第一篇：(英语毕业论文)中西方幽默话语的对比研究
英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 《野性的呼唤》中的自然主义分析 2 《还乡》中哈代的自然观 从民族文化心理差异角度看功能对等论在商标翻译中的运用 4 论英汉谚语的起源差异 浅析《茶花女》女主人公玛格丽特爱情追求的道德障碍 从会话合作原则透析英语情景喜剧《生活大爆炸》幽默的产生 An Analysis of The Woman Warrior from the Perspective of Construction of Discrete Identity in Chinese American Community 8 The Charm of Female Independence in Jane Eyre 9 A Study on the Characteristics and Functions of English Euphemism 10 论奥巴马就职演讲词的排比修辞 试析《我知道笼中鸟为何歌唱》的成长主题 12 翻译中的字词选择 On Hybridization in Translation of Culture-loaded Lexemes in Moment in PekingThe Duality of Life and Death——An Analysis on Virginia Woolf’s Mrs.Dalloway 14 哈克贝利.费恩对“文明世界”的适应 浅谈英语科技文献汉译时应注意的几个方面 16 目的论与对外传播翻译 以《热血强人》为例分析美国黑白种族的融合 On Sister Carrie’s Broken American Dream from the Perspective of Psychology 19 从奈达功能对等理论谈李继宏译《追风筝的人》 20 体验式教学模式在初中英语阅读教学中的应用 21 经济学视野下的《鲁滨逊漂流记》 22 《沙漠之花》的女性主义研究 23 英汉动物词汇隐喻的跨文化研究 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克与《失乐园》中的撒旦的反叛者形象比较 25 从美学角度评张培基先生所译散文“巷” 26 血性意识—D.H.劳伦斯的自然主义爱情观 27 中美文化中面子理论的对比分析 英语专业学生议论文写作中连接词使用情况研究 29 浅谈简.奥斯丁《劝导》的反讽艺术 30 中国高校名的英译 31 苔丝的悲剧命运分析 32 中学生英语互助学习研究
交际法在中学英语教学中的运用
佛罗多与亚拉冈：悲剧虚构型模式中的低模仿英雄与喜剧虚构型模式中的高模仿英雄 35 传统道德与时代新意识之战―论林语堂在《京华烟云》中的婚恋观 36 Pragmatic Study on the Humor Effect in The Big Bang Theory 37 从中西文化差异的角度浅析商宴之道 38 基于对爱伦坡文学作品及心理的兴趣
The Countermeasures of Chinese Companies Facing Anti-dumping 40 宗教对传统：犹太新年与中国新年的对比研究 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
Doomed Tragedy out of Desire-Driven Morbid Personalities in Nabokov’s Lolita 42 《麦琪的礼物》中环境语的分析
“工业小说”《玛丽.巴顿》的宗教解析 44 论《小妇人》的叙事技巧 45 初中英语教学中的角色扮演 46 商务信函翻译技巧初探 47 中西幽默异同探析
The Joy Luck Club :Chinese Mothers’American Dreams Lost and Regained 49 英汉禁忌语对比在跨文化交际中的应用及翻译策略 50 论企业对员工过度压力的管理 51 商务谈判着装礼仪禁忌
The Tragic Elements in Far from the Madding Crowd 53 论中学英语互动教学
Feminism under the Traditional Masculine Standards 55 Where Should Gone With the Wind Go?——Study on The Disputes Among Critics of Gone With the Wind 56 “垮掉的一代”没有垮——简析《在路上》中年轻人的生活观 57 英语文化中的禁忌语
Problems and Solutions in Senior English Listening Teaching 59 An Analysis of Two Women in the Film of The French Lieutenant’s Woman —Victorian Woman vs.Modern Woman 60 怪,或不怪－－《小镇畸人》中的主要人物解读
基于马斯诺需求层次理论的《老人与海》主人公人物分析
浅析欧洲中世纪骑士和中国侠士精神的差异─西欧中世纪初期骑士和中国秦汉游侠 63 中国公司简介的英译技巧
解读杰克.伦敦的《热爱生命》 65 中式英语与标准英语的差别
浅谈汉语政论文中“化”字的翻译
Beauty in Sense, Sound and Form-An Analysis of Two Chinese Versions of A Red, Red Rose 68 论石黑一雄《别让我走》中新与旧的世界 69 英汉习语中价值观的差异 70 高中英语课堂导入语艺术研究
71(英语系经贸英语)贸易壁垒下中国企业跨国经营的突破之路—以华为为例 72 浅析哈代主要小说作品中鸟的意象
美国电影与文化霸权—以好莱坞大片《阿凡达》为例 74 比较《西游记》与《哈利.波特》中的英雄形象
Exploring Effective Approaches to Translating Allusion in Ancient Chinese Poetry 76 论标示语汉英翻译中的等效问题 77 浅析语用预设在广告语中的运用 78 汉语公示语英译中存在的问题及分析 79 汉英翻译中的文化因素
A Comparison of Chinese and American Food Cultures 81 A Study on Effective Multimedia-assisted SEFC Teaching 82 与身体器官有关的中英文习语对比研究 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
《了不起的盖茨比》中象征主义的研究 84 《了不起的盖茨比》与美国梦的破灭
《白鲸》与《老人与海》中的海之意象分析 86 传统教法与交际法结合的英语教学探讨 87 商务英语的特点及翻译技巧
英文小说中的中国文化认同——《京华烟云》赏析 89 《理智与情感》中埃莉诺的性格简析 90 汉英动物词的文化内涵对比及翻译
On the Disposal of Cultural Differences in the Translation 92 开放式教学理念在中学英语教学中的模式探索 93 从用餐礼仪看中美核心价值观差异 94 从功能对等理论谈中国小吃名英译
论《黄墙纸》中女主人公女性主义思想的局限性（开题报告+论）96 工业化进程下人的主体性的追问——梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》 97 中西方文化差异对商务谈判的影响
是什么在作祟？—论保罗爱情失败的原因 99 从《刮痧》看中美家庭文化差异
《觉醒》女主人公-艾德娜追求自我的过程 101 礼貌原则在英语商务信函中的运用 102 试谈母语对外语学习的影响
浅谈电影台词的翻译技巧－－以《追求幸福》为例 104 中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因
《爱玛》中女性主义的双重复写——论个人意识与阶级意识的冲突 106 “美国梦”的再探讨—以《推销员之死》为例 107 Cultural Presupposition and Misreading in Translation 108 浅析《苔丝》中的象征主义
《嘉莉妹妹》中的不同价值观的研究 110 肢体语言在商务谈判中的应用分析 111 视觉文化在英语词汇学习中的应用
An Analysis of Snobbery in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Mansfield Park 113 浅谈《红楼梦》诗词的文化意象翻译 114 浅论美国文化霸权的确立 115 《还乡》中哈代的自然观 116 浅析中英委婉语差异
《远大前程》中的幽默与讽刺分析
论田纳西.威廉斯戏剧中的象征主义手法—以《玻璃动物园》为例 119 The Positive Image of the Mouse:A Study on the Children’s Literature 120 从交际翻译视角看企业简介的汉英翻译 121 从文化视角看汉英翻译中的语篇连贯性 122 约翰.邓恩诗歌艺术陌生化
魔鬼之子：论《呼啸山庄》和《呼唤》中的男主人公形象 124 《紫色》中女主人公西丽妇女主义的形成 125 《夜访吸血鬼》中的模糊性别观 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
对目前金融危机的分析 127 论《红字》中的道德观
中美学校教育对比——学生个性发展方面 129 从翻译等值理论看文化词的翻译 130 《了不起的盖茨比》中颜色词的蕴义
分析《要说出全部真理,但不能直说》中的标记用法 132 论内莉丁恩在《呼啸山庄》中的作用 133 《呼啸山庄》中的爱与复仇 134 《好人难寻》的冷漠主题分析
《麦田里的守望者》中的象征主义分析 136 中西方茶文化对比研究——以红茶为例 137 商务谈判中的礼貌策略研究
Rhetorical Art and Chinese-English Translation Suggestions of Business Transaction Correspondence 139 Analysis of the Character of Elizabeth Bennet in Pride and Prejudice 140 比较分析《野草在歌唱》与《倾城之恋》中女性的爱情婚姻观 141 从合作原则看《白象似的群山》中的对话
Cultural Differences in Sino-US Business Negotiation 143 科技英语长句的结构分析与翻译 144 中西方餐桌礼仪差异之比较
师生关系与学生英语学习积极性之关联性探析 146 《西风颂》 两个汉译版本的文体分析 147 从市场营销的角度论哈利.波特的成功 148 女性主义解读《威尼斯商人》中的女主角
论“迷惘的一代”告别“美国梦”——浅谈《永别了，武器》和《了不起的盖茨比》 150 英语谚语重复修辞格的翻译
151 Tragedy of a Woman and Society—Comment on Far from the Madding Crowd 152 《爱玛》的婚姻观分析
153 论《太阳照常升起》中的象征主义 154 《推销员之死》的文化解读
155 《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译 156 《小镇畸人》的现代主义解读
157 在文化教学中提高英语学习者的跨文化交际能力
158 从《喜福会》中西文化的冲突与融合中看身份的寻求 159 《围城》中文化词的英译策略
160 从认知角度看“水”的一词多义现象
161 《八月之光》里的悲剧艺术——基于尼采审美理论的分析 162 暗喻的英汉对比翻译
163 中美隐私观的跨文化视角分析
164 从跨文化交际中的语用失误看中西文化差异 165 论中美商务沟通中的跨文化意识 166 中学生英语自主学习能力的培养 167 英语学习中的性别差异
168 The Effects of Family Education on Personalities in Little Women 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
169 Inheritance and Development of Gothic Literary Tradition in Jane Eyre 170 ESA理论在大学英语口语教学中的运用 171 《了不起的盖茨比》中黛西的人物性格分析 172 从林语堂所译《浮生六记》看文化负载词翻译 173 对《远离尘嚣》中三个男主人公命运的分析 174 《好人难寻》中体现出的弗洛伊德人格结构理论 175 公示语汉英翻译的问题与对策
176 小说《嘉莉妹妹》中女性成长的分析 177 托尼.莫里森《宠儿》的哥特式重读 178 狄更斯在《双城记》中的人道主义思想
179 归化和异化策略在《红楼梦》文化负载词翻译中的应用 180 An Ecocritical Analysis on Lady Chatterley’s Lover 181 中美商务谈判风格差异
182 《可以吃的女人》女性主义解读 183 浅析《飘》中斯嘉丽的女权主义 184 《红楼梦》中文化内容的翻译研究 185 从摩尔.弗兰德斯看世纪英国女性地位 186 非语言交际中体语的文化分析
187 A Chinese-English Translation of Public Signs Based on Nida's Fuctional Equivalence Theory 188 英语新闻的互文性研究 189 英汉色彩词的对比研究
190 英汉文化差异对商标翻译的影响 191 从《蝴蝶梦》看女性社会身份
192 论《海浪》中体现的死亡意识和生命意识
193 A Study of English Classroom Scene Setting in Junior High School 194 从功能理论角度分析电影《点球成金》字幕翻译
195 归化与异化在文学翻译中的融合应用——评《红楼梦》两英译本中的习语 196 浅析《宠儿》中人物塞丝的畸形母爱产生的根源 197 欧.亨利短篇小说人物形象分析之善良特性
198 从自然主义视角审视《嘉莉妹妹》中小人物嘉莉的命运抗争与幻灭 199 爱情的悲歌－《荆棘鸟》悲剧成因探悉 200 课外作业对高中英语学习的作用研究
第二篇：中西方饮食文化对比研究(英语专业毕业论文)
LUOYANG NORMAL UNIVERSITY
2014届本科毕业论文
中西方饮食文化差异
院（系）名称 专 业 名 称 学学指完
外国语学院 英语（双学位）
张杨子
120722066 生姓名 号
导成教时
师 间
莫艳艳讲师 2014年5月
Luoyang Normal University
Different Food Cultures Between China and the West
A Thesis Submitted to Foreign Languages College of
Luoyang Normal University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
By Zhang Yangzi Supervisor：Mo Yanyan
May 10, 2014 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
中文摘要
饮食文化在世界文化中起着十分重要的作用，不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。中国是一种农耕文化的陆地文化，而传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化的海洋文化，两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异，其中饮食文化更是具有代表性的一个方面。在此基础上，本文研究分析了中西饮食文化在各个方面的不同之处。分析表明，在不同的文化背景下，中西方在饮食观念、饮食内容、饮食方式还是餐桌礼仪等各个方面的差异都是显而易见的。正是这种不同饮食文化的沟通与交流，推动了全世界范围内文化的融合。
关键词: 差异；文化；饮食文化
I A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
Abstract In the complex world culture, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role.The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western food culture.Different countries have their own dietary cultures.Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture.These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect.In variously cultural contexts, differences in food lie in concept, object, kitchen ware, table ware, or table manners.And understanding these differences could promote the communication of cultures in the world.Key words: difference;culture;food culture
II A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
Table of Contents 中文摘要..........................................................................................................................................Ⅰ Abstract............................................................................................................................................Ⅱ Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................Ⅲ 1.Introduction.......….……………………………………………………………............................1 2.Dietary Concept…………………....……………………………….............................................2.1.Chinese Dietary Concept………......……………………………………….........................2
2.2.Western Dietary Concept….………………….…………………..…….….........................3 3.Food …………….…………………………………………………….........................................3.1.Condiment……...……………....…………………………………………….......................5 3.2.Side Dish……......………………………………………………………..............................5 4.Table Manners……………………………………………………...............................................7
4.1.Differences Between Chinese and Western Table Manners…......……....................…….....7
4.2.Characteristics of Table Manners…………...……………………………....................…...7
4.2.1.Characteristics of Table Manners in China ………………….......................................8
4.2.2.Characteristics of Table Manners in the West................................................................8 5.Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................9 Bibliography....................................................................................................................................10
III A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts 1.Introduction Diet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition.In the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings.But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their technology.Then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature.Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress.As an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning.This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in people’s daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture.Facing the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition.We can’t only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food.However, it is obvious that we shouldn’t aimlessly reject all the new objects.Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always happen between Chinese and westerners.Granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides can’t adapt to each other.If this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manner.The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent.For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonald’s are the typical food in American.But it is not the fact.The fact is American food is very complex.A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts Therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil, dietary tableware and table manners.Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries.To study both parties’ dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, tolerate and accept the foreign culture.Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of culture in the whole world.2.Dietary Concept
Diet is absolutely necessary in mankind’s life, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and English cultural traditions, the Chinese and English dietary cultures are different in concept.2.1.Chinese Dietary Concept In Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition.They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough.The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat.People often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aroma and taste.In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste.Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary.However, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing the deliciousness in Chinese diet.The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing.Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese dietary concept.But it does not take any count of the collocation of nutrition.The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that “diet therapy is better than medical treatments”, which all reflect that Chinese pay attention to the collocation in A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts dietary nutrition since ancient times.However, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition.Chinese people are thinking highly of eat.Bread is the staff of life, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days.Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important.I think this is probably from a survival to needs.Li Xiaohong pointed out: If a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that ―diet cures more than the doctors.On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit.2.2.Western Dietary Concept In western dietary culture, eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content , people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste.The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation.They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet.The core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand.Westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay more attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian.For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed.Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc.should be absorbed a day with neglect of color, aroma and taste.Even if the taste may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is nutritive.For another word, it just like refuels the machine.As to westerners, the taste is the secondary.If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food.Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability.There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts 3.Food
China is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of Chinese dietary culture.Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat.On the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture.Except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks.In the Chinese long history, the distribution of “south rice and north wheat” has formed this situation that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in Chinese staple food.Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing.According to a study of western botanist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China.It is six times more than the west.In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing.According to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture.In addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation.As a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries.The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on.In the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in the dishes.They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish.It is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a “three-high” characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie.Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in western dietary.Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese.Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables.What’s more, bread and meat are the principle food;coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts 3.1.Condiment The condiment is also different between the Chinese and westerners in cooking dishes.In China, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure.The purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish.What’s more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try.They usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their condiments in common use.But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one.Thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in China.In order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce.Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in western-style dish.Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite.They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use.In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking.Because both vanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes.For instance, when they cook the vegetable soup、spaghetti and sauce、stuffed、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano.In addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life.3.2.Side Dish The side dish also plays a significant part in the Chinese dietary structure.The side dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table.The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one.Now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare.The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China.It should coordinate appropriately with one or several A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts kinds of raw materials which have been processed to the shape they need.Then a complete dish comes into being.As a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in the skill of cutting up, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product.Besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to be acquainted with the cooking method for the reason that the raw material will have some changes during the cooking.In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition and so on.And all of these collocations prefer to concentrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables.In other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material.The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism.Their think the animal is “the life”, but plants the laws of nature “not to work”, therefore, advocates the vegetarianism.For the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in hot dishes.As usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a small amount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put on the edge of the dish or on another dish by side.Thus a complete piece of dish completes.It is said that the food have a collocation with the main food is called side dish.A case in point is that French fries and vegetarian salad are the side dish of fried chicken or other kinds of hamburger in the KFC or McDonald’s.Thus it can be seen that there is a certain difference between Chinese diet and western diet in the form of side dish.However, the effect they exert is the same.They both own the function to complement the nutrition, to balance the dietary, to enhance the beauty and to give the aroma.In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish.For example, all kinds of side dish are most made with different color vegetables.What is more, the side dish is asked for being processed to the definite shape under meticulous requirement, such as strip、olive shape、globular、chess shape、waist drum shape and so on.Most of the deep-frying meat and roasting meat are deserved with three side dishes which are potato and two different color vegetables.They are considered to be a set of side dish.There are a lot of cases we can illustrate.For example, it is a set of side dish that French fries is arranged with boiling pea and carrot in olive shape as well as roasting potato arranged with cauliflower with butter and tomato in piece.However, the characteristic dishes usually choose one kind of side dish made with potato to keep the special aroma, such as the fish.On the side, the dishes with much soup are used to provide with the rice or noodles.Whereas it is rare in Italian A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts dish, such as curry chicken with butter rice and Italian beef with macaroni.4.Table Manners Good manners mean good behavior in social communication.A person with good manners is always agreeable companion.Speaking of table manners, every country has its own characteristic.In China, table manners in people’s life occupy a very important position.People think that repast is not only for our basic physiological needs, but also for our social needs.And it do the same for the west.4.1.Differences Between Chinese and Western Table Manners The main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial.Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares.If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you're in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes.Soup then will be served(unless in Guangdong style restaurants)to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings.If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests.In formal dinners, there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks.This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness.It is always polite to eat the food.If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed.When you have had enough, just say so.Or you will always overeat!4.2.Characteristics of Table Manners
The dining table is one of the most important places where good manners are displayed.Rese A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts arching it will help people to learn the language culture and improve the ability of communication in cross-culture practice.4.2.1.Characteristics of Table Manners in China Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position.No matter three meals a day or guest’s arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup.There is no rule for how to put the tableware.What people care about more is not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food? People’s dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners.In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table.Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains.Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere.The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat.The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door.Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely.If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder.If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end.And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon.4.2.2.Characteristics of Table Manners in the West The biggest difference in table manners between Chinese and western is the details of table manners can be as clear as the specifications what can exactly give people correct manners to refer to.Here are several typical manners what can illustrate the rigor of Western-style food：
①The western-style food official drinks the soup posture request to enter in advanced the soup with the ladle to oneself far that one side, then to leaves the direction which oneself goes far away to delimit lightly abundantly.②When dines in the process, if you need to put down the knife, the edge faces oneself assumes in the plate as 10 o’clock shape.The tool bit is the hand of a clock, the hilt is the minute hand);the jaw buckles in the edge of a sword, the jaw direction 2 o’clock.The knife and fork assumes but actually V glyph.But V glyph knife and fork places the tray lower part(to depend on your direction).③The knife with forks parallel places in the plate 5 o'clock positions when dines finished.Approximately the knife or forks the total length 1/3 handle department dew in tray edge exterior.The fork downward buckle on the plate, the knife’s edge faces to you.A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts ④When eats the bread, must tear down the bread may by an entrance scrap.The butter should in before you put in the mouth.Do not wipe beforehand the entire bread the full butter.5.Conclusion There are distinct differences in dietary concept, dietary object, dietary kitchen ware and dietary tableware between Chinese and westerners and they have their own advantage.Of course, the differences between Chinese and westerners have relativity in dietary culture.The study of differences in dietary culture needs the mutual understanding and appreciation between different cultures.When facing two kinds of dietary culture, we should learn from others’ strong point to offset our weakness rather than blind pursue the enjoyment of taste.With the increasing fast globalization, the dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will integrate in the collision and complement in the fusion under the background which is collided and fused by economy, culture and information changes.It can not only enhance the mutual understanding and enjoy the different feeling from different food, but also strengthen the communication, complementation and fusion in culture.As the improvement of the living quality and standard, Chinese begin focusing on the food nutrition, health and science of cooking while westerners start to develop from the artistic realm of color, smell, taste, meaning and shape of Chinese food.Only if the dietary culture communicates in common development can people enjoy the more delicious, convenient, nutritional and healthy food.The communication of dietary culture exists in our daily life as the hinge of diverse cultures in the process of integration in economic and cultural globalization.The dietary culture has become a type of cultural impact which is strengthening step by step.Moreover, it exerts a huger effect than any other power on globalization and changing the world softly.It is possible to anticipate that the dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will become more and more charming under the communication and fusion.A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
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第三篇：(英语毕业论文)中西方葬礼文化的对比
英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 从《当汽车等待的时候》看欧.亨利的写作特色 2 《飘》中斯佳丽的性格特征解读 从合作原则看《傲慢与偏见》中的会话含义 4 中国奢侈品的营销之道 多元智力理论及其对英语课堂教学的启示 On Wordsworth’s and Emerson’s Conceptions of Nature 7 浅析跟单信用证软条款及其防范措施 8 从功能对等论看中餐菜单的英译 9 从文化视角浅析英汉数字的翻译 论电影《芝加哥》中的格雷马斯叙事模式 Cultivation of Students’ Autonomy in Listening in Junior High School Cultural Elements in Chinese Film Subtitles and Their Translation Strategies 13 零售创新典范及其对中国零售业的启示 14 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征 Application of Foregrounding Theory to Translation of Simile and Metaphor 16 功能对等理论在新闻英语翻译中的应用 The Heroine’s Love Tragedy in Wuthering Heights 18 论《红字》中的奇异情景 小说《紫色》和《妻妾成群》中女主角不同命运的的比较 20 英国喜剧电影和美国喜剧电影的不同特点分析 21 试析海明威《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的人物形象 22 从关联理论解读《家庭战争》的幽默 23 《宠儿》中塞斯的性格分析 24 论《红字》中体现的清教思想 25 英汉恭维语语用对比研究 On the Unique Narrating Methods and Writing Skills in Brideshead Revisited 27 欧内斯特.海明威《雨中猫》和田纳西.威廉斯《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》中的女主人公的对比分析 A Contrastive Study of Politeness Principle in English and Chinese 29 魔法世界的双重间谍——《哈利波特》西佛勒斯.斯内普的矛盾形象分析 30 从跨文化视角解读中美商务谈判中的冲突 31 浅析《老人与海》中桑提亚哥的性格 32 浅析狄更斯小说中匹克威克的性格特点
对爱德加爱伦坡哥特式小说中象征手法的研究 34 《紫色》中西丽的妇女主义研究
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会话原则在国际商务谈判中的运用 43 论远大前程中皮普的道德观
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On Cultural Default and Translation Compensation 47 An Analysis of Imprisonment and Liberation in Great Expectations 48 艾米丽狄金森和李清照自然诗写作风格对比分析 49 中学生英语自主学习能力的培养 50 小说《珍珠》中象征主义的运用 51 《红字》中霍桑的女性观 52 《飘》中郝思嘉性格特征透析 53 图式理论与英语听力教学 54 《雾都孤儿》中的善与恶
英语流行歌曲中隐喻的功能分析——以后街男孩的歌曲为例
A Study on the Cross-Cultural Management in the Sino-American Joint-Venture Enterprises－－With Special Reference to Changan & Ford Motor Company 57 《本杰明.富兰克林自传》和《嘉莉妹妹》美国梦的对比研究 58 商务英语口译能力的培养与对策
《小妇人》－－家庭教育对儿童个性的影响 60 从顺应理论的角度对广告翻译的分析
从《到灯塔去》解读弗吉尼亚伍尔夫的女权主义思想 62 《了不起的盖茨比》的叙事技巧分析 63 从中西文化差异角度谈品牌翻译
教学设计理论对初中英语教学的启示刍议
An Analysis of the Distorted Male and Female Relationships in Sons and Lovers 66 Multiple Interpretations of Love in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities 67 适者生存——解析《野性的呼唤》中的生存法则
环境与命运——从自然主义的角度分析《美国悲剧》中的克莱德 69 中国茶文化与西方咖啡文化对比 70 词义的选择和商务英语的汉译
A Pragmatic Analysis of Oxymoron in Advertising 72 从文化角度看英语习语的翻译
On the Transculturation Reflected in Disney Mulan 74 On C-E Translation of Company Profiles from the Perspective of Functional Translation Theory 75 从顺应理论的角度对广告翻译的分析 76 英汉称谓语对比分析
目的论视角下的化妆品翻译
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英语“名词 + ly”类形容词的词化分析、语义特征及句法功能 85 从《喜福会》中西文化的冲突与融合中看身份的寻求 86 中英婚姻观对比
Application of Constructivism to Task-based Reading Teaching in Senior High School 88 比较研究王维与华兹华斯的自然观 89 英语新闻标题的前景化
解析威廉布莱克《老虎》中的修辞运用及其对英语写作的启示 91 浅析模糊语在商务谈判中的应用 92 论《太阳照常升起》中的象征主义 93 论中西文化的差异对习语翻译的影响 94 华盛顿.欧文与陶渊明逃遁思想对比研究 95 从功能对等理论角度看求职简历汉译英 96 《当幸福来敲门》的人际功能文本分析
浅析中医词汇英译中的文化空缺现象及其应对策略 98 浅谈中国英语与中式英语之差异 99 《魔戒》中的女性人物
海明威战争小说人物悲剧色彩研究
从《夜莺与玫瑰》看王尔德唯美主义的道德观 102 浅析《他们眼望上苍》中女性意识的觉醒 103 广告英语修辞特点及其翻译 104 论《野性的呼唤》的多重主题
汽车广告翻译浅析－－-论消费者心理差异对汽车广告翻译的影响 106 英语中“r”的分析
“麦田里的守望者” 中纯真的失去
从心理分析的角度探索《马贩子的女儿》中主要人物的心理现象 109
弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫《达洛维夫人》中印象主义创作手法探讨 111 A Study on the Methods of Movie Title Translation 112 从跨文化交际角度分析中美商务谈判风格的差异
Unreliable Narration – The Approach to Irony in Pride and Prejudice 114 探析王尔德童话中的死亡主题 115 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克形象新析
通过苔丝透析托马斯.哈代的现代女性意识 117 功能视角下商务英语合同英译汉的技巧探析
A Comparison of Color Words Between Chinese and English Cultures 119 从功能理论角度分析电影《点球成金》字幕翻译 120 埃德加爱伦坡哥特小说中的死亡主题探索 121 从合作性原则看品牌代言中广告语的使用 122 文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响
《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观和中国后婚姻观的比较研究
Translation of Advertising Slogans from Newmark’s Communicative Theory 125 网络环境下小组合作学习模式研究
A Survey on the Major Factors Affecting Oral Performance 127 解析凯瑟琳的爱情与婚姻之分离 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
正面解读《名利场》中的蓓基-夏泼 129 文化语境对隐喻理解的影响
简析《呼啸山庄》中男女主人公爱情悲剧的原因 131 英文电影名汉译中的功能对等
Different Cultural Connotations of Animal glossaries in Chinese and English 133 论本杰明.富兰克林《自传》 中的美国精神 134 宗教在世界战争史中扮演的角色
应用学习动机理论优化高中英语学困生 136 中英文幽默映射的语言与文化差异
父权制社会的傀儡—从安吉尔看父权主义思想 138 跨文化交际在宝洁公司营销战略中的应用
“家有儿女”VS“成长的烦恼”——对比研究中西方家庭教育 140 On Analysis of Jonathan Swift’s Satiric Arts in Gulliver’s Travels 141 《都柏林人》的“顿悟”手法解读
从关联理论的角度看英语广告中隐喻的翻译 143 中国后与美国迷惘一代的比较 144 英汉饮食习语对比研究
目的论视角下旅游景区公示语误译的研究
爱恨共辉煌——浅析《呼啸山庄》中的男主人公 147 《达洛维夫人》中的生死观初探
试析《远大前程》中匹普性格发展与社会环境的关系 149 中西文化中的颜色内涵之异同
A Brief Analysis of Willy Loman’s Tragedy in Death of a Salesman 151 英语广告双关语的语用功能
152 图式理论在英语阅读教学中的应用研究
153 莎士比亚悲剧人物的海明威式英雄特征——以《哈姆雷特》与《奥赛罗》为例 154 目的论与对外传播翻译
155 显现的被动.隐现的自我——《看不见的人》中被动语态的身份建构功能研究 156 Discourse, Immigrants and Identity in In the Skin of a Lion 157 女性主义解读《傲慢与偏见》中的柯林斯 158 《我弥留之际》中的格雷马斯叙事结构
159 A Contrastive Study on Meanings of Animal Words in English and Chinese 160 理想与现实的冲突——《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》新解读 161 从《动物庄园》看乔治·奥威尔反极权主义思想 162 简析《雾都孤儿》中善与恶在人物塑造上的体现 163 从《外婆的日用家当》看美国黑人的文化价值观 164 旅游翻译中的文化差异和处理策略
165 中西方关于萨达姆之死新闻报道的批评性话语分析 166 全球化背景下的中国热与好莱坞电影 167 论广告英语的用词特点
168 On the Importance of China English as an English Variant 169 英语委婉语之初探
170 关于英语口语纠错的研究与建议
171 从莎翁作品透视伊丽莎白时期女性社会地位 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）
172 浅谈英汉颜色词在使用中的文化差异
173 从合作原则和礼貌原则的角度分析赵丽蓉的小品 174 《傲慢与偏见》中的婚姻观
175 从生态女性主义角度解读《苔丝》 176 浅析《库珀尔街》中英语过去时的翻译 177 论中美广告中所反映的文化价值观差异 178 李白对庞德和他的作品的影响 179 英汉颜色词的文化差异 180 论《白鲸》主角的悲剧实质
181 《老友记》中言语幽默的修辞学思考
182 比较分析《野草在歌唱》与《倾城之恋》中女性的爱情婚姻观 183 从关联理论看《茶馆》两个英译本中修辞格的处理 184 《荆棘鸟》之宗教观
185 《老人与海》中桑迪亚哥的硬汉形象探析
186 简析译者文化背景对其处理习语翻译的影响－－《水浒传》赛珍珠译本中的习语翻译 187 数字“三”的文化意蕴及其翻译方法 188 透过《傲慢与偏见》看现代社会爱情观 189 从中西方文化差异的角度浅谈吉祥语的翻译 190 目的论视点下的广告翻译原则
191 On the Anti-traditional Factors of Feminism Translation 192 Influence of Western Food Culture upon Chinese People 193 政论文的英译特点
194 Psychoanalytical Study of Kate Chopin’s The Awakening 195 对《斯佳丽》中生态女权主义的解读 196 浅析英文电影在高中英语教学应用 197 浅析卡夫卡《变形记》中的异化现象 198 从唐诗不同译本看数字词汇翻译得与失
199 《傲慢与偏见》和《简爱》中的爱情观对比究 200 照进黑暗的光－－电影《弱点》主题阐释
第四篇：中西方饮食文化对比研究(英语专业毕业论文)
湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业
毕业论文
研究中西方饮食文化的差异
准考证号：0*** 考生姓名：刘羽笛 指导老师：刘世平
2013年3月 武汉大学外语学院制
A Study of Differences between Chinese and Western Food
Liu Yudi
Supervisor：Liu Shiping
March 2013
论文摘要
本文主要探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异。在这个复杂的世界文化，饮食文化在世界文化中起着十分重要的作用。中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异，不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。中国是一种农耕文化的陆地文化，而传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化的海洋文化，两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异，其中饮食文化更是具有代表性的一个方面。在不同的文化背景下，无论是在饮食观念、饮食对象、厨具、餐具还是餐桌礼仪等各个方面这些饮食文化的差异都是显而易见的。但是，随着国际之间的交流与融合，中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展，这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进的作用。
关键词: 差异；文化；饮食文化
Abstract This thesis explores the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture.In the complex world culture, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role in the world culture.The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western dietary culture.Different countries have their own dietary cultural.Traditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture.These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect.In variously cultural contexts, whether it is in concept, objects, kitchen ware, table ware, or table manners these differences are obvious.But as development of the communication and integration of the international, Chinese and western dietary culture will be developed in common communication.This will play a significant role to promote the communication of culture in the world
Key words: differences;culture;food dietetic culture
Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1 Chapter One Dietary Concept……………………………………………………...2 1.1 Chinese dietary concept……………………………………………………....2 1.2 Western dietary concept….………………………………………..…….……3 Chapter Two Food and Drink………………………………………………………4 2.1 The main of materials…………………………………………………………4 2.2 Condiment…………………………………………………………………….6 2.3 Side dish………………………………………………………………………7 2.4 Wine ………………………………………………………………………….8 Chapter Three Table Manners……………………………………………………...9 3.1 The Differences between Chinese and Western Table Manners……………...9 3.2 The characteristic of Table Manners…………………………………………10 3.2.1 The characteristic of Table Manners in China ………………………...10 3.2.2 The characteristic of Table Manners in the West………………………11 Chapter Four Kitchen ware and table ware………………………………………12 4.1 Kitchen ware………………………………………………………………....12 4.1.1 Chinese kitchen ware…………………………………………………..12 4.1.2 Western kitchen ware…………………………………………………..14 4.2 Tableware…………………………………………………………………….15 4.2.1 Chinese Table ware…………………………………………………….16 4.2.2 Western Table ware…………………………………………………….17 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..19 Works cited………………………………………………………………………….21
A Study of Differences between Chinese and Western Food
Introduction Diet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition.In the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the instinct for human beings.But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their technology.Then there is the essential difference in diet between human beings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature.Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress.As an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning.This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in people’s daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture.Facing the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition.We can’t only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food.However, it is obvious that we shouldn’t aimlessly reject all the new objects.Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always happen between Chinese and westerners.Granted, it takes a long time for two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides can’t adapt to each other.If this phenomenon occurs, we
should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manner.The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent.For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonald’s are the typical food in American.But it is not the fact.The fact is American food is very complex.Therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil, dietary tableware and table manners.Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communicating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries.To study both parties’ dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhance our understanding, tolerate and accept the foreign culture.Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of culture in the whole world(赵, 2006:1).Chapter One Dietary Concept 1.1 Chinese dietary concept In Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing the taste than to emphasizing the nutrition.They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough.The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat.People often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aroma and taste.In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste.Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary.However, a part of the nutrition may lack in
pursuing the deliciousness in Chinese diet.The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing.Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external, or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese dietary concept.But it does not take any count of the collocation of nutrition.The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that “diet therapy is better than medical treatments”, which all reflect that Chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition since ancient times.However, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with nutrition.Chinese people are thinking highly of eat.Bread is the staff of life, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days.Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique food culture that eating is very important.I think this is probably from a survival to needs.Li Xiaohong pointed out: If a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is also the culture basis that ―diet cures more than the doctors.On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit(李, 2010: 33).1.2 Western dietary concept In western dietary culture, eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content(党, 2010:10), people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste.The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrition and collocation.They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet.The core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whether it accord with the scientific demand.Westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay more attention to dietary
nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian.For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed.Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc.should be absorbed a day with neglect of color, aroma and taste.Even if the taste may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is nutritive.For another word, it just like refuels the machine.As to westerners, the taste is the secondary.If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer to eat the half-baked, even raw food.Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability.There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.Chapter Two Food and Drink 2.1 The main of materials The Chinese dietary culture mainly originates from farming culture, which decides the Chinese dietary structure that takes crops as the principal thing and meat as the auxiliary thing.What’s more, there is a plenty of production and a lot of species in grain crop because of the vast fields, fertile soil and superior technology in planting.On the contrary, animal breeding is rare in China so much so that it is very common for people to eat the grain.Chinese dietary structure is based on vegetable food, including grain, bean, greens, fruit as well as cereal.In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are the most common food;only in holidays or at the higher living standards do they have the meat.It is a very distinct line between main food and subsidiary food.The main food is the five cereal and the subsidiary food is vegetable with a little meat.Therefore, when Chinese prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are vegetables and a few are meat.What’s more, rice and noodles are the principle food;tea and wine are the main drinking in their life.China is known for vast fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of Chinese dietary culture.Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat.On the side, millet, corn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture.Except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, deep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks.In the Chinese long history, the distribution of “south rice and north wheat” has formed this situation that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in Chinese staple food.Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet as the principle thing.According to a study of western botanist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China.It is six times more than the west.In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, the meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing.According to the weather, it is not suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture.In addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation.As a result, there are a lot of kinds of animals and a huge production of meat in western countries.The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on.In the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in the dishes.They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish.It is obvious that what they usually eat is provided with a “three-high” characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie.Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in western dietary.Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese.Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet，you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables.What’s more, bread and meat are the principle food;coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.In the western-style food, there is no doubt that meat is the representative in raw material.Since the ancient age, the westerners have given the first place to meat as the dish.They devote particular care to the taste of different kinds of meat and the characteristic of diverse parts of meat.That is to say, no matter what method can be able to be used to process, they always hope that they can bring the aroma into full play from every kind of meat.Any variety of cheese that is worshiped by westerners is the necessary thing should be appeared on the table.On the contrary, for most customers in China, they do not think that they can take in because the peculiar smell is too strange to get used to.2.2 Condiment The condiment is also different between the Chinese and westerners in cooking dishes.In China, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure.The purpose of condiment is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish.What’s more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try.They usually choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their condiments in common use.But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one.Thus there is a big problem in the condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in China.In order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce.Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in western-style dish.Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite.They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce，lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in common use.In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking.Because both vanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes.For instance, when they cook the vegetable soup、spaghetti and sauce、stuffed、salad, they always used a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano.In addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life(哈里斯, 2001:177).2.3 Side dish The side dish also plays a significant part in the Chinese dietary structure.The side dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table.The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying that the highest form is belonging to the latter one.Now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare.The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China.It should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been processed to the shape they need.Then a complete dish comes into being.As a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in the skill of cutting up, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product.Besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to be acquainted with the cooking method for the reason that the raw material will have some changes during the cooking.In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition and so on.And all of these collocations prefer to concentrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables.In other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material.The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism.Their think the animal is “the life”, but plants the laws of nature “not to work”, therefore, advocates the vegetarianism(杨, 1993:4).For the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in hot dishes.As
usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a small amount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put on the edge of the dish or on another dish by side.Thus a complete piece of dish completes.It is said that the food have a collocation with the main food is called side dish.A case in point is that French fries and vegetarian salad are the side dish of fried chicken or other kinds of hamburger in the KFC or McDonald’s.Thus it can be seen that there is a certain difference between Chinese diet and western diet in the form of side dish.However, the effect they exert is the same.They both own the function to complement the nutrition, to balance the dietary, to enhance the beauty and to give the aroma.In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish.For example, all kinds of side dish are most made with different color vegetables.What is more, the side dish is asked for being processed to the definite shape under meticulous requirement, such as strip、olive shape、globular、chess shape、waist drum shape and so on.Most of the deep-frying meat and roasting meat are deserved with three side dishes which are potato and two different color vegetables.They are considered to be a set of side dish.There are a lot of cases we can illustrate.For example, it is a set of side dish that French fries is arranged with boiling pea and carrot in olive shape as well as roasting potato arranged with cauliflower with butter and tomato in piece.However, the characteristic dishes usually choose one kind of side dish made with potato to keep the special aroma, such as the fish.On the side, the dishes with much soup are used to provide with the rice or noodles.Whereas it is rare in Italian dish, such as curry chicken with butter rice and Italian beef with macaroni.2.4 Wine In Chinese diet, there are a few kinds of wine used in cooking and they are only used with a little in the diet.The Shaoxing wine is the common people always use in their daily life.When it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grain wine that takes grain as the material to make Shaoxing wine and white spirit.There is a piece of vast field in China, most of which are endowed with good farmland and fertile soil.It is very suitable for grain to grow up under the temperate weather so that China has
become the leading power in agriculture by and by for his increasingly fast development in agriculture.Furthermore, it not only has a great deal of production, but also cultivates tremendous diversities in the five cereals so that people use a lot of grain to make the Shaoxing wine and white spirit, which are endowed with Chinese characteristic.It is another outstanding characteristic in western dish that they put different wine in diverse dishes.Owing to the characteristic of different kinds of wine they own, such as the mellow, aroma, sweet taste、strong fragrant、cool、refreshing and so on, different wine should be compatible with distinct dishes.After they were put in the dish, the wine will mix with original taste, spice and aroma to make the special characteristic come out from the dish.As to the side dish, there are still some definite rules in cooking with wine.There is a case in point.In the famous French diet, clear soup is with sherry or white wine to bring up the taste;and seafood or aquatic product is with brandy or white wine to season.As is known to all, when it comes to the topic of wine, the most characteristic and the most distinguished wine is a kind of wine which is used to be named grape that takes grape as the material to make wine and brandy.As we know, the western countries mostly give first place to rear livestock or business and give second place to agriculture.It is not suitable for most grain to grow up because of the weather and soil.On the contrary, it is extraordinarily moderate for grape to grow up under that weather.In addition, the quality and production of grape are the first of all in the world.As a result, people can make a considerable quantity of wine with excellent quality(萧, 2007:230).Chapter Three Table Manners 3.1 The Differences between Chinese and Western Table Manners Of course, the main difference on the Chinese dinner table is chopsticks instead of knife and fork, but that's only superficial.Besides, in decent restaurants, you can always ask for a pair of knife and fork, if you find the chopsticks not helpful enough.The real difference is that in the West, you have your own plate of food, while in
China the dishes are placed on the table and everyone shares.If you are being treated to a formal dinner and particularly if the host thinks you're in the country for the first time, he will do the best to give you a taste of many different types of dishes.The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes.Soup then will be served(unless in Guangdong style restaurants)to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings.If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.Perhaps one of the things that surprise a Western visitor most is that some of the Chinese hosts like to put food into the plates of their guests.In formal dinners, there are always “public” chopsticks and spoons for this purpose, but some hosts may use their own chopsticks.This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness.It is always polite to eat the food.If you do not eat it, just leave the food in the plate.People in China tend to over-order food, for they will find it embarrassing if all the food is consumed.When you have had enough, just say so.Or you will always overeat!3.2 The characteristic of Table Manners
3.2.1 The characteristic of Table Manners in China Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position.No matter three meals a day or guest’s arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup.There is no rule for how to put the tableware.What people care about more is not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food? People’s dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners.In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table.Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains.Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere.The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat.The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door.Once there is a
guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely.If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder.If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end.And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon.Even there is no official “table manners” in china, while there is “eating behavior”.Once there is “eating behavior”, there must be some eating manners up to standard.Here are some characteristics on Chinese eating: A.Keep your eyes on the meal, especially at the beginning of the meal.B.When eating, keep your bodies forward, and face to your food.C.It is allowed to spit the bone on the tables.D.When chewing, it is allowed to make some rhythmical noisy of chewing.E.Traditional Chinese meal doesn’t need the public chopsticks.F.Traditional Chinese meal doesn’t have the sweet snacks after meal.3.2.2 The characteristic of Table Manners in the West The biggest difference in table manners between Chinese and western is the details of table manners can be as clear as the specifications what can exactly give people correct manners to refer to.Here are several typical manners what can illustrate the rigor of Western-style food：
A.The western-style food official drinks the soup posture request to enter in advanced the soup with the ladle to oneself far that one side, then to leaves the direction which oneself goes far away to delimit lightly abundantly.B.When dines in the process, if you need to put down the knife, the edge faces oneself assumes in the plate as 10 o’clock shape.The tool bit is the hand of a clock, the hilt is the minute hand);the jaw buckles in the edge of a sword, the jaw direction 2 o’clock.The knife and fork assumes but actually V glyph.But V glyph knife and fork places the tray lower part(to depend on your direction).C.The knife with forks parallel places in the plate 5 o'clock positions when dines finished.Approximately the knife or forks the total length 1/3 handle department dew in tray edge exterior.The fork downward buckle on the plate, the knife’s edge faces to you.D.When eats the bread, must tear down the bread may by an entrance scrap.The butter should in before you put in the mouth.Do not wipe beforehand the entire bread the full butter.E.The American tableware arrangement is: Center is big plant for the main meal, knife(Altogether three: the sand broach, the main table knife, the fish knife, all knife edges face to left)and spoon in right side(殷, 2002:52).Chapter Four Kitchen ware and table ware 4.1 Kitchen ware 4.1.1 Chinese kitchen ware In China, there is a great deal of methods in cooking.Nevertheless, it is extremely surprising that kitchen ware have been the same look since one thousand years ago in China.Since our ancestors came into the age of ironware, the kitchen wares have been never changed again in their surfaces.The main kitchen wares we often use are ladle, spatula, cooker, steamer and wok.The tripod which is a pottery in the shape of roundness is one of the most primary kitchen wares in the age of new stone.In order to exert a sufficient effect on the collocation between burdening and different kinds of food to manifest the dainty of Chinese dietary, the design of the kitchen ware plays an indispensable role in this aspect.So they try their best to design the kitchen ware to reach the purpose that it could make any kind of food mix together completely.In people’s daily life, the wok and ladle are the two most representative kitchen wares in China.The reason why the wok can be on behalf to the representative kitchen ware is that the chef can churn all food sufficiently in the wok.However, why the ladle can also stand for the representative kitchen ware is that ladle not only can be used to stir-frying the dish and to ladle out the soup, but also be able to add condiment to dish or soup.In addition to the above, the ladle could adopt to a tremendous number of condiments which are in diverse shapes with distinct sizes.What’s more, there are two types of cooking that the westerners won’t use or use later than us.They are steam and stir-frying.The formation of these two particular
ways cannot separate from the usage and development of Chinese ancient kitchen ware.The cooking way of steam cannot be away from the invention of steamer.The steamer is the most common kitchen ware among the common people in ancient times.Even though in the modern times, the steamer is still a very important kind of indispensable kitchen ware in family.It is the same that the cooking way of stir-frying cannot be away from wok.And the invention of wok cannot separate from the advantageous technology of wrought iron in ancient China.China is the earliest country to invent and make use of pig iron in the world.The wok has been used in folk family since the Western Han Dynasty and it is still used now.As a result, the method of stir-frying becomes the most primary cooking way in dish.Most of them cannot deviate stir-frying or any variant way of stir-frying from the dish whether made by common people in their daily life or made as the famous dish for the aristocracy.Although the westerners are a little familiar with the steamer now, they still do not know how to put to use the skill of steam to cook the food constantly.On the contrary, we can have the delicious food made by the steamer everyday if we want to.Not only the steamed stuffed bun, but also the chicken or fish can we have.What’s more, for western ware, it is not a patch on the wok.As is known to all, we can put anything into the wok to stir-frying, even if it is in a little size with different shape and bone, which is incapable for the westerners to achieve.The reason is that they are not used to have a big piece of meat with bone.Furthermore, they are fond of the vegetables without boiling so that the vegetables are seldom to put into the pan, which has the relationship with their dietary concept and dietary habits.With the increasing fast development of science and technology, to some extent, the countries must promote the communication of culture under mutual efforts.As a result, a great number of convenient and fast household appliances start to enter into the market in China, such as microwave, electric rice cooker and oven which the westerners get used to use in their daily life.However, our main kitchen wares pass current on the ancient so that we do not break away from track in essence even though we will use the induction cooker or something else from the west to cook the food.Some people agree with the opinion that the wok is better than the pan in frying out
the aroma of Chinese dish.They always said that there is something missing in the dish they make out with the usage of frying-pan.In addition, the soup boiled by the tile pot that Chinese used all the time is far more delicious than boiled by the western stew-pan made by stainless steel.Except for electric rice cooker, few Chinese families will make staple food with microwave, or oven, or any other western kitchen ware.The dietary is more perceptual than rational in expression in all times in China so that the Chinese dietary culture is full of imagination and creativity.However, the difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners must lead to the various demands of kitchen wares.In the modern city, the Chinese customers don’t reject those household appliances, such as the microwave, with the convenient and fast function.But it does not mean that it can satisfy the dietary requirements from Chinese customers.On the contrary, it can’t because of the dietary structure made from convenience and speed.The recipe based on the rice in Asian is unable to fuse very well with the effect in cooking exerted by the household appliances from westerners.Combined with the realistic situation from the differences between the both sides, we can analyze and study adequately the living style between the two nations which provide a great help to design and ameliorate the kitchen ware.Maybe it is more important for oriental nation who are facing the impact from western culture and living ways to consider comprehensively the guiding principle of the design in cultural diversity.The design of kitchen ware should be compatible with the specific environment in dietary culture.Therefore, under aiming at different environment in dietary culture, it will exert a positive effect on designing or ameliorating the kitchen ware with consciousness.4.1.2 Western kitchen ware In the west, there is a lot of cooking ways, but the way of roasting, pan-frying and deep-frying are the main methods in cooking.As a result, the kitchen wares they often use in their daily life are frying-pan, stew-pan and oven, which have a very close relationship with their dietary object, cooking ways and tableware.A great deal of examples can be given.For instance, most of the westerners prefer to meat rather than vegetarian dish in their daily meal.Besides, they are used to have a meal with
knife and fork so that it is more suitable to process the raw material into a big size and shape.Of course that it is the best choice to process them into a massive and thick piece without too much bones or stabs.It is quite rare for westerners to mix several kinds of food together when they are cooking.They spend most time on considering what the collocation should be made to show the beauty in vision, especially the collocation between shapes and colors.Therefore, all kinds of burdening are always put on the plate after they are cooked respectively.The pure of the taste which is the second important aspect during their cooking is the performance that how much the orient taste can be reflected from the material itself.The above customs decide that the main characteristic in western kitchen ware is the function of boiling.They will not churn the food to mix together as Chinese when they are cooking so that the bottom of frying-pan is almost flat or the pan is in the shape of bucket, which is beneficial to enhance the warming area and to enlarge the capacity of the kitchen ware.What’s more, the west is earlier than China to come into the electric age so that the invention and application of electrical equipment are also earlier than us.With their dietary concept and the increasing development of science and technology, the microwave, oven, electric rice cooker, blender and other ware come into their life step by step.A case in point is that they often use the frying-pan when they want to cook the steak or pancake with some spice or side dish.There is no doubt that the mashed potato is one of the contents in the side dish.And the mashed potato is made out by blender.It is also the fact that they like to roast something to eat, such as the toast and roasting chicken, therefore, oven is one of the necessaries in their kitchen.In addition, the westerners love the sweet food very much so they generally use oven to baking some kind of cakes or desserts which can be served as the afternoon tea with a cup of coffee or black tea.It is obvious that the coffee extractor is also indispensable in western families.The kitchen wares, including oven, microwave and so on, all sufficiently reflect the speediness, ration, accuracy and convenience in western dietary culture.4.2 Table ware
4.2.1 Chinese Table ware As known to all, it takes chopsticks as the principal tableware and it gives second place to spoons, cups, plates, bowls and dishes.Chinese pay attention to the diverse shape, size and color in table ware because different tableware should be used in different occasions.Besides, Chinese think a lot of the coordinating collocation between table ware and dishes in culinary art.In their opinion, exquisite food should be compatible with elegant tableware and the harmonious collocation should be noticed as well.We treat dietary as the art activity so it requires us that we have to make sure the dishes is compatible harmoniously with the tableware in the decorated color, form and space.We try our best to achieve that people can enjoy from the beautiful art when they are eating the delicious food.The chopsticks are the most representative tableware in Chinese meal.Since there was a distinction between man and ape, people has found that the food tasted more delicious after cooking.People had meal without using chopsticks in the beginning of Qin Dynasty.Based on the record from The Book of Rites, it is surmised that people use their hands to have a meal.Later, when people were braising the food, they could not operate with hands directly so they need something like the branch of bamboo to place and turn over the food.In addition, they also use the branch to take the meat and vegetables from the boiling ware.As time passing, the clever ancients gradually learn to take food with the twig made of bamboo which is exactly the earliest rudiment of chopsticks.Hu Wenzhong has made a study of chopsticks, he found that when you eating with chopsticks, it affect the human body of thirty joints and fifty muscles, there by stimulating the activity of brain systems, it brings agility and quick thinking(胡, 1999:8).The main reason for chopsticks to be the indispensable tableware originated from ancient time to today is that the Chinese diet has own deep origin in culture.Because the farming culture has established the vegetarian diet to be the main position in Chinese dietary structure, most Chinese are with the main characteristics, such as connotation and introversion.Chinese are good at thinking and both their language and behavior are in the euphemistic way, what’s more, they attach importance to
helping with each other.The sharing food system brought from the chopsticks highlight the family element that all the old and the young are sitting around a table to have meal, therefore, the Chinese have the strong family concept.Chinese always think “harmony is most precious” since ancient time.They trend to live and work in peace and contentment with peaceful coexistence against aggression, which give expression to the usage of chopsticks that look like elegant and peaceable without harmfulness.A case in point is that when Chinese are using the chopsticks, they are gentle and cultivated and the inelegant behaviors, such as poke and prick, are few to turn up.The attitude they treat to the food is amiable and fond.When it comes to the topic of chopsticks, I want to say the chopsticks won’t cut, poke and prick as knife and fork so that the food turn into such material transmitted harmoniously rather the prey under the violence.For the past few years, with the sustaining improvement of life quality, the dietary tableware turn up with a new face of specialization, diversification and combination.It not only increases the creation and interest when the family are having meal in their daily life, but also can allow more people to have a knowledge on our indigenous culture by introducing the tableware with Chinese characteristic element to all over the world.4.2.2 Western Table ware In the west, there no denying that it takes knife and fork as the principal tableware and it gives second place to various cups, plates, dishes, and soup spoons.There are five categories in their tableware, including chinaware, silver, metal ware, glass and serving plate.Furthermore, depending on the different usages in distinct occasions, there are tremendous kinds of the metal ware, chinaware and glass.For example, the tea cup and coffee cup are always the chinaware while knife and fork are almost the metal ware and that cup and goblet are nearly the glass.A couple of knife and fork is the most representative tableware in western-style food.The appearance of knife and fork is later then chopsticks.The initial origin of knife and fork has a close relationship with the living custom of ancient nomad nation in Europe.They carried knife with one in their daily life to cut the meat to eat after the
meat was fried.Then when they started to settle down, the Europe took livestock husbandry as the principle thing.As a result, the main dishes are beef and mutton which are incised by knife to put into mouth while the subsidiary food is something as bread that people eat with hand directly.They still need carry knife with one until they settled down in the city so that the knife and fork are placed in the kitchen.From the above, it is not difficult to get that knife, as the main tableware, is quite different to chopsticks because it has diverse functions.For example, it not only can be used to kill the animal and to incise the meat, but also can be used as the tableware to have meal.The main reason for knife and fork to be the indispensable tableware originated from ancient time to today be that nomads established the meat to be the main position in the western dietary structure.The ancestors are hunting nation in many western countries.In order to survive under the cruel and wicked environment, they must be adept in using the shape implement to hunt.However, the raw material of meat is always big in their shape so that they are always used to rely on the knife during they are incising and having the meat.This tendency that reflects on the tableware is a couple of knife and fork used to incise and poke which make people become aware of the cruelty and violence against the nature.The nomad culture also models the westerners with characteristic of rudeness and extravert type.In addition, the westerners are strong, frank, courageous and respective.The outstanding characteristic of tableware in western dietary culture is taken shape little by little, owing to the inter-fusion from the main position of meat, the characteristic nature of extravert type and the achievement of technology in manufacture.Owing to the individual dining system brought from the knife and fork, the westerners attach importance to independence so that they will have their thought about creating their world independently when the children grow up.What’s more, it not only gives expression sufficiently to human respect and personal respect from westerners, but also emphasizes the personal independence.Diverse kinds of tableware in the west may have the same function.For instance, the knife is used to incise the meat and the fork is used to fork the food, but both are
used to have meal.There are only 400 or 500 years for using the knife and fork in the west.Compared chopsticks, there are various kinds of knife and fork that are dedicated implement.When the westerners are using the knife and fork to incise, they make people have the feeling of cruelty and violence which ravage the food without concealment.Although Chinese like to have meat as well as westerners, they express implicitly and indirectly without any sense of slaughter and fight.Because they always use the knife and fork, they must get rid of the bone, stab and shell before cooking and having meal.For example, you will gain a whole chicken with its head and bones when you want to eat the chicken in the Chinese restaurant;as a result, there is no use in using the knife and fork.While the chef are cooking the beef or other meat in big size, they always get rid of the bone first and choose the most appropriate or the most delicious part to cook and they will decorate the dish with various condiment, spice and vegetables to make the dish like a work of art.In the meantime, the chopsticks look smaller than knife and fork which show their advantage in specialty.Nowadays, the west becomes paying attention to design the tableware.There are various styles of tableware turning up in the market and the tableware contains the western characteristic culture with different types in the colors and pictures.Furthermore, the tableware with the characteristic of appreciation and interest are sold as the gift.Conclusion There are distinct differences in dietary concept, dietary object, dietary kitchen ware and dietary tableware between Chinese and westerners and they have their own advantage.Of course, the differences between Chinese and westerners have relativity in dietary culture.The study of differences in dietary culture needs the mutual understanding and appreciation between different cultures.When facing two kinds of dietary culture, we should learn from others’ strong point to offset our weakness rather than blind pursue the enjoyment of taste.With the increasing fast globalization，the dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will integrate in the collision and complement in the fusion under the background which is collided and fused by economy, culture and information changes.It can not only enhance the mutual understanding and enjoy the different feeling from different food, but also strengthen the communication, complementation and fusion in culture.As the improvement of the living quality and standard, Chinese begin focusing on the food nutrition, health and science of cooking while westerners start to develop from the artistic realm of color, smell, taste, meaning and shape of Chinese food.Only if the dietary culture communicates in common development can people enjoy the more delicious, convenient, nutritional and healthy food.The communication of dietary culture exists in our daily life as the hinge of diverse cultures in the process of integration in economic and cultural globalization.The dietary culture has become a type of cultural impact which is strengthening step by step.Moreover, it exerts a huger effect than any other power on globalization and changing the world softly.It is possible to anticipate that the dietary culture between Chinese and westerners will become more and more charming under the communication and fusion.Works Cited 党冰花：《中西饮食文化差异刍论》,重庆科技学院学报, 2010。哈里斯，马文(美)：《好吃:食物与文化之谜》,山东画报出版社,2001。胡文仲：《中英文华习俗比较》,北京外语教学与研究出版社,1999。李晓红：《浅谈中西方饮食文化差异》,河北时代文学,2010。萧家成：《升华的魅力——中华民族酒文化》杨乃济：《民以食为天——中西饮食文化漫谈》殷珍泉：《礼仪有学问》赵红群：《世界饮食文化》 ,北京华龄出版社,2007。,中国国情国力期刊,1993。,北京台海出版社,2002。,时事出版社,2006。
第五篇：中西方幽默对比分析（共）
英 文 幽 默 赏 析院系：外语系 专业班级：英语11-02班 姓名：郑爽 学号:541108010226
中西方幽默对比分析
林语堂：我很怀疑世人是否曾体验过幽默的重要性，或幽默对于改变我们整个文化生活的可能性——幽默在政治上，在学术上，在生活上的地位。它的机能与其说是物质上的，还不如说是化学上的。它改变了我们的思想和经验的根本组织。我们须默认它在民族生活上的重要。
幽默是一种令人发笑而有余味的情操，广泛存在于中西方语言中。精炼含蓄、奇妙得体的幽默语在使用与理解上离不开与其紧密联系的文化溯源。英语中的humour一词来自于古希腊医学，他们相信人类身体有四大类液体控制健康及情绪。而抑郁时由于体内“黑胆汁”过剩所致，解决方法正是开怀大笑。英国人将humour一词演化成有趣的意思。将humor一词以音译形式“幽默”引入汉语，是林语堂1924年撰文提倡的。幽默的涵盖面甚广 ,它包括笑话(joke)、讥讽(satire)、反语(irony)、喜剧(comedy)、俏皮话(wisecrack)、轶事趣闻(anecdote),等等。对幽默的研究可以追溯到亚里士多德时代。而对幽默的定义 ,学者们却莫衷一是。我们暂把幽默定义为一种诙谐的、滑稽的意在带给交际双方愉悦的交际方式。然而不可否认的是中英文幽默存在一定的差异，其主要体现在幽默的内容、功能、语言类型和表现形式上，造成差异的根源主要在于中西方文化和思维方式诸多方面的不同。
一、中西方幽默内容上的不同
幽默是人类审美追求的反应，也是对现实生活的映射。在内容上折射出不同民族独特的风土人情、文化理念。从主题上看 ,中国受传统儒家思想影响根深蒂固 ,人们谈“性” 色变 ,因此 ,东方传统幽默中性主题是禁区;而西方幽默中这类主题却占很大比例。从内容上看 ,在西方的幽默中 ,单纯娱乐性质的纯幽默比重很大, 这是幽默从萌芽状态时起便形成的一个鲜明特征。而中国幽默似乎肩负着更沉重的历史使命---针砭时弊。纵观流传至今的几百段传统相声 ,讽刺段子占绝大多数。而幽默的民族特色在艺术手法上的表现远不如主题、内容那样明晰。它往往根植于一个民族源远流长的文化传统和心理素质 ,表现得十分隐蔽、微妙。中国幽默刻意追求一贯到底、层层递进的情趣性。最能显示中国人幽默文化底蕴的形式莫过于相声。相声的四个环节(“垫话”、“瓢把儿”、“正话”和“底”)对应了幽默结构的四部分。相声从头至尾包含多个“包袱” ,使听众始终怀着浓厚的兴趣 ,从紧张的期待走向缓和的满足 ,然后又跨向新的期待和新的满足。而西方的幽默小品往往只有一个“包袱”,喜剧中“包袱”要多一些 ,但由于喜剧的完整性，连贯性和情节性的要 求 ,运用“包袱”的限制很多。相声则不然 ,尽管它也 有一定的情节主线 ,但从不为死守情节的需要而放弃 使用“包袱” 的机会;相反 ,有时还以“包袱”为媒介 ,巧妙地从一个情节跳跃到与之毫无关联的另一个情节。
二、中西方幽默在功能上的不同
幽默是一种以社会认可的方式表达人类需要的方法。幽默的功用可分为：批判性（对生活中的缺点和反面现象加以否定）、肯定性（对生活中的优点和正面现象予以肯定）和纯幽默（既不肯定，也不否定，它只是对生活现象进行富裕情趣的反应）。西方的幽默文化底蕴深厚。西方人在性方面比中国人开放 , 往往有关性方面的笑话较多;其单纯娱乐性质的幽默比重较大； 另外 ,“智力成分压倒了其它成分”。总的来说，西方幽默更多发挥了其缓解精神压力、确立优越感的功能。中国人使用幽默一般侧重社会教育功能 ,例如 ,《文心雕龙》 对谐隐这一幽默形式的评价是 :“古之嘲隐 ,振危释惫。” 意思是古代的嘲笑文章和隐喻 ,目的在于拯救危亡和释除疲惫。事实上,中国人的幽默大多用来讽刺和规诫 ,或以增进社会的融洽和谐, 或作为单纯的引笑释怀的工具。拿国家级幽默大师赵本山来说，他的作品基本取材于农村、农民，其中不乏取笑、自嘲的成分。几乎每个作品都渗透着中国小百姓穷酸的味道，这些同样让人捧腹大笑，不过笑的时候往往有些心酸。
三、中西方幽默在语言类型上的不同
语言类型是中西方幽默中重要的语素之一。西方幽默中主要讽刺性语言、直白俏皮式语言和模仿式语言。中国幽默中主要用模仿式语言、讽刺型语言和富有哲理意味的启迪式语言。
四、中西方幽默语在表现形式上的不同
由于中西方思维和文化底蕴的不同，中西方幽默语在表现形式存在明显差异。中国人幽默典型的运用语言文字来表达，最典型的莫过于相声了，全凭艺术家的一张嘴，借用博大精深的中国文字谈天说地、评论古今。郭德纲的相声中就有很多的例子。而西方幽默侧重于动作演绎。最具代表性的就是幽默大师卓别林了，一系列无声电影给世人带来了很多欢乐。再如后来的动画大片猫和老鼠也用独特的美国方式博得了全世界的喝彩。
中西方幽默不同的主要原因是因为中西方文化和思维方式诸多方面的不同引起的。中国是典型的大陆农耕文化，形成了发散性思维，守礼而含蓄；而西方人是唯求富强的海洋商业文化，形成了工笔素描式的直线型思维，随性而张扬，都是各自文化的投影。中国在这种自己自足的文化氛围中，便形成了一种“尚让不尚争，尚退不尚动”的思维定式，从而形成了
垂直的思维方式。这种思维定式决定了幽默是以直观的方式表现出来的。而西方文化属于的海洋文化，主张创新。因而西方人形成了重创造的思辨型思维。
幽默是一种语言艺术，渗透于生活的每个角落，它以独特的艺术方式、充满情趣而又耐人寻味的意境，在生活中起着不可估量的作用，幽默是文明和智慧的象征，沟通了多元文化系统下不同民族的人们，使人们在交际中认识到了幽默的力量。虽然中西方幽默在许多方面的差异是明显的，但人们对幽默的喜爱和认同却惊人的相似。在当今全球化的时代背景下，各种文化在交流冲突中共存，不同地域的文化又通过跨文化交际获得一定的共识，中西方幽默也在逐渐融合，这种跨文化的中西方幽默的融合，既有利于中西方成功的交流，更有利于世界的和谐发展。
参考文献
⑴高一虹.语言文化差异的认识于超越【M】.北京外语教学与研究出版社，2000.⑵贾玉新.跨文化交际学【M】.上海外语教育出版社，2003.⑶王一鹭.看幽默故事学英语【M】海口南海出版社.2005
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