第一篇:高中英语语法知识之It的用法总结
高考英语语法知识之It 的用法总结
1.It is + 被强调部分 + that...该句型是强调句型。将被强调的部分放在前面,其它部分置于that之后。被强调部分可以是主语,宾语,状语。强调的主语如果是人,that可以由who换用。
如果把这种句型结构划掉后,应该是一个完整无缺的句子。这也是判断强调句型与其它从句的方法。
It was they that(who)cleaned the classroom yesterday.It was in the street that I met her father.2.It was not until + 被强调部分 + that...该句型也是强调句型。主要用于强凋时间状语,译成汉语"直到...才...",可以说是 not...until...的强调形式。
It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.= Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a famous film star.= I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.3.It is clear(obvious, true, possible,certain....)that.....该句型中it 是形式主语,真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句,常译为"清楚(显然,真的,肯定...)" 是主语从句最常见的一种结构。
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.= That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.4.It is important(necessary, right, strange, natural...)that...由于主句中的形容词不同,that 后的从句中要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省去。
It is important that we(should)learn English well.It is necessary that he(should)remember these words.5.It is said(reported, learned....)that...该句型中的it 仍是形式主语,真正主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为"据说(据报道,据悉...)"。
It is said that he has come to Beijing.6.It is suggested(ordered...)that...主句中的过去分词是表示请求,建议,命令等词时,that 后的从句要用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should 可以省。常译为"据建议;有命令..
It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.It was ordered that we(should)arrive there in two hours.7.It is a pity(a shame...)that...该句型中,that后的从句一般用虚拟语气(should + 动词原形),should可省去.表示出乎意料,常译为"竟然"。没有这种意义时,则不用虚拟语气。
It is a pity that such a thing(should)happen in your class.It is a pity that he is ill.8.It is time(about time ,high time)that...该句型中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气,值得注意的是① 常用过去时态表示虚拟.② 有时也用should + 动词原形,should 不能省。常译为"是(正是)...的时侯..."。
It is time that children should go to bed.= It is time that children went to bed.9.It is the first(second...)time that...该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that 可以省去;it有时用 this / that 替换.常译为"这是某人第几次做某事了"。
It is the first time I have been here.= This is the first time I have been here.10 It is the +形容词最高级+ 名词 + that + …..该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气,而用完成时态。至于用什么完成时态,由主句的谓语动词的时态决定。如果是一般现在时,后面从句用现在完成时态;如果是一般过去时,后面从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中 that 可以省去;it有时用 this / that 替换.常译为"这是某人做过的最…的事情"。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.That was the worst song that he had heard.11.It is....since...该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时,又要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用的问题。主句中是时间作表语,其时态是现在时或完成时,since 引导的从句通常是一般过去时态,而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时,从句则用过去完成时。
It is(has been)5 years since his father died.12.It is...when...该句型中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句,主句中的 it 指时间,表语由具体的时间充当。常译为"当...的时候,是..."。
It was 5 o’clock when he came here.比较: There was a time when + 定语从句(曾经一度….;
有一个时期…)There was a time when Iraq was one of the strongest countries in the world.There was a time when I was disappointed and wanted to leave here.13.It be...before...该句型主句中的 it 指时间, 主句中的时态常是将来一般时或过去时两种时态.主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为"...之后..."。
It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.It will be not long before he finishes his job.14.It happens(seems, looks, appears)that...该句型中it是形式主语,that 引导的是主语从句,主句中的happen , seem等词是不及物动词.
It happened(so happened)that he met his teacher in the street.碰巧..
It seems that he will be back in a few days.看来...
15.It looks(seems)as if...该句型中it无意义。as if 引导一个状语从句。常译为,"看起来好象..."如果与事实不相符合,则用虚拟语气.
It looks as if he is ill.It looks as if he were ill.It seemed as if he were dying.16.It takes/costs sb....to do sth.该句型中的不定式是真正的主语,it是形式主语,句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为"做...要花费某人..."。
It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.注意: 当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用it 作形式主语代替动词不定式。To see is to believe.To respect others is to be respected.17.It is kind(of sb.)to do sth.该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语,如果不定式的逻辑主语是由 of引起,主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词。常见的有: bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish , good(好心的), honest , horrible , kind , lazy , modest , naughty , nice(有教养的), polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong(错误的)等。这个句型可以改写为:sb.is kind to do sth.It is kind of you to say so.= You are kind to say so.18.It is necessary(for sb.)to do sth.如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for引起,主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性,紧迫性,频繁程度,难易,安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有:① important, necessary, natural ② easy , safe , common , normal , hard , difficult , dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant等。
在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写,It is important for her to come to the party.= It is important that she(should)come to the party 19.It is no good / use / fun doing sth.It is a great pleasure / a waste of time / a bore doing sth.It is useless / nice / good doing sth.该句型中的真正主语是动名词或动名词短语,主句中的表语可以是名词或形容词。
It is no good learning English without speaking English.It is useless crying over spilt milk..It doesn’t matter whether(if)...该句型中whether(if)引导的从句是真正主语,该句型常译为 "不论(是否)...没关系...。
It doesn’t matter if they are old.21.We think it important to learn a foreign language.该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”。
6:指主句中常用的动词:think, believe, make, find, consider, feel(另外表示人的心理状态的动词还有:like , love , hate , appreciate , don’t mind , depend on 等)1:指的是形式宾语it;
2:指的是宾补的两种形式:形容词或名词;
3:指的是真正宾语的三种形式:不定式短语,动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。
We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.He felt it important learning English well.They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.I hate it when people talk with their mouths full of food.I’d appreciate it if you would help me.I like it when it rains in spring.
第二篇:高中英语语法总结之倒装
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高中英语语法总结大全之倒装
倒装句之全部倒装
全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:
1)here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.2)表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman.注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes.Away they went.倒装句之部分倒装
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。
1)句首为否定或半否定的词语,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.当Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。
注意: 如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题
1)Why can't I smoke here?
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At no time___ in the meeting-room
A.is smoking permittedB.smoking is permitted
C.smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit
答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2)Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.A.man did knowB.man knowC.didn't man knowD.did man know
答案D.看到Not until…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
以否定词开头作部分倒装
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.A.the game beganB.has the game begun
C.did the game beginD.had the game begun
答案D.以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but(also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when等等。
注意:只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.so, either, nor作部分倒装
表示“也”、“也不” 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French.So can Jack.If you won't go, neither will I.典型例题
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.A.nor don't I careB.nor do I careC.I don't care neitherD.I don't care also
答案:B.nor为增补意思“也不关心”,因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定,C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。D缺乏连词。
注意: 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为“的确如此”。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.---It's raining hard.---So it is.only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.as, though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。
注意:
1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2)句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意:
让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。
其他部分倒装
1)so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时,需倒装。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中:
May you all be happy.3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again.典型例题:
1)Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A.man did knowB.man knewC.didn't man knowD.did man know
答案为D.否定词Not在句首,要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2)Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.A.didn't I realizeB.did I realizeC.I didn't realizeD.I realize
答案为B。
3)Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.A.nor don't I careB.nor do I care
C.I don't care neitherD.I don't care also
解析:答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示“也不”。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中
第三篇:高中英语语法总结之代词
高中英语语法总结大全之代词
人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her作主语补语)
a.--Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶?
b.--Me.--我。(me作主语补语= It’s me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1)宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
----I like English.--我喜欢英语。
----Me too.--我也喜欢。
----Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
----Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2)主格代替宾格 高中英语语法总结大全
名词
名词概论
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(mon Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
名
词 专有名词
普通名词 个体名词 可数名词
集体名词
物质名词 不可数名词
抽象名词
名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加-s 1.清辅音后读/s/;
2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ map-maps
bag-bags
car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词 加-es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches
ce, se, ze,(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
其它名词复数的规则变化
1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
如:two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey---storeys story---stories
2)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a.加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b.加es,如:potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes
c.均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
3)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a.加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b.去f, fe 加-ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c.均可,如:handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle 高中英语语法总结大全之句子的种类
句子的种类
(一)按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。
Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。(说明事实)
The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。
(说明看法)
2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:
a.一般疑问句(General Questions):
Can you finish the work in time?
你能按时完成工作吗?
b.特殊疑问句(W Questions;H Questions):
Where do you live?你住那儿?
How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事?
c.选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):
Do you want tea or coffee?
你是要茶还是要咖啡?
d.反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):
He doesn’t know her, does he?
他不认识她,对不对?
3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令,例如:
Sit down, please.请坐。
Don’t be nervous!别紧张!
4)感叹句(Exatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,例如:
What good news it is!多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:
1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如:
She is fond of collecting stamps.她喜欢集邮。
(主)(谓)
2)并列句(pound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如:
The food was good, but he had little appetite.(主)(谓)(主)(谓)
食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。高中英语语法总结大全之特殊词精讲
stop doing/to do
stop to do停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来,抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have restedB.restingC.to restD.rest
答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择“stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth.不正确。
forget doing/to do
forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)
forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)
The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着,它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)
Don’t forget to e tomorrow.别忘了明天e动作未做)
典型例题
----The light in the office is still on.----Oh,I forgot___.A.turning it offB.turn it offC.to turn it offD.having turned it off
答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
remember doing/to do
高中英语语法总结大全之情态动词
情态动词的语法特征
1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2)情态动词除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
比较can 和be able to
1)cancould 表示能力;可能(过去时用could),只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to
a.位于助动词后。
b.情态动词后。
c.表示过去某时刻动作时。
d.用于句首表示条件。
e.表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war brot.= He managed to flee Europe before the war brot.注意:could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
---Could I have the television on?
---Yes, you can./ No, you can’t.2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。He couldn’t be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。比较may和might 1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。May God bless you!He might be at home.
第四篇:高中英语语法总结之动词
根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
一、实义动词
动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如: She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
1、根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如: She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。
2、根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如: The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)
3、动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。
系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:
有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:
He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟ill,此处ill是形容词,不符合通常情况下的动词+副词的规则。)
He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。思考:此处fell是及物动词还是不及物动词?
1、状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2、持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。(动词后跟形容词)This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。(动词后跟名词)
3、表像系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems very sad.他看起来很伤心。
4、感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.2
5、变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如:
He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。
6、终止系动词(不作为高中重点)
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达“证实”,“变成”之意,例如: The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)总结:系动词后通常跟形容词或者名词短语,因此不同于一般动词,称为主+系+表结构,所谓表语就是系动词后面跟的形容词或者名词短语。
三、助动词
1、协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。
助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如:
He doesn't like English.他不喜欢英语。
(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
2、助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a.表示时态,例如: He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。b.表示语态,例如:
He was sent to England.他被派往英国。c.构成疑问句,例如:
Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗?
你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d.与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如: I don't like him.我不喜欢他。e.加强语气,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening.明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that.他的确知道那件事。
3、最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would 补充:助动词should, would的用法
1)should通常表示应该
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周应该干什么。You should tell me that thing.你应该告诉我那件事
2)would通常用于过去式,表示将要。
He said he would come.他说他要来。
四、情态动词
本身有词意,直接加动词原形构成谓语,不随人称变化。Can、could; may、might; must、have to; need、dare; should、ought to;
思考:这几组词的意思以及用法的不同
第五篇:高中英语语法总结
高中英语语法整理总结
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等。
顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语
主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当。
Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。
一般可分为两类:
1),简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。
Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。2),复合谓语:情态动词+不定式
Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。
3、表语
表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。
Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。
4、宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。
WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。
Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如:
Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。
5、定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。
Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。
但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。
Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。
6、状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦。
7.补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作,因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整,如:make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说:我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说:我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语,说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为:形容词,副词,名词,不定式,ing形式,数词等。
句子的类型:
1.主语+谓语 2.主语+谓语+状语
3.主语+谓语+宾语
4.主语+系动词+表语
5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语
7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
高中英语常见语法错误列举分析
[导读] 本文将对高中英语常见语法错误进行列举分析,近年来,随着课程新标准的颁布,高中英语的改革不断深化,系统的语法学习显得越来越重要。一个好的语法基础无疑会高效率地帮助学生清楚地了解句子结构,规范语言的实际运用并使之富有逻辑性,同时提高语言功底以及融会贯通和理解能力。
本文将对高中英语常见语法错误进行列举分析,近年来,随着课程新标准的颁布,高中英语的改革不断深化,系统的语法学习显得越来越重要。一个好的语法基础无疑会高效率地帮助学生清楚地了解句子结构,规范语言的实际运用并使之富有逻辑性,同时提高语言功底以及融会贯通和理解能力。同时,高考中对语法的考查也呈现出新特点:单纯的语法规则测试题减少,而代之以语法加语境,语法加上下文,语法加比较辨析等三个方面的题目。我们的语法学习也应该顺应这个潮流。从易犯错误的地方入手,无疑是系统学习语法,应对高考新特点的最好切入点。
下面笔者依据近年的高考试题,总结了英语学习中易犯的一些错误:
一.词法方面
词法方面,词语的辨析成为现今高考命题的重点,对考生来说也是一大难点。其综合性越来越强,很多题目要根据上下文,反复比较才能做出正确判断。这也提醒我们学习词语时,要关注它的多个意思,同时不要死记硬背,要在具体的语言环境里灵活地学习和掌握。
1.____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)A.With B.Besides C.As for D.Because of 本题说的是:因为担心两门考试,这个周末我不得不拼命学习。句意很简单明了,besides“除了”,as for“至于”两个选项很容易排除,因此许多同学根据字面意思选择了错误选项D。错误的原因是because of后边不能接复合宾语,而正确答案A项构成的with独立结构也可表原因。所谓with独立结构是指with+名词(或代词)+分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语
2.----Do you like____ here?----Oh , yes.The air, the weather, the way of life.Everything is so nice.(2004 全国一)A.this B.these C.that D.it 很多同学看到The air, the weather, the way of life,以为这么多东西,当然应该是these了,从而误选了B。此处it指代这些东西,同时对应了Everything。正确答案是D 二.动词的时态
动词的时态依然是亘古不变的重点。时态的考查也不再局限于过去时,过去完成进行时等也开始出现在考卷上。这一类题目中,理解其所给的语境成为答对题目的关键。另外,试题中还故意设计出了一些陷阱:如经常出现在某一种时态中的时间状语放在另一种时态里。考生极易犯思维定式的错误,所以,务必认真审题也变得非常重要。
1.The crazy fans____ patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.(2004重庆)A were waiting B.had been waiting C.had waited D.would wait 这道时态题难度不小,从题目中的场景可知,空格处的“等待”动作应发生在“arrived”之前,即过去的过去,所以应用过去完成时;同时“for two hours”这个时间状语告诉我们该句强调的是动作在过去一直持续进行。综合二者,我们选择一个最佳答案:过去完成进行时。答案为:B 2.It is said in the book that Thomas Edison(1847-1931)____the world leading inventor for sixty years.(2004辽宁)A.would be B.has been C.had been D.was 此题难度较大,无数考生拜倒在其脚下。错误的原因是:看到for sixty years,再加上前面用了一般现在时的动词is,便以为是现在完成时,所以选择B。殊不知题目中给出的是一段过去的时间(1847-1931),而一般过去时也可以用以描述过去的一段时间的事实。所以答案是D:爱迪生过去曾经连续60年是世界上发明创造界的领袖。
三.三大类从句
对于从句的把握,不仅对语法题目意义重大,对写作也大有裨益。要弄明白名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句三者的区别和联系,要了解各自的引导词以及引导的句子种类,从本质上把握它们。
1.A modern city has been set up in____ was a wasteland ten years ago.(2004 天津)A.what B.which C.that D.where 此题解答时,易把汉语的习惯移植进去:十年前曾是一片废墟的地方,从而误选D。本题中,空格及空格后面的部分共同做介词in的宾语。而在这个宾语从句中,空格部分又要做主语。毫无疑问,where是副词的性质,从来只能做状语,决不可能做主语。同时本题有没有给定一个供选择的范围,所以排除了which。正确答案是A 四.分词
分词使我们中国学生最头疼的语法点知识。很多学生读了研究生后依然搞不清楚现在分词和过去分词。其实,只要适当的加以分类和记忆,便能迅速地理情头绪,并彻底掌握它。1.-----such a good chance, he planed to learn more.A.To be given B.Having been given C.Having given D.Giving 该题有三个关键点:主语he,谓语动作plan,非谓语动作give;he与give之间很显然是被动关系,所以排除表主动的现在分词C和D;give这个动作明显在谓语动作plan之前,所以选择完成式B 2.-----time, he will make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To give C.Giving D.Given 该题的三个关键点:主语he,谓语动作make,非谓语动作give:he与give之间同样是被动关系,而ABC均为主动,所以选D。该题如果增加难度,可以加入一个迷惑选项:被动完成式having been given,此项也不可选,因为完成式必须表示动作已发生过;本题中动作只是一种假设,尚未发生。
高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助:
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助:
情态动词的语法特征 1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2)情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
比较can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考资源网力;可能(过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to a.位于助动词后。
b.情态动词后。
c.表示过去某时刻动作时。
d.用于句首表示条件。
e.表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意:could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。
比较may和might 1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
May God bless you!He might be at home.注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2)成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为“不妨”。
If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。
比较have to和must 1)两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定结构中: don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”,You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
must表示推测
1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为“一定”。
2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)He must be working in his office.他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较:
He must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.他必须呆在那。
3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。
4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。
表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。
情态动词+have+过去分词
1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may(might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有“肯定”,“谅必”的意思。
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。
You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4)needn't have done sth本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都为“应该”的意思,可用于各种人称。---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
had better表示最好
had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold.You'd better put on my coat.She'd better not play with the dog.had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为“本来最好”。
You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“宁愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助:
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之独立主格进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助:
(一): 独立高考资源网主格结构的构成:
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语构成。
(二)独立主格结构的特点:
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。2)名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例:
The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.工作完成后,我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
With的复合结构
表伴随时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A.being tiedB.having tiedC.to be tiedD.tied 答案D.with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词“手”与分词“绑”是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.注意: 1)独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)。
2)当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例题:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting 答案B.本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为:名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk.然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可
高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助,主谓一致是指:
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之主谓一致进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助,主谓一致是指:
1)语法形式上高考资源网要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.并列结构作主语谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例题
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were 答案B.注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C.。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。
主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保
crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时,意为这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时表示该个集体。His family isn't very large.他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around? 3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.与后接名词或代词保持一致
1)用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时,动词通常与of后面的名词,代词保持一致。
Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.2)在一些短语,如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
Many a person has read the novel.许多人都读过这本书。
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生都来自这个城市
高中英语语法总结大全之状语从句
地点状语从句
地点状高考资源网语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助,形容词修饰名词,说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助,形容词修饰名词,说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(错)He is an ill man.(对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl is afraid.这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错)She sang lovely.(错)He spoke to me very friendly.(对)Her singing was lovely.(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体
1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two otherB.two little otherC.two other littleD.little other two 答案:C。由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--性质--名词”的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stoneC.old stone ChineseD.Chinese stone old 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunnyB.last few sunnyC.last sunny fewD.few sunny last 答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠
近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
old + brown + wood + table
高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助,形容词修饰名词,说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之形容词及其用法进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助,形容词修饰名词,说明事高考资源网物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(错)He is an ill man.(对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl is afraid.这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:
something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错:(错)She sang lovely.(错)He spoke to me very friendly.(对)Her singing was lovely.(对)He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry The poor are losing hope.2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质,类别--名词
a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two otherB.two little otherC.two other littleD.little other two 答案:C。由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--性质--名词”的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone B.Chinese old stoneC.old stone ChineseD.Chinese stone old 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunnyB.last few sunnyC.last sunny fewD.few sunny last 答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠
近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词 old + brown + wood + table
高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助:
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之情态动词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的英语学习有所帮助:
情态动词的语法特征
1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2)情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4)情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
比较can 和be able to 1)cancould 表示能高考资源网力;可能(过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。They will be able to tell you the news soon.他很快就能告诉你消息了。
2)只用be able to a.位于助动词后。
b.情态动词后。
c.表示过去某时刻动作时。
d.用于句首表示条件。
e.表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.注意:could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
---Could I have the television on?---Yes, you can./ No, you can't.2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。
比较may和might 1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
May God bless you!He might be at home.注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2)成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为“不妨”。
If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.A.mustB.mayC.canD.will 答案B.表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。
比较have to和must 1)两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard.他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.3)在否定结构中: don't have to表示“不必” mustn't表示“禁止”,You don't have to tell him about it.你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
must表示推测
1)must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为“一定”。
2)must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day.You must be tired.你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)He must be working in his office.他一定在办公室工作呢。比较:
He must be staying there.他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.他必须呆在那。
3)must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone.I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。
4)must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.5)否定推测用can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。
表示推测的用法
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)情态动词+动词原形。表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet.It must have rained last night.地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。
情态动词+have+过去分词
1)may(might)have + done sth, can(could)have + done sth表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may(might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip can(could)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.2)must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有“肯定”,“谅必”的意思。
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.---She must have gone by bus.3)ought to have done sth, should have done sth 本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。You ought to(should)have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4)needn't have done sth本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so.The weather was hot.5)would like to have done sth本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.should和ought to should 和ought to 都为“应该”的意思,可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?---Yes.I think he ought to.表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
had better表示最好
had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth had better not do sth It is pretty cold.You'd better put on my coat.She'd better not play with the dog.had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为“本来最好”。
You had better have come earlier.would rather表示“宁愿” would rather do would rather not do would rather… than…宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.I would rather stay here than go home.= I would stay here rather than go home.高中英语语法专项复习之代词
[导读] 本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之代词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的学习有所帮助:
本文将对高中英语语法专项复习之代词进行详细介绍,希望对大家的学习有所帮助:
人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主高考资源网格在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾 语,them做介词宾语,her作主语补语)a.--Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶? b.--Me.--我。(me作主语补语= It's me.)说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1)宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
----I like English.--我喜欢英语。
----Me too.--我也喜欢。
----Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?----Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2)主格代替宾格
a.在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b.在电话用语中常用主格。
----I wish to speak to Mary.--我想和玛丽通话。
----This is she.--我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she.我以为是她。(主格----主格)I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格)I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。(宾格----宾格)代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he?谁也没来,是吗? 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。
并列人称代词的排列顺序
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:
第二人称-> 第三人称-> 第一人称
you-> he/she;it-> I You, he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:
第一人称-> 第二人称-> 第三人称
we->you->They 注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
a.在承认错误,承担责任时,It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:I and you try to finish it.c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John had cut his finger;apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。
名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构,例如:
Jack's cap意为 The cap is Jack's.His cap 意为 The cap is his.2)名词性物主代词的句法功能
a.作主语,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗? 你的比我的好用。
b.作宾语,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
c.作介词宾语,例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
d.作主语补语,例如:
The life I have is yours.It's yours.It's yours.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。
公式为:
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如:
a friend of mine.each brother of his.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 反身代词
1)列表 Iyouyoushehe myselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimself wetheyitone ourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself 2)做宾语
a.有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。
b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.I could not dress(myself)up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down.请坐。
3)作表语;同位语 be oneself: I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
4)在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:
No one but myself(me)is hurt.注意:
a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错)Myself drove the car.(对)I myself drove the car.我自己开车。
b.但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。
w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m 相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如: It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)相互代词的句法功能:
a.作动词宾语;People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。
b.可作介词宾语;Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
He put all the books beside each other.他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c.相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如: