothes I had were those I had on.(2011·全国新课标卷)6.There was one on particular I'd always wanted.(2011·浙江卷)
三、模拟单句演练
(1)We must serve for the people heart and soul.(2)I followed the man for a while, and saw him enter into the bank.(3)Soon the nurse married with my friend Jim.(4)I took a great many of photographs in the mountains.(5)In English class,we often talk each other in English.(6)Don't talk.What the man says is well worth listening.(7)The chair looks hard, but it is comfortable to sit.(8)She was very kind and insisted lending her car to us.(9)I asked to her what she would be doing on Saturday.(10)On his way to home, he met one of his old friends Jack.从句及并列连词
一、考点规律分析
短文改错对从句引导词的考查主要涉及根据句意正确选用引导词、引导词的误加与漏用、将不是从句的东西误认为是从句而误加引导词等。
二、真题单句归纳
1.I didn't have my camera with me at that time, but I rushed back home to get it.(2011·陕西卷)2.It's been a week after we left your family and we are now back home.(2011·全国II)
3.Following this explanation,there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings,because the rate remained above the previous level.(2011·辽宁卷)
4.His boss wanted to fire him if he didn't start coming on time,but he went to the doctor for help.(2011·四川卷)
5.I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag form the floor and then I realized that someone had stolen it.(2011·全国新课标卷)
6.We're both surprised that Chinese culture or Russian culture are so different.(2011·重庆卷)
7.There ,Katia will introduce me to some of her friends, one of who has been to China several times.I just can't wait.(2011·重庆卷)
三、改正方法:
1)根据句意确定错误;主要考查and、or、but、so等并列连词的误用。2)根据句子的逻辑关系确定错误。
四、模拟单句演练
(1)He is the man his car was stolen.(2)That's the hotel which we were staying last summer.(3)That's the palace where we visited last summer.(4)I suddenly woke up in mid-night.And it was a long time I got to sleep again.(5)In the past few years when we've planted thousands of trees along the river.(6)At the airport where all the baggage must be examined.(7)He wrote me a letter and asked I was getting on.(8)She stayed in France for 10 years.That's she spoke French so well.(9)It's really a beautiful place, where everyone hopes to visit.(10)It cost nothing.Anyone can get it unless he likes it.非谓语动词
真题单句归纳
1.Last Sunday morning, when I was having a walk in the park near my home, I came across a crew make a new film with one of my favourite actors.(2011·陕西卷)
2.My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to staying another couple of days.(11·全国II)3.The commanding officer,Wayne Tyler,who was directly responsible for the study of all such repsorts,decided to making his findings known.(2011·辽宁卷)
4.Follow this explanation,there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings,but the rate remained above the
previous level.(2011·辽宁卷)
5.The man did as told and slept really well,wake up before the alam had even gone off.(2011·四川卷)6.He had time for a proper breakfast and was still the first reach the factory.(2011·四川卷)
7.“Boss,” he said ,“that medicine really works!” I'm pleasing to hear it ,”said his boss,”but where were you yesterday?”(2011·四川卷)
8.My summer travel started terribly.I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buy a ticket to Hang Zhou.(2011·全国新课标卷)
9.With the help of Katia, a roommate of mine, I′ve soon got used to live without my parents around.模拟单句演练
(1)David and I wanted go off to find help but Bill insisted on staying near the car.(2)I want to thank you again for have me in your home for the summer holidays.(3)It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.(4)I went back to get David and helped him to stood up.(5)I look forward to hear from you soon.(6)I'd like very much come but I have an examination on Monday morning.(7)I'll spend the whole weekend reading and prepare for it.(8)Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also gives us a sense of fair play and team spirit.(9)After learn the basics of the subject, nothing else seemed very practical to me.(10)As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.(11)But his parents think go to college is more important than playing sports.(12)I am thinking of making a trip to London, and visit the British Museum and some parks.冠词
真题单句归纳
1.If you'd like to make trip to our city some day, I will be more than happy to be your guide.(2011·全国II)
2.When, however, on Monday, January 16, a science fiction film about visitors from outer space was shown on television,there was the immediate increase in reports of sightings from all parts of the States.(2011·辽宁卷)模拟单句演练
(1)Her sister, who is nurse, will marry one of the doctors in the hospital.(2)It was such wonderful dinner that we enjoyed it very much.(3)It was raining hard, so I had to borrow a umbrella.(4)My friend Mary comes from an European country.(5)Mr Smith used to be physics teacher till he turned writer.(6)In the word, he is a good student and all of us like him.(7)People made the fun of her because she wore such strange clothes.(8)You don't know what wonderful time we've had.代词
真题单句归纳
1.Thank you very much for showing them around your city and providing us with the wonderful meals.(2011·全国II)2.The commanding officer,Wayne Tyler,who was directly responsible for the study of all such repsorts,decided to make his findings known.They wrote an article,which said that all UFO reports could be explained quite naturally by aircraft movements.(2011·辽宁卷)
3.The doctor gave him some medicine and told him to take them before he went to bed.(2011·四川卷)4.With the help of Katia, a roommate of me, I′ve soon got used to living without my parents around.模拟单句演练
(1)David pointed to a path which it he thought would probably lead to a village.(2)When we walked to the car, Bill smiled and shook head.(3)I think I liked those classes because I felt that it helped me understand what the world works.(4)And I can't forget the good food you cooked for I.(5)But his parents think going to college is more important than playing sports and college is the only place for a smart boy like his son.(6)The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.(7)In any other words, I am an only child.形容词和副词
真题单句归纳
1.Unfortunately, by the time I got back, they had finished the scene and the actor couldn't be seen everywhere.(2011·陕西卷)
2.I was really disappointing and about to leave when he walked out of a building.(2011·陕西卷)
3.If you'd like to make a trip to our city some day, I will be better than happy to be your guide.(2011·全国II)4.He had time for a properly breakfast and was still the first to reach the factory.(2011·四川卷)
5.I was at the Shanghai Railway Station buying a ticket to Hang Zhou.I was going to visit a friend here and after that I would go to Xiamen for a long holiday.(2011·全国新课标卷)
6.Since his family was rich than mine, he had more toys than I did.(2011·浙江卷)Late on, my aunt drove me home.(2011·浙江卷)
7.When she dropped me off, I pulled out the toy slow and gave it back.(2011·浙江卷)
8.She knew what had happened, but she thanked me and ever mentioned it again.(2011·浙江卷)
9.Although her English is a little hardly to understand, we enjoy chatting and we usually talk a lot about our own families 模拟单句演练
(1)I'll try to be more carefully next time.(2)China is much more bigger than the United States.(3)There are few boys than girls in our class.(4)He says that skiing is much exciting than skating.(5)Strange, they even know everything about me.(6)He found someone was following her, so she felt frightening.(7)It was real very dangerous.You might have injured yourself.(8)In fact, they finally came back home,safely and sound.(9)The fish tastes well; why not have a try?
第五篇:非物质文化遗产分类
非物质文化遗产分类
1、民族语言
2、民间文学:神话、传说、故事、歌谣、史诗、长诗、谚语、谜
语、其它。
3、民间美术:绘画、雕塑、工艺、建筑、其它。
4、民间音乐:民歌、器乐、舞蹈音乐、戏曲音乐、曲艺音乐、其
它。
5、民间舞蹈:生活习俗舞蹈、岁时节令习俗舞蹈、人生礼仪舞蹈、宗教信仰舞蹈、生产习俗舞蹈、其它。
6、戏曲:曲牌体制的戏曲剧种、板腔体制的戏曲剧种、曲牌综合体制的戏曲剧种、少数民族的戏曲剧种、民间小戏剧种、傩及祭祀仪式性的戏曲剧种、傀儡戏曲剧种、其它。
7、曲艺:说书、唱曲、谐谑、其它。
8、民间杂技:杂技、魔术、马戏、乔装戏、滑稽、其它。
9、民间手工技艺:工具和机械制作、农畜产品加工、烧造、织染
缝纫、金属工艺、编制扎制、髹漆、造纸、印刷和装帧、其它。
10、生产商贸习俗:农业、林业、渔业、狩猎、饲养和畜牧业、商
贸、副业、其它。
11、消费习俗:服饰、饮食、居住、交通、其它。
12、人生礼俗:妊娠、分娩、诞生、命名、满月、百日、周岁、成年礼、婚礼、寿诞礼、葬礼、其它。
13、岁时节令:汉族节日、少数民族节日、其它。
14、民间信仰:原始信仰、俗神信仰、祖先信仰、庙会、巫术与禁
忌、其它。
15、民间知识:医药卫生、物候天象、灾害、数理知识、测量、纪
事、营造、其它。
16、游戏、传统体育与竞技:室内游戏、庭院游戏、智能游戏、助
兴游戏、博弈游戏、赛力竞技、技巧竞赛、杂耍(艺)竞技、其它。
17、文化空间