第一篇:初中英语语音教学的实践研究
《初中英语语音教学的实践研究》开题报告
龙泉六中 李敏莉 邓慧
序言:英语语音教学是英语教学的重要环节,是学生自主拼读单词,形成良好的阅读能力的必要条件,学生掌握好语音学习技能是学习英语的必备技能。语音教学的实践研究是进行有效英语教学的重要手段之一。
我校是九年义务教学的初中阶段,是承小学起高中的阶段,在学生的整个英语学习生涯中起至关重要的作用。我校学生的来源复杂,其中有英语语音基础很好的约占30%,中间层次的约占30%,英语语音基础很差的约占40%。针对学生英语基础参差不齐的状况,英语语音教学实践研究更是显得至关重要。
一、课题的提出
语音是语言的物质外壳和表达手段。作为语言结构的一个重要组成部分,语音是口头交际的物质基础,也是语言教学的出发点。正如英国语言学家Henry Sweet所说,语音是所有语言学习中必不可少的基础。要学会说一种语言,先要掌握这种语言的语音。英国语音学家吉姆森(A.C.Gimson)曾对语音的重要性作过精辟的论述:“要学会讲任何一门语言,一个人只需学会它的50%一90%的语法、1%的词汇便足够用了,但语音知识却必须近乎100%的 掌握。”有人曾比喻:语法是“骨架”,词汇是“肌肉”,语音是“血液”。由 此可见语音的重要性,而英语语音教学是英语教学中最重要的环节之一。很好地掌握语音知识不仅有利于正确地表达思想,而且对于学习英语语法、记忆单词短语、发展口语和提高听力都有不可低估的影响。培养学生英语语音能力具有重要意义,其重要性主要表现在语音能力与英语学习的关系上:可增强学生学习信心;可提高听力理解能力;可提高词汇记忆效率;可增强语感。抓好语音教学是有效进行英语教学的关键。而我区的英语教学在小学三年级就开始进行,即小学三年级开设英语课,由于各学校的重视程度、师资配备、还有小学生的认知特点、加上我校外来务工子女小学根本没学英语,初一内容又重复小学内容等各方面的原因,导致我校学生英语基础存在较大的差异,尤其在英语发音方面存在不同。立足我校的教学实际、学生实际,我们确定对小学到初中过渡阶段的语音教学进行探究。
二、课题研究的目的和价值
在多年的教学生涯中我发现这样一个现象:七年级英语差别不大,八年级英语开始分化,九年级英语强弱分明。七年级时每节课学的词汇数量就较多,但是大多数学生此时有一种新奇感,热情高,心理没有受到挫折,不容易失去信心。对英语这门新语言愿意学,乐于学,学生即使“死记硬背”也能记住。.但随着词汇量的增多,到八年级时英语学习就赶不上去了,出现了两极分化,班级的平均分数也显示了这一点,是什么原因呢?
其中的关键是这些学生的拼读能力未能及时过关,语音基础过于薄弱。现在的学生虽然大多从小学三年级开始学习英语,但水平参差不齐。尤其是对语音知识知道的就更少,大多学生不识音标,有的即使认识一些也读不准,有的虽然会读音标,却不知如何拼单词,靠一味的死记硬背,结果达不到预期的效果,刚刚背过的单词很快就忘了,等于没背,索性就不背了。因此识记单词成了许多学生难以逾越的关卡。单词记不住,句子就看不懂,听、说、读、写能力难以形成,导致成绩下降,既而产生了恶性循环,对英语失去了信心和兴趣是最终导致英语学习两极分化的直接原因。“费时多,收效差”的原因之一就是英语入门阶段没有学好。因此七年级的语音阶段是学生学好英语的关键时期,只有掌握了字母、因素、音标和他们的关系,学生在读单词和记忆单词时才不会感到困难,因此在教学中应当把帮助学生过语音关放在首位。在七年级阶段如果不打好语音基础,势必给以后的英语学习留下隐患。根据2006年国家教育部调查显示,86.3%的学生感到单词难记,91.3%学生认为学不好英语的关键是单词,96.3%的学生认为是没有找到记忆单词的好方法。记忆单词最好也是最有效的方法是语音记忆法,西方国家现在最流行的单词记忆法也是采用语音记忆法。
三、研究范围和对象
研究范围:小学三年级到初中三年级的英语语音教学。研究对象:小学三年级到初中三年级的学生。
四、研究策略、思路、步骤
英语语音教学的方法(一)字母发音教学法
字母发音教学法是通过已经会的字母来学习音标。在复习字母中开始音标教学,记住字母与音标的对应关系,英语发音方面的知识以及音节的划分。七年级的学生对字母应该是很熟悉了,从字母开始学习音标能提高他们的积极性,所以在七年级入门阶段即前三个单元学习字母时期,教师必须在对学生在小学已学过的26 个字母进行温习的同时,可以从字母入手,逐步引导学生学习语音。把字母的音标注出来,以学习音标为主要目的,兼顾字母。
1.先给学生呈出现五个元音字母和它们的音标A [ ei ] E[ i:] I [ ai] O [əu] U [ju: ],这时学生只会直接读出字母,让学生先读字母,再读它相对应的音标,并记住这个音标的读音。由于他们对这几个字母很熟悉,所以记住这几个音标也不难。
2.再按26个字母的顺序依次出现字母和它的音标,看着字母读它所对应的音标,进入因素的学习,让学生分解字母读音,训练拼读技能。如:Bb [b+i:]→[bi:]; Cc [s+i:]→[si:];Ff [e+f]→[ef];Kk [k+ei]→[kei];Ww[d+ʌ+b+l+ju:] →[dʌblju:]等等。同时鼓励学生分解背诵26个字母的音素。当学生复习完26个字母时,已能读准24个因素,并会分解出某一字母的元音因素和辅音因素,这为今后记单词时,确立单词中的字母和音素的对应意识奠定了基础。解决单词的读音后,就容易实现意义识记了。我们可以研究所识记单词的共同特征、内在联系。如:Dadhasbagcathatcap这组单词的共同特征都是“元辅”结构的词,都有共同字母a,在闭音节中均读作[æ],然后由词到句:Dad has a bag.A cat has a hat and a cap.进行操练,巩固音标。
(二)汉语拼音对比法
汉语和英语从体系上来讲分属东、西方具有代表性的两大体系,无论从语言上还是从文字上都相差甚远。但究其发音音素来却有着许多相同和相似之处。汉语拼音与英文字母、国际音标同源于拉丁字母,无论从外形还是内涵都有着不可分割的联系。由此可见,汉语拼音对学习英语,尤其是语音学习会起到良好的辅助作用,特别是对系统地学习过汉语拼音,有着扎实基础的中、小学生来说,在初学英语语音阶段加以正确引导,使用汉语拼音作为学习英语语音的辅助手段是极为行之有效的。英语是一种拼音文字,理论上来说学生能学会汉语拼音的拼读方法就能把英语单词的拼读也学好。英语和汉语拼音使用的字母字形是完全一样的。两种学习情境有许多共同因素,也就是说在刺激与反应方面有相同或相似之处。如:英语中辅音[b],[p],[m],[f],[d],[t],[n],[l],[g],[k],[h],[s],[z]等读音与汉语拼音中的b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, h, s, z很相似,只要立足于区别对照,即可很快学会。
将英语26个字母和汉语拼音分别呈现,通过对比学生们发现23个字母和汉语拼音相同,也就是外形一致,音素相近,这就是音标与汉语拼音对比学习的前提。
1.声母与辅音字母对比法
用声母与辅音字母对比法进行输入性教学,针对英文字母和汉语拼音的相近性,辅音字母在单词中的发音与汉语拼音的同一性来总结字母发音规律。让学生能掌握辅音字母的基本发音规则并能进行简单的拼读。例如:b[b] p[p] m [m] f [f] d [d] t [t] n [n] l [l] g [g] k [k] h [h]„等。26个字母中有5个元音字母,21个辅音字母,其中15个音形相同对比字母:b [b]d [d] f [f]g [g]h [h]k [k]l [l]m [m]n [n]p [p]r [r]s [s]t [t]w [w]z [z]。所以了解和熟悉辅音字母在单词中的发音对于学生学习英语是非常有帮助的。
2.韵母与元音字母对比法 对于元音音标的学习我们也可以采用汉语拼音渗透的方法进行教学。如:英语中元音[ɑ:] [ɔ:] [ ə:] [i:] [u:] [ai][ʌn][ʌŋ] [ei] [en æn] [æŋ] [in] [iŋ] [au] [əu][uə]和汉语拼音中的韵母a, o, e, I, u, ai, an, ang, ei, en,eng in,ing, ao, ou, uo,的发音和书写都有很多相似之处,所以在进行元音音标学习的过程中将元音音素与汉语拼音韵母有机的结合不失为一个好的认读方法。经过多次复习使学生熟练,在学习因素的基础上,音标的学习也就不难了。按照从辅到元、从闭到开、从易到难、循序渐进的原则,把字母的发音规律扎实地教给学生。即先学习辅音字母在单词中的发音,后学习元音字母在开、闭音节中的发音,接着学习字母组合发音,最后是根据发音书写单词。培养学生“见词能读,听音会写”的能力。语音知识的教学要在平常的教学中渗透、积累和运用,让学生逐渐形成良好的学习单词拼读习惯。
3.辅音字母在单词中的发音教学。学习辅音字母读音采用直读式语音教学法,即辅音与母语拼音进行对比学习:b p m f d t n l g k h q x z s r ch sh w y。英语读音:[ b p m f d t n l g k h q x z s r ch sh w y]。然后把其分成清浊对照记忆:如:[ b—p t—d k—g f—v s—ztʃ--dʒ] ;将他们的发音位置做对照,如:[ rl mn];相同发音累记:如 k、c、ch→[k],这样学生会记得轻松、快捷。
4.五个元音字母在开、闭音节中的读音。相对于辅音来说,学生对元音的发音规律比较难掌握。按先闭后开的原则教学五个元音字母的发音,先把五个元音字母 Aa,Ee,Ii,Oo,Uu 在闭音节中的发音要领讲解清楚:[e]—[i]→Aa,[i:]→Ee,[a]—[i]→Ii,[ ə]—[ u]→Oo, [j] — [u:] →Uu,再根据汉语拼音的拼读规则,把元音相当于汉语拼音中的韵母,把辅音当作声母进行拼读教学,如教 [e] 时,可以拼读含 [e]的单词,如 bed,先拼 [b]-[e]→[be],再拼读 [b]-[e]-[d]→[bed],让学生明白英语的单词拼读和汉语拼音拼法相似,一样易学。开音节中的发音教学在闭音节的基础上进行,拼读也与闭音节相似。
(三)读音规则归纳法 1.有规则的字母组合教学。
在完成字母名称音教学后,可以进行字母组合的发音教学。学习了字母组合的发音,在了解字母组合的发音规则后,如果遇到一个生单词,在没有音标的情况下,也能准确地认读出来。字母组合分为规则与不规则之分,比如一般情况下只发一种音的有,如: sh→[∫]ck→[k]ph→[f]dr→[dr]tr→[tr]ts→[ts]al→l[ɔ: l]ar→[a:]qu→[kw]ee→[i:]ea→[i:]ou→[au]ey→[ei]ay→[ei]air→[εə]ear[iə]ar→[a: ] or→[ə: ]er,ir,ur→[ə: ] are→[ə: ]ere→[iə] ire→[ai] ore→[ɔ: ]ure→[ju: ] air→[ə: ]eigh→[ei] 等。另外把一般情况下只发两种音的也列入规则之内,如: ch→[t∫] [k], th→[θ] [ð], ow→[əu] [au] , oo→[u] [u:], wh→[w] [h], ere→[iə] [εə] 等,让学生先掌握其常见的发音,然后再分散巩固,放手让学生总结其中的规律。在学生学习的过程中,学生们还会发现,音标中有些字母组合的重复频率是很高的,这么做的目的有助于激发学生们的学习兴趣,提高学习效率。
2.不规则的元音字母或字母组合教学。五个元音字母以及有些字母组合的发音有三种或三种以上,教学时应该分散渗透,如:gh字母组合的读音归纳起来主要有“发音”和“不发音”两种情况。
1)gh在下列三种情况下发音:(1)gh在词首时,读作 [g],例:ghost [gəust];
(2)词首为字母1,且后跟字母组合augh时,gh读作 [f],例:laugh [la:f ] ;(3)词尾为字母组合ough时,gh读作 [f],例:enough[i`nʌf],cough[kɔf]。
2)gh在下列四种情况下不发音:(1)gh 在元音字母i后不发音,例:bright[brait],fight [fait] ;(2)gh在元音字母组合ei和ai后不发音,例:eight[eit],neighbor['neibə];(3)gh在字母组合ought中不发音,例:bought [bɔ:t],brought[brɔ:t],fought[fɔ:t],thought[θɔ:t];(4)字母组合augh前面不是1时,gh不发音,例:caught[kɔ:t],daughter['dɔ:tə],taught[tɔ:t]。注意:若gh不是字母组合,而是分属于前后两个不同的音节时,不适合以上规则。例:dininghall['dainiŋhɔ:l]。
经过一段时间的学习,可以让学生归纳总结。如果学生已经有了一定的拼读经验,那么就可以分别指着辅音字母,让学生说说它的发音,然后划出元音字母或字母组合,让学生读它的发音,再连起来读一读,学生很容易就记住了单词的读音。遇到每个简单的单词都这样教,久而久之学生便意识到了每个字母或字组合的发音,借助汉语拼音产生思维转换联想,学生能很快拼读出这些单词。掌握这些规则。
(四)单词教学直拼法
1.单音节单词。在汉语拼音的学习过程中,如果遇到一个声母和韵母,我们可以将它直接拼读出来。英语单词是由单个或多个音节组成的,而每个音节是由元音和辅音组成的。在教学英语单词时,我们同样可以利用学生在汉语拼音中的拼读能力,将辅音和元音直接拼读出来。笔者认为在刚开始教学生词时,可以先出示一些比较简单的单词,如单词dog,教师先出示d, o,g三个字母,不教字母名称,而是直接读音[d]、[ɔ]、[g],然后出示单词,学生能很快读出这个单词[dɔg]。直拼法能帮助学生更加准确地读出单词和记忆单词。单音节单词是由一个元音、一个元音或元音组合与单个或多个辅音组合而成的,元音是单音节单词中的核心,它与汉语拼音的拼读规则基本一样。如desk,只要知道d读[d],e读[e],s读[s],k读[k],学生就会拼读这个单词了,而且根据读音马上能拼写出来。这类单词在小学英语单词中占了很大比例,只要掌握了这种方法,学生就能拼读出来。在学生掌握了一定的拼读法之后,可以让学生总结归纳出所学过的单词。
如:[b]-[ æ]-[g]--bag, [k]-[ æ]-[t]--cat,[s]-[i]-[t]--sit, [b]-[i]-[g]--big,[l]-[e]-[g]--leg, [p]-[e]-[t]--pet, [s]-[ʌ]-[n]--sun, [b]-[ʌ]-[s]--bus, [ʌ]-[p]--up, [h]-[ɔ]-[t]--hot,[n]-[ɔ]-[t]--not 等。
2.将双音节和多音节单词进行分割。在教材中也有些比较长的单词,音节较多。应告诉学生双音节和多音节单词的拼读应该按照一个个音节读出来,如:teacher—tea-cher, elephant—e-le-phant, seven—se-ven, afternoon—af-ter-noon, morning—mor-ning, rainbow—rain-bow, garden—gar-den, spaceship—space-ship, library—li-bra-ry, umbrella—um-bre-lla, butterfly—bu-tter-fly。在教学拼读方法时,教师应该有意识地按音节呈现单词,也可以在单词下面的相应部位划线强化,让学生明确哪几个字母先相拼,然后再把各个部分相联相拼。在教师引导的基础上,让学生自己尝试拼读字母组合,尝试拼读单词,学生能够不断品尝直接拼读带来的快乐。正如有的学生说“这样记单词快多了。”
3.渗透辅音字母和元音字母组合的发音规律。很多元音音素是由两个或两个以上字母组合而成的,也就是我们所说的字母组合。学生掌握了这些字母组合的发音,拼读、记忆单词就方便了。在学习的起始阶段,每次碰到这些字母组合,都应该为学生呈现一些相应的单词,这样既强化它们在单词中出现的顺序,又强化它们的发音规则,直至学生一看到这些字母组合,就能非常自然地读出它们的读音。如在教学read 时,我先出示单词tea和meat让学生读一读,并在ea中划横线,让学生说出它的发音[i:],接着出示字母r和d,说说它们的发音是什么。然后出示新单词read在ea下划线,学生很自然就知道这个词读[ri:d]。当学生能读出[ri:d]时,便可以总结ea的组合发[i:]。如 please, cream ,teacher等。又如:在教学blouse时,先出示已经学过的单词mouse,mouth,house,cloud,mountain让学生读一读,让学生感受和说出ou字母组合的发音,接着出示字母bl和se,说出它们的发音是什么,然后出示新单词,学生很快就能读出和记住这个单词了。再如:在教学hall时,先给学生出示ball, tall, small 让学生读,并说出all的发音[ɔ:l],然后出示新单词hall,学生就能迅速读出并记住这个单词了。其它的字母组合发音教学以此类推,学生很快便会掌握很多字母组合的发音,让学生把辅音字母和字组的发音相结合,拼读单词就很简单了,渐渐的学生便可以积累到许多单词。
字母、音素、音标的学习可以用三周的时间来完成,每次上课要复习。要让学生做笔记,以便于课后复习。最后给学生起英语名字,单音节的名字可以让学自己试着读,一旦读对了他们会很高兴。比较长的和难读的,给他们音标,读对了他们也会很兴奋。让他们互相采访,并记下同学的英语名。语音教学时要特别要注意强调嘴型,舌头的位置,甚至是两边肌肉的张驰度。这是个不容易的过程,它关系到读音规则、重读、语调等内容。当然,语音教学不是孤立的,须将听力、发音与口头表达三方面有机结合起来,将语音教学与培养英语交际能力结合起来。每次在学生能快速读准所学音标时,都要进行单音节的音标词拼读训练。如:[bæɡ],提醒学生:[b]和[æ]要快速相拼,而[ɡ]可以迟缓一点读出,这样可以避免在[ɡ]后读出[ə]音。这一阶段可以只学“辅+元+辅”这种音标词的拼读,强化单音节的发音特点。三周(15个课时)除了完成 26个字母、48个音标的认读和书写教学外,学生还能拼读上百个单词,甚至会读会写上百个单词。学生记单词时把音、形、义结合在一起记忆,他们嘴里读着音,手里写着词,脑里记着义,基本达到会读的单词就会写,会写的单词就会读。
五、研究计划
以七年级学生为基地,建立以本组英语教师为核心成员的初中英语语音教学研究组,在教研室指导下,定期开展语音教学实践研究活动。课题组将依据英语课程标准对初中英语语音的目标要求,对三到七年级的学生进行系统的语音教学实践研究,从而提高初中学生的英语口语表达能力,同时提高英语教学成绩。
本课题计划1年时间完成:2015年1月~2015年12月(1)准备阶段:2015年1月~2015年2月
完成课题方案的制定、论证和申报工作,确定课题组成员和分工,组织课题组成员学习培训。
(2)实施阶段:2015年3月~2015年10月
加强课题研究教师的学习,定期进行研讨,组织研究课观摩,注重活动中的资料积累和整理工作,总结开展科学教育的实践经验;拓展研究的深度和广度,加强语音教学案例开发。以多元化的方式开展培养学生口语表达能力。
(3)总结阶段:2015年10月~2015年12月
对课题研究情况总结汇报,汇集研究资料,汇编案例集、研究论文或教师日志;撰写总课题研究报告,申请结题鉴定,交流和推广研究成果。
六、研究方法
本课题主要采用以下方法进行实践研究。1.文献研究法。通过广泛收集、查阅、整理与本课题相关的文献资料,筛选和借鉴各地英语语音教学的成功经验和方法。学习有关教育教学理论,提高理论素养和科研能力。
2.实验研究法。所开设的实验班在自然教学条件下进行,同时暗设对比班。3.教育调查法。通过问卷、访谈等方法了解不同阶段、不同层次学生英语语音学习情况。
4.同时采用行动研究法、案例研究、个案研究、经验总结等方法等研究方法。针对实验过程中的实际问题进行研讨、分析,加强对变量的研究,不断改进操作方法,提高实验操作质量。
七、预期研究成果
通过本课题的研究,我们重在探索出一套适合我校学生实际的小学到初中过渡阶段的语音教学方法,让学生在本阶段逐步掌握语音规则和拼读规则以及朗读的一些基本知识,彻底改变学生死记硬背、用汉字或拼音来标记单词读音的方式,进一步提高学生的听说读写能力。
八、预期成果级形式
李敏莉的结题报告《小学到初中过渡阶段的英语语音教学的探究》 邓慧的教学设计《元音字母的读音读音规则》 李敏莉的论文《谈七年级上学期的语音教学》 邓慧的论文《谈七年级上学期的朗读教学》 李敏莉的教学反思《谈48个音素的集中教学》
第二篇:初中英语语音教学案例
初中英语语音教学案例(第一课时):
房县白窝中学
王厚平
一、教学任务:
①
音标知识的简单介绍;
②
音标知识的重要性;
③
教学音标: a,辅音:能正确识读 28个辅音;
b,元音:元音字母在开、闭音节中的发音。
二、教学重点:
①
开、闭音节的区分及元音字母在开、闭音节中的发音
②
28个辅音的认读,尤其是6个爆破音的认读。
三、教学难点:
开、闭音节的区分及元音字母在开、闭音节中的梵音和28个辅音的认读
四、教学步骤:
Step One Everyday English(日常用语)
⒈----Good morning,Hellen!(afternoon/evening)
----Good morning,Alice!(afternoon/evening)
⒉---How do you do!
----How do you do!
⒊----How are you ?
----Fine, thank you,And you?/ I’m OK.thanks.----I’m fine, too.⒋----What’s your name?
----My name is Mary/Tom.(I am Mary)
⒌---Can you spell it,please?
----Yes, M—A—R—Y,Mary.⒍----Are you clear?
----Yes.?No.⒎Read after me,please.⒏Look at the blackboard.Please.⒐Exchange, please.(注;第6、7、8、9的项目只要求学生明白指令并作出反应即可)
Step Two
①简单介绍音标的知识,(联系汉语拼音)
②
说明学习音标的重要性。(让学生明白学好音标除了能自己独立识读英语单词外,更重要的是能轻松记忆后面将要学到的所有单词,而记忆好单词是学好英语的最基本保证。)
③音标慨况:元音(单双元音);辅音(清浊辅音)。
Step Three
①
开音节与闭音节的认识及开闭音节单词的区别练习;
② 元音字母在开、闭音节中的发音及练习
③让学生反复练习元音字母在开闭音节中的发音。
Step Four
①
元音和辅音的初步认识;
②
辅音的教学及6个爆破音的正确认读
五、课堂作业及训练、测试
①单项选择
()1.英语共有____元音字母;国际音标共有___个,其中辅音____个,爆破音____个。
A.5,48,20,10
B.21,48,28, 6
C.26,48,5,10
D.5,48,28,6
()2.下列单词中为开音节的是______。
A.cake
B.borrow
C.window
D.meat
()3.下列表述错误的是_________。
A..音节通常由一个元音加上一个或者几个辅音构成。
B.以元音字母结尾构成的音节叫绝对开音节。
C.元音和浊辅音在发音时声带要振动。
D.元音字母在开音节单词中一般读其字母音,其中” u “在开音节中还可读/u::/。
②.找出下列各组划线部分读音不同与其它的一个。
()① A.cake
B.make
C.watch
D.name
()② A.he
B.desk
C.game
D.see
()③ A.bike
B.rice
C fine
D.sit
()④ A.hot
B.smoke
C.box
D.dog
③ 《语音教材》P1的练习处理。
④默写6个爆破音。
教学后记:
第三篇:初中英语语音教学初探
初中英语语音教学初探
陈锦端
现在初中英语教学中使用《新目标英语(go for it)》,在英语入门阶段的语音教学均落后于英语字母教学,使学生没能得到入门阶段规范有序的语音训练,不利于培养学生养成良好的发音习惯,提高学习英语的积极性和综合运用能力。
一、国际音标教学滞后的弊端
作为一名初学者,不学会正确的发音,掌握基本的拼读规则,具备初步的识读能力,仅凭机械重复的模仿是难以达到学习目标的。现行的《新目标英语》在语音教学的编排上造成了音标教学的滞后,这种滞后所带来的弊端主要表现在以下几方面:
1.阻碍学生及时运用拼读知识进行认读单词。《新目标英语》的三个过渡单元(starter unit)中没有出现音标的形式,只是在词汇表的前一页才出现。国际音标的学习要另外开始,从学生开始学说英语到学会使用48个音标拼读,需要一段时间。学生只有靠不断地、机械地模仿“习得(acquisition)”单词,而遇到一些符合拼读规则的单音节词,学生却不能自己进行识读,这就在单词的记忆上形成了障碍。
2.形成单词记忆障碍。由于没有掌握音标拼读和音标、字母的对比识记,因此在单词记忆时显得困难重重,学生们只能“d-e-s-k desk、b-u-s bus”一而再、再而三地死记硬背,有些多音节词就算抄写了十几二十次,仍有被误写的可能,这就是因为他们不懂得根据读音和拼读规则来进行识记。一些学困生学完一年后(甚至于长大成人之后)只记得pig(猪)、dog(狗)这几个词,这或许就是简单重复的“功劳”,而大部分生词却没有记住。《新目标英语》第一册有700个左右词汇,有1/5的多音节词,没有音标的帮助,想要记住这些单词更是困难。
3.依赖心理加强,自我实践能力受到阻碍。学生自己不能识读单词,只能依赖老师的反复教读,一旦离开了老师自己没有把握,便“羞于开口”。配套磁带中外国人的朗读在他们听来无异于“鸟语兽言”,远不如从老师那儿得到的清晰、直接。长此以往,学生对老师的依赖性越来越强,这就会导致听的能力受到阻碍。另外,在识记单词方面,学生还倾向于用汉字注音。打开一些学生的课本,不难发现这样一些单词:orange(好邻居)、pea(屁)、apple(阿婆);更有甚者,有的发音在汉字中找不到较为接近的字、词注音,他们会“巧妙地”运用上汉语拼音来“帮忙”。学生依赖老师和汉字的心理如此严重,又怎能朝语音纯正的方向发展,获得学英语的主动性和综合运用能力呢?
4.导致英语学习的两极分化。入门阶段的学生对学英语是有兴趣的,因为英语对他们而言有一种新鲜感。但英语单词难记、难读,磁带中的录音难听懂、听准,读那些用汉字注音的英语老师、同学又会笑话,这就使得一部分学生不愿意开口,学英语的兴趣降低,学习劲头也随之减弱了,甚至干脆放弃不学了,从而导致初一第二学期和初二第一学期之间出现英语学习的两极分化。少数学生因为学了音标,识读、识记能力得到增强,学习成绩优秀;相当一部分学生在学音标时不感兴趣,加上对自己缺乏信心,学习成绩则每况愈下。一门课程,老师教得辛苦,学生学得艰难,这说明:在母语环境中学英语,仅靠模仿显然是行不通的,英语语音教学改革迫在眉睫了。
二、音标与字母同步教学的好处
如何保持入门阶段学生对英语的学习兴趣,并充分调动他们的积极性,许多老师都认为应该交给学生一把打开知识宝库的“金钥匙”,应该“授之以渔”。近年来,随着教育教学改革的不断深入和推广,有的老师进行了“字母——音标——单词”三者同步教学的尝试,确实也收到了事半功倍的效果。这就是因为把音标教学提前到入门初期进行,教给学生基本的拼读知识,为他们养成良好的发音习惯,具备初步的听说能力,充分调动学习积极性奠定了基础。这些年来,笔者所任课的班级在初一时均采用“音标——字母——单词”同步教学,并取得了一定的成效。
1.扫除了识读、识记障碍。学生一进入初中阶段,就对他们进行“音标——字母——单词”的同步教学。根据汉语拼音中声母、韵母的拼读法则,在教授字母和单词前先给出相应的音标,并告诉音标的读音,引导学生进行类似于汉语拼音的拼读,指导学生发现音标与字母在读音、书写上相同相似和不同之处,使他们在拼读和识别中体会到:国际音标中的元音相当于汉语拼音中的声母,而辅音则相当于汉语拼音中的韵母,一旦学会了国际音标,就可以自己拼读出更多的字母和单词。与此同时,结合开、闭音节和字母组合等基础语音知识,引导学生自己找规律,这样,学生识读的积极性很快被调动起来。一些结构简单、符合读音规则的单音节词80%以上的学生能做到见其形能读、听其音会写;一些符合规则的双、多音节词也不再感到难记,基本上杜绝了用汉字注音的现象。
2.激发学习兴趣和主动性。在教学中,我要求学生动手制作了48张国际音标小卡片,同桌、同组或者更多的同学在一起用这些小卡片“打牌”,练习拼读、拼写,并查找字典看看谁找得多。在玩中学、在学中用,学生们掌握了拼读、识记的基本知识,模仿磁带中外国人的朗读就成了一件趣事。学生们在朗读课文对话时,能够把对话中人物的年龄、语气、神态把握得十分到位,课堂气氛相当活跃。一些学生不满足于此,自己预习课文,甚至要求老师多给一些课外的阅读材料以满足自己的求知欲。
三、“音标——字母——单词”同步教学的探索
我们所进行的“音标——字母——单词”的同步教学,和小学一年级的语文教学并没有多大的区别。不难看出:任何注了汉语拼音的汉字,对学过汉语拼音并掌握了基本的拼读法则的小学一年级学生而言是件小事。小学生们由于学会了汉语拼音,可以自己凭借一本《新华字典》来认识更多的字,甚至一些生僻字。我们这一代人的语文学习不就是这样走过来的吗?由此可见,在语言学习中,“学得(learning)”要比“习得(acquisition)”更有益!学母语尚且如此,更何况学外语!其实,中国的英语教学不必拘泥于外籍人士的“习得”理论,为什么不“八仙过海,各显神通”呢?但是实际操作中,还必须注意几个方面:
1.对于初学者,老师应坚持“鼓励为主,有错婉纠”的原则,要具备长远的目光,鼓励学生不怕错、多开口,千万不能因为一点小错就批评、讽刺、挖苦学生,使学生的积极性受到挫伤。
2.同步教学初期,学生会受到汉语拼音的干扰,将汉语拼音和国际音标以及英语字母的读音、写法相混淆。要知道这只是他们的一种习惯行为而已,老师要根据学生的年龄和心理特点,采用灵活多样的手段(如:制作字母卡片、制作音标卡片,用各种卡片进行游戏、比赛等)让学生经常接触,反复识别。3.每所中学的学生来源不尽相同,学生的素质也参差不齐。有的在小学阶段学过两年英语,这些学生的英语基础又不同于以前的学生。字母、音标、单词,甚至于一些句子,他们在小学都接触过了,部分学生在进入初中时英语掌握得较好,但有一部分学生在小学阶段根本没学过英语,对于这类素质程度不同的学生,仅靠语音教学是远远不够的。
总之,抓好初中英语语音教学,进行“音标——字母——单词”三者同步教学,不仅有益于培养学生养成良好的发音习惯,培养学生的语感和兴趣,使学生得到入门阶段规范有序的语音训练,提高学习英语的积极性,从而初步具备综合运用英语的能力;同时也能缓解两极分化的形成,这对培养学生的自学能力,激发学生的潜在智能,提高学生整体素质有着深远的意义。
第四篇:初中英语语音教学反思
初中英语语音教学
1)对语音教学重视不够
初中英语语音教学是中学英语教学的出发点和基础。但在实际教学中对语音教学重视不够。首先表现为对发音暗病不认真诊疗就放过,如:清辅音发成浊辅音、短元音发成长元音。更为严重的是语音基本技巧夹生,学生在读音标和字母的时候常有瞬间考虑活动,达不到直接反应、眼到口到的水平。在运用拼读规则读单词和音标组合时更是这样。总之,语音技巧自动化程度不高,这是语音教学和整个英语教学的严重后遗症。它极大影响以后教学进度和学生语言能力和学习能力发展。词汇、句型、课文、语法和听说读写教学无不受其阻碍。
根据对中学英语教学两极分化现象调查,无论是宏观的(班与班、校与校、地区与地区),还是微观(班内学生间),都和语音教学有关。语音阶段没有打好基础,单词读音就困难,要么根本不会读,要么读不准,这成了教学第一个也是最大拦路虎。因为单词不会读和读不准直接影响单词记忆和积累。而词汇量少,阅读也就困难重重。另外,由于对有些单词只能把形和义相连,而不能联系音和义,听起来就有很大困难。教师用英语讲课听不懂,就是举的英语例句也听不懂。老师教的没兴趣没动力,学生学得没劲头将来最终要放弃。这就是没有学好语音的恶果。(2)对英语语音教学的内容和任务把握不足 有些英语教师在语音教学中比较重视字母、音标、单音和拼读,但忽略其它内容和任务。结果是:学生发音尚可,拼读也熟练,但语流不畅,语调生硬,因而朗读和口语技能发展大受影响。这又在英语教学中出现第二只拦路虎。因此不能只在单个音素和单词读音下功夫,还要注意英语的超音段音位。这些因素对语义影响超过单个音的准确性。语音教学就要最终落实在朗读和口语技巧上,给学生以良好启蒙并奠定坚实基础。其实语音学习是英语学习的内容也是学习英语的利器,理应伴随英语学习始终。
从语音教学本身看,除了知识性传授,还应使学生具有: 1.听音、辨音和模仿能力;
2.把单词音、形、义练习的快速反应能力;
3.按读音规则把字母和字母组合与读音建立联系能力; 4.迅速拼读音标能力;
5.把句子的读音和意义直接建立联系,从而达到通过有声语言初步进行交际能力;
6.朗读文章和诗歌能力;
全面认识和落实语音教学的内容和任务,是语音教学不至出现大的漏洞的根本保证。(3)对语音教学的长期性认识不足
中学英语入门教学是语音,但语音教学绝不仅限于入门阶段,而是要贯穿于整个中学英语教学进程,这点常被一部分教师忽视。造成学生不是语音越来越好,而是越来越糟:高年级学生开口能力和习惯反而不如低年级学生。这些都和语音的技巧性和实践性特征有关。“久熟不如常练”。一曝十寒,技巧就会退化到零,这和整个英语学习的普遍规律是一致的。所以教师要指导学生经常练习,自己也要不断纠正自己的音和语调,要不然会被学生看不起,因为学如逆水行舟不进就退。当然,入门阶段过后语音教学大部分都汇入了语法、词汇、句型、课文和听说读写的训练中,这只是体现了教学的综合性和统筹安排,并不意味着可以置之脑后高高挂起。
(4)教师本身发音不准,示范声音太低,学生听不清也听不准 严格说,这样的教师不应上岗,但现实很无奈。如果发生了怎么办?只有两个办法,一是努力提高我们自己的英语语音水平,二是把任务交给录音机。在教学中人机配合,能使学生尽可能多的听标准音。(5)大班上课,个别练习机会太少
这是中学英语教学最头疼问题,也是语音教学研究的现实课题。解决办法是利用人多力量大,多进行“齐唱”,“合唱”。首先坚持听音领先,听清听准听够,然后模仿发音。其次还是要本着精讲多练原则:传授理论知识要精要到位,练习时间要多。另外有限地对典型的个别学生进行当众发声指导,(这要在不伤学生自尊心前提下),让他们成为大家纠错和练习样板,要知道榜样的力量无穷,正反两方面的典型都需要,这样大家可以得来正反两方面启迪。同时,反面典型学生取得进步要及时表扬和鼓励。要多摸索,形成一套行之有效的英语语音大班教学办法。
结语
总之,初中英语语音教学也要贯彻英语教学的总特点:一是整体性和系统性;二是熟练性和巩固性。系统意味着全面联系,即各个项目内部各方面联系、个层次联系,如语法内部词形变化与句子结构联系、句法中简单句和复合句联系。系统还意味着各项目间联系,如语音和词汇、语法、句型、课文联系。这种全面联系的来教可全面调动学生联想学习和完形学习的心理潜能,记得容易,取用方便。整体意味着教学主要沿着由整体到部分、由综合到分析、由大单位到小单位的线路进行。如教课文时由思想内容和逻辑结构到重点句和词,教句型时由情景到结构;教单词时由类型意义到具体意义。熟练要表现在高速拼读、听音辨音、变化词形、操练句型;也表现在流利背诵课文、回答问题、复述课文。巩固体现在长期记忆和基本功不会生。而语音教学是英语教学的一个子系统,它和词汇教学, 语法教学一起构成了英语语言这一复杂工程的运作,语音教学环节出了问题就会使
第五篇:语音教学实践
1.List of Phonetic Symbols
A.English Vowels
(元音)
1./ / see
2./ / ship
3./ / let
4./ / back
5./ / far
6./ / box
7./ / horse
8./ /good
9./ / soon
10./ /cut
11./ /first6
12./ /doctor
B.English Diphthongs(双元音)1./ / day
2./ / boat
3./ / fine
4./ / now
5./ / boy
6./ / here
7./ / pair
8./ / sure,poor
C.English Consonants(辅音)
1./ / pen
2./ / back
3./ / time
4./ /do
5./ / come
6./ / get
7./ /five
8./ /voice
9./ /think
10./ / that
11./ / say
12./ / zoo
13./ / show
14./ / pleasure
15./ / run
16./ / he
17./ / chair
18./ / job
19./ / try
20./ / dry
21./ / cats
22./ / beds
23./ / mouth
24./ / name
25./ / song
26./ / like/tell
27./ / we
28./ / yes 2.Simple Classification of English vowels and Consonants A. Classification of vowels 1)front vowels:/
/ 2)back vowels:/
/ 3)central vowels:/
/ B. Classification of Consonants 1)Plosive consonants(爆破音):/
/ 2)fricative consonants(摩擦音):/
/ 3)affricate consonants(塞擦音):/
/ 4)nasal consonants(鼻音):/
/ 5)lateral consonants(舌边音):/
/ 6)semi-vowels(半音):/
/ 3.Exercises for the 4 Front Vowels No。1
/ / 1)Articulation:
2)Spelling:ea,ee,ie,ei,e,y,I 3)Words:beat,meal,please,clean,neat,eat,bee,tree,free,see,sheep,deep,breeze,grief,piece,belief,receive,key,people,quay 4)Phrases:a team leader/ a league meeting/ the Chinese People/ the east Sea Fleet/ a real secret/ a piece of lean meat 5)Sentences:
Please read it。
Please keep it a secret。Eve is Peter’niece。
Do you see the green leaves of each tree in the field? A friend in need is a friend indeed。Seeing is believing。Jean is as busy as a bee。
She agrees to leave the beach at three。6)Poem:
See the breeze teasing the tree,Weaving the leaves or shaking them free,Tossing the fleece of sheep,That keep on peacefully feeding,half asleep。No。2 /
/ 1)Articulation:
2)Spelling:I,y,ey,ie,e 3)Words:it,hit,sit,bit,fit,big,pig,pretty,city,ready,barley,Charlie,desire,explain,/ horses,races,prices,causes,/ parted,waited,needed,/forest,honest,longest 4)Phrases:a big clinic/ a big dictionary/ a bit chilly/ a bit dizzy/ fix it/ finish it/ bit by bit/ little by little/pretty busy 5)Sentences:
Tim’s as thin as a pin。Finish it quickly。It isn’t difficult。
Why is Sister Lily sitting there knitting in silence? This little inn is the best in the village.Let’s put up in it.6)Poem: The fish in the river swiftly swim, And slip through the weeds with a silver gleam.Till they flick their fins and rise with a swish, To nibble the midges that skim the stream.Contrast Between / / and / / /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ seen
sin
read
rid feel
fill
each
itch heel
hill
sleep
slip seek
sick
peep
pip peach
pitch
green
grin leak
lick
cheek
chick steel
still
greed
grid seat
sit
reach
rich leave
live
peak
pick deep
dip
kneel
nil feet
fit 1)Please sit in the this seat.2)Those bins are for beans.3)These shoes should fit your feet.4)They ship sheep.5)This week seems very long.This wick seems very long.6)Don’t sleep on the deck.Don’t slip on the deck.7)I hope you win the puppy.I hope you wean the puppy.8)She wore a neat suit.She wore a knit suit.9)Feel this bag.Fill this bag.10)The smithy has to hit the horse shoes.The smithy has to heat the horse shoes.11)They talked about the mill.They talked about the meal.(wean, win)It’s time to wean the child.(feel, fill)He doesn’t seem to feel the need.(peak, pick)He walked confidently towards the peak.No.3 /
/(American /
/)1.Articulation Tongue----the front raised a little lower than for /
/;tip touches lower teeth Aperture----the jaw drops a little bit about 3-4 mm 2.Spelling: e, ea, a 3.Words: bed, let, step, yet, debt, neck, bread, dead, head, many, any, Thames, that, bury, leisure, heifer, leopard, jeopardy 4.Phrases: very well/ get ready/ ten desks/ twenty cents/ the next sentence/ my best friend/ wet with sweat/ terrible weather/ press the bell/ a red head-dress/ fresh and energetic 5.Sentences: Well, let’s get everything ready.Better late than never.Every little helps.Remember to get me ten desks.All is well that ends well.(结局好,一切都好)Better to do well than to say well.East or west, home is best.I can’t get to my best friend’s wedding.6.Poem: To tell that Ted is well, That Ben and Bess are better, And that Ned says he is best of all, Let’s send a special letter.No.4
/
/ 1.Articulation 2.Spelling: a 3.Words: gather, bad, map, fat, hat, cat, mad, back, glad, lamp, / plait, plaid 4.sentences: A fact is a fact.Hang your cap on the stand.Fancy that.Catch that mad black cat.Thank you for the stamp.Hand me the hammer.Don’t let the cat out of the bag.Handsome is as handsomes does.5.Poems: 1)I met a little boy Jack, Who came from another land, I couldn’t speak his language, But I took him by the hand.2)To action and back, On their narrow track, The trains clang, And rattle and bang, And with angry crackles, They sometimes scatter electric sparks above the clatter.Contrast Between /
/and /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ bag
beg
gas
guess mat
met
sad
said bad
bed
sand
send pack
peck
ham
hem pan
pen
lad
led 1)This bed is bad.2)This is a bad pen.3)I guess they want gas.4)Can you bend that iron band? 5)What daddy said made me sad.6)Sleeping in that bed is bad for my back.4.Exercises for the 5 Back Vowels No.1 /
/ 1.Articulation 2.Spelling;a, ar 3.Words: class, glass, ask, mask, drama, grass, advance, pardon, parcel, car, far, march, mark, army, depart 4.Phrases: a large parcel/ a basket of bananas/ pass the glass/ half past one/ after the party/ after the dance/ rather fast/ hard-heartened/ master of arts 5.Sentences:
1)The party stopped at half past ten.2)The partisan fastened the parcel to the basket.3)A large army marched past the farmyard.4)Farmer Bames is a hard man for a bargain, but he isn’t hard-hearted.6.Poems: Past barges and carts, Past harbours and far4ms, The cars go darting by Till after dark their sparkling lights, Startle the starry sky.No.2 /
/ 1.Articulation 2.spelling: o, a 3.words: operate, top, shop, hot, rod, rock, dog, wash, watch, what 4.Phrases: a soft song/ a popular opera/ a coffee shop, lost a lot/ got a job/ lost the bottle/ quality and quantity/ college concert/ a model hospital 5.Sentences:
1)The clock has stopped.2)Copy the song, it’s not long.3)Lost time is never found again.4)The sun shone on the pond.5)He lost his job in the foreign office.6)I’m sorry the cloth got lost in the wash.7)You don’t often come across a donkey on the common.8)The doctor forgot to stop at the cross-roads.No.3 /
/ 1.articulation: 2.spelling: a, aw, or, au, ou, ore, oor, oar, our 3.words: all, war, chalk, law, waw, jaw, nor, sport, horse, ought, thought, daughter, caught, before, door, soar, four, more, floor, board, court 4.phrases: a small horse/ walk north/ a short report/ more orders/ a warm autumn/ a door and a wall 5.sentences:
1)He poured water into his glass of port.2)There’s more room on the fourth floor.3)Paul halted at the door.4)My daughter saw some water running under the door.5)He ordered four more Ports.6)She puts more salt in the water.7)He thought he saw a hawk on the lawn.8)The war started one august morning.9)A squall of wind hit the ships in the port at dawn.10)There are four more balls by the wall.6.contrasts: shop talk/ borrow a horse/ a small cottage/ stop to draw/ on the top floor/ an ordinary watch 1)He bought tall pots for the porters.2)George has forgotten Morsecode.3)They bought new cots for the court!4)I saw lots of horses walking across the lawns.No.4 /
/ 1.articulation 2.spelling: ue, ou, oo, o, u 3.words: blue, should, would, too, pool, lose, prove, rude, crudity, cruet 4.Phrases:a new school/ a new suit/ huge spoons/ a blue moon/ whose shoes/ too soon/ too few/ a music school/ a revolutionary movement/ a useful rule/ choose two 5.Sentences:
1)Don’t lose the opportunity。2)Choose either boots or shoes.3)Who said the soup was too cool? 4)Your spoon won’t be useful for noodles.5)Soon it will be June.6)What do you choose to do this afternoon? 7)As a rule, the skies are blue in June.6.Poem: At noon in June when the flowers droop, And the roofing sky is blue;When the doves croon through the gloom of the trees, What do we choose to do? Why, too troop to the pool where the water coo, Seems far too good to be true!No.5 /
/(/ /)1.spelling: oo, ou, u 2.words: book, foot, cook, good, look, took, woolen, manhood, could, would, should, put, push, pull, full, bush 3.Phrases;looks good/ a good book/ a good look/ took a book/ push the butcher/ look at the cook/ took some sugar/ a good-looking man 4.Sentences: 1)He looks like a good cook.2)Look at the woman, isn’t she good-looking? 3)I took my book and looked at it as long as I could.4)Try as I would, I could do nothing.So I took a broom and left the room.5.Poem: At noon I took a book, And sat by the pool in the wood, And put my foot in the pool.Oh, how cool.5.Exercises for the 3 Central Vowels No.1 /
/ 1.Articulation 2.Spelling: u, ou, o 3.Words: but, up, cup, bud, mud, thus, cut, bus, rough, tough, touch, come, some, blood, money, honey 4.Phrases: some punch/ some honey/ a cup of punch/ one month/ once in a month/ a tough son/ a funny couple/ a sudden jump/ just for fun/ blood for blood Contrast Between /
/and /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ cut
cot
duck
dock luck
lock
cluck
clock gun
gone
rub
rob fund
fond /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ cut
cart
come
calm luck
lark
cup
carp hut
heart
much
march duck
dark
bun
barn cluck
clark 5.Poem: There’s a mutter and grumble in the ground, When thundering comes the train, Then into the tunnel it rumbles on, And another comes thundering again.No.2 /
/ 1.Articulation 2.Spelling: ur, ir, ear, er 3.Words: hurt, fur, nurse, church, curl, sir, circle, shirt, bird, third, brth, search, early, earnest, learn, her, service, certain, person, perfect 4.Phrases: the first year/ the first term/ the german expert/ learn the word/ a dirty shirt/ a firm girl/ a nervous nurse/ an early bird/ the third word/ the world/ an earnest person/ perfect service 5.Sentences: 1)First come, first served.2)Perfect service deserves an earnest and worthy return.3)The girls learnt world history in the first and third terms at the university.4)It’s the early bird that catches the worm.Poem: Worm squirm in the earth, When first is heard, The murmur and chirp Of the early bird.No.3 /
/ 1.Articulation 2.Spelling: a, er 3.words: ago, again, among, along, about, admire, fever, worker, teacher, father, mother, gather 4.Phrases: along the river/ among the workers/ never forget/ a sheet of paper/ a drop of water/ the workers of China/ the doctor’s daughter/ at the counter/ from cover to cover 5.Sentences:
1)My younger brother is a doctor.2)Shall we have a chat or go to the cinema? 3)Please return the alarm clock to the teacher.4)Let’s go for a walk along the river.5)You’d better do it faster.Poem: Butter, cheese, eggs and flour, Beat them again for half an hour.Bake the cake for an hour or more, But you never must open the oven door.Exercises for Diphthongs No.1 /
/ 1.Articulation 2.spelling: a, ai, ay 3.Words: make, late, cake, bake, sake, take, state, claim, train, pain, gain, remain, chain, day, play, say, way, ma, stay 4.contrasts: / /
/
/
/
/
/
/ said
say
wet
wait let
late
sell
sail pen
pain
red
rate get
gate
ate
eight men
main 5.phrases: May day/ pay day/ make way/ same way/ same day/ came again/ make hay(抓紧时间)/ take away/ a railway station /
/
heavy rain/ table tennis/ a game of chess/ a special case/ a terrible headache/ an ancient temple/ a helpless case/ April the second 6.Sentences:
1)No pains, no gains.2)Call a spade a spade.(实事求是)3)A penny saved is a penny gained.4)Today is pay day.5)Haste makes waste.6)Everybody takes part in the great May Day parade.(庆贺)/
/
1)Better late than never.2)It is never too late to mend.3)You must hit the nail on the head.4)I have a terrible headache.7.Poem: Rain, rain, go away Come again another day, Little Jonny wants to play.No.2 /
/ 1.Articulation: 2.Spelling: o, oa 3.Words: oh, go, open, no, so, coat, goat, boat, coal, soap 4.Contrasts Between /
/ and /
/, /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ goat
got
note
not hope
hop
own
on coat
cot
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ row
raw
so
saw coat
caught
woke
walk bowl
ball
coal
call /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ wrote
root
chose
choose blow
blew
coal
cool soap
soup 5.Phrases: go home/ don’t know/ hope so/ no hope/ a slow coach/ a broken bowl/ a hole in the coat 6.Sentences:
1)Go and open the window.2)Don’t go home alone.3)How old he’s grown!4)Show me your notes.5)Little strokes fell great oaks.(滴水穿石)6)A rolling stone gathers no moss.(流水不腐)7)As you sow you shall mow.(种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆)7.Poem:
Show me where those roses grow Closed and cold as frozen snow Or slowly opening wide and showing How their golden hearts are glowing.No.3 /
/ 1.Articulation: 2.Spelling: I, ie, y 3.Words: high, light, kite, bright, fight, ripe, sight, lie, tie, die, sky, my, why, try, fly, type 4.Contrasts Between /
/ and /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ life
laugh
bike
bark like
lark
climb
calm mike
mark
pike
park kite
cart 5.phrases: five kites/ five bikes/ why sigh/ high time/ right side/ time and tide/ high in the sky/ arrive at five/ 6.Sentences: 1)Something has got into my right eye.2)Mike tried five times to get the prize.3)Strike while the iron is hot.4)Let by-gones be by-gones.(既往不咎)5)Great minds thinks alike.7.Poem: Fly kite, high in the sky, Bright in the shinning light, Then I’ll wind my string and try To guide you down for the night.No.4 /
/ 1.Articulation: 2.Spelling: ow, ou 3.Words: cow, now, how, vow, down, town, crown, brown, house, hour, out, doubt, loud, flour 4.Contrasts Between /
/ and /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ loud
lord
house
horse shout
short
down
dawn howl
hall
sow
saw 5.Phrases: down town/ bow down/ around the house/ about flowers/ down south/ a thousand mountains/ the ground floor/ a northern town/ out of order 6.Sentences: 1)Now write it down.2)Now teach me how to plough.3)Open your mouth and round your lips.4)Round and round the house went the crowd.5)He shouted louder and louder to the crowd gathered around.7.Poem: Cow, cow, Let down your milk For the hungry town.No.5 /
/ 1.Articulation: 2.Spelling: oy, oi 3.Words: boy, toy, joy, enjoy, loyal, royal, oil, choice, voice, noise, coin, spoil, join 4.Contrasts Between /
/ and /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ all
oil
corn
coin call
coil
jaws
joy tall
toil 5.Phrases: the boy’s toy/ join the boys/ toil on the soil/ spoil the choice/ the noise of the coins/ the voice of joy/ boil the oil/ loyal and royal 6.Sentences: 1)It’s a joy to watch the boy playing with his toys.2)His only way of enjoying himself is to make a noise.3)The spoilt boy destroyed the toys.7.Poem: Oh joy, oh joy A child with his toy Shouting at the top of his voice Making such a terrible noise Oh, joy, oh joy No.6 /
/ 1.Articulation: 2.Spelling: ea, ee, e 3.Words: ear, tear, hear, dear, clear, near, deer, beer, cheer, sheer, experience, sincere, serious, superior, mysterious 4.Sentences:
1)I feel he can’t hear me clearly.2)Beer is really dear.3)She’s really dearer than a dear.4)We’re near the end of the year.5)The audience cheered and cried, ‘ Hear, hear.’ 5.Proverbs:
1)Experience keeps a dear school.(经验包含着很深的学问)2)Knowledge comes from experience alone.(实践出真知)3)It is better to wear out than to rust out.(物尽其材)4)If the beard were all, the goat might preach.(不要倚老卖老)No.7 /
/ 1.articulation: 2.Spelling: ai, a, ea 3.words: air, chair, hair, fair, affair, repair, share, declare, care, careless, various, square, bear, tear, wear, pear 4.Phrases: fair hair/ fair share/ their chairs/ fair and square/ compare their hair/ repair their chairs/ declared the mayor 5.Sentences:
1)Where are their parents? 2)There’s a will, there’s a way.3)Wherever there’s oppression, there’s resistance.4)Mary’s upstairs, airing the room and dusting the chairs.5)There, that’s the square where the fair will be held.6)John likes to wear his hair long.7)It looks like a girl’s hair.6.Poem: On a mare(母马)goes the mayor, To the fair at the square, Prepared to buy a little bear, That will sit on his chair.No.8 /
/ 1.articulation: 2.Spelling: u 3.words: sure, pure, cure, fury, jury, curious, mature, manure, poor, moor, doer, tour 4.phrases: a sure cure/ a pure jewel/ a poor tourists/ the curious jury/ the furious jeweler 5.Sentences: 1)The tourist toured the moor in February.2)Poor John was out of fuel, which made him furious.3)The doctor wasn’t sure that he could cure the poor jeweller.4)The jury were sure the poor man was innocent of stealing the jewels.Exercises for English Consonants Ⅰthe Plosive Consonants No.1 /
/ 1.Articulation 2.Spelling: p, b 3.Words: / / pick, pack, pause, pie, pot, tip, top, harp(竖琴), ripe, jump, keep, tape / / bit, bat, bark, bare, web, rib, herb, bribe
Contrast Between /
/ / /
/
/
/
/
/
/ pea
be
rip(撕)
rib park
bark
pat
bat cap
cab
pot
bought 4.Phrases: a big park/ park the car/ a big web/ pay the bill/ press the button/ push the bike/ on the top pf the pie 5.Sentences:
1)Peter is picking plums and apples.2)Pat and Paul met each other in the park.3)Ping-pong is a popular sport, and is played in many places.4)The robber broke into a bank and was caught by the police.5)The black bird brought back a beautiful big worm for his babies.6.Poem / /
Skip, skip Jump the rope;Plenty of people trip;But we hop(单脚跳)and play And jump all day, So skip, skip, skip / / New blouse, blue blouse Little Blanche blushing shy New blue, true blue Matching our Blanche’s eye No.2 /
/
1.Words: /
/ tip, top, tune, tire, tea, tap, hit, wet, cart, hot, boot, suit, hurt / / deep, debt, damn, doom, duke(公爵), dirt, doubt, rod, cord, lead, lend, sad, feud(封地,世仇)
Contrast Between /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ bet
bed
late
laid set
sad
heart
hard sight
side
eight
aid feet
feed
at
add 2.Phrases: tell the time/ take the cat/ a dark night/ a good friend/ a sad tune/ good food/ a red cart/ read the card/ cut the bread 3.Sentences: 1)Don’t tickle(取笑,戏弄)Tessie, Tom.2)The cart got stuck in the mud.3)Too many teenagers tend to waste their time watching TV.4)Dick’s daughter Diana doesn’t like dancing.5)Teddy hurt his foot and was taken to the doctor.4.Poem: Feet, take me east Feet, take me west;Feet, take me home again To tea and let me rest No.3 /
/ 1.Spelling: / / k, c, ck, ch, que, qu, q;/ / g, gu, gue 2.Words: / / key, king, kick, kind, cat, cow, cost, sick, seek, look, dusk, neck, bark, lock, chemistry, cheque, quick, quay, Iraq / / goat, goal, gas, guess, guard, guide, dog, bag, jug, beg, pig, vague, league
Contrast Between /
/ /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ pick
pig
leak
league lack
lag
back
bag lock
log
dock
dog duck
dug
beck(山溪)
beg 3.Phrases: a big bag/ a big cat/ a sick dog/ a sick girl/ a kind guide/ a golden jug/ take a look/ lock the gate/ count the coins/ cure the sick 4.Sentences: 1)Cut your coat according to your cloth.(量体裁衣)2)Every country has its customs.3)Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves.(小事留意,大事顺利)4)All that gliters is not gold.(闪光的不一定都是金子)5)A good beginning makes a good ending.5.Poem: Buttercups and kingcups And cowslips too, I’m picking them all For a bouquet(花束)for you Ⅱ the Fricative Consonants No.1 /
/ /
/ spelling: f, ph, gh words: farm, film, fight, leaf, four, life, Philip, laugh, face, found, feel, fail, knife, soft, laughed, staff /
/ voice /
/
lives /
/
save /
/
vain /
/ vast /
/
wives /
/ love /
/
vine /
/ veil /
/ live /
/
carve /
/ veal /
/
Contrast Between /
/ / /
/
/
/
/
/
/ feel
veal
faint
vain fan
vine
grief
grieve fife
five
staff
starve Poem: /
/ Puff, puff Puff the fluff(绒毛)And fly,feather fly Puff,puff That’s enough It’s far,far off in the sky /
/ Come visit the lovely violets, That live in the valley here The loveliest violets you ever have seen Over the hills or near No.2 /
/ Words: think /
/
thank /
/
breath /
/ method /
/ three /
/ fifth /
/ thing /
/ thief /
/ bath /
/ teeth /
/ sixth /
/ death /
/
Contrast Between /
/ /
/ thick
/
/ thank
/
/theme /
/ sick
/
/ sank
/
/seem /
/ thin
/
/ tenth
/
/ faith /
/ sin
/
/tense
/
/ face /
/thing
/
/ thumb /
/ sing
/
/ some /
/ they /
/
brother/
/
bathe /
/
then /
/
with /
/ then /
/ neither /
/
breathe /
/
Contrast Between /
/ breath /
/
worth /
/
south/
/
bath /
/ breathe /
/
worthy /
/
southern /
/
bathe /
/
Contrast Between /
/ they /
/
than /
/
wither /
/
leather /
/ day /
/
dan /
/
weeder /
/
ladder/
/ Phrases: a thousand thanks/ through thick and thin/ a wealthy brother/ a healthy father/ the third month/ three months/ three thousand and three Sentences: 1)I think this thick thread will not go through the eye of this thin needle.2)He stood by his friend through thick and thin 3)Thirty-three and a third plus thirty-three and a third equals to sixty-six and two-thirds.4)Though you think you have thoroughly thought through these problems, I think you should think them through again.5)He left his father and mother and went abroad with his brother Arthur.Poem: I’m thankful for a thousand things: For faithful earth, for birth and breath For thought and health and strength and mirth And maybe, when it comes, for death No.3 /
/ spelling: / / s, c seat /
/
sun /
/ side /
/ sand /
/ saint /
/ since /
/ nice /
/
fuss /
/ ice /
/ next /
/ grasp /
/
scene /
/(Before / / / / / /): spend /
/ start /
/ skill /
/ skate /
/ spank /
/ stand /
/ / / zest /
/ lazy /
/ cousin /
/ season /
/ zinc /
/
peasant /
/ names /
/ cars /
/ raise /
/ please /
/ frize /
/
legs /
/ n+s(-es)s/es 1.after / / / / / / / / / / cups, hats, cakes, roofs 1.after / / / / / / / / / / / / glasses, faces, roses, watches, bridges 2.other conditions(在浊音之后)/ / days, cities, beds th / /→/ / mouth→mouths/ / path→paths / /
Contrast Between /
/ as /
/
lose /
/
zeal /
/
seize /
/
parse /
/ ass /
/
loose /
/
seal /
/
cease /
/
pass /
/ pace /
/
picks /
/
lacks /
/
plucks/
/
seats /
/ pays /
/
pigs /
/
lags /
/
plugs /
/
seeds /
Sentences: 1)The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2)Sister Suzy will sing us some sweet sons.3)Sam collects horse-grasses and all sorts of glasses.4)Sally always suffers from seasickness when she is at sea.Poem: / / We drowse and doze under the trees, In a mazy haze on days like these, Dizzied with with sounds of sheep that browse, And lazy sounds of grazing cows, And buzz of busy bees whose sound, Makes Lazier laziness around.No.4 /
/ / / spelling: sh(s, ci, si, ti)sure, social, Asia, nation sh: shape /
/ shack /
/ shell /
/ shut /
/ shark /
/ shall /
/ fresh /
/ flesh /
/ harsh /
/ flash /
/ crush /
/ splash /
Contrast Between /
/ shed /
/
shame /
/
shine /
/ Said /
/
same /
/
sign /
/ / / s, g measure /
/ treasure /
/ rouge /
/ leisure /
/
pleasure /
/ vision /
/ illusion /
/ prestige /
/ Sentences: 1)This shop sells the latest fashion of shorts and shirts.2)Mr Mash sells fish and shellfish fresh from the ocean.3)The shepherd and his sheep shuddered in a shed.4)She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.5)The shells she sells are sea-shells, I’m sure.No.5 /
/ Words:
heed /
/ hell /
/ had /
/ head /
/ hind /
/ height /
/ hate /
/ hide /
/ hail /
/
/ /
Sentences: 1)Hugh has hurt his hand with a heavy hammer.2)The hunter hid himself behind a high hedge.3)He hailed me with a heavy hello and a handshake.No.6 /
/ Spelling: r, wr Read /
/ raw /
/ crack /
/ rid /
/ rear /
/ grand /
/ Red /
/ rare /
/ crazy /
/ crime /
/ grind /
/ brass /
/
Contrast Between /
/ Rip-lip / rap-lap / rag-lag / fragrant-flagrant Sentences: 1)Those red roses are really very pretty.2)The real reason is really rather curious.3)She wore a dress made of a rough, rusty-red material.4)The crops have been ruined by the hungry sparrows.Ⅲ the Affricate Consonants No.1 / / / / →/ / + / / ch, tch, t cheek /
/ chain /
/ check /
/ choose /
/ h /
/ stitch /
Contrast Between /
/ shop /
/
sheep /
/
wash /
/
cash /
/ chop/
/
cheap /
/
watch /
/
catch /
/ / / →/ /+/ / g, j, dge
jeep /
/
jam /
/
gem /
/
jazz /
/
just /
/ badge /
/ gin /
/
jobs /
/
Contrast Between /
/ choose /
/
preach /
/
ranch /
/ Jews /
/
bridge /
/
range /
/ A poem: Jump, jump, over the hedge, And joggety-jog across the bridge, And jingle-jangle all the way, Gee(口语中感叹词,表示’天哪,太棒了之类)-up the jolly old gentleman say!No.2 /
/ /tr/ →/ t / + / r / trim /
/ trick /
/ tread(踩)/
/
track /
/ /dr/ →/d/ +/r/ dread /
/ drain /
/ drawn /
/
dreary /
/
Contrast Between /
/ dressed/
/
drug /
/
drudge /
/ jest /
/
jug /
/
judge /
/
/
No.3 /
/ Words: beats, seats, sheets, carts, shorts, boots, reads, beads, bids, beds, odds, lords A poem: The winds, the winds, the winter winds, Have blown the sands to sea, But friends, my friends, those loving friends, Are still kind friends to me.Ⅳ The Nasal Consonants /
/ mean /
/ meant /
/ ham /
/ dim /
/ need /
/ nib /
/ nag /
/ nasty /
/ bank /
/ pink /
/ thank /
/ finger /
/
Contrast Between /
/ knock /
/
known /
/
snow /
/ lock /
/
loan /
/
slow /
/
Contrast Between /
/ ton /
/
win /
/
sin /
/
kin /
/ tongue /
/
wing /
/
sing /
/
king /
/ tan /
/
ban /
/
bun /
/
pin /
/ tang /
/
bang /
/
bung /
/
ping /
/ /
/ /
/ live
led
line leave
lad
lion /
/ meal /
/
hall
doll mill /
/
hole
dull 不发音/ /: calm, calf, half, yolk(蛋黄), folk, talk Ⅴ The Semi-vowels(Approximants)No.1 /
/ Wax /
/ wound /
/ wine /
/ wit /
/ wheat /
/
whether, weather/
/ wheal /
/ wither /
/
Contrast Between /
/ Vet
vest
veil
vain
vent Wet
west
whale wane(衰败)went No.2 /
/ Yes /
/ news /
/ yard /
/ suit /
/ yield /
/ few, fuel / Young /
/ spum /
/(海水形成的泡末)beyond /
/
Contrast Between /
/ East /
/
ear /
/
earn /
/ Yeast /
/
year /
/
yearn /
/(强烈的愿望)
Contrast Between /
/ Yet
use
yark
yacht
yam(山药)
yoke(套,束缚)
/
Jet
juice
Jack
jot(草记)
jam
joke Sentences: 1)Excuse me if I refuse, but this suit isn’t suitable.2)Yale(耶鲁)university is not in the state of New York.3)Don’t argue, or you’ll make me furious.(狂怒)Poem: When the orchard-yield will be gathered soon, And the fields beyond are yellow with corn, The dog in our yard awakes with a yawn, And yaps(狗吠声)and yelps(狗吠)at the yellow moon.Ⅵ Lateral / /