第一篇：瞻望未来物流与翻译
瞻望未来物流与翻译
随着近年来互联网行业在国内的空前的发展和应用，紧随而至的网上购物更是风生水起，让十几岁的小孩到六七十岁大爷大妈都对网购乐此不疲，仿佛人们每天不打开淘宝、拍拍等这些网页浏览一圈，这一天就不能称为无憾的一天了。相对的，辉煌几千年的一些夜市、早市，反而开始面临着“门前冷落车马稀”的尴尬境地。不得不说，今天的世界是新兴产业的世界。
物流行业和翻译行业作为新兴产业的代表，更是以势不可挡之势席卷寻常百姓家。在日常生活中，试问有谁敢说没有用过物流，又有谁敢说没有见过外语。物流行业，一个国民疯狂的网购推动的“产业”。网购的发展使物流行业高调进入市场，如果说“双十一”、“双十二”，是大众的消费日，笔者要说它们何尝又不是“物流节”呢？赋予物流这种殊誉并非是空穴来风、无稽之谈，从“双十一”“双十二”快递兄弟们所高喊的没有买卖，就没有死亡的口号中，就可得知。总之，现在物流行业在国内是如日中天，正处于炙手可热的地位，毫不夸张地说，快递员就是一份高薪职业。物流行业更是被业界称为“第三利润源”、被媒体称为“21世纪最大的行业”、被老百姓称为“金饭碗”。
话说“人无远虑，必有近忧”认识如此，一个行业更是如此，需要长远的规划，所以，在我们正纷纷为中国这位朝气蓬勃的“亲”点赞时！一些，有眼光、有前瞻的商人。已经成功的将市场华丽的转向国际。从安邦保险收购美国顶级的华尔道夫酒店，联想从谷歌公司收购摩托罗拉移动业务，双汇国际购得美国肉制品生产商史密斯菲尔德„„中国开始了“偏安国内一隅”到“积极向国际进军”的历史性转变，充分证明这些新兴产业的“孩子们”前途无量。
前不久，一则重磅消息更是响彻神州大地，马云在纽约敲响了上市钟。这不得不说对于网购族们意义重大，因为这意味着，国内市场和国际市场无缝隙的成功接轨，以后我们可以直接通过网络购置国际商品。这样的摩擦相应的带动了另外一个新兴产业，翻译公司的发展。举个最简单不过的例子，如果我们外国友人需要通过网络来购置中国特色的产品。那么对于地址信息的填写、客服对一些客户问题的问答、对商品最基本的描述。这些都需要翻译来协助。
在这里也许就会有人说了，翻译这种实属“高大上”的文化行业又怎么会和“物流快递”这个行业相提并论了呢？看似处于两条平行线的他们又怎么能挂上钩呢？这着实令人难以想象！众所周知，翻译行业和快递行业同属于新兴产业，都有着很好的发展前景，对于物流来讲最重要的是市场，市场是物流的生命，是物流的依靠，和其他行业相比，可以毫不避讳的来讲物流行业则需要更大更广的世界市场，而翻译恰恰能作为带着物流飞向世界各个角落的翅膀，现在的物流快递行业与翻译来往确实是不是那么密切，地址信息写中文，快递员说中文，一个脑力，一个体力。是的，也许在很多人眼里送快递也就是和体力活，可是我要说未来的物流快递行业不简简单单的体力好就行，未来的成熟的物流行业，必定是拥有最完善的服务制度，实现物流行业的一条龙服务，看未来的翻译工作必是物流链上不可分割的一个环节，举个最简单的例子，物流行业中地址填写这一项，就需要翻译的协助，有可能地址和客户信息的填写会根据国别而变化，不仅仅会是英语，也会是德语、日语，法语，韩语等等。
物流快递首先需要把这些地址和客户信息转化为相应的外语。相对的，当国内邮递员收到外国的邮件，更是需要把国外的邮件地址和客户的基本信息拿给翻译公司翻译，才能准确的将快递送到收件人手中。再则，一个全球的物流行业必定拥有一个完善的管理制度，一个具有完善管理制度的物流行业必定有着属于自己的优秀客服，这样才能方便客户对物品的随时随地跟踪，那么来自全球的客户，一定是说着不同的语种，笔者认为，能够有这种能力，且能做好这份工作的行业，非翻译公司莫属了。最后，笔者要着重提出的是物流不等于快递，因为快递只是物流其中小小的一个部分，称为真正意义上物流，更是离不开翻译工作的一部分，现在商品的出口，更是需要翻译的保驾护航，所以，我认为不久的未来。翻译行业和物流行业势必成为亲密不可分割的。
笔者说过“互联网行业、物流行业、翻译行业之间”是相互带动，相互促进的，并不是单一方面的。例如翻译行业会有很多国外客户，而有些客户的翻译文件更是需要快递到国外，这就需要物流来协助翻译行业的工作。就拿佳音特来讲吧，佳音特翻译公司就是有好多国外客户，更是和多家物流公司有着密切合作的。未来几年，佳音特翻译公司更是要更多兼顾国外翻译市场，国内市场和国外市场的沟通，就更是避免不了要辛苦物流行业的兄弟们了。
所以，我认为未来的物流行业和翻译行业一定是你中有我，我中有你的关系。翻译行业为物流开拓更广的市场，物流带着翻译飞遍世界的角落，从而实现彼此的共赢！我国提出“一带一路的发展”战略，在这里我们完全可以举一隅而以三隅反，应用到行业和行业之间的发展，互联网行业、物流行业、翻译行业之间，相互促进相互发展。行业之间相互拉动。笔者深信在翻译行业的协助下，物流行业一定能够很自信的对“国际”微笑着说“nice to meet you！”。本文提供由北京佳音特翻译公司
第二篇：物流外文翻译范文
Greener Logistics are easy ways your retail company can move products more efficiently and economically To many people, the terms
“supply chain” and “carbon footprint” seem virtually synonymous.After all, the movement of raw materials and products makes significant transportation demands, and transportation's energy requirements often are more apparent than most.However, that doesn't mean your retail company can afford to pass the buck on the responsibility to “green” its warehousing, transportation and other logistics functionsSupply chain collaborationhas not caught on wdth many businesses yet.However, it is ripe wdth possible green advantages, because it can ultimately help hoth companies buHd more efficient transportation processes to reach their joint destinations.For example, if Company A and Company B both have partially loaded trucks routinely traveling from Romeoville, I11., to stores in nearby Des Plaines or Woodstock, I11., it simply makes sense that they would wind up requiring substantially fewer overall transitsif they could share space on those loads
Should the prospect of collaboration still be a hit too “out there” for your corporate culture, you still may he able to achieve improved efticiencies if your organization currently has stores or divisions that are operating as separate shipping entities.This kind of structure suggests the presence of considerable redundancyas many do, especially during extremely hot or cold months, when drivers
are trying to stay comfortableand the corresponding fuel constmiption and carbon footprint.In a similar vein, if a company's warehouses use forklifts or other industrial handling equipment, it also should carefully engineer its warehouse layouts to minimize the distances these energy-consuming devices log while traveling between storage bays and dock doors Measure Environmental Impact The locations and designs of warehouses usually are the most important considerations when evaluating sustainability from a facility-related perspective.However, they are far from being the only considerations, which is why a company might want to do a warehouse carbon footprint calculation in addition
to an optimization.Such a calculation will help a company quantify the environmental impact of existing or potential distribution centers(above and beyond their transportation accessibility)in a way that simply “guesstimating” cannot.Some of the elements that should go into this calculation include: e-grid factors(because some areas' power grids produce lower carbon emissions than others);types and wattages of lighting fixtures;material handling equipment power ratings;required headcount for a facility;and type of energy used.Don't Stop There A company can use the information from this carbon footprint calculation for a variety of purposes, such as comparing the merits of two equally well-situated warehouses, getting ideas for where it can begin to “green” existing operations or simply doing a better job of purchasing carbon offsets.Needless to say, companies can improve their sustainabUity in many other supply chain-related ways.Other methods of creating sustainabüity include: • Changing aging lighting in warehouses to more current fluorescent lighting technologies;it could help reduce a facility's light-related electricity requirements by as much as 70 percent.• Working with transportation carriers that use biodiesel fuel blends, because these can help reduce particulate matter emissions by as much as 80 percent.• Booking transits on slower-steaming vessels when a company is shipping cargo internationally.* Working with carriers and third-party logistics providers that participate in the EPA，s SmartWay Transport Partnership(www.xiexiebang.com.14
第三篇：物流公司简介 翻译
我公司是一级货运代理企业之一，是一家专门从事物流货运业务的企业。全面经营货柜运输、集运业务以及全套后勤服务。承办海运和空运进出口货物的订舱，配载，仓储，中转，集装箱装箱，报关，报验，保险及集装箱门到门联运业务，并可提供各种船舶动态，运价等海运信息和咨询业务。
As one of the top-ranking forwarders, our company specialize in logistics and freight transportation.Our business mainly covers container transportation and other logistics services at full range.We provide ocean export and air export services which including space booking, distribution,warehousing, transshipment, containers’ consolidation, customs declaration, quarantine,insurance and H/H combined transportation.We also provide various of ship movement service,freight rate, maritime information as well as consultation service.我公司的优势航线有中东印巴线、日本线、欧美线、中南美线、东南亚线、……。我们的客户遍及全国各地，包括众多的厂家和代理贸易公司。我公司的海外代理遍布全球几十个国家，业已形成了一个强大的海外代理网络，保证你的货物运输得到全程安全的保护。
We keep the advantages on the lines to the Middle East, India & Pakistan,Japan, Europe & America, Central & South America and Southeast Asia.We have a great number of clients from all over China including many factories andtrading company agents.We also have overseas agents from many countries
of the world.This strong network enables us to provide a safe transportation to your cargo.我公司在港区附近有面积约4000平方米的仓库，硬件设施一流，仓库人员尽心尽责，保证您的货物安全，放心的出运。我司与众多船公司及报关行，港区都有良好的关系，所以无论在运价及操作上，我司均能提供一流的服务。
Our company has a large warehouse with 4,000 sq.m.The warehouse is close to the harbor area and
is equipped with topflight facilities.Our staff are conscientious.These guarantee a safe transportation
of your cargo.We have good cooperation with many carriers, customs brokers andharbor administration which help us to provide our clients with quality service and competitive price.目前我司是很多日本客户的物流供应商，例如祥乐田村（TAMURA）--日本排名第二的助焊剂生产厂商，我司为其提供危险化工品的国内配送，以及进出口货运代理和进出口清关服务；
Currently, we are the logistics supplier of many Japanese clients.Take the second largest soldering flux manufacturer TAMURA for example,our company provide domestic transportation for its DG Chemicals and
customs declaration and freight transportation.奉化市爱伊美西服进出口有限公司是几家著名日本服装贸易公司在华成立的中日合资服装厂商，现我司为其提供整箱，拼箱的海运出口及部分空运出口的货运
代理服务；
Aiyimei(Fenghua City)Garment Import and Export Co.LTD is a
Sino-Japanese joint venture set up in China by some well-known
Japanese garment trading companies.We provide Aiyimei with
FCL, LCL, ocean export and part of air export service.另外我司还是几十家东南亚地区，以及欧洲、印巴地区客户的指定货代，这些客户大多为从事化工品业务的贸易公司或分销商，在与这些公司的合作中我司积累了丰富的化工品特别是危险品进出口服务的操作经验。
In addition, we are the appointed forwarder of dozens of clients from
Southeast Asia, Europe, India and Pakistan.Most of these trading companies
or distributors are engaged in chemicals.During the cooperation with these companies,we have gained rich experiences on import and export of chemicals esp.DG ones
第四篇：外文翻译---电子商务与物流的关系
附录
Electronic commerce and physical distribution relations First, under the electronic commerce environment physical distribution pattern 1.The use of EMS services in the logistics model.The enterprise either the business obtains information and so on consumer's shopping list and home address from the website or the hypothesized website, then goes through the special delivery formalities to the nearby post office to mail out the cargo, the customer receives the post office to take the goods notice, brings back to the locus post office the cargo, or delivers directly by the mailman the cargo in the customer hand.The use of EMS services with a convenient, fast characteristics.But, High fees, and very difficult to ensure that consumer receives goods within the time expecting that 2.Corporate self-distribution logistics model station.The enterprise establishes own cargo allocation spot in the land's the customer crowded area, after obtaining the shopping information, delivers goods to the doorstep by an allocation personnel.This kind of physical distribution pattern may satisfy the customer “namely to buy namely results in” the shopping psychology demand.But it also has following problem: An allocation layout, the population equipment, the commodity reserve and so on determined reasonably very difficultly.3.draws support from the third party physical distribution enterprise's pattern.The third party physical distribution is the enterprise completes part or the complete physical distribution activity request for other specialized physical distribution company.The physical distribution company itself does not have the commodity, but forms the cooperation alliance with the enterprise, provides the service for the customer.Selects this physical distribution method, the service is the specialization, multi-purpose and omni-directional.But if the delivering goods quantity is too small, the delivery expense must be higher than generally other form service expense.Second, under the electronic commerce environment physical distribution existence's question the 1.The theoretical study of the logistics system and in-depth enough.Our country physical distribution management's researcher just contacted these new theories, waits for in further digests and absorbs.2.Lack of infrastructure, backward technology and equipment, the logistics industry is relatively backward.Our country Enterprise in the physical distribution aspect's Information technology, the integrated management and the computer applied technology level is generally low.Transport capacity can not meet the needs of industry, the main transport corridors are still prominent contradiction between supply and demand.3.Related the logistics of e-commerce environment laws and regulations remain to be improved.4.The logistics industry and logistics management training should be strengthened.The physical distribution talented person and the Information technology are realize the physical distribution modernization basic condition, the physical distribution talented person lack seriously, are unable to provide the enough intellectual support for the new physical distribution system's establishment.Third, physical distribution under electronic commerce environmental effect trend of development more than
1.Multi-facetedthe pursuit of logistics enterprises.Under the electronic commerce influence, the logistics is situated between the suppliers and buys between the supplier the third party, is take serves as the objective.The physical distribution enterprise not only needs to serve for this area, must carry on the long distance service, not only because the customer the hope obtains the good service, moreover the hope service point is not, but are many places.Therefore, how to provide the high grade service then to become the physical distribution business management and the development core topic.Also only then has the first-class service physical distribution enterprise, can impel the electronic commerce truly the development.3.Information technology-the only way to modern logistics industry.In the electronic commerce time, must provide the best service, the physical distribution system must have the good information processing and the transmission system.When the cargo transports from the world, the customer then may place information and so on obtain the arrival time, receipt, so that the warehousing, the Transport company can prepare for, causes the commodity, in does not pause nearly in situation fast flowing, thus raises the service level greatly, reduces the cost, enhances the competitive power, also manifests the electronic commerce to depend on the convenience which well the network platform brings to be quick.electronic commerce and the physical distribution take the modern circulation two big methods, has the close relation.Electronic commerce takes the network time one kind of brand-new transaction pattern, is opposite in the tradition trading mode is a revolution.But, electronic commerce must have the modernized physical distribution technology support, can manifest its incomparable sophistication and the superiority.Only then develops the modernized physical distribution vigorously, electronic commerce can a better development.Along with the 21st century Information technology, the network development, will certainly to promote the electronic commerce and the physical distribution organic synthesis, the modernized physical distribution computerization will become the populace to live the indispensable important part.Fourth, e-commerce model of logistics Under electronic commerce the physical distribution and the allocation, are the Information technology, modernized, the socialized physical distribution and the allocation.Refers to the logistics and distribution network of enterprise computer technology and modern hardware devices, software systems and advanced management tools for social needs, strictly, keep the land in accordance with the user's order request, to conduct a series of classification, allocation, sorting , division of labor and distribution of work, such as cargo handling, timing, fixed-point, there is no quantitative way to limit the scope of the various types of users, to meet their demand for goods.We can see that this new type of logistics and distribution is based on a new look, becoming the vanguard of innovation in circulationBasin, on behalf of the modern marketing of the main direction.New type of logistics and distribution will enable the circulation of commodities in a more traditional way of logistics and distribution of information more easily, automation, modernization, social, intelligence, rationalization, simplification, which reduces the production of inventory, speed up cash flow and improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs, also stimulated the social needs of society as a whole is conducive to macro-transfer space, but also to enhance the economic benefits of the whole society, and promote the healthy development of market economy.Traditional logistics and distribution centers can be divided into the following types: the main manufacturers in the distribution center to wholesalers as the main distribution center to retail distribution centers as the main body to the main storage for the transport of the distribution center.The traditional distribution model can be divided into the following: Set-based distribution model of cargo, bulk-type mixed distribution model and distribution model.Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns of the previous advantages, can the flow of goods to carry out effective control of the entire process.Finally, this model combines the two types of distribution patterns in front of the merits of, may carry on the active control to the commodity circulation entire process.Uses this kind of allocation pattern the circulation enterprise, like regional physical distribution allocation center.This kind of operation pattern comparison meets the new physical distribution allocation requirement(Especially e-commerce logistics and distribution under).20th century 80's, the Western developed countries, such as the United States, France and Germany put forward a theory of modern logistics integration, application and guide the development of its logistics achieved significant results.Logistics is the logistics system integration as the core business from production through logistics, marketing companies, until the whole supply chain, consumers and systematic.Logistics integration is the development of logistics industry form, it must be fully developed third-party logistics and perfecting basis.Logistics integrated logistics management is a real problem, that is, specialization in logistics management and technical staff make full use of specialized logistics equipment, facilities, play a specialized logistics management experience, in order to obtain the best overall results.At the same time, Trends in the logistics integration has provided the good development environment and the giant market demand for the third party physical distribution's development.Fifth, the development of e-commerce can not be separated from objects of modern logistics This has become the people's consensus, that is why so many e-commerce company after years of exploration and the conclusions arrived at after.Today in e-commerce in full swing, many companies are still not solve the problem of logistics, freight service is still the bottleneck of the development of e-commerce.Claiming to solve the problem of a small number of logistics companies, but also made use of the national postal system, post office, city Express system, the delivery of books, audio-visual products such as small items.The more electronic commerce company adopted has requested the way which the factory, the business delivered goods to complete the customer.Sixth, e-commerce and modern logistics difficult to match E-commerce enterprises to establish a match with the modern logistics enterprises is not an easy task, first of all, business investment as a result of a huge logistics, land, warehouse, loading and unloading, sorting, distribution, and management need to invest a lot of money.China's logistics enterprises in most of the existing facilities behind the shortage of funds, a heavy burden, unable to transform quickly and e-commerce, security, reliable fall far short of the requirements.Secondly, the segmentation of logistics enterprises in the industry seriously, there is no unified logistics logistic management policies and practices.The transport sector ministries belong to different managements, warehousing sectors belong to different ministries and local.Circulation of documents caused by non-standard, non-uniform, non-GM, turbulent flow of goods, road toll stations, and charges a large amount of smooth flow of goods can not.Therefore, in order to make China's e-commerce to become new economic growth point and an important pillar of the national economy, the state and enterprises must pay great attention to the development of modern logistics and construction companies.In a sense said that the physical distribution facility's quality and physical distribution unobstructed, is a national comprehensive national strength and the economic development symbol.Seventh, electronic commerce and the modern physical distribution difficult to match solution
The construction of modern logistics facilities, it is necessary to the actual situation in our country.States should establish the authority of the logistics management agencies, logistics development of China's future direction, speed, policies, facilities, systems, etc.;co-ordination to resolve ports and terminals, railways, highways, waterways, aviation sites, the hub of the sector issues and policy division;the implementation of the work of the standardization of logistics;the logistics industry as the basic industry of the national economy, by providing loans, taxation, the introduction of such preferential treatment.And medium-sized cities should be planning the construction of an integrated logistics center to reduce the storage and transportation enterprises scattered phenomena.At the same time, the basis of logistics enterprises in China's poor, can not copy the developed countries of modern logistics equipment and mode of business.Attention should be paid to the existing storage area and the existing organization and integration of transport, logistics enterprises to mobilize existing positive factors and multi-channel transformation of the existing logistics facilities funding.E-commerce and modern logistics as the two major means of circulation, between closely related.E-commerce and logistics between the “actual situation accordingly,” the relationship between the status of the logistics industry will greatly enhance the supply chain will be a short circuit, and third-party logistics e-business environment will become the main form of logistics, procurement will be more convenient, the price will be lower, as a business flow, information flow and pooling of logistics centers, the implementation of centralized inventory, transport is divided into a transport and secondary transport, more convenient, “multimodal transport services” has been widely available, open-loop flow Information has become the main basis for logistics.However, e-commerce must have a modern logistics technology, it has to reflect the nature and the incomparable superiority to the maximum extent possible so that the two sides has been to facilitate transactions, access to benefits.电子商务与物流的关系
一、电子商务环境下物流模式
1、采用邮政特快专递服务的物流模式。企业或商家从网站或虚拟网站上获得消费者的购物单和家庭地址等信息，然后到附近的邮局办理特快专递手续将货物寄出，客户收到邮局的取货通知，到所在地邮局将货物取回，或由邮递员直接将货物送到顾客手中。
采用邮政特快专递服务方式具有方便、快捷的特点。但是收费偏高，且很难保证消费者在期望的时间内收到货物。
2、企业自建配送站的物流模式。企业在全国各地的客户密集地区设置自己的货物配送点，在获得购物信息后，由配送点的人员送货上门。这种物流模式可以满足客户的“即购即得”购物心理需求。但它也存在如下的问题：配送点的布局、人数的配备、商品的库存量等很难合理地确定。
3、借助第三方物流企业的模式。第三方物流就是企业将一部分或全部物流活动委托给其他的专业物流公司来完成。物流公司本身不拥有商品，而是与企业结成合作联盟，为客户提供服务。采用这种物流方式，服务是专业化、多功能和全方位的。但是如果送货量太小，送货费用一般比其他形式服务费用还要高。
二、电子商务环境下物流存在的问题
1、对物流理论的研究还不够系统和深入。当今物流管理理论的研究和实际应用都已取得了长足的进步，出现了许多新的理论。我国物流管理的研究者刚刚接触这些新理论，有待于进一步消化和吸收。
2、基础设施能力不足，技术装备落后，物流业相对落后。我国企业在物流方面的信息化、集成化管理与计算机应用技术水平普遍较低。交通运输能力仍不能满足行业的需求，主要运输通道供需矛盾依然突出。
3、有关电子商务环境下物流的法律法规有待完善。
4、物流行业人才培训和物流管理亟待加强。物流人才和信息化是实现物流现代化的根本条件，物流人才严重缺乏，无法为新的物流体系的建立提供足够的智力支持。
三、物流在电子商务环境影响下的发展趋势
1、多面化——物流业的发展方向。在电子商务时代，当物流发展到集约化阶段时，一体化的配送中心不仅提供仓储和运输服务，还必须开展配货、配送等各种提高附加值的流通加工服务项目。现代供应链管理，通过从供应链到消费者的综合运作使物流达到最优化。企业越来越追求全面的系统的综合效果，从这种战略角度出发，物流多面化是物流业的发展方向。
2、一流的服务——物流企业的追求。在电子商务影响下，物流业是介于供货方和购货方之间的第三方，是以服务为宗旨的。物流企业不仅要为本地区服务，更要进行长距离服务，因为客户不但希望得到好的服务，而且希望服务点不是一处，而是多处。因此，如何提供高质量的服务便成了物流企业管理和发展的核心课题。也只有拥有一流服务的物流企业，才能真正推动电子商务的发展。
3、信息化——现代物流业的必由之路。在电子商务时代，要提供最佳的服务，物流系统必须有良好的信息处理和传输系统。当货物从世界各地起运时，客户便可以获得到达时间、到货地点等信息，以便仓储、运输公司做好准备，使商品在几乎不停留的情况下快速流动，从而大大提高服务水平，降低成本，提高竞争力，也更好地体现出电子商务依托网络平台带来的方便快捷。
电子商务和物流作为现代流通的两大手段，有着密切的联系。电子商务作为网络时代的一种全新的交易模式，相对于传统交易方式是一场革命。但是，电子商务必须有现代化的物流技术的支持，才能体现出其无可比拟的先进性和优越性。只有大力发展现代化物流，电子商务才能更好发展。随着21世纪信息化、网络化的发展，必将促进电子商务与物流的有机结合，现代化物流电子化将成为大众生活中不可或缺的重要部分。
四、电子商务下物流模式的探讨
电子商务下物流和配送，是信息化、现代化、社会化的物流和配送。是指物流和配送企业采用网络化的计算机技术和现代化的硬件设备、软件系统及先进的管理手段，针对社会需求，严格地、守信用地按用户的订货要求，进行一系列分类、编配、整理、分工、配货等理货工作，定时、定点、定量地交给没有范围限度的各类用户，满足其对商品的需求。可以看出，这种新型的物流和配送是以一种全新的面貌，成为流通流域革新的先锋，代表了现代市场营销的主方向。新型的物流和配送可以使商品流通较传统的物流和配送方式更容易实现信息化、自动化、现代化、社会化、智能化、合理化、简单化，既减少生产企业库存，加速资金周转，提高物流效率，降低物流成本，又刺激了社会需求，有利于整个社会的宏观调空，也提高了整个社会的经济效益，促进市场经济的健康发展。传统物流和配送中心的类型可以分为以下几种：以制造商为主体的配送中心、以批发商为主体的配送中心、以零售业为主体的配送中心、以仓储运输业者为主体的配送中心。传统的配送模式可以分为以下几种：集货型配送模式、散货型配送模式和混合型配送模式。最后这种模式综合了前面两种配送模式的优点，可以对商品的流通的全过程进行有效控制。采用这种配送模式的流通企业，如区域性物流配送中心。这种运作模式比较符合新型物流配送的要求(特别是电子商务下的物流配送)。
20世纪80年代，西方发达国家，如美国、法国和德国等就提出了物流一体化的现代理论，应用和指导其物流发展取得了明显的效果。所谓物流一体化就是以物流系统为核心的由生产企业、经由物流企业、销售企业、直至消费者供应链的整体化和系统化。
物流一体化是物流产业化的发展形式，它必须以第三方物流充分发育和完善为基础。它的实质是一个物流管理的问题，即专业化物流管理人员和技术人员，充分利用专业化物流设备、设施，发挥专业化物流运作的管理经验，以求取得整体最优的效果。同时，物流一体化的趋势为第三方物流的发展提供了良好的发展环境和巨大的市场需求。
五、电子商物的发展离不开现代物流
这是当今人们的共识，也是许多电子商务公司在经过多年的探索之后得出来的结论。在电子商务如火如荼的今天，诸多公司仍未解决物流问题，货物送达依然是电子商发展的瓶颈。少数自称解决物流问题的公司，也只不过利用了邮局的全国邮递系统、城市的快递公司系统，交付图书、音像制品之类的小件物品。更多的电子商务公司则采取了要求厂家、商家送货的方式完成顾客购物全过程。
六、电子商务与现代物流难匹配
企业建立与电子商务相匹配的现代物流企业并非易事，首先、是由于物流企业投资巨大，土地、库房、装卸、分拣、配送、管理等需投入大量资金。我国现有的物流企业大都设施落后、资金短缺、负担沉重、无力改造，与电子商务的迅速、安全、可靠的要求相距甚远。其次、是物流企业行业割据严重，没有统一的物流管理部门统一物流政策和行为。运输部门分属不同的部委管理，仓储行业分属不同的部委和地方。造成流转单证不规范、不统一、不通用，货物紊流，道路收费站多、收费量大，货物不能畅流。因此，为了使我国的电子商务成为新的经济增长点和国民经济重要支柱，国家和企业必须高度关注现代物流企业发展和建设。在一定意义上说，物流设施的好坏和物流通畅度，是一个国家综合国力和经济发展的标志。
七、电子商务与现代物流难匹配的解决方法
建设现代物流设施，必须从我国的实际情况出发。国家应设立权威的物流管理机构，对我国未来物流发展方向、速度、政策、设施等进行系统的研究；统筹解决港口、码头、铁路、公路、水运、航空站点、枢纽的部门分割和政策性问题；落实物流工作标准化问题；把物流产业列为国民经济基础产业，给予贷款、税收、引进等优惠支持。大中城市应规划综合物流中心的建设，减少仓储运输企业的散乱现象。同时，由于我国的物流企业基础差，不能照搬发达国家现代物流企业的设备和模式。要重视现有仓储面积和现有运输工具的组织与整合，调动现有物流企业的积极性因素，多渠道筹资改造现有物流设施。
电子商务和物流作为现代流通的两大手段，相互之间有着密切的联系。电子商务与物流的之间存在着“虚实相应”的关系，物流业地位将大大提高，供应链将短路化，第三方物流将成为电子商务环境下物流企业的主要形式，采购将更方便，价格将更低，成为商流、信息流与物流的汇集中心，库存集中化得到实现，运输被划分为一次运输与二次运输，更方便的“多式联运服务”被广泛提供，开环流动的信息成为物流作业的主要依据。但是，电子商务必须有现代化的物流技术的支持，才能体现出其所具有的无可比拟的先进性和优越性，在最大程度上使交易双方得到便利，获得效益。
第五篇：西藏农村劳动力转移的回顾与瞻望
3、社会意识对劳动力转移的制约 西藏是个有着宗教传统的民族地区,绝大多数群众都信奉藏传佛教,所以佛教的六道轮回和因果报应等观念对当地群众的生活习惯和行为方式影响很大。在这种观念的指引下,人们更愿意顺应环境,寻求改变或积极竞争的意识相对较弱。加之西藏信息环境的封闭性,使得农牧民劳动力更愿意呆在原来的生活环境中平静而清贫的生活,也不愿流向回报更高的地方。此外,藏区农牧民长期形成的生活习惯也是制约他们跨区流动的重要因素。藏族经过几千年的发展,形成了本民族独特的生产生活习惯,一旦离开了藏区,他们在短期内较难适应新的生活习惯,从而加大了劳动力转移的心理成本,使大多数农村劳动力更倾向于离土不离乡式的转移,限制了劳动力向其他地区转移。
三、西藏农村劳动力转移的对策探讨
当前,西藏正处在进一步提高农牧民收入,加快城镇建设,促进农牧区从传统向现代转变的关键时期,如何针对农村劳动力转移过程中存在的难点和困境,采取有效措施,加快农牧区劳动力转移,成为至关重要的一环。
1、提高农牧民文化素质和就业技能 由于历史原因和经济基础的薄弱,西藏人口文化素质偏低,文盲率和半文盲率很高。实现农村劳动力转移,必须逐步提高农牧民科技文化素质,培养适合现代工作岗位要求的劳动力。首先要坚持普及九年义务教育,不断提高小学及初中适龄儿童的入学率,为提高西藏整体文化素质打下基础。另外,保证高中和大学的入学率,为劳动力持续转移提供支持。其次,大力开展职业技能教育也是加快劳动力转移的重要手段。职业教育具有针对性强、实践性强的特点,能够使学员快速掌握一门职业技能,在西藏整体文化素质偏低的情况下,发展职业教育具有很强的现实意义。在职业培训中,要注意开展农牧民技能培训,特别是要突出高就业需求的行业技能培训,推行培训与就业挂钩制度和订单培训工作。加大职业教育培训规模与技校投入规模,对职业教育培训给予政策支持,逐步形成针对性强、方式灵活的农牧民培训就业体系。
2、加快产业结构调整,为农村劳动力转移提供产业支撑 经济体中各产业的发展状况和产
业间的结构直接影响到劳动力转移的速度和规模。西藏目前产业结构层次较低,第一产业生产率不高,主导产业尚未充分发展,产业结构现状已成为农村劳动力转移的瓶颈之一。因此,要按照西藏的区情,走一条一产上水平、二产抓重点、三产大发展的发展道路。要始终重视农业的基础地位,不断提高农业的科技水平,提高农业产量,为农村劳动力转移提供更多的物质基础,也为第二产业的发展提供广阔的市场。第二产业要突出重点,抓住关乎国计民生的重要行业和优势行业,如重点发展矿源好、利用率高的矿产企业,推广太阳能类生产企业的发展,扶持藏药企业的发展,促进第二产业整体水平的提高。推进以旅游业为龙头的第三产业的发展。加大宣传力度,改善基础设施,为旅游业的大发展提供支持。通过各个产业的发展,不断提高产业间的关联度,为农村劳动力的转移提供更广阔的空间。
3、完善农牧民转移就业的指导和服务 西藏农牧民劳动力转移是一项系统工程,必须发挥政府的指导和服务功能,吸收社会力量的广泛参与,统筹合作推动。政府部门要做好劳动力转移信息的收集和发布工作,让农牧民通过政府能及时了解到最新的就业信息,降低转移就业的风险。另外,政府相关部门还要做好农牧民转移就业的服务工作,为农牧民转移就业提供快速便捷的服务。在农牧民转移就业的渠道方面,政府也要发挥积极作用,组织农牧民集体培训,联系用人单位,有条件的可以组织农牧民跨省区就业。
西藏农村劳动力转移有着城乡收入差距的巨大推力,加上农牧区单位面积土地需要的劳动力少,所以有较大的劳动力转移空间。随着西藏经济的不断发展和农牧民文化素质的不断提高,相信西藏农村劳动力转移会有很快的发展。
[本文责任编辑 班玛更珠]
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[作者简介] 赵小钢,中央党校科学社会主义教研部07级硕士生。(北京 100091)
[摘要] 随着经济的发展,西藏的农村劳动力转移也经历了一个漫长而滞缓的发展过程,大体上可以分为民主改革到改革开放时期、改革开放到20世纪末、西部大开发至今这3个阶段。西藏农村劳动力转移过程中存在着一些困境,例如农牧民文化素质偏低、产业支撑乏力、社会意识制约劳动力转移等。只有研究农村劳动力转移过程中存在的这些难题,提出针对性的对策,才能促进西藏农村劳动力转移更快的发展。
[关键词] 西藏;农村劳动力转移;历史过程;发展困境;发展对策
[中图分类号] F127.7
5[文献标识码] A
[文章编号] 1002-557(X)(2009)03-0021-0
4西藏民主改革50年来,在中央的领导和支持下,西藏人民通过艰苦奋斗,西藏自治区的经济社会都有了翻天覆地的变化。经济发展必然伴随着城市化和农村劳动力的转移。西藏农村人口在总人口中占多数,因此农村劳动力向城镇和其他产业转移,对促进西藏经济发展和提高农牧民收入具有重要意义。
一、西藏农村劳动力转移的历史回顾
农村劳动力向非农产业和城镇转移是经济发展的必然要求,也是解决三农问题的重要途径。由于西藏经济基础薄弱,社会发育程度低,城镇规模小,再加上自然环境和基础设施的限制,西藏农村劳动力转移历程是滞缓而漫长的。根据50年来西藏农村劳动力转移在不同时期的主要特点,我们把这个过程大体上分为以下3个阶段:
1、民主改革至改革开放时期 这一时期的西藏先后经历了民主改革、社会主义建设和文化大革命等3个历史阶段。民主改革时期,在中央的领导下,西藏对原有的经济关系进行了大调整,封建农奴制度压迫下的劳动人民分到了自己的生产资料,长期压抑的农业生产力得到了释放。但是,这个时期的农民不愿意离开土地,加上西藏传统自给自足的自然经济还未完全解体,农村劳动力也无处可转。随着经济的发展,西藏的人口不断增加,城乡差距也逐渐显现出来,但是严格的户籍制度限制了人口流动,农村劳动力转移只是以零星形式存在。
2、改革开放至20世纪末 这一时期,我国施行的改革开放和社会主义市场经济建设对西藏农村劳动力转移产生了很大影响。改革开放以后,农村经济体制有了很大调整,以家庭联产承包责任制为基础的经营模式给西藏农村生产力带来了第二次革命,农民积极性提高,农业生产率也随之提高。农村劳动生产率的提高和农业剩余的增加,给农村劳动力转移提供了基础。另外,城乡户籍制度的松动,也增大了西藏人口的流动性。1984年中央召开第二次西藏工作座谈会以后,确定了西藏以经济建设为中心的建设思路,这为农村劳动力的转移提供了制度上的支撑。但是,由于西藏人口增长较快,尤其是农业人口从1978年的152.9万增长到1998年的211.4万,大大超过非农业人口的增长速度,使得这一时期内非农业人口在总人口中的比重不升反降。不过,这一时期西藏农村劳动力还是有一部分得到了转移,西藏从业人员中城镇从业人员也有大幅度增加,只是其比重在所有从业人员中还是过低,仍有大量的劳动力滞留在农村(详见表1)。#p#分页标题#e#
3、西部大开发战略实施至今 2000年,国务院下发了关于实施西部大开发若干政策措施的通知,西部大开发战略正式进入全面实施阶段。在中央对西部加大建设资金投入力度,优先安排建设项目,加大财政转移支付和金融信贷力度,实行税收优惠等措施的刺激下,西藏经济有了快速的发展,促进了农村劳动力转移。2005年《中共中央、国务院关于进一步做好西藏发展稳定工作的意见》明确指出:改善农牧民生产生活条件、增加农牧民收入,是西藏经济社会发展的首要任务,而要增加农牧民收入,必须实施农村劳动力转移政策。西藏自治区党委和政府根据中央的要求,提出了一产上水平,二产抓重点,三产大发展的经济发展战略,在稳定粮食生产的基础上,推进经济结构调整,为西藏农村劳动力转移拓展了空间。如在西藏从业人员
中,1980年第一产业所占比重为82.2﹪,2000年下降到73.3﹪,2006年为58.9﹪(详见表2)。进入新世纪以来,西藏劳动力在产业间有较大幅度的流动,一部分农业劳动力转移到了工业和服务业,转移速度明显增快。总体上看,从民主改革以来,西藏农村劳动力转移速度正逐渐加快,但总体上仍然处在一个漫长滞缓的发展过程。
二、西藏农村劳动力转移取得的成绩和面临的困境
西藏自治区总面积120万平方公里,现有总人口280多万人,其中农牧民占多数。西藏农牧区劳动力转移工作一直是党中央和自治区比较重视的工作内容,尤其是西部大开发以来,西藏在劳动力转移上有了很大投入,也取得了很大进步。
实施十五计划以来,西藏对农牧民劳动力转移就业投入力度不断加大,西藏农牧区劳动力外出务工、转移就业的范围也不断扩大,呈现出从城镇郊区向偏远山区扩展、从外出务工重点区域向全区范围延伸的态势。据统计,2007年全区农牧民劳务输出总人数达70万人次,比2001年增长1.33倍。十五期间,西藏每年安排培训资金500万元,培训转移劳动力1.2万人。仅2006年,西藏投入培训补贴资金就达662.525万元,占当年西藏就业再就业中央财政转移支付资金的28.8﹪,明显高于全国5%10﹪的比例(注:转引自张敏、刘天平、杨晓梅:《西藏农村剩余劳动力转移的现状及对策》[J],《西藏发展论坛》2008年第5期,第27页。)。2007年底,实现新增城镇就业2万多个,呈现出良好的发展势头。
50年来,西藏劳动力转移虽然取得了一定的成绩,但也面临着一些困境。
1、农业人口所占比重大,自然增长率高,科技文化素质偏低 西藏农业人口由1959年的113.22万(占总人口的92.2%)发展到2006年的224.57万(占总人口的83.6%)。虽然农业人口所占总人口的比重呈逐年递减趋势,但与非农业人口所占比重相比,两者悬殊仍然很大。19592006年,西藏农业人口在47年间净增111.35万,而同期非农业人口只净增34.43万。(注:同上。)西藏常住人口自然增长率2006年仍高达11.7,明显高于全国同期平均水平。从农牧民的科技文化素质看,2000年,西藏每千人中大学文化程度人数(14.52人)不及全国平均水平(36.11人)的一半,每千人中高中文化程度人数(40.19人)为全国平均水平(111.46人)的1/3略强,每千人中初中文化程度人数(71.83人)为全国平均水平(339.61人)的1/5略强,而每千人中文盲半文盲人数(528.72人)却大大超过全国平均水平(67.2人)(注:宋朝阳、王艳:《西藏产业发展和产业结构调整中的劳动要素》[J],《西藏研究》2005年第3期,第111页。)。农牧民文化素质偏低决定了农牧民劳动力转移渠道很狭窄,只能从事一些技术含量低的体力型工作,西藏建筑业从业人员的迅速增加就是例证。
2、农村劳动力转移的产业支撑乏力 由于旧西藏是以农牧业为主的自然经济模式,现代工业起步较晚,且受自然地理环境的制约,第二产业发展艰难,给农村劳动力转移带来了挑战。2006年西藏自治区地区生产总值291.01亿元,比2000年增长了1.39倍,但第二产业占地区生产总值的比重仅比2000年增长了4.5个百分点,而且其增长份额中大部分是由建筑业所贡献(注:根据《西藏统计年鉴2007》数据整理。)。产业发展的滞后,导致从业人员的分流缓慢,2006年全区从事第二产业的人数比例仅占从业人员总数的9.6﹪,比2000年的5.9﹪仅高出3.7个百分点(注:同上。),而且主要还是被建筑业吸纳。以国有或集体企业为主的工业企业,劳动力的流动和吸纳能力不强。从第三产业的情况来看,近些年有了快速的发展,2006年底第三产业从业人数已占到从业人员总数的31.4﹪,但容易受到政局、市场等因素波动的影响,稳定性不强。例如2008年3.14事件对旅游业影响巨大,导致旅游人数和收入迅速下滑。
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