第一篇:公司安全培训提问(已答)
安全培训提问
1、班组长的职责是什么?
(一)坚持“安全第一,预防为主”的方针,落实好班组安全员和班组成员岗位安全责任,定时组织安全学习和检查,教育全组员工严格执行安全操作规程和维护规范,提高安全防范意识和自我保护意识,防止人身、设备和通信事故发生。
(二)在维护工作中,要对照主业规定的代维内容和维护作业计划做好本班组日常维护工作的管理,做好正常巡检和抢修,并按要求及时准确填写记录,按时做好日报、周报、月报。
(三)对维护场所的环境和维护、抢修中的危险源和重要危险源进行持续辩识,发现不安全因素及时制订安全控制措施和应急预案;对班组成员进行有针对性的安全技术交底,使所有维护人员了解和掌握维护中的安全注意事项及应急措施。
(四)对涉电、登高作业必须特种作业资格证书上岗操作;监督维护人员正确使用安全防护用品和用具;正确悬挂、置放安全警示标志。
(五)对维护班组所用车辆的安全状况进行监控,有责任督促车主或驾驶人员每次出车及返回时检查车辆安全性能,发现故障及时更换配件,切实做好车辆的年检、维修和保养,杜绝病车出行,及时消除不安全因素,确保安全行驶。
(六)有责任督促班组维护成员严禁在基站内抽烟,严禁在基站内动用明火,对于可能影响通信正常工作的维护项目,必须在维护工作开展前,向主业报告实施的具体时间和工作内容,得到批准后组织实施,并在实施中随时与主业保持联系。
(七)加强班组安全建设,开展自保联保互保活动和创建“安全合格班组”活动,支持班组安全员工作,及时采纳安全员的正确意见,发动全组员工为促进安全生产和改善劳动条件提出合理化建议,共同搞好安全生产。
(八)对在夜间抢修要高度重视安全工作,采取必要的安全保证措施。一旦发生安全伤亡事故,要立即进行抢救,及时报告领导并保护好现场。
2、在你从事管理的班组当中有哪些危险因素,会产生什么危害,怎么去预防?
1灭火器过期失效直接影响第一灭火时间:每月检查机房及车载灭火器压力表,及时更换失效灭火器
2直视光端口或光源造成维护人员眼睛损伤:进行维护人员培训,了解相关知识,在机房量测端口、插拔光纤、清洁光纤头时避免靠近直视
3违反机房用电、禁烟、动火、消防等规定:组织组员定时学习各安全部门规定,各自发表在工作中的安全心得,自己在平时工作中言传身教,树立榜样。
4通信楼电缆竖井、管道井、过墙洞等未及时封堵:在日常工作中发现类似情况,第一时间封堵,以防外界物体进入机房引起不必要的危害,也能在火灾中有效的控制火焰蔓延。5使用不合格工具或违章操作工具会直接危害到人员及设备安全:工具实行专人管理,要求组员人人会用各种工作用工具,做到细心、小心使用。
6作业人员长时间超负荷工作直接影响到人员健康及工作状态:人员培训,尽早使得组员技能达到1专多精,各个专业都有数人达到熟练精通,在繁忙时能适宜调整。
7雷雨天气作业能直接造成严重的人身危害:在日常工作中特别是雷击造成的抢修,错开打雷时间,严禁雷击时留在机房或靠近机房等雷击区域。
8带病行车、违章行车、恶劣条件和紧急情况下行车以及外租不合格车辆均会引发不必要的交通违章甚至事故:每周进行车辆安全教育,学习交通法规;每天车辆安全检查,防止病车出行;紧急境况或夜间出车,由经验丰富的驾驶员细心驾驶。
9带电、涉电作业时工具防护缺陷或违章操作会直接对人体造成巨大伤害:带电工作人员持证上岗,施工时戴好绝缘手套,绝缘胶鞋或使用绝缘地毯铺垫,作业时小心谨慎,无电当有电,严禁单人作业和各种违规操作。
10机房内设备隐患能导致机房火灾等事故造成一定的经济损失:在平常巡检工作中仔细检查各个设备,记录隐患,及时上报,及时处理,防患于未然
3、根据今天的培训,你认为你的班组安全工作今后应该怎样完成?
(一)、通过培训、学习,让安全意识深入到每个员工,从开始的督促到以后的自觉预防,只有人都建立了安全意识后,才能极大程度减免危害的发生几率,具体实施:
1、每周开展班组安全会议:学习安全知识,畅谈安全工作,合集体的智慧,研究如何更好的进行安全防范,将安全工作提升到新的高度。
2、每月进行安全检查及总结:发现缺陷,解决不足,介绍各人工作中积累的安全心得,分析先阶段工作中的危险,让大家汲取经验。
3、日常工作中:班组长和安全员以身作则,通过自己的身体力行带动员工,在排除隐患时,一边工作一边讲解要点,让员工从实践中了解如何排除隐患,规避危险。
(二)、坚持“安全第一,预防为主”,要及时的发现危险并排除,将隐患消灭在萌芽之中,才能达到预防的目的,所以,其次要做的就是如何更好的预防:
1、办公室及仓库内:遵守保密协议,不将工作中涉及的主业资料泄露在外 不在易燃物品附近抽烟,不乱扔烟蒂
下班时断电、关窗、关门
定时按月检查办公室及仓库内灭火器压力线
2、工 作 场 所:清洁电路设备时小心谨慎,严禁湿布擦拭
带电、涉电作业时戴好绝缘手套、胶鞋或铺垫绝缘地毯,无电当有电,严禁单独作业
带电、涉电、等高等特殊作业,需持证上岗 备品备件管理,及时返修和补充各种备件及工具
严禁直视光端口、光源、在用光纤头等能灼伤眼睛的物体 完善机房封堵
定时按月检查机房内灭火器压力线
发现问题及时上报、及时处理、随时跟踪 严格遵守机房用电、禁烟、动火、消防等规定
3、车辆及交通安全:每天出行前后检查车辆安全性能,认真记录车辆行驶情况,按时保养、年检
遵守交通法规,不抢一秒
(三)、在危险不期而至的时候,如何尽最大可能抢救人身安全及公司、主业财产安全:
1、充分解析各种危险所能造成事故的伤害、波及范围、影响层面,知己知彼
2、针对各种危险的特点,制定科学合理的应对措施、应急预案
3、模拟常见危险,进行应急、急救演练,通过演练发现不足及实际中要注意的方面
第二篇:王毅答中外记者提问(中英对照)
十二届全国人大二次会议外交部部长王毅回答中外记者提问 时间:2014年3月8日10时 地点:梅地亚多功能厅
On 8 March 2014, the Second Session of the Twelfth National People's Congress held a press conference at its Press Center and invited Wang Yi, China's Minister of Foreign Affairs, to answer questions from Chinese and foreign journalists about China's foreign policy and external relations.2014年3月8日,第十二届全国人民代表大会二次会议期间,中国外交部长王毅在新闻发布会就中国外交政策和对外关系答中外记者问。
Wang Yi: Good morning, everyone.It is a great pleasure to meet with journalists from the press.At the outset, on behalf of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I would like to thank you for your interest in and understanding of China's diplomacy.I would also like to thank you for your efforts in reporting on China.[中华人民共和国外交部部长 王毅] 大家上午好。很高兴和各位记者见面。这一年我在国内外见了不少记者,但是今天面对这么多的媒体还是第一次。所以首先我要代表外交部感谢各位对中国外交的关心和理解,感谢各位为报道中国所付出的努力。
Today is the International Women's Day.I would like to take this opportunity to offer my best festive greetings to all the ladies in this room, including those behind the cameras.今天也是三八妇女节,所以我要借此机会向在场以及在镜头背后的所有女士们致以节日的祝贺。
Early this morning, we received a piece of very disturbing news.A Malaysian civil aviation flight bound for China lost contact with ground control.This has gotten us all very worried.We hope every one of the passengers is safe.The Foreign Ministry and relevant diplomatic and consular missions of China have activated the emergency mechanism.We are doing all we can to get more details.Once we have some information, we will get it out for you immediately.Now, I am ready to take your questions.今天早晨,我们得到了一个非常令人忧虑的消息,一架马来西亚的民航班机在飞往中国的途中失去了联系,我们都很揪心,祝愿每一个人都能平安。外交部以及我们有关的驻外使领馆已经启动了应急机制,我们在全力地了解具体情况,一旦有消息我们会及时地向大家发布。现在我愿意回答大家的问题。
People's Daily: The year 2013 was the first year of diplomacy under the new Chinese government.As China's foreign minister, what has struck you the most about China's diplomacy in the past year? Could you also talk about how China will pursue its diplomacy in 2014? [人民日报和人民网记者] 感谢主持人把第一个提问机会给了我。王部长,您好。2013年是中国新一届政府的外交开局之年,作为外长,这一年的外交工作给您留下印象最深刻的是什么?您能否和我们分享一下呢?2014年中国外交该怎样进行?请您给我们讲一讲。谢谢。Wang Yi: “Active” is the most salient feature of China's diplomacy in the past year.[王毅]去年中国外交最鲜明的特点就是主动进取。
The CPC Central Committee headed by General Secretary Xi Jinping responded to the aspirations of the people and the expectation of the international community, and carried out a series of visible and effective diplomatic activities.以习近平同志为核心的党中央顺应人民群众的愿望和国际社会的期待,开展了一系列有声有色的外交活动。
Let me share some figures with you.President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang visited as many as 22 countries, received 65 foreign heads of state and government, met and talked with over 300 hundred foreign dignitaries and reached around 800 cooperation agreements with other countries.有一组数据和大家分享。习近平主席、李克强总理密集出访了22个国家,接待了65位外国元首和政府首脑访华,同300多位外国政要进行会见交流,与外国达成了约800项合作协议。There are also some facts I'd like to share with you.In the past year, China vigorously defended its territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests, advanced relations with major countries, unveiled a series of major cooperation initiatives such as the “Silk Road Economic Belt” and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road”.We played a constructive role in the political settlement of hotspot issues such as Syria and Iran.For the first time we deployed formed units of our security force to the UN peacekeeping mission in Mali, and for the first time we sent a naval vessel under operational conditions to escort shipments of Syrian chemical weapons.还有一组事实要告诉大家。一年来,我们有力地维护了领土主权和海洋权益,推进了与主要大国的关系,提出了“一带一路”等一系列重大的合作倡议。在叙利亚、伊朗等热点问题的政治解决方面我们发挥了建设性的作用。我们还首次派出了成建制的安全部队赴马里维和,还首次在实战状态下派军舰为叙利亚化学武器运送提供护航。
China's diplomacy in 2013 was broader in horizon and more active in conduct.It was not just a successful year under the new leadership, but also a year of innovation and harvest for China's diplomacy.2013年的中国外交展示出更宽阔视野、更积极作为,不仅是成功的开局之年,也是创新之年、丰收之年。
In 2014 China will continue to pursue an active foreign policy.We will focus our efforts on two main areas.2014年,中国外交将继续积极进取,重点从两个方向作出努力。
First, we will be more active in serving the efforts of comprehensively deepening reform in China.We will strengthen friendly relations with all countries in the world, especially our neighbors, and we will create a more enabling external environment for domestic reform and development.We will vigorously pursue economic diplomacy, deepen win-win cooperation with other countries and create more favorable conditions for the transformation and upgrading of China's economy.And we will do all we can to implement the initiative to better protect and serve overseas Chinese, and provide stronger protection for China's ever-growing legitimate rights and interests.一是要更加积极主动地服务于国内全面深化改革。我们将加强同世界各国,尤其是周边国家的友好关系,为国内改革发展营造更为良好的外部环境。我们将大力开展积极外交,深化与各国互利合作,为国内经济转型升级提供更为良好的条件。我们还将全力推进海外民生工程,为中国不断对外延伸的正当权益提供更坚实的保障。
Second, we will be more active in playing the role of a responsible, big country.In our international engagement, we will uphold principles, promote justice and practice equality.In particular, we will advance and protect the legitimate rights and interests of developing countries and make the international order more just and reasonable.We will take an active part in international and regional affairs, put forward more Chinese proposals and play a bigger role in helping to resolve all kinds of global challenges and regional hotspot issues.第二个方向是更加积极主动地发挥负责任大国作用。我们将在国际交往中主持公道,伸张正义,践行平等,尤其是维护和促进广大发展中国家的正当权益,推动国际秩序向着更加公正、合理的方向发展。我们还将积极地参与国际和地区事务,为解决各种全球性问题和地区热点问题提出更多中国方案,发挥更大中国作用。
Hong Kong Phoenix TV: Over the past year, China has unveiled some new ideas and measures in its diplomacy.It's clear that there is a shift in China's diplomatic style.What is your perspective on this as China's foreign minister? [香港凤凰卫视和凤凰网记者] 王外长您好,过去一年中国外交不断推出新的理念和新的举措,非常明显地感觉到中国外交的风格正在转变,所以作为外长您是怎样解读的?谢谢。
Wang Yi: In recent years, the international community is generally interested in how a growing China will handle its relations with the outside world.The CPC Central Committee headed by General Secretary Xi Jinping is committed to innovation in both diplomatic theory and practice.On the basis of maintaining policy continuity and stability, the new Chinese leadership has unveiled a series of major diplomatic ideas and steps.[王毅] 这是一个很好的问题。这些年来,国际社会确实普遍在关心发展起来的中国如何处理同外部世界的关系。大家都看到了,以习近平同志为核心的党中央致力于外交理论和实践的创新,在保持我们外交政策连续性、稳定性的基础上,相继提出了一系列重大的、新的理念和举措。
For example, we proposed to build a new model of major country relations.This is to break the historical pattern of conflict and confrontation between major countries and to find a new path in the modern era that seeks win-win cooperation to deliver benefits to all parties.It shows a new approach on the part of China to handle major country relations.It also shows China's sense of responsibility for the international community.比如,构建新型大国关系,就是要打破大国之间往往冲突、对抗这一历史宿命,走出一条合作共赢、惠及各方的当代新路。我想这体现了我们处理大国关系的新思维,也体现了中国对国际社会的责任和担当。
Let me give you another example.We have proposed the guideline for our neighborhood diplomacy featuring amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness.This is to further demonstrate China's sincerity and goodwill toward its neighbors and our readiness to work with them to build a community of common destiny.It is a new advancement of China's policy toward its neighbors and shows that China is more open and accommodative.再比如,提出亲诚惠容的周边外交理念,就是为了进一步展示中国对邻国的诚意和善意,愿意同周边国家一道打造命运共同体。这是中国周边睦邻政策的新发展,也展现了中国开放和包容的胸襟。
A third example is that we have proposed a more balanced approach to upholding principles and pursuing interests.It is to put moral principles first when we deal with fellow developing countries and be more sensitive to their needs.It inherits the fine character of China's external relations and reflects the inherent nature of the socialist system.It has become an important banner of China's diplomacy.再比如,要树立正确的义利观,就是要在同发展中国家打交道的时候,要坚持道义为先,更好地重视和照顾他们的需求。这传承了我们中国对外交往的优秀品格,也是社会主义制度的本质属性,已经成为中国外交的一面重要的旗帜。
These new diplomatic ideas and steps send the following message to the world: China is committed to the path of peaceful development, and we hope other countries will also take the path of peaceful development.The Chinese Dream belongs to the Chinese people, and it is closely connected to the dreams of other nations as our interests are all intertwined.这些新的理念和举措向世界传递的信息是:中国不仅自己坚持走和平发展道路,也希望其他国家共同走和平发展道路。中国梦既是中国人民的,也与世界各国人民的梦想紧密相连,休戚相关。
ITAR-TASS of Russia: Last month, President Xi Jinping traveled specially to Sochi to attend the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games.This is the second time since 2013 that he visited the Russia at the start of the year.How do you assess the current China-Russia relationship, and what will be the priorities for China-Russia relations and cooperation in 2014? [俄罗斯塔斯社记者]习近平主席上个月专程出席了索契冬奥会开幕式,连续第二年把俄罗斯作为首访国,您如何评价当前中俄关系?2014年中俄关系发展和合作的重点是什么?谢谢。
Wang Yi: Speaking of the Sochi Winter Olympics, I'd like to first offer my congratulations to our Russian friends for hosting a memorable and spectacular winter Olympics.提到索契奥运会,我首先要向我们的俄罗斯朋友们表示祝贺,你们举办了一场令人难忘、精彩的冬季奥运会。
The China-Russia relationship is at its best period in history, characterized by a high level of mutual trust, firm support for each other and intensifying cooperation in various fields.Our two presidents have established a deep friendship and they play an important role in guiding China-Russia relations.当前的中俄关系处于历史上最好阶段。双方高度信任,相互坚定支持,各领域合作不断深化,两国元首间建立起的深厚友谊,对中俄关系发挥着重要的引领作用。
As for China-Russia relations in 2014, I believe the most important task is to make sure that our comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination will continue to grow from strength to strength.We will further strengthen mutual political trust and intensify our strategic cooperation.On that basis, we must focus on following priority tasks.Firstly, we must do all we can to upgrade practical cooperation and make new breakthroughs in our cooperation on some big projects in particular.Secondly, we must organize a successful China-Russia year of friendly exchange between the young people to consolidate and deepen the social foundation for China-Russia friendship.Thirdly, we must work together to uphold the victory of the Second World War and post-war international order and make good preparations for 2015, which will mark the 70th anniversary of the victories of the World Anti-Fascist War and the Chinese People's War against Japanese Aggression.说到今年的中俄关系,我认为核心就是要使中俄全面战略伙伴关系继续保持高水平运行,不断增进政治互信,深化战略合作,在这个基础上有几件重要的任务要落实。一是要全力打造务实合作的升级版,尤其要推动大项目合作取得新突破。二是要办好青年友好交流年系列活动,巩固和深化中俄关系的社会基础。三是要共同维护二战胜利成果和战后国际秩序,筹备好2015年庆祝世界反法西斯战争暨中国人民抗日战争胜利70周年的活动。
Xinhua News Agency: This year, China will host two important international conferences, the Summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia(CICA)and the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting.Can you talk about these two important international conferences and share with us your expectations for them? [新华社和新华网记者] 今年中国将主办亚信峰会和APEC领导人非正式会议这两场重要国际会议。您能否介绍一下?您对两场会议有何期待?
Wang Yi: A key feature of China's diplomacy in 2014 is that we will play host to two major international conferences in Shanghai and Beijing respectively.In May, we will hold the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia(CICA)Summit in Shanghai.CICA is a very important security cooperation forum in Asia.And then in November, we will hold the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC)Economic Leaders' Meeting in Beijing.It is a primary platform for discussing economic and trade cooperation in the Asia-Pacific.So you can see that the two conferences focus on security and economic issues respectively.And both will be key priorities for China's diplomacy this year.We will make the most of our role as the host country, put forward China's proposals, pool Asia's wisdom and work with the participants to inject new momentum into these two mechanisms.今天有不少女记者提问,我看也是应该的。今年中国外交的一大特点确实是“主场外交”,我们将分别在上海和北京举办两场大型的国际会议。我们在上海举办的是亚信峰会,这是亚洲一个十分重要的安全合作论坛,十月在北京举办的是APEC,这个大家很熟悉,是探讨亚太经贸合作的一个主要的平台,这两大会议一个聚焦安全,一个聚焦经济,都是今年中国外交的重头戏。作为东道主,我们将发挥主场优势,提出中国主张,汇聚亚洲智慧,同大家一道来为这两大机制的发展注入新的动力。
At the CICA Summit, we hope to advocate common security, cooperative security and comprehensive security, bring into being a new Asian security concept and work together to build a new Asia of peace, stability and cooperation.对亚信峰会,我们希望倡导共同安全、合作安全和综合安全,形成新的亚洲安全观,共同建设和平、稳定、合作的新亚洲。
At the APEC meeting, we will focus on the theme of “Shaping the Future Through Asia-Pacific Partnership” and achieve new outcomes in advancing Asia-Pacific economic integration, adopting a blueprint for connectivity and promoting economic innovation and development.In particular, we will strive for a new breakthrough in launching the process of the Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific.关于APEC会议,我们希望围绕亚太伙伴关系这一主题,在推进亚太经济一体化、制定互联互通蓝图,以及促进经济创新发展这三个方面能够取得新成果,尤其是就启动亚太自贸区进程实现新的突破。
National Broadcasting Company of the United States: China-US relations are the most important bilateral relations in the world.How do you assess the development of the relations in the past year? What major challenges do you see this year? And how exactly do you propose to build the new type of great-power relationship? Will there be more transparency and more coordination between China and the United States in the spirit of the new type of great-power relationship and joint responsibility in maintaining peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region? [美国全国广播公司记者] 王外长,中美关系是世界上最为重要的双边关系。在过去的一年中,您认为中美关系发展得怎么样?您认为今年两国关系的发展会遇到怎样的挑战?两国将如何构建中美新型大国关系?比如说双方将怎么本着构建新型大国关系的精神,以更加透明、更加协作、共同承担责任的方式来维护亚太的和平和稳定?
Wang Yi: The biggest highlight of China-US relations in 2013 was the historic meeting between President Xi Jinping and President Obama at the Sunnylands.The two sides reached important consensus on working together to build a new model of major-country relations between China and the United States.At the heart of this new model of major-country relationship is no conflict or confrontation, mutual respect and win-win cooperation.This is the common direction the two sides have set.It is a positive strategic outlook the two countries show to the world and a solemn commitment we've made to the international community.[王毅] 2013年中美关系的最大亮点就是习近平主席和奥巴马总统在安纳伯格庄园实现历史性会晤,双方就新型大国关系达成共识。中美新型大国关系的核心是不冲突对抗、相互尊重、合作共赢,这是双方共同确定的努力方向,是两国向世界发出的一个积极的战略预期,也是两国对国际社会作出的郑重承诺。
The China-US relationship is both very important and very complex.This year marks the 35th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States.Over these past 35 years, China-US dialogue and cooperation has increasingly deepened.And the needs for cooperation far exceed our differences.Our experience and lessons of the past 35 years come down to one point, that is, we need to respect each other.中美关系极为重要,也极其复杂。今年是中美建交35周年,35年的发展趋势是中美对话与合作越来越深入,合作的需求远远大于分歧。35年的经验教训集中到一点,就是要相互尊重。
If one compares the new model of major-country relations between China and the United States to a building, then mutual respect is the foundation of that building.I believe when the two sides truly respect each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, social system and development path, and core interests and major concerns, the foundation will be a solid one that can withstand storms and truly grow into an edifice of win-win cooperation.That will not just benefit China and the United States but also the whole world.如果把构建中美新型大国关系比作建造一座大厦,那么相互尊重就是这座大厦的地基。我想只要我们双方真正做到尊重彼此的主权和领土完整,尊重彼此的社会制度和发展道路,尊重彼此的核心利益和重大关切,这个地基就一定能打得牢,就能抵御风吹雨打,真正建成一座合作共赢的宏伟大厦,不仅惠及中美,也会造福世界。
We stand ready to work with the United States to uphold peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region and carry out positive interactions in this region.An in our view, the Asia-Pacific should be the testing ground of our commitment to build a new model of major-country relations, rather than a competitive arena.Thank you.我们愿意同美国一起来共同维护亚太地区的和平与稳定,我们应该在这一地区实现良性互动。我们认为,亚太地区应该成为中美构建新型大国关系的实验田,而不是相互争斗的博弈场。谢谢!
Lianhe Zaobao of Singapore: The situation in China's neighborhood is closely watched by many people.Some people see many problems.Some believe China is more assertive in handling its disputes with its neighboring countries? What is your response to these views? [新加坡联合早报] 王部长您好,我们都知道,中国的周边形势非常受到关注。有人认为,中国的周边问题很多,还有人认为近来中国在处理与周边邻国争议问题上越来越强硬。请问您怎么看待这样的观点?谢谢。
Wang Yi: This is a quite critical question but one that everyone is interested in.Let me first say that the general situation in China's neighborhood is both positive and stable.[王毅] 你提了一个有点尖锐,但确实是大家关心的问题。我首先要告诉你的是,中国的周边形势总体是好的,也是稳定的。
Last year, China held its first neighborhood diplomacy conference.We made clear that the neighborhood tops China's diplomatic agenda.We unveiled a whole set of diplomatic guidelines to show we are more friendly and accommodative.And we have put forward a series of major cooperation proposals aimed at delivering win-win results.This fully shows that China attaches a great deal of importance to neighboring countries.去年中国首次召开了周边外交工作座谈会,明确周边是中国外交的首要,而且形成了一整套更加友善和包容的睦邻外交理念,提出了一系列旨在互利双赢的重大合作倡议,这充分体现了中国对周边国家的高度重视。
China has been interacting with its neighbors for thousands of years.And all along, we have valued harmonious relations and treated others with sincerity.When others respect us, we respect them even more.Going forward, we will more actively practice the guideline of “amity, sincerity, mutual benefit and inclusiveness”.We will help our neighboring countries and peoples benefit more from China's reform and opening.We will help them better appreciate China's commitment to peaceful development.We are willing to listen to voices from our neighboring countries and respond to their doubts about China's neighborhood policy.中国与邻国打交道已经几千年了,我们历来秉持以和为贵,以诚待人,人敬一尺,我还一丈,今天的周边外交我们将更积极地践行亲诚惠容的理念,让周边国家和人民更多分享中国改革开放的红利,更好地理解中国坚持走和平发展道路的决心。当然,我们也愿意倾听周边国家的声音,回应大家对中国周边政策的一些疑问。
As for China's territorial and maritime disputes with some countries, China would like to carry out equal-footed consultation and negotiation and properly handle them by peaceful means on the basis of respecting historical facts and international law.There will not be any change to this position.We will never bully smaller countries, yet we will never accept unreasonable demands from smaller countries.On issues of territory and sovereignty, China's position is firm and clear.We will not take anything that isn't ours, but we will defend every inch of territory that belongs to us.对于我们同一些国家存在的领土和海洋权益的争议,我们愿意在尊重历史事实和国际法的基础上,坚持通过平等协商谈判,以和平的方式妥善处理,这一点今后也绝不会改变。我们绝不会以大压小,但也绝不接受以小取闹。在涉及领土和主权的问题上,中国的立场坚定而明确:不是我们的,一分不要;该是我们的,寸土必保。谢谢。
China Central Television: The issue of Ukraine has been the focus of international attention in recent weeks.We know that you've been on the phone with the foreign ministers of some countries discussing this issue.Can you talk about China's view on the current situation in Ukraine and how do you think the Ukrainian crisis should be resolved? [中央电视台、中国网络电视台记者] 最近这一段时间,乌克兰一直是国际关注的焦点。我们也注意到,您一直在和一些国家的外长通电话讨论乌克兰问题。中方如何来看待乌克兰局势?您觉得乌克兰危机如何解决?谢谢。
Wang Yi: First, let me tell you that China follows a just and objective position on the issue of Ukraine, and we have stated our position on multiple occasions.[王毅] 我知道今天一定有人要提乌克兰的问题。我首先要告诉大家的是,中国在乌克兰问题上秉持公正和客观的态度,我们已经多次阐明了我们的立场。
It is regretful that the situation in Ukraine has come to what it is today.Yet it is not by accident that the situation has reached this point.There is a complex history behind it as well as conflicting interests.The complex the problem is, the more necessary that it is handled in a prudent way.乌克兰的局势发展到今天事出有因,令人遗憾。同时也折射出这个问题背后的复杂历史经纬和利害冲突。越是复杂的问题,越需要慎重对待。
China urges that keeping in mind the fundamental interests of all ethnic communities in Ukraine and the interests of regional peace and stability, the priority now is to exercise calm and restraint and prevent further escalation of the situation.The parties should carry out dialogue and consultation to put the issue on the track of a political settlement.China is in communication with various parties, and we will play a constructive role in bringing about a political settlement of the Ukrainian issue.Thank you.中方呼吁,从维护乌克兰各族人民的根本利益考虑,从维护地区和平稳定的大局出发,当务之急是保持冷静克制,避免局势进一步紧张升级,要通过对话协商把乌克兰问题纳入到政治解决的轨道当中。中方正在继续与有关各方进行沟通,我们愿意为乌克兰问题的政治解决发挥建设性的作用。谢谢。
Paris Match of France: Mr.Minister, at the end of this month, President Xi Jinping will be in Europe.What kind of message does he want to deliver to the countries he will visit? And also, what will be the intention of President Xi Jinping when he goes to the European institutions in Brussels? [法国巴黎竞赛画报记者] 在本月底,习近平主席将访问欧洲,他将向他要访问的国家带去怎样的信息?他还将访问欧盟机构,在这背后有什么考虑?
Wang Yi: Europe has a priority place in China's diplomatic agenda this year.As you said, President Xi Jinping will visit Europe in late March.This will be yet another major diplomatic action taken by China to advance major-power relations.The visit will open a new chapter in the history of China-Europe relations.[王毅]欧洲在今年中国外交议程中排在优先的位置。正像刚才这位记者所说的,习主席将于3月下旬到欧洲去进行访问。这是中国为推进大国关系所采取的又一次重大的外交行动,必将开辟中欧关系新的历史篇章。
“Cooperation” is the key word in China-Europe relations.China and Europe are two major forces in the world.We are two large civilizations and two big markets.So it's only right and proper that our cooperation is comprehensive and strategic in nature.Particularly when China shifts its development pattern and embarks on comprehensive and in-depth reform, Europe is a strategic partner with whom our cooperation will have great potential.Through the historic visit of President Xi Jinping to Europe, the two sides will work intensively to align our respective development strategies.I believe the two sides will strengthen win-win cooperation in some priority areas, such as scientific and technological innovation, energy and environmental conservation, a new type of urbanization, connectivity and people-to-people and cultural exchanges.We also hope to speed up the negotiation toward a China-EU investment agreement, with a view to future free trade arrangements between China and Europe.And of course, we'd like to increase strategic communication with the Europeans in international affairs and work together to promote democracy in international relations and a more multi-polar world.中欧关系的关键词是“合作”,作为当今世界两大力量、两大文明和两大市场,我们之间的合作理应是全方位和战略性的。尤其是在中国加快转变发展方式,启动全面深化改革的进程当中,欧洲是我们极具潜力和空间的战略合作伙伴。我想习主席的这次历史性访问,将会推动双方首先就各自的发展战略进行深度对接。双方将重点在科技创新、节能环保、新型城镇化、互联互通,还有人文交流等一系列重要领域加强互利合作。我们还希望推动加快中欧投资协定谈判,而且着眼于今后的中欧自贸安排。当然,我们也愿意同欧洲加强在国际事务当中的战略沟通,共同推进国际关系的民主化和多极化进程。
I think all of you will agree with me in saying that China-Europe cooperation will make the world a safer, more balanced and better place.我想这句话大家都会赞成:中欧合作,世界将更安全、更均衡、更美好。谢谢你。
China Radio International: Foreign Minister, you made a whirlwind visit to Afghanistan recently, which generated a lot of interest from the international community.This year, the United States and NATO will wind down their troop presence in Afghanistan.How do you see the situation in Afghanistan playing out? And what role will China play in the reconciliation and reconstruction process of Afghanistan? [中国国际广播之声记者] 王毅外长,您好。前不久,您对阿富汗进行了一次旋风式的访问,媒体也是给予高度关注。今年,美国和北约将会从阿富汗撤军,您是如何看待未来阿富汗局势的走向?另外,中国将会在阿富汗重建和解的过程中发挥怎样的作用?谢谢。
Wang Yi: This year will be a crucial one for Afghanistan.The country will go through political, security and economic transitions all at the same time.Of course, it's mainly up to the Afghan people to realize the triple transitions, but they cannot do without the care and support of the international community.[王毅] 今年是阿富汗的关键一年,阿富汗将经历政治、安全和经济的三重过渡。当然这首先要靠阿富汗人民自己,同时也离不开国际社会的关心和帮助。
China is Afghanistan's biggest neighbor.Afghanistan's peace and stability has a direct bearing on security in China's western region.We hope to see a united, stable, growing and amicable Afghanistan.For this purpose, we'll work with the international community to actively facilitate political reconciliation in Afghanistan, support the peace and reconstruction efforts and encourage Afghanistan to be more involved in regional cooperation.We'll also work with Afghanistan and other neighbors of China to resolutely fight all terrorist forces.中国是阿富汗的最大邻国,阿富汗的和平稳定与中国西部安全息息相关。我们希望看到一个团结、稳定、发展和友善的阿富汗。我们愿意同国际社会一道,积极支持阿富汗政治和解,支持阿富汗的和平重建,支持阿富汗更多参与地区合作。同时我们还愿意同包括阿富汗在内的周边邻国一道,坚决打击一切恐怖主义。
In August this year, China will for the first time host a ministerial conference of the Istanbul Process on Afghanistan.We'll send invitations to the 14 member states and 28 supporting parties of the Istanbul Process.We hope that through this conference, the parties will build more consensus and work together to support Afghanistan's efforts to complete the triple transitions and help the situation in Afghanistan to move toward lasting peace.今年8月,中国将首次举办伊斯坦布尔进程阿富汗问题外长会。我们将向这一机制的14个成员国和28个支持方发出邀请。我希望通过这个会议,能够凝聚更多共识,一起努力支持阿富汗顺利实现三重过渡,从而把阿富汗形势带向持久和平的方向。谢谢。
Asahi Shimbun of Japan: I have a question about the China-Japan relationship.In his Government Work Report, Premier Li Keqiang mentioned the issue of history.He said that we need to uphold the victory of the Second World War and the post-war international order, and no one will be allowed to reverse the course of history.The China-Japan relationship is in a lot of difficulties and the outside world is quite concerned.How do you think the relationship can emerge from its current impasse? And someone has likened the current China-Japan relationship to Germany-Britain relations before the First World War.What is your view? [日本朝日新闻记者] 您好,我想问的是中日关系。李克强总理在这次政府工作报告中也提到了历史问题,他说要维护二战的胜利成果和战后的国际秩序,绝不允许开历史倒车。确实现在中日关系很困难,外界也有一些担心的声音。王外长,您认为如何才能走出中日关系目前的僵局?有人把当前的中日关系比作第一次世界大战之前德国和英国的关系,您对此怎么看?谢谢。
Wang Yi: Premier Li Keqiang spoke the mind of the Chinese people and showed that China shoulders the responsibility to uphold peace.We fully support his statement.[王毅] 李克强总理的讲话代表了中国人民的心声,体现了中国维护和平的责任,我们完全拥护。
China and Japan are next-door neighbors.We have every reason to have an amicable relationship.The current situation is not something we want to see and is not in the interests of the people in either country.中日是近邻,本应和睦相处,目前的局面是我们不愿意看到的,也不符合中日两国人民的利益。
When China and Japan normalized diplomatic relations in 1972, the two sides reached important common understanding and consensus on properly handling history, Taiwan, Diaoyu Islands and other issues.This was the precondition for the normalization of diplomatic relations and the basis for a return to friendly relations between China and Japan.Yet the recent comments and actions of the Japanese leader betrayed the spirit of 1972 and undermined the foundation of China-Japan relations.Of course, the Chinese people cannot and will not accept it.1972年中日两国实现邦交正常化的时候,双方曾就妥善处理历史、台湾以及钓鱼岛等问题达成了重要的谅解和共识,构成了中日复交的前提,也打下了两国重归友好的基础。但是近来日本领导人的一系列言行背叛了中日复交的精神,破坏了中日关系的根基,中国人民当然不会、也不可能答应。
On issues of principle such as history and territory, there is no room for compromise.If some people in Japan insist on overturning the verdict on its past aggression, I don't believe the international community and all peace-loving people in the world will ever tolerate or condone that.在历史和领土这两个原则问题上,没有妥协的余地。如果日本某些人要执意为当年的侵略历史翻案,我相信国际社会以及世界上一切爱好和平的人士也都绝不会容忍和姑息。
As for the parallel some people have drawn between the current China-Japan relations and the Germany-Britain relations before the First World War, I wish to emphasize that 2014 is not 1914, still less 1894.Instead of using pre-WWI Germany as an object lesson, why not use post-WWII Germany as a role model? Only by making a clean break with the past and stop going back on one's words, can the relationship emerge from the current impasse and have a future.Only by truly committing to a peaceful path and stop saying one thing and doing something else, can a country gain the trust of its neighbors and the world.I hope Japan's leaders can understand these basic points and respect human conscience and the bottom line of international justice.至于有人将现在的中日关系与一战前的英德关系相提并论,我想强调的是,2014不是1914,2014更不是1894,与其拿一战前的德国来做文章,不如以二战后的德国来作榜样。只有认真清算过去,不再出尔反尔,才能走出僵局,开辟未来。只有真正坚持和平道路,不再说一套做一套,才能获得邻国和世界的信任。我希望日本的领导人能够懂得这些基本的道理,能够尊重人类良知和国际公理的底线。
China Daily: There have been a lot of interactions between China and Latin American and Caribbean countries in the past year, and we have learned that this year the China-CELAC forum will be formally established.Can you share with us your expectations for the furtherance of China's ties with Latin America and the Caribbean in the year ahead? [中国日报、中国日报网记者] 外长,您好。我们注意到过去一年中国和拉美地区国家互动很频繁,我们也知道今年中国-拉共体论坛将正式成立。外长您能否介绍一下今年中国对于进一步发展中国和拉美地区国家关系有何期待?谢谢。
Wang Yi: The best line to describe China's relationship with Latin America and the Caribbean is the following: “Bosom friends from afar bring a distant land near.” This year, we face a historical opportunity for taking this relationship to the next level.[王毅] 如果用一句话来形容中国同拉美和加勒比国家关系的话,我想最贴切的就是“海内存知己,天涯若比邻”。今年中拉关系又面临“更上一层楼”的历史机遇。
Firstly, President Xi Jinping will attend the BRICS Leaders' Meeting in Brazil and visit some Latin American countries.Secondly, the recent summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States(CELAC)adopted a special statement supporting the establishment of a China-CELAC Forum.In 2014, we will work hard to formally launch this forum and hold its first ministerial conference.This will be an important breakthrough in the relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean.一是习近平将应邀赴巴西出席金砖国家领导人峰会,并将访问一些拉美国家。二是最近拉共体峰会一致通过了建立中国-拉共体论坛这样一个特别的声明。我们将争取年内正式启动这一论坛,并召开首届部长级会议。我想这将是中拉关系史上一次重大的突破。
I am full of expectations about China-Latin America relations this year, as I'm sure many football fans in China are full of expectations about this year's Brazil FIFA World Cup.我对今年的中拉关系充满期待。另外,我想我们中国的球迷们也对今年的巴西世界杯充满期待。谢谢。
Korean Broadcasting System of the Republic of Korea: The current situation on the Korean Peninsula is quite tense.How do you look at the situation? What are the chances of the resumption of the Six-Party Talks? What specific steps will China, the host country, take to help restart the Six-Party Talks? [韩国广播公司记者] 王部长您好,我想问关于朝鲜半岛的局势和六方会谈重启的问题。第一,现在朝鲜半岛的局势很紧张,你们中国如何看待朝鲜半岛的局势?第二,六方会谈重启还有希望吗?中国是六方会谈的主席国,为了重启会谈中国将采取哪些具体的措施?谢谢。Wang Yi: The Korean Peninsula is right on China's doorstep.We have a red line all along: that is, we will never allow war or instability on the Korean Peninsula.This, I believe, is in full keeping with interests of both the south and the north of the Peninsula and the common interests of all countries in the region.As for the best way to handle the current situation on the Korean Peninsula, if I may use some metaphors, I believe we need to do three things: climb a slope, overcome a stumbling block and follow the right way.[王毅] 朝鲜半岛就在中国的家门口。在半岛问题上,我们始终有一条“红线”,就是绝不允许生战生乱。我想这也完全符合半岛南北双方,以及本地区各国的共同利益。如何来处理当前的半岛问题?如果要打一个比喻的话,就是要做好三件事,“爬坡、过坎、走正道”。First, we need to climb the slope of denuclearization.The nuclear issue is the crux of the matter.Only with denuclearization can the Korean Peninsula enjoy genuine and lasting peace.So no matter how long or steep the slope is, we must keep climbing it without any stop.首先要爬无核化这个坡,核问题是目前的症结所在,只有实现了无核化,半岛才有真正和持久的和平。所以不管这个坡多长、多陡,我们都要锲而不舍,坚持到底。
Second, we need to work hard to overcome the stumbling block of mutual mistrust.There is a woeful lack of mutual trust between the parties, especially the DPRK and the United States.This is the stumbling block before us.It has caused sustained tension on the Korean Peninsula and several disruptions to the Six-Party Talks.We hope that the parties will exercise restraint, show goodwill and build mutual trust little by little.二是要迈过缺乏互信这道坎。有关各方,尤其是朝美双方严重缺乏互信,这是挡在我们面前的一道坎。这道坎导致半岛局势持续紧张,六方会谈几度中断。所以我们希望各方能够保持克制,释放善意,一点一滴地来积累互信。
Third, we must follow the right way forward, which is dialogue.Confrontation will only bring tension and war will only cause disaster.Equal-footed dialogue, consultation and negotiation is the only right way forward.The Six-Party Talks is the only dialogue mechanism acceptable to all the parties.As the host country, we hope it can be resumed as soon as possible.Some dialogue is better than none, and better early than late.三是要走对话解决这条正道。对抗只能带来紧张,战争更会造成灾难,所以平等对话、协商谈判才是正道。六方会谈是目前唯一能够被各方所接受的对话机制,作为主席国,我们希望能够尽早复谈,谈比不谈好,早谈比晚谈好。谢谢你。
ETV of South Africa: As you are aware, China has become very active in Africa in recent years, but there are different opinions about this engagement between China and the African continent, especially emanating from the West.What is your opinion? Thank you.[南非电视台记者]近年来,中国在非洲很活跃,但是外界对于中国和非洲之间的交往有一些不一评价,尤其是来自西方,您怎么看?
Wang Yi: Let me make three points to sum up the China-Africa relationship.[王毅] 我想中非关系可以用三句话来概括。
First, China and Africa are good brothers who share weal and woe.When China was a poor country, we tightened our belt to support the cause of national independence and liberation of our African brothers.It's our African brothers who got the People's Republic of China back into the United Nations.首先,中非是同甘共苦的好兄弟。在中国还没有摆脱贫困的时候,我们就勒紧裤带来支援非洲兄弟的民族独立与解放运动,当然非洲的兄弟们也把新中国抬进了联合国。
Second, China and Africa are good friends who engage in cooperation as equals.In its cooperation with Africa, China has never been condescending, never interfered in the internal affairs of African countries and never given any empty promise.Let me tell you one figure.So far, we have helped African countries build over 1,000 projects and we have never attached any political condition to these projects.This fact alone can show that the groundless accusations against China are pale and hollow.其次,中非是平等合作的好伙伴。中国对非合作从不居高临下,从不干涉内政,也从不开空头支票。我告诉你一个数字,迄今中国为非洲已经援建了1000多个成套项目,没有附加过任何政治条件。我想这一基本事实就可以使任何对中国的不实之词苍白无力。
And third, China and Africa are good partners for common development.When I visited Africa in January this year, many African friends told me in person that an important reason behind Africa's sustained economic growth in recent years is the boost provided by China-Africa cooperation.And this has gotten other countries to increase their attention to Africa.第三,中非还是共同发展的好伙伴。今年1月我访问非洲的时候,很多非洲朋友都当面告诉我,非洲这些年经济持续增长的一个重要原因,就是中国对非合作的拉动,这还带动了其他国家纷纷加大对非洲的投入。
This year marks the fiftieth anniversary of Premier Zhou Enlai's first visit to Africa.Since then, China-Africa friendship has been handed down from one generation to another.Last year, President Xi Jinping made a successful visit to Africa.Later this year, Premier Li Keqiang will also step on the soil of Africa.This will be the first visit to Africa made by the premier of the new Chinese government.China-Africa cooperation is entering a new phase of development.今年是周恩来总理首访非洲50周年,中非友谊代代相传。习近平主席成功访非。李克强总理今年也将踏上非洲的土地,这将是中国新一届政府总理首次访非。中非合作正在进入一个新的发展时期。谢谢。
China News Service: Foreign Minister Wang, shortly after you took office, you visited the Foreign Ministry's Consular Service and Protection Center.You stressed that Chinese diplomats must listen to the voice of the people at all times and uphold their interests.You also expressed your wish to make it easier for people to travel on a Chinese passport.Going forward, how will the Foreign Ministry protect the lawful rights and interests and safety of Chinese institutions and nationals abroad? [中国新闻社、中国新闻网记者] 王部长您好,您作为外长在上任之初就到外交部领事保护中心考察,强调外交官要随时倾听民众心声,维护民众利益。您还表示要提高中国护照的含金量。请问外交部下一步将如何维护中国公民和法人在海外的合法权益和安全?谢谢。Wang Yi: It is the abiding purpose of China's diplomacy to serve the people.My colleagues and I often receive letters from the public.A lady from Henan Province wrote a letter which has moved me a great deal, and I would like to share this story with you.Her husband was working in a foreign country.He was thrown into prison under false charges.Our embassy in that country argued hard for him, cleared his name and got him released so that he could reunite with his family.His wife wrote to us: “You saved our broken family.You are the people closest to us.” The people see us as closest to them: there is no higher honor for Chinese diplomats.[王毅] 外交为民是中国外交的一贯宗旨。我和我的同事们经常收到民众的来信。一位河南女士的来信让我非常感动。我想跟大家披露一下。她的丈夫远赴海外打工,但却不幸蒙冤入狱。后来经过使馆据理力争,终于无罪释放,回家跟家人团聚了。所以这位妻子在信中写道:“是你们拯救了这个破碎的家,你们是我们最亲的人”。老百姓把我们当作最亲的人,是外交人员的最高荣誉。
Every year close to 100 million Chinese travel abroad, and there are over 20,000 Chinese companies operating overseas.It is our bounden duty to protect their legitimate rights and interests.I don't know whether you've noticed or not: when Chinese nationals go abroad, the first text message they will receive on their mobile phone is from the Foreign Ministry, reminding them of the things to be careful about and informing them of the telephone number of the Chinese diplomatic and consular missions in that country.Every year, we handle tens of thousands of consular cases.It could be a small thing like helping our nationals to get their documentation in order or get into contact with their relatives and friends, or it could be a big operation such as rescuing Chinese hostages or carrying out large-scale evacuation of overseas Chinese nationals.Whenever our compatriots abroad need us, no matter how difficult or dangerous it is, Chinese diplomats will appear before them and do all we can to help.现在中国每年出境达到将近1亿人次,中国在海外的企业也已经有2万多家,保护中国在海外公民和机构的正当权益是我们义不容辞的职责。不知大家注意到没有,中国公民到国外打开手机,收到的第一条短信就是外交部的,告诉大家各种注意事项以及使领馆的联系电话。我们每年要处理几万起领事保护案件,小到补办证件、联系亲友,大到解救被绑架的人质,开展大规模的撤侨活动等。我想只要同胞们有需要,不管再困难、再危险,我们的外交官都会出现在大家面前,尽其所能提供帮助。
In the new year, we will continue to do our best to implement the initiative to better protect and serve overseas Chinese, and we will further improve consular protection and service.Let me disclose a piece of news to you.In 2014, the Foreign Ministry will establish a global emergency call center for consular protection and services.It will be a 24-hour telephone hot line.In the future, when our compatriots go abroad, no matter in which part of the world they are, if they run into an emergency, they can get into contact with their motherland right away and hear the voice from their motherland.新的一年,我们将继续全力打造海外民生工程,大力提高领事保护与服务的水平。我想预先告诉大家一个消息:外交部将在年内建成领事保护与服务全球应急呼叫中心,这是一个24小时的电话热线。今后,我们的同胞不管走到世界哪个角落,一旦遇到危难,就能在第一时间与祖国取得联系,听到来自祖国的声音。
Only by sinking its roots in the people and delivering benefits to the people, can China's diplomacy be in an invincible position.We would like to shield wind and rain for every one of our compatriots who travel abroad with their dreams, and become the firm support they can count on.外交只有植根人民、造福人民,才能立于不败之地。我们愿意为每一位怀揣梦想,走出国门的同胞遮风挡雨,成为大家可以依靠的坚强后盾。谢谢。
Kazaag News Agency of Kazakhstan: Last year, when President Xi Jinping visited Kazakhstan, he proposed to build a Silk Road Economic Belt.Later, he proposed to build the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.These have been called the new concepts of China's diplomacy.What is the thinking behind these two initiatives? How will China put them into practice? [哈萨克通讯社记者] 王外长,您好。总书记提出了建设丝绸之路经济带,之后又提出了21世纪海上丝绸之路。在国际上被称为中国外交的新观念。中方推出这样的倡议出于什么考虑?将如何推进?谢谢。
Wang Yi: The Silk Road was first traveled by the Chinese people 2,000 years ago, but it belongs to the whole world.At the core of the Silk Road spirit is peace, friendship, openness and inclusiveness, which have become the common assets of human civilization.[王毅] 丝绸之路是中国人2000年前率先走出来的,但这条路是属于全世界的。丝绸之路精神的核心是和平、友好、开放和包容,这已成为人类文明的共同财富。
As you mentioned, President Xi Jinping proposed to build a Silk Road Economic Belt when he was on a visit to Kazakhstan.And later, when he was visiting Indonesia, he proposed to build the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.These two initiatives of overland and maritime Silk Roads aim to seize the opportunity of the further opening-up of China, especially opening in the westward direction.We want to update the spirit of the ancient Silk Road and work with relevant countries to add two powerful wings to the rejuvenation of Asia as a whole.正像这位记者所说,丝绸之路经济带是习近平主席在访问哈萨克斯坦的时候提出来的。后来在印度尼西亚,习主席又提出21世纪海上丝绸之路。这“一陆一海”两大倡议是要以中国进一步对外开放,特别是加快向西开放为契机,为自古以来的丝绸之路精神注入新的时代内涵,与各国一道,为亚洲的整体振兴插上两支强劲的翅膀。
These two initiatives will focus on economic cooperation and people-to-people and cultural exchanges and prioritize connectivity and trade and investment facilitation.We will pursue these initiatives through equal-footed consultation and incremental progress, with a clear goal to deliver benefits to all and build a community of shared interests.“一带一路”的主线是经济合作和人文交流,优先是互联互通和贸易投资便利化,方式是平等协商、循序渐进。目的更清楚,就是合作共赢,打造利益共同体。
The door of these two initiatives is wide open, and it will proceed in parallel with the existing cooperation mechanisms and ideas in the region.We welcome countries in the region and other interested countries to take an active part in these two initiatives so that together, we will discuss and build them and benefit from them.“一带一路”的大门是敞开的,与本地区现存的各种机制与设想并行不悖。我们欢迎本地区以及有意愿的国家都积极参与进来,共同探讨,共同建设,共同受益。谢谢。
China National Radio: From what you've said, Foreign Minister Wang, we can all see that China had a full diplomatic agenda in the past year.You've been in the position of Foreign Minister for a year now.Can you talk to us about your personal experience and impression? [中央人民广播之声和央广网记者] 王外长,您刚才回答了方方面面的问题,可以感受到外交工作是十分繁重的。那么您能不能谈一下过去一年,您个人工作的感受?谢谢。
Wang Yi: This is the first time I give such a big conference and I thought that such a question would come up.Let me say in relation to your question that I'm a member of China's diplomatic service.Like my colleagues, I feel a heavy responsibility and a glorious mission to engage in diplomatic work at an important time when our nation is marching toward rejuvenation.[王毅] 作为第一次外长记者会,我知道可能免不了要回答这个问题。我想告诉各位的是,作为中国外交队伍当中的一员,能够在我们民族走向复兴的重要时期从事外交工作,我和我的同事们一样,深感责任重大、使命光荣。
We Chinese diplomats must live by the core values of loyalty, responsibility and devotion.Our task is to face the problems and solve them.Our job is to act responsibly for the nation, win honor for the country and serve the people.我们外交人员要切实履行忠诚、使命、奉献这一核心价值观。我们的工作是要面对问题、解决问题。我们的职责是为民族担当、为国家争光、为人民服务。
To conduct diplomacy well in the new era, first of all, we must have confidence.Confidence comes from the strength and prosperity of our motherland.Today's China is marching ever faster toward what we call the “two centenary goals”.The motherland and the people are our firm backing and peaceful development is our firm commitment.We have every confidence and ability to create an even more favorable external environment for the rejuvenation of our nation.要办好新时期的中国外交,我们首先要有底气。底气来自于祖国的强盛。今天的中国正在加快实现“两个百年”的重要目标。祖国和人民是我们的坚实后盾,和平发展是我们的坚定方针。我们完全有信心、有能力,为民族复兴营造更为良好的外部环境。
We must also have backbone.The backbone comes from our national pride.Gone is the century of humiliation in China's modern history.We feel passionately about our sovereignty and national dignity.We have our own judgment about international affairs.We follow the independent foreign policy of peace.We uphold our national interests as well as international justice.This is the character of Chinese diplomats and why we have so much support in the world.我们还要有骨气。骨气来自于民族的自豪,近代以来的百年屈辱史已经一去不复返了。我们对国家的主权和民族尊严抱有强烈的情感,我们对世界事务有自己的判断。我们坚持奉行独立自主的和平外交政策,维护国家利益,捍卫国际公理,这是中国外交人员的风骨,也是中国外交得道多助的一个基础。
We must also show generosity.Generosity comes from the self-confidence of an old civilization.The Chinese civilization has thrived for 5,000 years without any interruption.An important reason is that we are like the ocean that admits all rivers and streams.Today, as we pursue major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, it is even more important to draw nourishment and strength from China's rich and profound cultural heritage and show to the world that the Chinese people are poised, confident, open and enterprising.我们同时还要大气。大气来自于文明的自信。中华文明五千年生生不息,一个重要原因就是具有海纳百川的胸襟。今天我们推进中国特色大国外交,更要从博大精深的文明积淀中汲取养分和力量,要向世人展示我们中国人的从容、自信、开放和进取。谢谢大家!
The press conference lasted 95 minutes and it was attended by more than 500 journalists from home and abroad.新闻发布会持续95分钟,500多名中外记者参加。
第三篇:温总理答记者提问古语和诗文解读
温总理答记者提问古语和诗文解读
温总理知识渊博、富有人文情怀,喜用诗文名句言事明志。以下古语和诗文是今年两会温总理答记者时所提。
1.温总理在谈到新一届政府执政理念时提出“只有把人民放在心上,人民才能让你坐在台上。”“行事见于当时,是非公于后世”,一个领导者应该把眼睛盯住前方,把握现在,思考未来。体现的哲学道理有:人民群众是历史的创造者、要用发展的观点看问题、要经受实践的检验。
2.“苟利国家生死以,岂因祸福避趋之”,是林则徐《赴戍登程口占示家人》的名句。指的是要坚持集体主义的价值取向,树立崇高理想。
3.“天变不足畏,祖宗不足法,人言不足恤”,语出《宋史·王安石列传》,大意是天象的变化不必畏惧,祖宗的规矩不一定效法,人们的议论也不用担心。强调坚持发展的观点,解放思想,勇于创新。
4.在谈到抑制物价上涨的问题时,温家宝总理引用了古语“事不避难”。语出《后汉书·虞诩传》:“志不求易,事不避难,臣之职也!不遇盘根错节,何以别利器乎?”强调正确对待困难和矛盾,准备走曲折的路。
5.在回答台湾记者有关提问时,温家宝总理引用的“一心中国梦,万古下泉诗”,是宋代郑思肖《德佑二年岁旦》中的两句。原作全文是:“力不胜于胆,逢人空泪垂。一心中国梦,万古下泉诗。日近望犹见,天高问岂知。朝朝向南拜,愿睹汉旌旗。”南宋灭亡后,郑思肖隐居吴下,坐卧不肯向北。这首诗表达的就是对国家统一的希望。“下泉”典出《诗经·曹风》。可从意识的反作用和民族共同的心理素质,维护祖国统一是中国人民的共同愿望和根本利益所在。
6.“渡尽劫波兄弟在,相逢一笑泯恩仇”,语出自鲁迅的《题三义塔》。可比喻事物是变化发展的,矛盾双方在一定条件下相互转化。
7.在谈到有关思想解放的问题时,温家宝引用了两句古话,“周虽旧邦,其命惟新”,出自《诗经·大雅》,大意是“周朝虽然是旧的国家,但却禀受了新的使命”;体现了发展的观点。“如将不尽,与古为新”出自唐司空图《诗品》,原文说的是文艺创作中的体会,说大自然美景难以穷尽,只要深入体察,就能不断创新诗境。
注:高考常考古语文题,着重从哲学或政治角度进行考查,领导讲话中引用的名言往往思想深刻、意蕴深远,适合考查需要,应引起注意。
第四篇:中学课堂教学提问的导答技能
中学课堂教学提问的导答技能
在课堂教学中,教师提出问题,让学生回答,需要教师导答。导答,就是要启发诱导学生回答。《学记》中说:“君子之教,喻也。道而弗牵,强而弗抑,开而弗达。”“喻”,就是强调教学重在启发诱导,不要越俎代庖。孔子很善于诱导。他的学生颜回说:“夫子循循善诱人。”为了启发学生独立思维,既学会知识,又会学知识,教师在课堂教学中要有问有导,善于引导,掌握导答技能。
一、定向点拨,启发思维式
“定向”,确定的方向、目标;“点拨”,指点、启发、开导。定向点拨就是教师作为“指路人”、“引导入”,让学生的思路、回答朝向教师要求的目标发展。教师的要求、确定了的方向,就是提问前已设计好的该问题的答案,或者叫正确结论。在课堂教学中,教师对自己的提问,事先应准备好一个明确的答案,并预测学生可能有几种回答,怎样给以引导评价。学生回答教师的提问,要紧紧围绕着问题,对东拉西扯、节外生枝、离题较远的回答,教师要定向引导、及时点拨,诱发学生的思路步步触及问题的实质,得到正确的结论。
二、转换点拨,举一反三式
“转换”即改变、改换,换一个话题,从另一个角度。在课堂教学中,学生往往对较难的问题迟迟不能回答。这时,教师不要急于讲解,和盘托出,可以提出具体的、有启发性的补充问题,或举一个与其相似的事物作比较,以便创造一个由未知转化为知的条件,举一反三,帮助学生得出正确答案。如,语文课上让学生回答:“什么叫烘云托月?”学生往往回答不好。这时,教师可让学生联想“武松打虎”的片断,问:“写武松,为什么把老虎描写得那么凶残?”学生会豁然开朗。
转换点拨,举一反三,关键要把“一”举好。这里的“一”表示的是具有代表性、典型性、又比较浅显易懂的内容,学生从教师点拨的一点中,能推想到二点、三点,„;从一个问题中联想到更多的内容;从一种分析中,得到更多的分析事物的方法;养成善于动脑,能够联想的习惯。
三、由此及彼,联系迁移式
在课堂教学中,学生回答教师的提问,常常会出现答非所问的现象。这表明学生对所提问题还不明白,要求教师善用由此及彼、联系迁移式,通过架桥铺路,诱使学生把解决此问题的知识、方法或思路,用于解决彼问题,使学生温故知新,触类旁通。教师要巧妙地运用由此及彼,联系迁移式,把学生思路迁移到先前问题上。就容易得出结论。
四、激将鼓励,挑“战”诱导式
“激将”即用刺激性或反面的话鼓动人去做原来不愿做或不敢做的事。“请将不如激将”。在课堂教学中,教师提出问题让学生回答,这是一件动脑思考的事。可有一部分学生不善动脑,不愿回答或不敢回答。教师一问就“冷场”。有的学生把头低得低低的,唯恐叫到自己;有的学生的目光不敢与教师的目光对视;还有的学生不好意思举手回答,怕回答错了遭老师、同学耻笑;有的学生勉强站起来,低头弯腰,声音含糊。遇到这样的情况,教师要善于激将,向学生挑“战”,鼓励他们大胆地回答问题。可以用期待、信任的目光,暗示学生“你能行”;可以用热情诚恳的话语:“我相信,我们班同学能回答出来这个问题。”“这个问题就难住我们了?谁敢站起来试一试?”“谁能站在台前给大家讲一讲。”对于学生的回答,要尽量鼓励他们用自己的话,说出自己独到的见解。让他们放大胆量,不要理睬说错了别人会耻笑,要树立学生的信心。“你们还是学生,把‘丑’出在家里,没问题”对于个别学生的回答,教师还要鼓励其他同学补充、校正。“挑战”就是故意激励对方,鼓励对方跟自己辩论、探讨,在相互争论中得到结论。
五、分解问题,化整为零式
课堂教学中,教师向学生提出的综合性的大问题,或因含义深奥,或因包容量大,学生往往一下子摸不着头绪,“老虎吃天,无从下口”。这就需要教师引导学生把大问题分解为一个个小问题,以大领小,从小到大。回答了诸多小问题,再综合探索大问题。如教《荔枝蜜》一课,教师让学生概括中心思想,学生无从下手,教师便帮助学生提出下列问题:
1、“我”对蜜蜂的感情前后发生了怎样的变化?为什么会有这样的变化?
2、“我”是怎样赞美蜜蜂的?其用意是什么?
3、文章结尾说“我做了个奇怪的梦,梦见自己变成一只小蜜蜂”有什么含义,起什么作用? 这种简明、集中、富有启发性的一系列小问题,顺理成章地将文章的中心思想和表现手法揭示了出来。
六、直观提示,表情示意式
在课堂教学中,学生回答问题遇到障碍,想说说不出,有时说出来的又不是自己想要回答的。教师应针对这种情况,运用直观手段提示,也可用眼神、手势、动作、比喻等进行必要的暗示、提醒,这样可充分展开学生的想象。如,一位教师教“分子运动论”时,问:“一瓶酒精和一瓶水混合后够不够两瓶?”学生一时显得很惊奇,道理也不大想得通。这位教师就打了个比方:“一斗芝麻和一斗黄豆倒在一起有二斗吗7”学生立刻恍然大悟。
在课堂教学中,教师提出的问题往往是经过学生努力思考后才能解答的,是学生努力地“跳一跳”的过程。这既是学生动脑思考的过程,又是教师启发导答的过程。导答得法,富有艺术性,就会事半功倍。
七、讲求教学提问的方法与技术
周恩来同志指出:“任何艺术不掌握规律,不进行基本训练,不掌握技术,是不行的。”课堂教学提问要注意“怎么问”的问题,就是要讲求提问的方法与技术。
1、发问
发问是教学提问实施的首要环节,如何发问,可以体现教师提问的艺术水平。简而言之,以下几个方面决定了发问的艺术性:
(1)发问时机。在整个教学过程中,教师随时都可以发问,但只有在最佳时机的发问效果最好。那么什么时候才是最佳发问时机呢?就是当学生处于孔子所讲的“心求通而未得,口欲言而不能”的“愤悱”状态的时候。此时学生注意集中、思维激活,对教师的发问往往能入耳入脑、取得良效。最佳发问时机既要求教师敏于捕捉、准于把握,也要求教师巧于引发、善于创设。有机不发或无机而发,都会给教学带来损失。
(2)发问对象。教师向学生发问,要注意两点:
一是面向全体。即面向全体学生提出问题。课堂提问,虽然每次直接回答的只是少数学生,但必须照顾到学生整体。教师应要求全体学生都认真思考、做好回答的准备,在一般情况下可以先提问中等水平的学生,同时提醒全班学生尤其暗示差生注意听,待中等生答得差不多时,再请优秀生补充。切忌先点人后提问,更不要先问优秀生、忽略中等生、冷落差等生,以免造成“少数人表演,多数人
陪坐”的现象。
二是区别对待。针对学生的个别差异,如个性特点,学习程度、知识基础、能力水平等的不同,教师发问时应心中有数,用不同的方式提出不同类型、不同层次的问题,而不“乱点鸳鸯谱”,否则,易造成学生与老师的隔阂,影响师生关系的融洽。
(3)发问顺序。教师发问在内容的难度上应由浅入深、由易到难、循序渐进。如《学记》中所说:“善问者如攻坚木,先其易者,后其节目,及其久也,相说以解。不善问者反此。”但在形式上,教师的发问又切忌按座次顺序点名提问。而应打破次序,有目的地“随机”提问。
(4)发问方式。应注意灵活多变、丰富多样。可以从解题入手,也可从中间开刀、奇峰突起,甚或从结尾开始,往前推进;可以口头形式,也可以书面形式;可以相对集中,也可有意分散;可让个别学生作答,也可让全班同学议论纷纷;等等不一。
(5)发问语态。教师发问时的语气和态度非常重要,因为在某种意义上可以说:艺术性的提问=陈述语气+疑问语缀。如“你以为如何?”“你同意吗?”“你能告诉我吗?”必要时可将提问延伸一次,以引入“缓冲区”,获得更深对话的契机:“为什么要那样?你如何想起那种方法的?”如再加上点鼓励和期待,学生的回答可能会更精彩:“还有不同的看法吗?”“有没有新的看法?”“谁还有更合理的想法?”
2、待答
研究表明,在课堂提问过程中,教师应该有两个最重要的停顿的时间,即“第一等待时”与“第二等待时”。
所谓“第一等待时”是指教师提出一个问题后,要等待足够的时间,不能马上重复问题或指定别的学生来回答问题。
“第二等待时”是指学生回答之后,教师也要等待足够的一段时间,才能评价学生的答案或者再提出另一个问题。因为学生可能要做详细说明,斟酌、补充、或改变回答。
上述第一等待时为学生的回答提供了思考的时间。第二等待时给学生以时间,使他们能完整地做出回答,而不致打断他们的思路。心理学家们经过对比试
验,给提问过程增加等待时间3秒或更多些,得出的结论是,稍长的等待时间对学生的语言行为有如下的效果:
(1)学生回答的时间长度和语句数量都有所增加;(2)“我不知道”和回答不出的现象减少了;(3)思辨性的思维事例增加了;
(4)提出了更多证据,在提出证据之后或之前都有推理性的叙述;(5)学生提出问题的数量和学生计划收集资料活动的次数都增加了;(6)成绩差的学生的回答也增加了。他们甚至测定,设置必要的停顿时间以后,学生的表达量可增长300%到700%。在这之前,学生平均回答某个问题用词只有4—7个;在这之后则增加到30多个。
3、助答
当学生回答问题不够准确、完整、流畅,甚至完全“卡壳”时,教师应耐心期待并积极设法促使转机,一般可根据具体情况采取以下措施:
(1)重复发问、申明题意。有时学生因没听清或没理解全部题意而答不出或答不好,教师可应学生的要求重述发问语句,突出重点词语,以助学生深化理解,扫清意义障碍。
(2)分解难点、化难为易。有时学生对提问的难点吃不透、摸不准、答不了,说明问题难度对他来说可能大了些。教师可将难点分解成小的问题,降低难度和坡度,以助学生消除畏难情绪。
(3)转换角度、另辟蹊径。有时学生对从某个角度看问题觉得陌生或难以理解,教师不妨变换一下角度,进行变式提问,以助学生从新的角度攻克问题。
(4)适当提示、巧用点拨。有时学生的思路误入歧途或不得要领,教师可以给予适当的语言提示,指点迷津,以助学生的思维走出误区。
(5)补充修正、以求完善。有时学生对所要回答的问题准备不足或因其它缘故,回答得不够完整、准确,或难以独立作答时,教师可视情况请其他同学补答、修正或替答,也可由教师本人做这些工作,以助学生答全、答完所提问题。
4、总结
课堂提问结束后,教师要对学生的回答及时进行总结,公正地指出其优点或不足。如有必要,教师可复述正确答案或再做简单讲解,以照顾到中下等程度的
学生的接受能力;或请有关同学复述正确答案,以加深理解。教师对学生的回答作评价时,一般应从掌握知识的广度、理解知识的深度、知识的巩固程度、错误的数量与性质、口头表达能力、是否有创见性这六个方面综合评价。教学提问的总结,对学生所学知识的系统与综合、认识的明晰与深化等,都起着重要的作用。但目前存在的较为普遍的问题是,教师往往对教学提问总结的重要性缺乏必要的充分认识,对学生答问采取放任的态度,答问不正确的不予订正,不完整的不予补充,零散的意见不予综合,肤浅的认识不予深化。虽然有问有答、热闹非凡,但“散乱的谈话”不能形成“决议案”,学生对教师提出的问题始终没有清晰、明确、完整的认识;更有甚者,有些错误因老师没予订正,会让学生“自以为是”地印入脑海而致误人子弟,那就是教师的失职了。这是要引以为戒的。
八、引导学生主动地问
1、与学生平等处在学习交流的学习中,让学生“敢”问。
“为了每一位学生的发展”是新课程的核心理念。老师必须尊重每一位学生做人的尊严和价值。显然他们是小孩子很幼稚,但他们必定小小的人。如果教师在课堂讲台上,高高在上,始终与学生形成高大的,长距离感,学生紧张的心,紧张的神经怎么敢提出问题。老师把自己放在与学生平等地位,把学生看成是发展的人,教学过程教师处在学生中间,形成教师与学生零距离接触,只有解除学生紧张恐惧的负重心理,不让学生产生冷漠呆滞,愁眉苦脸神情,课堂上学生成为了主人,就会勇敢地提出老师意想不到问题。
2、给学生创设问的时空,促学生“想”问。
课堂上激发学生思维,主动思考,积极发问。首先要注重学生学习兴趣激发。因为学生有了学习思维兴趣,对他们来说学习不是一种负担,而是一种享受,一种愉快的体验,学生会越来越想学,越爱问。其次要预设想问的时空。案例2中的教师主题明确,突出训练想学生思维能力,课堂上先帮助学生做好思维,发问前的准备,一开始就让学生读三个难句,就引导学生看画面,就把学生带进了羚羊跳崖情境中,再让学生提出问题,学生谈得投入,想得真节,问得贴切。教师要给学生适当的思考时间,提问的机会,创造造良好的提问气氛,让学生尝到提问后的喜悦。
3、质疑的学习行为使学生“会”问
古人云:“学起于思,思源于疑”。创新思维的滋生往往从怀疑开始。巴甫洛夫说过:“怀疑,是发现的设想,是探究的动力,是创新的前提”,显然,加强学生质疑问难的能力的培养,对培养学生自己发现提出问题的能力有极重要的意义。不难看出,没有问题很难激发和激起求知欲。没有问题,感觉不到问题的存在,学生也就不会去深入思考,那么学习也就只能是表层和形式的。由此说来,教学中教师要千方百计从小的具体方面引导学生,把问题看做是学习的动力,起点和贯穿学习过程中的主线,把学习过程看成是发现问题提出问题,分析问题和解决问题的过程,进而养成习惯,久而久之使学生学会问问题。
4、帮学生提高应答提问的自信,引导学生“乐”问
常听课的教师大概有这样的感觉:低年级的课堂往往比高年级课堂生动、活泼、宽松、愉悦。一个突出标志是教师在教学中不停地“夸”学生,这个夸有两层意思,一是学生应答或提问得恰如其分,应该表扬;一是学生应答。或提问得不够正确,教师也从另一角度称赞。有经验教师的课堂“夸”的语言丰富多样,这就是新课程理念下,当前教学急需要的教学评价。
世界上并不存在谁聪明谁不聪明的问题,而是存在哪一方面聪明,以及怎样聪明的问题,这就要求教师乐于对每位学生抱以积极、热切的期望,乐于从多个角度来评价,观察和接纳学生,重在寻找和发现学生身上的闪光点,发现并发展学生思维、发问的潜在意识和能力,叫学生在课堂上学得高兴,问得快乐。再说,小学生没有不喜欢听夸讲的话的,应当说他们和成人一样,越表扬越乐于去做事,越鼓励越乐于去发问。
第七节 课堂提问误区的案例分析
课堂提问是启发式教学的重要方法之一,它能启发学生的思维,激发他们的求知欲,促使他们参与学习,帮助他们理解和应用知识,因而为广大教师所提倡和运用。然而,由于各方面的原因,目前仍有相当多的教师在实践中陷入课堂提问的种种误区,以致于教学效果大打折扣。这些误区主要表现为:首先,在提问方面,如“对已经回答过的问题进行再问”、“过多地提问”、“一直追问,直到
得到所要答案为止”等等;其次,在评答方面,如“错误使用非言语信号”、“使用不恰当语言”、“用语言强化学生的有意误答”等等。针对这些误区,本文设计了一次讨论课,围绕讨论材料,对这些误区进行分析,以图更好地促进我们的教学实践。
讨论材料:
2002年7月13日,北京大学登山队一行15人从北京出发,前往西藏攀登海拔为7292米的希夏邦马西峰。临行前,西藏登山协会曾提出几点建议:一是七、八月份由于气温偏高、雨水多、能见度差、山上积雪不牢固,安全隐患大,不是登希峰的最好季节;二是建议他们聘请经验丰富、了解山上情况的高山向导和技术顾问,以及租用海事卫星电话,便于联络。但队员们是利用暑假登山,时间没法改变,至于后面的建议,也由于资金有限等原因未能采纳。后来在登山过程中出现降雪天气,雪大引起雪崩,造成2名队员遇难,3名队员失踪。事后,人们对此展开了广泛的讨论。有的人认为此举不可行,因为在追求生命价值的过程中,更应该珍惜自己的生命,不应该做无谓的牺牲,从而给亲人留下一生的悲痛;有的人认为我们不能简单地用生命来衡量精神,因为他们的行为体现出了勇于攀登、大无畏的民族精神。
一、对已经回答过的问题进行再问
在课堂提问中,如果是出于某种合理的原因,如为了强调,就可以对上一个问题已讨论过的内容进行再问,否则是不必要的。例:
在问题“他们应该为这次登山做些什么物资准备呢?”之后的讨论中,学生谈到了应该准备一些在冻僵后不会变质的食品。教师然后接着问:“他们应该带哪种食品呢?”
从这里我们可以看出,教师并没有仔细倾听学生的讨论,他(她)只是在等着提计划中的下一个问题而已。事实上,在我们的课堂教学中,许多教师都怀有这样一种误识,即认为教学是一项有目的、有组织、有计划的活动,只要将预设好的问题依次解决,学生就可以掌握知识,形成能力,就可以实现教学目标。但实际上,教学是教师主导,学生主体,学生主体接受并超越教师主体的主导这样一个过程,因而在教学中,学生学的行为才是最重要的,教师的教应该为学生的学服务,其教学行为应该以促进学生的全面发展为最终目的。
二、过多地提问
课堂提问是启发式教学的重要方法之一。但许多教师却把启发式教学简单地理解为课堂教学中师生之间的一种双边活动,认为没有提问或提问较少就是在灌输,就是注入式教学,从而把课堂教学过程中是否提问以及提问多少作为评价教学水平高低的重要标准。如有的教师平均一堂课就要问近30个问题,并且有些所谓的问题其实不是真正意义上的“问题”,因为它们无须思考就能够直接回答出来。例:“他们中有几人遇难?”“他们登上山顶了吗?”等等。
试想,教师有必要提出这么多的问题,提出这么多的问题会带来什么样的结果?其实教师提问数量过多,容易使课堂教学成为教师提问表演的舞台。长期下去,会使学生对教师产生一种依赖,学生不愿意也无须动脑筋,最终会导致学生问题意识的丧失。三、一直追问,直到得到所要答案为止
教师在进行提问设计时,心中都会有一个标准答案,并且他们的教学往往也是围绕那些标准答案而展开的。因此,为了按照自己预先设计好的模式进行教学,有的教师在提出问题后喜欢对学生进行追问,直到得到所要答案为止。例:
教师:“还有哪些与他们的行为相类似?”学生:“加拿大人想征服埃拂靳斯峰。”
教师:“还有呢?”学生:“那些想用机车、滑雪橇去南极的人。”
教师:“对,还有吗?”学生:“许多没有得到第一名的运动员。俄国人登月,也是吧。”
教师:“那么,那些登月的俄国人可以称为什么?” 学生:“挑战者!”
教师(热情地):“非常正确!”
以上可以看出,学生在课堂上实际扮演着配合教师完成教案的角色。于是,我们就会见到这样的景象:课堂成了演出“教案剧”的“舞台”,教师是“主角”,学习好的学生是主要的“配角”,大多数学生只是不起眼的“群众演员”,很多情况下只是“观众”与“听众”。事实上,在上述学生的回答中,本来有很多内容可以使教师的讲课更加有趣,如用机车、滑雪橇去南极等,但教师却对其闻而不问,一直等着学生说出他所要的答案。这样就使得课堂教学失去了它原有的生命活力。因此我们应该抛弃这种固定、僵化的课堂提问方式。
四、把一个正确回答的问题进行转向提问
在课堂教学实践中,有些教师喜欢故作神秘,把一个已被学生正确回答了的问题再向他人提问。例:
教师:“A,他们有没有足够的资金?”A(迅速地):“没有!”
教师:“B,„„?”B:(„„停顿„„)“嗯„„(心想: 我确信A是正确的„„)„„(再想)„„”
教师:“C,他们有没有足够的资金?”
C:(想:“B平时一般都能答对问题„„他都不知道„„难道„„?”):耸了耸肩。
教师:“D,„„?”D:(他很聪明,早就看穿了这一点,等叫到他时,他故意拉长声音):“没——有——!”
事实表明,这种转向提问会给学生造成一种假象,以为第一个回答是错误的,要不教师怎会再向别人提问呢。这样一来,整个课堂就围绕着一个已有正确答案的问题而转来转去,如从A转到D。试想,要是D也被假象所迷惑,那么这个问题会提到什么时候呢?这无非是对课堂宝贵时间的一种浪费!
五、提问水平浅层化
提问频率过高往往会导致提问水平的浅层化。教育家特内曾根据布鲁姆的《教学目标分类学》创设了“布鲁姆——特内教学提问模式”。按照学生的思维类型和水平的不同,他把教学提问分成由低到高的六个水平(见附表)。
(附表)布鲁姆——特内教学提问模式
序号提问
水平提问目的提问要求教师常用的关键词
1知识确定学生是否已记住先前所学的内容。用是、否来进行判断,其内容不超出已掌握的知识范围。谁、什么是、哪里、什么时候、写出等。
2理解帮助学生组织所学的知识,弄清它的含义能用自己的话叙述所学的知识,能比较和对照知识或事件的异同,能把一些知识从一种形式转变成另一种形式。用你自己的话叙述、比较、对照、解释等。
3应用鼓励和帮助学生应用已学的知识去解决问题。能把所学的规则和理论应用于问题进行分类、选择,以确定正确的答案。应用、运用、分类、选择、举例等。
4分析分析知识的结构、因素,弄清事物间的关系或事项的前因后果。进行判断思维,能分析资料,以确定原因,进行推论。为什么、什么因素、得出结论、证明、分析。
5综合帮助学生将所学知识以另一种新的或有创造性的方式组合起来,形成一种新的关系。对某一知识整体理解,要求学生能进行预见,创造性地解决问题。预见、创作、如果„„会„„,总结等。
6评价帮助学生根据一定的标准来判断材料的价值。对一些观念、价值观、问题的解决办法或伦理行为进行判断和选择,还要求学生能提出自己的见解。判断、评价、证明、你对„„有什么看法等。
对照提问的这一分类,我们不难看出,教师的许多问题往往停留在知识、理解、应用和分析的水平上,而很少涉及综合和评价性的问题。例如我们在前面分析中所提到的一些问题:“为什么他们会在大风雪中失踪呢?”、“他们有没有足够的资金?”、“他们中有几人遇难?”、“他们登上山顶了吗?”等等,这些问题都不利于学生思维能力的发展。因此,我们认为,课堂提问应精选知识、理解、应用和分析水平的问题,增加一些综合、评价性的问题,这样才能使学生的思维得到真正的发展。
六、对学生进行反问
学生是通过问题而学习的。然而,这些问题并非都是由教师一人提出来的。教师不仅应该注重学生回答能力的培养,还应该培养学生的提问能力。“最精湛的教学艺术,遵循的最高准则就是让学生自己提出问题。”因此,当学生向教师提出问题时,教师不应对其进行反问。例:
学生:“他们手无寸铁,连一部卫星电话都没有吧?明知无力与大自然抵抗,为什么还要呈匹夫之勇呢?我想,他们在出发之前难道就没想过自己会遇难吗?”
教师:“你说呢?”
学生:“我不知道。”(他想:“那是我问你的呢!”)事实上,课堂教学是师生双方的协同活动过程,师生双方都是提问的主体,也都是提问的客体。面对学生的提问,教师应该作出正确的反应。斯腾伯格等在《思维教学》一书中,把教师对学生提问的反应分为七个水平:(1)回绝问题;(2)
重复问题;(3)承认自己无知或简单呈现信息;(4)鼓励发问者寻找资料;(5)提供可能的解答;(6)鼓励学生对可能的答案进行评估;(7)鼓励学生评估答案,最后验证。与此相对应,学生则发生了如下的变化:不学习——消极的重复学习——分析的和创造性的学习。由此可见,教师对学生提问的处理直接影响着学生活动的性质和成效。
因此,面对例中这种情况,如果教师自己不好回答,就可以向班上其他人提问,这样或许还能展开一场别开生面的讨论;如果教师自己知道答案,那他就应该自己作答。像例中的教师那样对学生进行反问,不仅会挫伤学生提问的积极性,不利于学生学习,而且还会丧失学生学习的自主性和主动性。
七、错误使用非言语信号
教学中的非言语是指教学主体在教学中身体的有关部位所发出的有意义的动作的总和。其中“身体的有关部位”主要指面部、眉目、手腿脚、身姿等:“有意义的”是指与教学有关或为达到教学目的而有意做出的。可见,如果我们能正确使用非言语交流,那就会对课堂教学起促进作用。然而,在现实课堂教学提问中,有些教师却错误地使用了一些非言语交流来对学生形成一种暗示。如:(1)面部表情:用皱眉头来暗示“回答得不好”;(2)姿势:使手指作响来暗示“讲快点”,用表示轻视的头部转动来暗示“这样简单的问题还胡乱回答,看你能答些什么”;(3)非言语语调:用叹气来暗示“我从未期望你能作出正确回答”,用吸气来暗示“你的回答毫无意义”。例:
教师:“队员们为什么不接受登山协会的建议呢?”
学生:“因为那样会显示出他们的胆怯。„„(教师皱眉头)嗯„„”(保持沉默,不作回答)教师(叹气):“坐下,认真点!”
从中我们可以看出,教师一皱眉头,学生便会领悟到自己回答得不好,于是他就索性不回答了。这时教师应该做的是鼓励学生继续回答,而不是一个叹气,让学生垂头丧气地坐下。其实,此时教师所发出的这些非言语信号在某种程度上比教师所说的任何话语更能引起学生的泄气、反抗等情绪。长此以往,学生便不敢回答教师的提问了。
八、使用不恰当语言
语言是思维工具,它帮助人们认识世界和发展智力;语言也是交际工具,它帮助人们交流思想感情,因而课堂提问中教师的语言就具有特殊的重要作用。然而,有的教师在课堂提问中却常常使用一些不恰当语言,特别是模棱两可、含糊不清和讽刺的语言。例:(1)模棱两可、含糊不清的语言:“哦,我觉得这个答案或许更合适吧。”
(2)讽刺的语言:“好,看来他对登山运动了解不少,而事实是这样的吗?”
针对第一种语言,我们认为,无论是在教师提问,还是在教师对学生的回答作出评价时,都不能使用这类语言,因为这种语言不仅不能准确、科学地传递信息、表情达意,而且还会造成误解、曲解,使学生茫然不知所云,感到困惑不解,最终还是不知道哪个答案更合适。针对第二种语言,我们认为,讽刺学生学习上的某种失误,这应是教师最为忌讳的,同时也是为师德所不容的。当学生在答问中出现失误时,教师应该做的是尊重学生,帮助学生克服失误,找到正确答案。
九、用语言强化学生的有意误答
在教师提问后,有些调皮的学生为了逗逗教师或出风头,就有意地作出一些令人发笑或是与问题无关的误答。面对这种情况,教师应该正确地作出处理,而不要顺学生的意对误答进行强化。例:
教师:“为什么他们会在大风雪中失踪呢?”
学生A:“如果他们当中有一些黑人队员,那他们就不会在大风雪中失踪了。”(笑)教师:“你这样说是什么意思,A?”(教师提升了一个并不值得注意的言论。)“在我的课上不需要这样的言论,到办公室去!”(教师更加抬高了这句话的地位。)“那么,A,你在黑色树林中就很容易被发现了。”(教师玩着A的游戏,并且这样做就意味着关于肤色歧视的笑话是可以接受的。)其实,要处理这样的言论,教师可以采用如下的话语:
“A,你那样说无论是什么意思都对你毫无意义。B„„”(教师承认已听到了学生A的这句话,但并不赞同,并继续上课。)“B,你认为他们为什么会在大风雪中失踪呢?”(忽略A的言论并继续上
课,这就暗示了A的言论是毫无意义的,A自己也应该明白这一点。)综上所述,教师在课堂提问中存在的这些种种误区,从小学、中学、直至大学,都是一些不容回避的事实。一方面,对我们的教师培养机构而言,要认真研究、探讨这些问题,加强对教师进行课堂教学技能方面的教育;另一方面,对教师自身而言,如何调动学生的学习动机,发掘其内在的积极因素,避免出现课堂提问的误区,提高课堂教学效果等等,都是值得我们思考的问题。
第五篇:劳动防护培训试题答
劳动防护培训试题答
一、1、生产经营单位
2、最有效的途径
3、最后一道防线
4、安全帽;护目镜;耳塞;口罩;防毒面具;方酸碱手套;防砸安全鞋;各种防护服;安全带;皮肤防护膜
5、生产许可证,产品合格证
6、使用说明,使用期限,20-50㎜,能量吸收
7、下颌带,下颌带
8、有效期限,检查或维护
9、袖口紧,下摆紧,领扣紧
二、答:(1)从事高空作业的人员,不系好安全带发生坠落。
(2)从事电工作业(或手持电动工具)不穿绝缘鞋发生触电。
(3)在车间或工地不按要求穿工作服,穿裙子或休闲衣服;或虽穿工作服但穿着不整,敞着前襟,不系袖口等,造成机械缠绕。
(4)长发不盘入工作帽中,造成长发被机械卷入。
(5)不正确戴手套。有的该戴不戴,造成手的烫伤、刺破等伤害。有的不该戴而戴,造成卷住手套带进手去,甚至连胳膊也带进去的伤害事故。
(6)不及时佩戴适当的护目镜和面罩,使面部和眼睛受到飞溅物伤害或灼伤,或受强光刺激,造成视力伤害。
(7)不正确戴安全帽。当发生物体坠落或头部受撞击时,造成伤害事故。(8)在工作场所不按规定穿用劳保皮鞋,造成脚部伤害。
(9)不能正确选择和使用各类口罩、面具,不会熟练使用防毒护品,造成中毒伤害。
在其他需要进行防护的场所,如噪声、振动、辐射等,也要正确佩戴和使用劳动防护用品,从而保护自己的人身安全和健康。