第一篇:任务型教学法在初中生物学课堂教学中的应用
任务型教学法在初中生物学课堂教学中的应用
摘要:近年来,教育研究和教育改革不断深入,广大教师在教学实践过程中通过总结和创新引入了各种新式教学法,而任务型教学法是在对以往各种教学法“取其精华,去其糟粕”的基础上形成的一种新型教学法,在课堂教学中的应用范围不断扩大。同时,这一教学法对初中生物学课堂教学发挥了不可或缺的重要作用。任务型教学法作为一种先进的教学理念,强调学生的主动参与并以学习为中心,旨在引导学生通过实践,加强合作与交流并履行一系列教学任务,最终实现“做中学,做中求进步”的教学目标。
关键词: 任务型教学法
初中生物课堂教学
教学应用
任务型教学法顾名思义多指以互动或交际方式进行的合作性活动。生物教学即科学教学,对于生物这样一门兼具探究性与实验性的学科而言,“做”的过程即履行任务的过程是生物课堂教学的关键环节,而任务型教学法将在其课堂教学中发挥自身不可比拟的优势。下面我就“任务型教学法在初中生物学课堂教学中的应用”这一问题谈谈自己的看法。
一、充分了解任务型教学法,把握其理念和特点
要在初中生物课堂教学中充分发挥任务型教学法的优势,提高学生探究能力和自主学习能力,首先充分认识并了解任务型教学法,全面把握其教学理念和自身优势,将其贯穿初中生物课堂教学环节中。初中生物内容丰富,涉及的一些概念单纯依靠教师的讲述很难彻底理解,因此要借助实验等形式帮助学生进行理解,这就需要发挥任务型教学法的优势。任务型教学法的六大基本要素分别是目标、内容、程序、输入材料、教师和学习者的角色及情景,教师实施任务型教学法时要立足于这六个基本要素,合理规划教学环节。其次,教师制订教学计划时要遵循任务型教学法的原则即真实性原则、可操作性原则、实用性原则、趣味性原则和功能原则,教师应将任务型教学法和初中生物这一学科的特点紧密结合,发挥其优势,通过各种任务的设置,激发学生兴趣,并引导学生在履行任务的过程中,通过实践与操作进行合作与交流,调动已有知识经验,独立思考,最终理解并掌握所学知识。
二、任务型教学法在初中生物学课堂教学中的实际应用
对于任务驱动法在初中生物课堂教学中的应用,需要教师根据实际学习内容设计科学合理的任务。具体来说,我认为任务型教学法的应用可以从以下方面入手。
1.合理分组,科学设计任务。由于生物这门学科具有密集的知识点,涵盖内容很广,而初中生刚刚接触生物这一学科,要通过个人完成教室布置的任务具有一定难度,因此教师可以引导学生进行小组合作学习,小组建立要由教师统一规划,综合考虑学生的课堂表现及学习特点等方面,实现合理、互补的分组,并由小组成员推荐出小组长。教师在以小组为单位发布任务时,要求各小组再将任务分离开来给各成员,确保各个成员都有参与任务的机会并科学地设计任务。如在学习七年级上册“生物圈中的绿色植物”这一单元时,当学生研究“植物的细胞的吸水”这一内容时,让学生将蔫了的青菜放到清水、盐水中,进行对比观察实验,过一段时间观察变化,这一实验过程中包括材料的选择和观察结果的记录等环节都可以具体任务的形式布置给小组成员,实现任务的分解。需要注意的是,教师要提醒小组的分解任务之间要有连接和递进关系,便于保证总任务的质量,体现学生的参与性,发挥学生的自主性。
2.明确目标,发挥引导作用。教学目标的制定是教学环节实施的先决条件,教师应该根据本学期整体教学计划调整任务教学内容,确保课程规划的可行性和教材内容的配合力度。生物学习讲究贯穿性和连接性,教师对任务的设计应该以本节学习内容为基础,为上节内容简单回顾和下节内容简单预习做好链接,充分发挥任务的串联作用,并对小组任务完成情况进行分析评估,以此作为下节课任务设计难度、范围的参考。其次,教师要在学生履行任务的过程中发挥引导作用。如在进行各类生物实验时,为了尊重学生的主体地位,发挥学生的主观能动性,教师要密切注意学生的操作过程,可以准备记录本将学生的表现情况记录下来,当学生在履行任务的过程中遇到困难时给予及时帮助。
3.合理评价,开展课堂总结。在传统初中生物课堂教学中,教师对学生的学业评价往往以单调的终结性考试为检阅标准,测试结果仅仅是对单一知识内容的体现,违背任务型教学法的教学理念,同时限制学生的全面发展。因此,合理地进行任务评价,讲究评价艺术是实施任务型教学法的重要环节。任务评价是检验课堂教学效率和学生学习效率的最佳方法之一,目的是激励学生。教师可以根据课堂记录对各个小组和组内成员进行点评,提高个人完成任务的积极性并为小组合作提供动力,可以通过设置优秀小组和优秀个人奖等形式提高学生的参与积极性,而学生自主学习能力是评价的重点内容,教师要通过任务评价尽量避免学生的低效和无效学习。此外,通过任务评价,教师可以及时进行教学反思并总结课堂教学具体开展情况。可以说,进行课堂总结是实施任务型教学法的重要步骤,通过课堂总结,评价课堂开展效果,为下次生物课堂教学实施提供借鉴,这也是回顾课堂、完善课堂的有效形式。
三、任务型教学法在教学中存在不足,需要进一步完善
作为一种新型的教学方法,任务型教学法在初中生物课堂教学中的应用时间较短,因此在实际应用过程中难免存在一些问题,如在进行任务选择、需要分析和任务等级评定时存在的不完备地方都是需要进一步完善的,此外,在学生履行任务的过程中教师的指导方式有待研究。任务型教学法在生物教学中存在的这些不足之处,还有待广大教师进一步探讨和研究,教师要针对任务型教学法在初中生物课堂教学中的实施现状进行分析,充分发挥任务型教学法的优势,提高学生的创新精神和独立思考能力。
结语
任务型教学法在初中生物课堂教学中的实际应用需要广大教师在教学实践中不断探索,总结经验,为学生的生物学习奠定基础并提高学生的科学素养。
参考文献:
[1]陈伶俐.浅谈任务型教学法的任务设计原则[J].北方文学(下旬刊),2013(10).[2]王明红.论探究性学习在生物教学中的应用[J].中国电力教育,2010(04).
第二篇:任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用
任务型教学法在初中英语听力教学中的应用
【摘要】在日常交际中,听占有十分重要的地位。Rost认为,语言习得主要通过获得大量的可理解输入来实现,而听是获得可理解语言输入的最重要的渠道。但是,目前我国的初中英语听力教学仍不尽人意,还存在着许多问题。任务型教学是以具体的任务为学习动机或动力,以完成任务的过程为学习的过程,以展示任务成果的方式来体现教学成就的一种教学方法。
本研究通过课堂观察和教学进一步探讨了任务型教学应用于初中听力教学。基于Willis的任务型教学模式和Underwood的听力教学模式理论,笔者将两者结合并应用于初中听力教学中,建立了任务型听力教学模式,将任务型教学法应用于听力教学中。试图解决现阶段初中英语听力教学中存在的两个主要问题:第一,听力教材中的问题;第二,教学模式单一的问题。针对第一个问题,本研究按照任务型教学法中任务设计的原则,重新整合教材并设计多种真适实可行的学习任务,从而解决教材中部分内容过难学生不易完成、不感兴趣等问题。第二个问题的解决也就是任务型教学法的应用。本研究将任务划分为听前,听中,以及听后三个部分。每一部分按照任务设计的原则安排了多项任务,从而解决了传统听力教学模式单一的问题。
通过任务型教学法在听力教学中的应用,作者希望为初中英语听力教师提供些许参考,最终对英语听力教学产生帮助,从而提高听力课堂的有效性。
【关键词】任务;任务型教学法;英语听力教学
i
CONTENTS
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................i
摘要..............................................................................................................................................ii
I.Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 II.Literature review........................................................................................................1
2.1 The studies of listening comprehension.......................................................1 2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening...............................................................................................................2
III.The current problems in English listening teaching......................3
3.1 The problems of teaching materials...............................................................4 3.2 The problems of classroom teaching models.................................4
IV.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class...........................................................................................................5
4.1The Principles for designing tasks in listening...........................................5 4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class.................................................................................................6
V.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................10 References..............................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgments..............................................................................................13
The Application of “Task-Based Approach” to the Listening
Class in Junior High School
Ⅰ.Introduction There are four abilities in the acquisition of language, which are listening, speaking, reading and writing, but listening is the most difficult one among them.Most students are not interested in it, and at the same time, most students always lose confidence in dealing with the listening comprehension questions, because they think that their English is very poor.Therefore, it’s necessary to review the current situation and existing problems of listening comprehension and combine the Task-Based Approach with the English Listening teaching.The Task-Based Approach as a new teaching approach of language appeared in the western world in the 1980s, and it emphasizes “learning by doing”.Compared with traditional teaching methods, the Task-Based Approach can not only motivate the students 'interest, but can also help students to improve their English listening ability in the process of learning English.And then by this approach the students’ learning efficiency and English application ability can be improved through cooperative learning and self-learning.II.Literature review 2.1The studies of listening comprehension Listening is a cognitive activity and language skills, and plays an important role in our daily life and language learning, and at the same time, listening comprehension has increasingly become an important criterion to measure the level of learners’ language study(Long, 1993).But according to our longtime observation and study on the teaching practice, the traditional English listening teaching methods used in china inhibit the students’ listening ability to improve.Listening comprehension research includes five aspects, they are listening materials, speakers, tasks, learners and listening processes(Richards and Platt, 1992).The degree of difficulty about the listening material and listeners’ familiarity;the rate of speech, voice, expression of speakers;the type of listening task;the internal and
1External factors of learners;the processes of listening comprehension also can affect learners to understand the listening materials.Among them, there are some important aspects to affect listening, such as the level of language, memory, emotional factors, and background knowledge of learners.The most important thing is the study of the process of listening comprehension, which is an internal mental process, and the way learners to deal with language inputting and understanding it.The researchers of domestic and abroad reached a consensus in this area and hold that the process of language understanding is a process of language producing, and this process includes three stages, which are perception, resolution and application.At the perception stage, the input language is analysised and synthesised preliminary by the brain.At the resolving stage, the brain produces a series of proposition which is the foundation of listening comprehension.At the application stage, the new semantics proposition activates the existing propositions and knowledge in the brain which can form the updated discourse meaning and knowledge systems.The psychological factors are very important for students to understand the listening materials, and these factors are showed through the attitude of learners, such as their interest, self-confidence, the level of effort and anxiety.Learners’ mental states will affect their learning behavior and learning result directly.Negative mental states, such as anxiety, tension, slack, disgust, fear, and so on, will hinder their learning potential to perform normally.In order to help students overcome the negative sentiment in the listening process, cultivating their learning interest and making them in a good mental state is a good way.Therefore, teachers should analyze the reasons why students have so many negative emotions in their teaching practice, and also teacher should create a relaxed and positive atmosphere for students to learn and activate students' learning interests so that they always put them in a state of excitement.2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening class The Task-Based Approach appeared in the 1980s.It aims to language teaching
real and classroom socialization.The Task-Based Approach is a task or an activity for a particular purpose(Crookes, 1989).In educational curricula, it is mainly used to collect data for research.In the process of language learning, task is a communication activity, and also a kind of language practice which emphasizes “learning by doing“.The core of the Task-Based Approach is the ”learner-centered“ and ”people-oriented“, and the theoretical basis is the ”constructivist".The task is composed of five parts, which are the teaching aims, inputs, forms of activities, the role of teachers and students, and the environment(Nunan, 1989).The Task-Based Approach emphasizes that learners not only focus on the language, but also focus on the process of language learning, and it emphasizes the interaction and cooperation in the process of learning, and also emphasizes the process and results.Task-Based Approach use the relatively realistic tasks to make students complete the task in group discussion or role-playing and other activities, and then strengthen the interaction between teachers and students, motivate students’ learning interest, mobilize the students' positive emotional factors, and cultivate students’ awareness and cognitive abilities.At the same time, Task-Based approach also inspires the students to share their individual experience since they have to complete their task in groups, and then train them to understand, operate and use language.Extensive, in-depth, and complex language using has been fully reflected through the process of completing a task.Therefore, the Task-Based Approach has its own unique merits from its teaching aims or from its teaching model, because the Task-Based Approach not only has the advantages of traditional teaching methods but also has the advantages of the communicative teaching approach.There are three stages of the Task-Based Approach, which are pre-task, task-cycle and post-task(Willis, 1996).The pre-task is the preparation stage;the task-cycle is the implementation stage, and post-task is the acceptance and improvement stage.And these three stages influence with each other.Ⅲ.The current problems in English listening teaching For the current application of Task-Based Approach, the first task is to find the
problems of the listening teaching, which are two major problems in the teaching of learning comprehension.One is in the materials, the other is in the teaching models.3.1 The problems in teaching materials In the listening teaching of English in junior high school, the most important problem that troubles teachers lies in the listening materials.And there are two main problems in the listening materials.Firstly, the listening materials usually used by teachers are written language rather than spoken English, so it is difficult for English learners to understand.Certainly, one can not deny that there is a lot of spontaneous teacher-talk during class, but it is not enough to improve learners’ English listening ability.Secondly, the contents of the materials often do not match the real life.Many listening comprehension books usually include many long passages rather than dialogue and most of them beyond the learners’ ability.After listening, they have to do some comprehension exercises, usually multiple-choice.This teaching approach provides a certain type of practice, but it is not related to our real life.So the course of the listening comprehension is so boring to students.There is no doubt that the English leaner can not improve their listening ability.3.2 The Problems of Classroom Teaching Model In junior high school, most teachers usually prepare listening materials before starting listening class.They usually use a similar way to teach, they often play the tape several times, if students can not understand or memory the main idea of the listening materials, teachers often repeat the materials again and again.And teachers help students by explaining the difficult sentences.Finally, teachers usually check and correct the answers students have done, this is not a class of listening but a class of testing students’ memory, so most of the students are very tired after class.These methods of teaching not only fail to improve students’ listening ability but also make them lose confidence and interest of listening.This kind of class ignores students’ motivation to learn, and never be able to arouse students’ interest, also depresses the atmosphere and the fillings of students.The most important problem is that students do not have any chance to communicate in natural languages, let alone knowing about
the characteristics about real-life communication.From the method of teaching their teacher using, students don’t get any comments from their teacher, as a result this teaching method is not satisfied by many English learners.Ⅳ.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class There are many problems about English listening teaching, especially in rural areas.To solve these problems the Task-Based Approach should be applied to the English listening class.This teaching approach is very important and useful to arouse English teachers’ awareness in order to change these old methods and improve the level of teaching.Task-Based Approach claims that effective learning is not in instruction, but experiential.Task-Based Language Teaching is characterized as collaboration, authenticity, focusing on process and students’ participation, and learning by using it, which is just a sign of modern education(Wang Yanghong, 2004:33-50).4.1 The principles for designing tasks in listening If the teachers want to use the Task-Based Approach in English teaching, they must solve the problem about the teaching materials, and this thesis will introduce three principles for designing of listening tasks.4.1.1 The task should be fun One of the advantages of Task-Based Approach is using the interesting communicative activities to stimulate students’ learning enthusiasm.Therefore, in order to improve the students’ English listening ability, teachers usually design a lot of fun tasks for them, which can arouse students’ motivation of learning.Usually, these interesting games are easy to design.For example, many teacher use pictures and let students describe them before listening, also some teacher permit students to communicate freely in class.These activities are very useful for teacher to help students improve their English learning ability.4.1.2 The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate.If the difficulty level of the
task is beyond the students’ ability, it will lead to the entire classroom teaching fail, and then dampen the learners’ enthusiasm.Therefore, when teachers design the listening tasks, the difficulty level is very important.There is a lot of factors that can affect the listening difficulty level, but they often fall into three types:(1)The type of language used.The contents of the listening materials should match the real life.Therefore teacher should use the spoken language rather than written language in class.(2)The purpose for listening.Teachers should prepare some questions for students before listening, and ask students to finish them after listening.(3)The context of listening.Many students can’t understand the listening material because of without background knowledge.So teachers should provide enough background information to students.4.1.3 Learning by Doing
Actually, learning by doing is gaining knowledge from practice, which emphasizes to take students as a center.Teachers should guide the students to learn the language by performing a specific task.What’s more, student can achieve and enrich the learning experiences and strategies through designing some special-purpose language activities and completing some specific communicative tasks.Therefore, they can enjoy the joy of success.Students have to master the language used in the classroom communication, although they still have to learn grammar and memorizing vocabulary.If one wants to master the knowledge of the language, he/she should depend on himself, rather than teachers.Long(1933)believe that “ a Task-Based Approach sees the language process as one of learning through doing—it is primarily engaging in meaning that the students’ system is encouraged to develop”.4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class
The traditional model of teaching has affected the validity of the listening class.The nature of the Task-Based Learning is the process of learning by doing, and the students are engaged in natural language learning through experience and expectation.In the process of listening, what teacher needs to do first is to provide opportunities
and designing process.And teachers have to make the process of leaning more effective, in different stages, students can master certain skills of learning by with a specific purpose and working in different sub-tasks.According to the listening teaching model of Underwood’s and Willis’ model of the task-based instruction, the author tries to establish a task-based listening teaching model.Taking “Unit 8, anything else?” as an example(Chinese Ministry of Education, 2002)4.2.1 Pre-listening stage The principal function of tasks and exercises at this stage is to provide orientation to the input topic and to activate learners’ own knowledge and frames of reference(Keith and Helen, 2002:321-328).This target can be achieved through a variety of ways: using pictures, open discussion, reading a text on the same subject, prediction of the content, or doing some language practice, such as identifying related words or a group of pre-listening problems.In addition, teachers may also need to introduce a number of important topics related words and phrases which the leaner don’t know before.The first and foremost, teacher have to come up with an interesting topic which is related to the task.The teachers should know that all the students understand what the task involves and what its goal is.At this stage, Wang(2002)provides students with the following activities to finish.(1)Prediction
Studies show that good learners usually have good prediction.In order to help students become good listeners, the teachers try to help the learners become better predictors.This teaching method can help the students to improve their ability of listening.In order to improve the students’ listening ability, teachers often give students some topics to discuss before start listening, and teachers usually use different activities to encourage students predicting what they will listen to.Many times, the listening materials contain some pictures.Students can usually predict about what they will listen to according to them.(2)Set the Scene
Another type of pre-reading activities for students is to set the scene.It is more
difficult to leaner to listen to in class than in real life.Because in our daily life, we know clearly what we talk and why we talk when we communicate with each other.However, in the classroom, we just passively listen to a lot of listening material and it does not match to real life, so it is difficult for us to understand.Therefore, teacher should provide enough background information to the English learners to activate the schema of the learners, so the students will prepare to understand what they will listen to.For example, teacher provides a picture to students, and asks them to look at it.By doing so, the schema of related scene can be activated, and thus will make the listening task easier.4.2.2 while-listening stage Crookes argues that the while-listening stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control.Because at this stage students can came across many difficulties, for example, they don’t understand what they have listened to, so some student may give up going on listening.However, if the teacher provides students with some background information, students will not lose confidence while listening.Another important thing is that if the teacher provides students with a goal or task it can help the learners to focus on the listening materials.Teacher should design different kinds of tasks for students while they are listening to a passage.A few examples are as follows.(1)Listening for the gist.At this stage, firstly, teachers should make students understand what they should know from the listening material while listening.In our daily life, we have no chance to listen to something several times.Many times, although we can’t catch every single word the speakers said, we can understand them from the gist of what they said.Therefore it is importance for teachers to prepare some questions for students before start listening, and these questions must be related to the listening materials, and then make students understand the gist of the listening materials by these questions.If teacher use this way in listening class, students will cultivate a good habit of how to practice listening, and they will know that they only focus on the gist of listening materials rather than every single word.This not only can arouse their interesting but
also can help them improve their ability of communication in our real life.(2)Taking notes while listening.Because students can’t remember all the information they have heard after listening, teacher should ask them make notes whiling listening, which can help them understand the materials clearly.Certainly, teachers should make students understand how to make notes.For example, if the listening material is about some one, teachers will ask students to focus on some important information as follows: What does he/she do? How old is he/she? What does he/she like? So students can complete some tasks through taking notes.Using this approach can improve the students’ listening ability, so teacher should make students cultivate a good habit of taking notes.(3)Listening and filling When we do listening practice, we always do some questions about blank filling.We are very familiar with it.And this question is very difficult for students to finish.So teacher give students some tips about it.For example, teachers ask students to read the uncompleted passage before listening, and then finish the blank while listening.Also teachers should let students know how to focus on the details.For example, function words are almost unstressed and therefore some times difficult for students to hear, so teachers always help students infer them according to the whole passage.Using this ways can help students improve their ability of listening comprehension.Here is an example.Tom has _____________________.Lily has____________________.Her father is a_________________.He is a _____________________.4.2.3 Post-listening stage Post learning activities comprise a range of follow-up possibilities, including lexical and grammatical development, role play, writing practice various tasks and so on(Keith and Helen, 2001:321-328)
(1)gap-filling At this sage, firstly, teachers give students an incomplete summary of the text that students will listen to.This kind of practice is also very difficult for students.Firstly, the students have to make notes while listening.And then teachers give students some minutes to tidy up their taking notes.Finally, students have to complete the summary according to their own notes.However, they can use their own words, rather than original words from the listening materials to complete the summary.This is good activity for students to practice their listening.(2)Picking up the discussions on the pre-listening.At this stage, instead of other kinds of questions, open-ended questions can be discussed.Teachers always divide the students into small groups.These questions are prepared by teacher before start listening.Certainly, the answers of some questions have been discussed before listening.For example, why do you like Beijing? Do you want to study abroad? Why? Many times, some views of students are similar to the author, so they can complete the questions easily.Another type of questions students can’t discuss before listening but only be inferred from the text.So teachers give students some minutes to prepare and divide them into small groups to share their individual views.This way can improve their study efficiency.V.Conclusion Task-Based approach shows that the teaching aims and teaching functions have been transformed.The Task-Based Approach has become a respectable new teaching approach through the 20 years of exploration and practice.It gives teachers and students a new challenge and innovation.Moreover, it stimulates students' interest and motivation, and gives students a new feeling and sense of accomplishment.At the same time, the Task-Based Approach also continue to be improved and perfected in practice.Each teaching approach has its merits and demerits, however, it is extremely important for teachers to mobilize the students’ interest in learning and to design proper tasks for students to participate in the act of listening.References [1]Anderson and Lynch.Listening[M].London: Oxford University Press,1988.[2]Bruner.Child’s talk: Learning to Use Language[M].New York: Norton,1983.[3]Crookes.Task and language learning: Integrating theory and practice[M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters,2000.[4]Keith Johnson and Helen Johnson.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics Handbook for Language Teaching[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2001(2):321-328 [5]Long.Input, Interaction and Second Language Acquisition PhD [D],Los Angels:University of California,1993.[6]MC Dough.Research methods for English language teachers [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1981.[7]Nunan.Communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum TESOL Quarterly[J].Research methods for english language teachers,1998(2): 279-295.[8]O’Malley.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1998.[9]Prabhu.Second language pedagogy[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987.[10]Richards and Rodgers.Approaches and methods in language teaching[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.[11]Richards and Platt.Longman dictionary of language teaching[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1992.[12]Sheerin.Listening comprehension: Teaching or testing[J].English Language Teaching,1987(2):42-43.[13]Skehan, P.Tasks type and task processing condition as influences on foreign language Performance[J].Language Teaching Research ,1998(4):185-211 [14]Ur.Discussion on listening comprehension[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996.[15]Underwood.Have you heard?[ M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999.[16]Wang Qiang.A Course in English Language Teaching[M].Beijing: Higher Education
press,2000.[17]Willis.A Flexible Framework for Task-Based Learning[J].Change in Language Teaching 1996(2)52-62.[18]蔡兰珍.任务型教学法在大学英语写作中的应用[J].外语界,2002,(4):41-46.[19]成晓光.对我国课程标准的思考[J].外语与外语教学,1995,(2):23-250.[20]方申萍.译述第二语言听力理解中的学习策略培训[J].国外外语教学,2000,(4):21-45.[21]丰玉芳.任务型语言教学在英语教学中的应用[J].外语与外语教学,2004,(6):35-380.[22]葛文山.简论任务型教学模式在基础英语中的实施[J].中小学英语教学,2003,(2):28-300.[23]国家教育部.英语新课程标准[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.[24]国家教育部.Go for it[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2002.[25]廖晓青.Bangalore交际教学简介[J].国外外语教学,2002,(2):24-280.[26]李敏.任务型教学在中学英语听力教学中的运用[D].甘肃:教育学院英语学科教育,2005.[27]魏永红.任务型语言教学在英语教学中的应用[J].外语与外语学,2004,(6):35-50.Acknowledgements
My deep gratitude first goes to my tutor, Mr.Liu, who has given me a lot of enlightening instructions in my paper and guides me through the process of writing this essay.He always takes pains to read my papers and gives me valuable advice.Without his guidance and valuable suggestions, the completion of this essay would not have been possible.I really appreciate his unreserved help and will keep it in mind forever.Sincere thanks also go to the others teachers who taught me during my four years of college life.They have greatly benefited my intellectual growth through their inspiring lectures.I am also grateful to my dear roommates and friends who have offered me a lot of helpful suggestions and valuable reference books.Finally, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family for their support, encouragement and understanding they have given me for these years.
第三篇:任务型教学法在英语教学中的应用
任务型教学法在英语教学中的应用
任务型教学法始于20世纪80年代,是吸收了以往多种教学法的优点而形成的。它作为一个新的理念,正备受英语界的关注,在英语教学中是非常有效的。它可以激发学生学习英语的兴趣,有助于学生自主学习,同时使学生有意识地把语言知识和语言技能结合起来,牢固掌握知识,从而应用到英语学习中,获得语言运用的综合能力。它给学生的英语学习创造了一个理想的环境,启发学生的想像力和创造性思维,有助于拓宽学生的知识面,使学生能够运用英语分析和解决真实生活中所存在的问题,从而达到“为用而学、用中学、学中用”的目的。
根据任务型教学法的重要理论可知,任务型教学法属于以学习为中心的教学法。任务型教学是指教师通过引导语言学习在课堂上完成任务来进行的教学。它以合理的任务组织教学,使学生积极参与,强化他们的互动交流能力,培养他们自身的认知能力,调动他们大脑中的英语资源,在履行任务的过程中激发学生的语言习得和应用能力。任务概念是任务型教学法中的重要概念,也是整个语言教学、乃至许多非语言学科课堂教学理论的重要概念。在英语的教学中,在很大程度上,教师对任务的选择决定了课堂学习的目标、学习进行的方式、学生和教师角色的作用,甚至学习成果的表现和评价方式。任务型教学法是一种以学生为中心的、能体现英语语言价值的有效教学途径,包含先进的教学原则和理念,但要将它有效地应用于外语教学课堂中,我们中学英语教学实践者必须首先做到的是认识和了解任务及任务型教学法的本质,以及任务设计的基本原则。运用任务型教学法进行英语教学的过程中,教师要做的首要环节就是呈现任务。在任务的驱动下,学生能够运用自己的思维,通过完成具体的任务主动地去习得英语,并且积极、主动地参与到各种任务中来,真正地做到“做中学”,并从中获得和积累相应的学习经验,享受学习带来的乐趣。
在英语教学的实际应用中,任务型教学使学生身临其境,真正获得情感体验和调整学习策略,形成积极的学习态度,促进其语言实际运用能力的提高。它强调以任务为核心,任务设计的质量是一堂课成败的关键。另外,Skehan也提出“表达意义是任务的首要目的。”所以,在设计任务的过程中,教师应当站在教学目标的高度,从学生的角度考虑,分析某特定年龄阶段学生的心理,切实了解学生想做什么,会做什么,该做什么,从而设计出促使学生全面发展的以意义为中心的任务,真正做到教学以教师为主导以学生为主体。任务型课堂教学活动根据其交互特点可大致分为五类:故事链任务(小组中每人讲一段故事,全小组讲完整个故事);信息差任务(两组或多组信息互补,协商完成任务);解决问题任务(围绕一个问题或根据一系列信息,找出解决问题的办法);做决定任务(围绕一个和多个结果,通过协商或讨论作出选择);观点交换任务(通过讨论,相互交换意见,不必达成共识)。譬如,在教师讲授有关购物知识的课堂上,为激发学生的兴趣,可以这样设计任务:把学生分为两组:一组学生扮演店员,一组扮演顾客。要求扮演店员的学生要努力销售自己的物品,以成为第一个卖完物品又挣最多钱的人;扮演顾客的学生每人有50元,要购买老师发给的购物单上的物品(不同的店可以卖同样的物品),他们要向不同的店员询问价格,看谁能用最少的钱买到要求的物品。然后换角色再进行一次。这样设计符合学生的常识和心理,学生就不会有被迫学习的感觉,具有生活气息和真实性。从上面所述,我们可以看出任务型教学具有较为明确的目标指向,这种目标指向具有两重性,一是任务本身要达到的非教学目的,二是利用任务所要达到的预期的教学目的。还具有详细的任务内容和履行某一任务的程序和方法,即做什么和怎样做;教师要提前准备好一些辅助材料,使任务更具真实性,使任务的履行更具操作性,更好地与教学结合;促使学生与学生之间、学生与教师之间、学生与输入材料之间进行双边或多边互动。在任务设计中,要遵循连贯性,实用性,趣味性;并且教师必须转变一个观念,就是要充分相信学生的能力,学生本身就是最可利用的课程资源;充分发挥学生的独立性和创造性,使学生擅于表达,擅于交流。
在英语的实际教学中,影响任务实施的的因素有很多。对于选择任务型教学法实施课堂教学的教师(包括大纲设计者和教材编写者)来说,最实际的一个问题就是如何使任务的难度适合于学习者当前的语言程度和水平。要把握和调整任务的难度,就必须分析影响任务难度的因素。一个显而易见的事实是,语言因素并不是任务设计中确定难度的唯一因素。我们以听力任务为例,一些非语言因素也起非常重要的作用。包括听话人的内部因素,如注意力、对一篇听力相关知识的了解、对主题的兴趣﹑动机等,甚至听话人当时的心情好坏,都可能对听力理解的成功与否产生影响。Brown和Yule就曾提出影响听力难度的四大因素。其一是说话人因素,包括参与说话的人数,说话人是否使用方言,语速、语音是否标准等;其二是听话人因素,包括听话人的角色(参与者,旁听者,甚至偷听者)、要求回答的信息涵盖量、听话人对主题的了解等;其三是内容因素,包括所听语篇的类型、语篇涉及的语法、词汇及信息结构的复杂度、所涉及的背景知识等;其四是辅助因素,即在听的过程之中,是否提供可以促进理解的辅助手段,如图表、关键词汇或短语等。事实上,如果对Brown和Yule所列举的这些大项所包含的子项进行进一步分析,还可找出更多的影响理解听力难度的因素。以“语篇”为例,就包括:首先,语篇信息组织和结构的复杂度;其二,所提供信息的充分程度(是否需要通过推理才能获得信息或问题答案);其三,所涉及的主题,比如是日常生活中广为熟悉的,还是较专业或生僻的;其四,语篇在信息组织中使用衔接手段的类型。另外,听话人目的也影响任务实施的难度。所谓听话人目的,是指听话人根据任务需要对语篇进行理解和加工的方式和程度。如识别、定位、重点理解、细节理解、全面理解、推理等。如果只要求识别,判断出人名﹑地名﹑事物名称﹑广告中的形容词,任务的难度很小,如要求全面理解,或需要推理信息,则任务的难度显然要增大。由上述可知,在任务设计中,影响任务难度的因素多种多样。教师应根据学生的具体情况,综合分析不同任务中影响任务难度的种种因素,选择合适的任务的原则搭配,同时利用或提供必要的辅助手段,将任务难度调整到适当程度,以使任务具有可操作性,真实性,使教学达到最佳效果。在教师的指导下,使学生在活动中学习知识,培养人际交往、思考、决策和应变能力,使学生德智体美劳全面发展。
在英语教学中,任务型教学仍然存在不足,需要进一步发展、完善。首先,教师不能完全按照任务型教学法的理论进行教学活动,要有意识地把理论与实践相结合,根据具体情况做适当的调整。譬如,英国语言学家Jane Willis在她的专著A Framework for Task-based Learning 中提出的任务型课堂教学的三个步骤: 1.前任务(Pre-Task)——教师引入任务。
2.任务循环流程(Task-cycle):
a.任务(task)——学生执行任务;
b.计划(planning)——各组学生准备如何向全班报告任务完成的情况;
c.报告(reporting)——学生报告任务完成情况。
3.语言聚焦(Language focus):
a.分析(analysis)——学生通过录音分析其他各组执行任务的情况;
b.操练(practice)——学生在教师指导下练习语言难点。
如果教师让学生按照任务循环流程(Task-cycle)中的三个步骤进行课堂活动,会使学生感觉到没有新意,使课堂氛围机械乏味。因为这样的任务设计可能大大超出学生的能力和知识面,使他们产生“我们什么都不知道”的心理压力,导致学生失去学习兴趣,产生厌学的情绪。并且,作为促进学习的教学任务,教师更多地关注它的教学目的,在授课过程中也难以把握这个合适的尺度。所以一些任务型教学的理论需要进一步提高和完善,需要在实践中多多探讨。另外,学生大多以小组的形式来完成任务,教师在其间不直接指导会使一些学生产生侥幸心理,敷衍了事。如果这种现象出现,教师不能及时发现及时给予指导,会非常不利于学生的心理健康乃至国家教育事业的发展。
在英语的教学中,任务型教学法的效果是非常显著的,它给学生提供了表现自我的机会和进行语言交流的平台,激发学生进行独立思考,有利于保持英语学习的积极性,养成良好的语言习得。在教师的指导下,使教学活动呈阶梯式层层推进,使语言的学习过程逐渐自动化和自主化。但是它是一种新型的语言教学方式,需要在教学的过程中不断探索,不断实践,从而积累精华,使任务型教学模式在英语语言学习上达到近乎完美的效果。
第四篇:任务型教学法在英语教学中的应用
任务型教学法在英语教学中的应用
2012级英语师范2班 李倩 20124033058 【摘要】:随着全球化形势的发展,以及对具有英语综合能力的人才的需求,任务型教学法由国外引入到我国的大学英语课堂教学中。任务型教学法重视学生的情感因素,强调通过任务来实现对语言的意识和感知,它不仅发展听、说、读、写等多种语言技能,并且在此基础上发展综合运用英语的能力。本文从各个方面着手,通过对任务型教学法的分析,探讨任务型教学法在英语教学中的应用。【关键词】: 任务型教学法 英语教学 分析应用 【正文】:
一、任务型教学法的定义及其基本理论
任务教学法是指以完成交际任务为教学目标的外语教学方法,它通过师生互动来共同完成语言教学任务,使外语学习者自然地习得语言,取得外语学习的进步。学生知识的获得主要不是靠教师传授,而是学习者在一定的情境(即社会文化背景)下借助他人(包括教师和学习伙伴)的帮助,利用必要的学习资料获得。在这一教学过程中,教师根据教学目标,课前精心设计任务,课堂上以学生完成既定任务为主,辅以教师的适当指导,学生通过自己的努力去实现计划、完成任务,而且在这一过程中不断评估自己的学习。任务型教学法模式,要求学生在教师的指导下通过“做中学,学中做”全面发展。综合运用语言能力,以任务为教学策略基础,强调从运用语言的任务入手进行教学,让学生完成一项事实的任务进行学习,从而培养学生运用语言的能力。它体现了“以学生为主体,以任务为中心和以活动为方式”的思想,有助于学生自主学习,提高学生运用语言进行交际的能力,增强学生学习的兴趣和信心,是素质教育在英语教学中的具体体现。
任务型教学的目标:任务型教学把人们在社会生活中所做的事情细分为若干非常具体的“任务”并把培养学生具备完成这些任务的能力作为教学目标。任务型课堂模式把学生的注意力聚集在怎样利用英语作为交流的工具来完成任务,而不只是关心自己所说的句子是否正确,任务完成的结果为学习者提供自我评价的标准,并使其产生成就感这些目标是为课堂教学服务的,学生是直接的受益者。任务型语言教学的理论依据:理论依据来自许多方面,有心理学、社会语言学、语言习得研究等等。任务型语言教学的理论依据之一来自对语言习得的研究,根据语言习得懂得规律,语法知识的记忆不能保证语言使用的正确,必须有大量的语言输入才能使得学生掌握所学习的语言,即语言的真实使用。任务型教学法也可以最大限度地激发学生内在的学习动机。在语言的使用方面,采用各种各样的任务,也可以使学生有机会综合运用他们所学的语言,在交流中把注意力集中在语言所表达的意义上,以运用语言和完成任务为最目标,从而降低他们的心理压力。在完成任务的过程中,学生学会调控自己的学习目标,调整自己的学习的学习行为,逐渐产生自主学习的意识。学生通过完成任务,在真实或模拟真实的情境中创造性地综合运用他们所学的语言知识,发展他们的语言能力。
二、任务型教学法在英语教学中的实际应用
任务型教学模式,让学生在教师的指导下,通过感知、体验、实践参与和合作等形式,逐步达到教学目标规定的要求。教师要在教学目标的指导下施教,使学生能在任务型教学方式下感受成功,并在学习的过程中获得情感体验和调整学习策略,形成积极的学习态度,促进其语言实际运用能力的提高。任务型课堂的教学就是把课堂活动任务化,以任务为核心,计划教学步骤,所以“任务“设计的质量是一堂课成败的关键。设计的任务应具有挑战性,能让学生体验成功。所以我们必须认真作好学生需要分析,切实了解学生想做什么,会做什么,该做什么,需要设计学以致用的任务,与生活有关的任务,促进学生全面发展的任务。
任务设计的原则:①交际性。交际能力的培养,旨在以更加有效的方式提高外语教学水平,使学习者的学习与社会需要密切结合起来。②科学性,以认知心理学理论框架为基础,目标明确,导向作用鲜明。③知识性、趣味性。通过完成各项任务,学生既巩固了语言知识,又扩展了知识面,提高了综合运用语言能力。④可操作性,以学习者为中心,以大纲和教材为基础,以学习者的需要和现实交际活动为参照,有利于用外语解决实际问题。⑤创造性,人人参与其中,每个人都要为他人设计任务,每个人都要以自己的方式,用自己的语言完成他人设计的任务。
任务教学法的步骤:具体的任务教学模式有所差别,但大致都依据一下步骤:
前任务:教师引入任务,呈现完成任务所需的知识,介绍任务的要求和实施任务的步骤。
任务环:以个人、双人、小组等形式执行各项任务,小组向班级报告任务完成的情况。
后任务:由分析(学生分析并评价其他各组执行任务的情况)和操练(学生在教师指导下练习所学知识难点)两部分组成。
任务型教学的关键在于任务设计。任务的设计须具有意义性、可操作性、真实性、差距性和拓展性等。我们最终要建立的是师生高度交互的专业英语教学模式,如图1所示。
下面以一课为例说明任务型教学法在英语教学中的应用:
教学SEFC BOOK1 Unite 16 Fire,围绕:制定一个家庭火灾逃生计划(make a home fire escape plan)这一主题,我为学生设计了下列任务:1.Find the fire hazards of the rooms of the house.2.correct the fire hazards.3.Safety tips to make a house safe 4.How to respond safety to home fire.火灾给人类带来很大的危害,稍有不慎就会造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。如果学生具有一定的火灾防范意识和掌握一些自救措施,就能在生活中有效地防止火灾的发生或减轻火灾造成的伤害。因此,我在该单元教学中设计了上述任务,其目的在于使学生能够运用英语解决真实生活中所存在的问题,从而达到“为用而学、用中学、学中用”的目的。我现将此任务的实施步骤分诉如下:
在完成任务一“寻找房间的危险”之前,我先让学生看一段介绍Michelle所住房屋的录像片段,观察他家的bedroom,living room,kitchen ,bathroom等不同房间所存在的火灾隐患,从而为完成这一任务打下基础。为了更好地完成任务二“消除火灾患源”我让学生4人一组进行有针对性的讨论。学生在完成前两项任务的基础上结合录象内容,以小组合作的形式围绕smoke alarms,fire extinguisher,doors and other things that easily catch fire ,cooking safety ,heating safety ,electrical safety等方面进行讨论,进而完成任务三“房屋安全建议”。第四个任务是“如何安全逃离火灾现场”,学生结合课文所学到的知识和一般性常识找出应对措施。通过完成此项任务,学生能够后清楚地了解火灾发生时应该做什么,不应该做什么,如何才能安全逃脱现场,我将学生讨论的结果总结和整理如下: 1.Have something wet cover your face or your body to avoid being burned.2.Before opening any door in a fire ,feel it first to avoid being trapped.3.When escaping ,stay low to the floor ,because smoke rises during a fire.4.Get out fast and never hide or tackle tine to gather up your belongings.5.Use the stairs instead of the lift if you live in the upper floor of a tall building.6.Stay outside no matter what has happened.Do not go back for anything.7.Call 119 or the fire department for help.8.Choose a safe place to meet outside after you have left your home.从上面所诉,我们可以看出任务型教学注重真实场景下的,以明确目标为向导的语言交际活动,它要求学生通过完成任务的学习活动来掌握真实、实用和有意义的语言。它提倡以教师为主导,以学生为主体的教学活动,它倡导体验、实践、参与、交流和合作的学习方式。学生在参与教师或教材精心设计的任务型学习活动中认识语言,运用语言,发现问题,找出规律,归纳知识和感受成功。
三、任务教学法的优点及不足:
优点:1)任务型教学法有助于解决大学英语大班上课的难题
在大班英语课堂教学中,学生人数较多,一直以来的传统教学模式是以“教师讲授,学生听记”为主,学生只是被动地学习,很少有运用所学语言进行交流的机会,缺少参与课堂活动的积极性,导致课堂气氛沉闷。这种教学方式不仅忽视了培养学生应用语言的能力,而且违背了语言学习的基本规律。而在“任务型”教学中,学生在完成一系列特定设计的“任务”的过程中实现运用语言和语言习得的目的。在此过程中每个学生都是任务的参与者和执行者,不再是传统课堂上的旁听者。
2)任务教学法有助于发展学生的综合技能
综合技能是指除了语言技能和交际技能之外,其中还包括学习技能、生活技能、竞争技能等。任务型教学法创造情境让学生在运用语言当中学习语言,在小组活动中和交际当中学习语言,改“语言学习”为“完成任务”。活动过程中不再只是重视语言形式,语言功能、语言内容和使用都在活动当中得到重视。语言技能从理论形态转换为实践形态,都必须通过学生自身的实践活动,从而大幅度增加了学生的语言实践机会。
3)任务型教学法有助于培养学生的良好性格和情感
在执行任务的过程中,每个学生都承担着不同的任务,并且小组成员之间需要相互协作,小组之间不仅是竞争的关系还是相互学习的关系,这有助于培养学生的团队合作精神。学生在完成任务的过程中能够体会进步感和成就感并感受到自己的不足。
4)任务型教学法有助于学生的自主学习能力和创新思维的培养 任务型教学模式强调语言环境的真实性,任务的设置都是根据学生的生活场景、学习场景、兴趣爱好、实际英语水平等,任务的完成过程也非常贴近生活,因此很容易激发学生的学习兴趣。其次,学生在完成任务的过程中因为要与其它小组竞争,会想出各种点子来体现出与众不同,每次任务汇报时总能发现有几个小组让人耳目一新的表现。因此任务型语言教学也有助于学生创新思维的培养。
5)任务型教学法有助于更好地转变教师的作用和角色
大学英语教师的角色应该根据不同的教学形式有所变化。在任务型课堂中,教师不再仅仅是知识的传授者,而且是语言活动的指导者、组织者和促进者。任务教学法尤其强调明确教师的任务。教师要根据不同的学习目的设计任务,确定不同群体的学生的学习目标。教师从传统教学法的满堂灌似的疲惫中解脱出来。在布置任务时,起的是组织者的导演作用 ;在学生执行任务的过程中给与及时的指点、评价和建议,支持和鼓励学生,让学生有安全感、满足感和成就感,充当的是协调员、咨询员,是指导者、促进者的角色。这种教师角色的转变一方面有利于课堂教学的需要,有利于培养学生的能力,另一方面也有利于发展教师自身的组织协调能力和管理能力,以便不断接受来自学生的挑战。
不足:任务型教学法要求学生运用所学语言完成具体任务、并强调学生的主动参与,它强调交际的过程和语言的功能,注重发展学生的学习策略,因而有利于提高学生的创新精神和语言运用能力。当然,任务型教学存在一些不完备的地方,比如任务的选择并有进行需求分析,任务的等级评定也是任意的,并且任何形式中心的活动在语言教学中都受到排斥,学生以对子或小组的形式来完成任务,教师在其间不直接指导都有待进一步探讨和研究。
任务型教学法是语言教学的有效途径,同时它是一种新型的教学方式,因此需要在教学中大胆实践,积极探索,使任务型教学模式能够在提高学生的英语实际运用能力上发挥出最大的效应。
结论:
通过教学实践对比,可发现任务教学法的教学效率远高于其他类型的教学效率。它的应用活跃了课堂氛围,激发了学习兴趣,学生积极参与各项任务,他们查找和处理信息的能力、探究问题的能力和交际合作的能力能得到充分展现。学习英语的最终目的是为了在实践中运用,而英语教学的目的是为了实现学习者在日常生活中能用英语来完成交流的目的。任务教学法正是为了实现这一目的应运而生,它从重视语言本身到强调语言习得与运用,它较好体现以学生为中心的理念。任务教学法倡导的意义:长期以来,我国大学英语教学所采用的是讲授法。教师的讲解占据了课堂的大多数时间,学生没有足够的实践机会,学生成为语言知识的被动接受者。教育部2001年7月制定《英语课程标准》明确指出:“教师应该避免单纯传授语言知识的教学方法,尽量采用`任务型'的教学途径”。任务教学法是如今高等教育界提倡和推崇的“以人为本”、“以学习为本”、注重培养应用能力的一种新型教学法。任务型教学法与传统的英语教学法有很大的不同:任务型教学开始就呈现任务,以学生在任务的驱动下用语言做事。为了完成各项学习任务,学生的活动将以意义为中心,尽力调动各种语言资源进行意义构建,以达到解决某个交际问题。任务型教学具有目的性、过程性、综合性和思维的挑战性等的特点,有效地培养学生语言综合能力。任务教学法与其他讲授法相比,更加重视听、说能力的训练,它吸取、融合了其它教学法的精华,为学习过程提供了更好的语境,能更好地培养学生的英语运用能力。
总的来说,在大学英语课堂上采用任务型教学法无论对于学生还是教师来说都是巨大的转变,实践证明学生普遍接受这种教学模式,并且这种模式的课堂效率远远高于传统课堂,有效缓解了大班上课教师无法顾及大部分学生的弊端,有利于学生健康情感的培养。参考文献:
[1]丰玉芳、唐晓岩.任务型语言教学法在英语教学中的运用[J].外语与外语教学,2004(6).[2]李海燕(广东金融学院,广东,广州510521)任务教学法在大学英语教学的应用研究 [3]林纯(广州纺织服装职业学校, 广东 广州 510310)浅谈任务语言教学法
[4]郑红苹(西南大学 外国语学院,重庆 400715)英语任务型语言教学的内涵、特点及实施
第五篇:任务型教学法在课堂中的应用
任务教学法在课堂中的应用
摘要:教师的教学目标决定所采取的教学法及相应的教学形式。本文阐述了任务型教学法思想在课堂中的应用方法、原则、可能遇到的问题及相应的解决办法。关键词:任务型教学法 以人为本 教学目标
所谓好老师,简尔言之,就是能教好书育好人的老师。教书和育人是同一过程的辨证统一的两个方面,教好书的同时,塑造好学生的思想品德,促进学生智力和品行的发展。
这样,以什么样的思想或计划去上课,到底要把学生培育成什么样的人至关重要。老师不仅要让学生学到起码的专业知识,更重要的是树立他们的学习生活目标,改变他们的生活认知坏习惯,然后,教他们如何去做,以怎样的生活学习态度去做。学生自己做了,才能真正学到想要的东西。这样,明确了教学目标,再去设计课堂,就有的放矢。
鉴于以上教学思想,本人在设计课堂时主要采用任务型教学法的思想:“以学习者为中心,以人为本。”创造生动活泼的课堂气氛,在分析了解学习者认知能力和习惯的基础上,为其设计目标和任务,激发他们的学习兴趣和动机,鼓励他们以独立或小组讨论的形式完成任务。在完成任务的过程中或反思复习时,老师再做必要的引导,阐述自己的思维、思想、逻辑,让学生潜移默化养成好的习惯,认识自己的学习生活目标。简而言之,任务型教学法,就是在老师的指导下,以学习者完成某些任务的形式来组织教学活动。
在实际教学中,经过认真充足的备课,总能给学生们提出很多的问题,精心安排好各种活动或任务。这些问题,不是像讲课那样直接就告诉或者灌输给学生。学生必须要用脑子去想,然后试着努力去做。无论是上课刚开始的口语报告(由学生课下准备,报告结束后,任何学生都可以对报告人提问,这样,全班的气氛都会调动起来),还是课文中的词汇辨义比较,文化背景典故,以及课后的练习,都要作为一种任务的形式由学生自己去完成。哪怕课程稍微慢点,但效果却远比一般的灌输式好。学生是主体,是课堂的中心;老师是舵手,是引导者,同时也是课堂的创造者和示范者。
一、应用任务型教学法的原则
1.让学生自己去做。上课不是老师去想去做,而是让学生怎样去做。自己口若悬河,天花乱坠也无济于事。学生应该是“历史的创造者”。
2.让学生养成好习惯。好习惯可收事半功倍之效。这里的好习惯不仅指良好的学习认知习惯,还有生活中的好习惯。要让学生养成好习惯,自己必须养成好习惯,不仅向学生展现自己的思维学术能力,还包括不要养成随地吐痰等恶习。你的言行举止学生都看在眼里,记在心里。
3.教师要有计划有目标。每一年,每一学期各阶段要有全局和阶段性计划。自己都六神无主,更不用说学生了。只有计划和目标做好,并尽力去实行,学生才能“从胜利走向胜利”。本人在综合英语教学中,针对学生特点及学科要求,每学期目标都非常明显。学生无意中已学到每个阶段应该学到的东西。
4.教师要做好充足准备。因为学生随时提问,任何问题都有可能。这就要求老师提前做充足的准备,对教材要了如指掌,对语法、词汇、文化等知识面要更宽,理解更深,更熟悉。同时,还要反应敏捷。
二、任务型教学法的优势
1.以学习者为中心,以人为本。更加重视学生的自我解决问题的能力和“自学”。本人曾经做过实验,期末考试时,考学生没有上过的五个单元的课文和练习。考试的结果丝毫不亚于以前上过的课程。这说明,学生能完成老师代替他们完成的任务,他们可以从懒惰中变得主动和勤快。
2.所有任务都具有真实性,贴近生活,能激发学生的学习乐趣。所有的话题和任务都是经过精挑细选的,学生具有完成任务的能力和材料。各种任务都能发挥他们的想象力和创造力。整节课在相互提问,解决问题中完成。课堂气氛相当活跃。
3.最能提高学生各种语言能力以及思维和解决问题的能力。因为在完成任务时,谁也不会料到会发生什么情况,别人会有什么疑问,所以这一过程往往会变得非常真实,最后,情景交融。学生不会再去背自己已经写好的稿子,他们需要的是如何解决问题,这时候的英语更加真实。最终,学生的随机应变能力肯定会增强,语言交流能力也会在不经意间得到改善。4.更能展现老师和学生的想象力和创造性,为年轻老师展示人格魅力和才华提供了一个舞台。应用任务型教学法,课堂往往没有定格,气氛非常活跃,老师在创造和引导学生的时候可以随心所欲地发挥自己的见识和才能。老师与学生的交流变得自然,人与人之间的障碍也自然而然地消除了,师生之间的感情甚是融洽。
三、应用任务型教学法碰到的问题
1.所安排的任务难度较难把握。容易了,学生就不能更好地锻炼自己的能力,完成任务无异于浪费时间。本人在我校某一商贸英语班就碰到类似问题。当时,为了锻炼学生获取信息的能力,要求他们在课下尽最大努力找到离我们学校最近的三家编织袋生产商,并且获取有关编织袋的规格数据,以及厂家尽可能多的信息。本人曾经暗示他们可以通过电话查询,公司黄页,熟人,使用编织袋的厂家,或是到市场上去获取信息。但经过一个星期,没有一个人完成。除了学生固有的惰性之外,任务的难度可能确实超出了他们的能力范围。
2.课堂转轨困难。学生已经习惯了灌输式教育,习惯老师站在讲台上口若悬河地讲,他们在底下悠闲地听课,这种惰性使得他们不愿去接受任务。有位同学曾经跟我这样说:“我们上课跟不上差不多”。她的意思是说,我没有像其他老师那样按部就班地把课文、习题细致入微地讲解,所以她感觉老师明明就没有上课嘛,自己没有学到东西。这其实是学生还没有认识到课堂的变化。老师教的是方法和习惯,而不是那些学生完全可以自己完成的练习,单词。
3.对任务型课堂组织形式适用范围的理解。任务型课堂组织形式更适合基础较好,年级较高的学生。如果基础太差,还没有解决问题的能力,或无法纠错、矫正错误,则此形式会适得其反。
四、解决所遇到的问题的方法
设计任务时要有一定弹性。只要了解学生的基本知识水平和能力,就可以对任务进行挑选,使这些任务更加适合学生,同时引起他们的兴趣,激发他们的想象,使他们在自己的努力下完成任务时有种成就感。
学生的思想也是可以塑造的。首先,要想让他们接受这种课堂教学,必须要做一些说明,做学生的思想工作。让他们了解自己的意图,共同的目标。其次,是课堂设计要有想象力,能激发学生的兴趣,创造真实而又活泼生动的课堂气氛,让学生自然而然地溶入课堂。这就要求教师充分地去设计课堂。
任务教学法不像灌输式教学那样注重细节,可能容易错过一些语言点,一些细节的东西。另外,完成任务时间有限,琐碎的知识就不能逐一细说。这就要求老师时刻注意学生缺少的部分,鼓励学生在课下做充足的准备,并在课堂活动或任务中尽量引入利用新知识点,语言点。
任务型教学法使教师充分发挥自己的优势和引导作用,让学生自己去做的思想,不仅使学生在学校能达到预期的目标,最重要的是改变了他们的一些坏习惯,培养了学生的学习能力,这将让他们受益终身。