第一篇:基于话题进行高三英语课文复习
基于话题进行高三英语课文复习----2010高考英语第一轮
瑞安四中高三英语备课组 执笔人 黄剑茹
2009年的高考中,我校高三毕业班学生的英语成绩无论是文科还是理科都取得了优异的成绩。但是成绩属于过去,希望在于明年。新的高三备课组秉承一贯的优秀作风,面临压力,接受挑战,致力于提高教育教学质量。今天我代表瑞安市四中高三英语备课组主要谈两点:过去成功的经验和现在的做法。
一、过去成功的经验(一)思想重视,方向明确。
高三年级是学校教学的主阵地,高考是牵动千家万户的大事。学校领导一直把高三工作当作学校的重中之重,对高三给予极大的关注。瑞安市教研室对高三的复习多次进行调研指导,促进了教学工作。
(二)积极进取,精诚团结。
我们学校生源一般,高三备课组老师制定了切实可行的“提高课堂效率,优化课内外练习,落实基础检测,促进能力发展”的工作方针。他们积极参加各类教研活动,获取信息并吸收兄弟学校的经验。在每周的集体备课时间,八位老师都会精心讨论。从单元和课时教学目标、重难点,到每节课的练习和家庭作业,无不考虑周全,细而又细。因为只有这样,通过优化课堂结构,提高课堂教学效率,精讲结合精练,才能保证在完成教学任务的前提下,确保教学质量。
(三)学生刻苦,善于学习。
我们上届大部分学生刻苦学习,努力上进,班级学习风气浓厚。
09年高考结束了,我们要学习上届高三备课组的成功经验,在接下来的一年中做到:认真研究考情生情,稳中求进;努力探究新措施、新办法,集体攻关。
二、现在的做法
(一)复习计划的制定——认真研究考情生情,稳中求进
要想搞好高三英语的备考复习工作,就要有一条明确的复习思路,有一套系统、完整、科学、实用的复习计划,并且能够根据各阶段的复习效果不断地进行反思、调整和顺利地实施。复习思路的确定和复习计划的制定都必须符合高考的考情和学生的学情。从暑假上课开始,我们就制定出了本学期的复习计划。计划的指导思想是:一轮复习要坚持知能并举,既要系统巩固基础知识,又要重视读写基本能力的训练提高。基础知识的复习要把重点放在知识梳理和强化薄弱环节、解决重点疑难问题上。复习中要调动和发挥学生的积极性和主动性,重视自学,对教材的处理要简明扼要,突出重点。
(二)复习计划的落实——努力探究新措施、新办法,集体攻关
新课程理念下的外语课堂教学,提出了“创设以学生为主体,以教师为主导的和谐互动的外语课堂”,而对于高三英语学科的复习备考而言,教师的主导地位显得尤为重要,教师的科学的指导和精辟的归纳,不仅能在客观上提高学生的复习效率,更有助于激发学生的信心和学习热情,提高学生的主观能动性。本届高三英语备课组共计8名英语老师,中青的组合带来了阵容优势。为了更好地落实复习计划,真正做到“资源共享”;同时又能促进备课组教研氛围,发挥备课组的实体作用和团队精神,在借鉴和学习以往高三教学经验的基础上,本届高三英语组在复习策略、集体备课、质量分析和推进落实复习计划等四方面采取了尝试性的新举措:
1、复习策略“重基础,求实效”
针对近年来高考英语试题难度降低的走势和本届高三学年学生层次参差不齐的特点,在遵循和借鉴以往三轮复习策略(复习词汇和语法、专题训练、实战模拟)的基础上,我们摈弃了盲目求速度、加练习的“题海战术”,我和组里的张飞莲、叶玲俐两位老师组成一个课题组,在第一轮复习中对教材进行重组,以话题模块组织课文复习。
传统英语复习课多以基础知识和语法为主线,以“讲授-操练-反馈”为主要教学方式,再加上大量的高考适应性训练题。我认为,在高三英语课文复习中我们可以不拘泥于原来的单元教学,可以以话题为中心,将内容相近的文章组合在一起,这样既为任务型教学提供便利,又能提高复习效率。我们尝试打破课本分册顺序和单元顺序,按话题模块重组现在教材的全部课文,来进行第一阶段的复习。所谓话题模块,是指“几个相近或相关的话题整合成一个高一层次的话题单元”。按照《考试说明》上介绍的模块项目,我们把课文分成“人物介绍与个人情况”、“ 友谊与人际关系”、“ 旅游和交通”等12个模块,同一模块集中起来进行复习。以话题为单位,可以更有效地复习课文中的语言知识,学习文章的文化思想,内容和语篇逻辑结构,培养阅读技能,提高写作能力。12个话题中有些话题课文所提供的内容明显不足,我们要适当增补课外阅读材料,以充实同一话题模块的学习内容。
参照《浙江新高考 英语》一书,具体操作如下:
(1)复习一个话题模块须归纳话题语言,形成一个类义“词典”,同一话题下的词汇组合成话题“词典” 首先我们分别复习话题涉及到各个单元的单词、词组、句型和语法,注重对教材基础知识的归纳、总结和升华。每个单元复习完进行听写和测试,每个话题复习完后进行一次阶段性检测。试题内容的60%—70%来自于课堂复习的基础知识,充分发挥考试的导向性和诊断性,使测试真正成为学生“看得见,摸得着”的诊断手段和学习导向。语法的复习结合近几年高考,我们重点复习主从复合句、主谓一致、倒装句、非谓语动词、情态动词、虚拟语气和句子的时态与语态,其他语法项目则根据不同班级的特点,自选讲解,备课组提供资料和部分习题。然后以话题为中心,有意识地让学生感知话题与词汇的关系:发动学生收集、整理与话题有关的专门词汇并将其列成表,帮助学生学习话题和专门词汇的英语表达,为学生针对某个话题知识的应用打下基础。按话题集中学习词汇,正如图书馆的分类藏书,方便词语的储存,检索和提取。在语言运用中,无论是听、说,还是读、写、译,一旦话题被激活,话题词汇的意义联系随即接通,词语检索和提取进入自动化过程。话题语言聚合的最小单位最好为词块,如body language话题可以引出:eye contact, shake one’s head……因为body language具有表情达意功能,还可引出:express one’s thoughts and opinions, communicate with other people等。如此连类扩展,就可构成一个庞大的词汇系统。(2)话题、功能、结构成一体
话题为语言反映世界的范畴,相当于文章中的“题材”;功能是语言在一定语境和情景中表情达意从而实现交际意图的作用;结构是语言发挥话语交际功能的外在形式,主要是词汇、语法,可以扩大到文章结构。三者并非独立,而是相互联系结成一体。
如:一篇话语功能为介绍著名人物或自我介绍或简历的书写的文章,话题内容必定涉及到“出生、家庭、婚姻、爱好、兴趣、教育、奋斗、成功、信念、荣誉”等。相应的词汇便会有:birth, be born on… / in…,marry, get married, marriage,hobby, interest, be interested, prefer … to …, prefer to do sth, rather than do sth., have a good habit of …,education, be educated, receive,be admitted(in)to ,majored in,graduation,graduate from, receive a degree, work hard,struggle, fight, make great contributions to,devote…to…,be devoted to…,success,make success,succeed in,be successful in, successful,honor, be honored as, be rewarded等。句型如:When at college, I majored in… and received / got a bachelor’s / master’s / doctor’s degree.;
*… I graduated from … Middle School;With the help of …, he … ;*He worked / studied / trained so hard that he … ;He worked so hard at… as to…等。还有因类义关系在上列词汇中共现的其它语言材料,如关于“家庭人员”、“各类学校”、“年龄”;词语搭配和句子结构也都在话题语言中;这类文章的典型时态是一般过去时,顺叙、倒叙、按时间顺序行文是这类语篇的典型结构和叙事方法。学习上述语篇类型的全部知识,就把话题、功能和结构三者有机地结合在一起了。(3)体裁分类教学 同一模块文章若属于不同体裁,应再次分类,每一体裁至少备足两篇文章,若课本中没有或不足,则从课外阅读材料中选取,以每一体裁的典型语篇为主,适当考虑变体,侧重记叙文、议论文、说明文、新闻报道、时政评述和广告。在同一话题中,不必求全体裁。因为特定话题往往与特定体裁相联系。例如:介绍著名人物文章往往为记叙文体,一般人物介绍还可能与求职信或推荐信相联系。通过阅读不同体裁的文章,学习其承载的文化与思想,从而学习话题语言,分析其交际语境及其交际功能,解析语篇的语言特征和语篇结构模式。通过学习同样话题体裁的新语篇进行相互比较,进而积累话题语言,并用所积累的语言知识构建一个同一话题体裁的新语篇。
具体做法:加强语篇训练,进行限时阅读,注重学生解题思路的灵活性,培养应试解题技巧。每周一节课进行阅读测试,题目为与本话题相关的高考试题(如完形填空、阅读理解),测试后及时讲评。(4)语言实践
平常我们习惯于用考试代替语言实践,如在阅读后做选择题,这种方式的训练其交际特征不强,只能算有意义的语言练习,而如果在阅读后就文章内容进行讨论,或结合读者的知识、学历、价值观展开讨论和写读后感,则是一种交际性语言活动,具有用语言做事的特点。
具体做法:设计出各种具有交际特征的“活动”或“任务”,如阅读后填表、排序、问答、讨论、写摘要、缩写、读写、写读后感或者学完一个话题模块用所学语言写一篇相关话题的文章。
“Practice makes perfect”,我们有理由相信,按话题模块组织高三英语课文复习,在复习时尽可能多的进行有意义的语言实践,会提高我们学生的实际语言综合运用能力。
2、集体备课“讲原则,重合作”
集体备课是发挥组内集体合力进行攻坚克难的重要举措。自进入高三开始,我们坚持每周进行实效集体备课。每位英语教师轮流充当中心发言人,提前对每个单元或每项专题的基本知识点进行归纳、整理、打印、下发。集体备课时,中心发言老师对全组汇报讲解,细化知识点;再由全组讨论通过,达成共识,进而在班级授课中落实;同时,中心发言教师根据集体备课和实际授课情况,自行编撰单元测试卷,及时进行检测。这种备课方式,能缓解个人备课压力,激发团队合作的热情,使重难点得到提前解决。
3、质量分析“重数据,讲落实”
对于考试每个小题进行分析,分析的数据落实到全班每题正确人数的统计上,以班级为单位,得到精确的得分率,保证考情、学情分析的有效性,并据此及时调整教学的重点和方向。针对每次单元测试,进行了及时的批阅和讲解,保证教学的连贯性,及时帮助学生巩固基础知识。
4、实施周计划“小步子,快节奏”
在实际教学中,我们要坚持用周计划来分解、细化和推进总体教学计划,使总体计划更具有可操作性和灵活性。高三英语复习备考时间紧、任务重,教师要根据高三英语教学的不同阶段特点,设计课堂教学的内容,安排教学的进度。教无定法,每位老师都有各自的好方法。只要我们肯用心思考,愿意多研究,肯定会让我们的英语课堂精彩起来。让我们的一轮复习课“活起来,动起来”,做到“堂堂有收获,节节有效果”。以上是我们在复习过程中的一些粗浅的计划,有不妥之处敬请大家批评指正,谢谢大家!
第二篇:高三英语课文详解
In June 2013 to April 2014(essence)1, the current political affairs 11 June 17 38 points when the manned spacecraft shenzhou 10 successful launch, flight crew consists of nie, palitzsch kd and ya-ping wang.On 13 June 13 at 18 points, tiangong 1 target aircraft and the shenzhou spacecraft ten successful automatic rendezvous and docking.2, June 5 is the world environment day, the theme is “after reflection, before eating, saving”;China's theme: “destiny” struggle “.3, June 18, the party's mass line education practice work conference held in Beijing, xi stressed it is to implement the party's eighteen big determine the goals of the inevitable requirement of, is to keep the party's advanced nature and purity, consolidate the party's ruling foundation and inevitable requirement of the ruling status, is inevitable for solve those outstanding problems that the masses feel strongly about.4, on June 22, 37 session of the world heritage committee by the culture of honghe hani terrace landscape on the world heritage list.5, on July 1, nanjing to hangzhou(hangzhou), hangzhou and ningbo fully operational(hangzhou)high speed railway.On the morning of June and July 3, fightersxiluodu power station formally put into production power generation in China.On August 4, 8, night in Barcelona, Spain world championships in the 1500 m freestyle final, China's sun Yang won the gold medal.On August 9, 9, wang with the jiaolong dive to the maximum depth of 5268 meters, become China's first diving in the ocean research scientists.10 and the state council formally approved by China(Shanghai)free trade area.11, jinan of shandong province intermediate people's court of guangdong on August 22, bo to public hearing bribery, corruption and abuse of power.12, on August 24, the world's largest single capacity of nuclear power generators, taishan nuclear power plant no.1 1750 mw nuclear power generator factory for delivery.13, a few days ago, the ministry of public security, ministry of education jointly issued notice, all primary and secondary schools are to put fire safety knowledge into the teaching content.Each semester in the first week and cold(heat)fake arrange not less than 4 hours before fire control knowledge education courses.14, the country's biggest water desalination project, investment in northern power plant built in tianjin in the first phase of desalination.15, the People's Republic of China on the afternoon of August 31, 12 games grand opening in shenyang, liaoning province.This is the first time nearly thirty years since the opening ceremony of the national games held in the daytime.In shenyang on September 12th at the closing.Shandong delegation to a 65 gold MEDALS at the top.16, western plan implementation of the 10th anniversary of the symposium on September 1, held in urumqi.17, on September 2, the third Chinathe BBS for economic cooperation and development in Asia and Europe held in urumqi.18, former South African President nelson mandela late on September 22, 2013 in New York ”south-south cooperation“ award ceremony was awarded the ”humanitarian award“ south-south cooperation.19, on September 8, by the international Olympic committee voted to wrestling will be 2020 and the 2024 summer Olympic Games official competition projects.September 20, 12(Reuters), ”new Europe“ chongqing international railway passage in November 2011 the official opening operation, has become Chinese goods shipped to Europe's new strategic channel quickly, is known as the ”new silk road“.21, on September 12, the state council recently issued the action plan for the control of air pollution, to improve the overall air quality in the whole country after five years.22, September 16 ”to commemorate the 120th anniversary of comrade MAO zedong academic seminar“.The theme ”MAO zedong and the great revival of the Chinese nation“.23, the 2020 Olympic Games have been decided as a result, easily won in Tokyo, Japan.24, on November 9, guangzhou Evergrande football team won the champions league.Since this is a Chinese football professionalism won the first Asian champion.25, on November 9 to 12, 2013, 18 the third plenary session held in Beijing.The plenum listened to and discussed the working report xi jinping, reviewed and adopted the ”the central committee of the communist party of China on comprehensively deepen reform certain major issue decision“.Point to comprehensively deepen the overall goal of the reform is: to improve and development of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, promoting the modernization of national management system and management ability;We will deepen reform of the economic system should be closely around the market plays a decisive role in the allocation of resources;Pointed out that comprehensively deepen reform: is the focus of the economic system reform.Content: a, of great significance to comprehensively deepen reform and the guiding ideology;Second, uphold and improve the basic economic system;Third, to improve the modern market system;Fourth, to speed up the transformation government function;Fifth, we will deepen reform of the fiscal and taxation system;Sixth, improve the system of the integration of urban and rural development mechanism;Seven, build a new system of the open economy;Eight, to strengthen the construction of socialist democratic political system;Nine, promoting the construction of China's rule of law;Ten and strengthen power restriction and supervision system;Eleven, promote cultural system mechanism innovation;Twelve, promote the reform of social undertakings innovation;13, social management system innovation;14, to speed up the construction of ecological civilization system, 15, deepen the reform of national defense and the army;16, strengthen and improve party leadership for comprehensively deepen reform.26, the central decided to let go of the ”second child alone“, namely a one-child couples can have two children.On November 18, 27, international rank group released its latest global top 500 supercomputer list list, developed by China ”tianhe ii to faster than the second American Titan nearly double the speed of the top again.28, on November 11, 2013, the United Nations climate change conference in Warsaw, Poland, open negotiations again.29, on November 12, 68 session of the UN general assembly elected 14 new members at the UN human rights council, China's high vote.30, on November 22, Qingdao economic and technological development zone, sinopec yellow weifang diesel oil pipeline a pipeline explosion accident killed 55 people.31, 2013, the year of food to an all-time high, to achieve continuous decade increase in grain production since the founding of the first.32, the Chinese government issued a statement on November 23, announced that identify area delimited on the east China sea air defense.33, on December 2, 1, xichang satellite launch center in China with the “long March 3 b rocket, success will be the goddess of the moon three spacecraft launch.Chang 'e no.3 will be the first to realize lunar soft landing and lunar surface patrol survey, open new journey for Chinese lunar exploration project.34, 4 December the United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization passed a resolution, will Chinese abacus calculation program included in the UNESCO human non-material cultural heritage list.35, December 4, 2013, is a national legal awareness day, 13 propaganda theme is ”vigorously carry forward the spirit of rule of law, build the great Chinese dream“.34.The third national economic census on-site registration work on January 1, 2014 officially launched.35.The party central committee and the state council was held in Beijing on the morning of January 10th national science and technology awards assembly.Xi jinping to obtain 2013 annual national highest science and technology institute of physics cun-hao zhang, the Chinese people's liberation army general armaments department Cheng Kaijia award certificate.36, 2014, the central and state organs of various types of training fees will have limit, no more than $450 a day.In Washington, dc, January 10, 37, at the world space, director of the summit, China aerospace science and technology experts and international aerospace academy of sciences academician wu semillon von karman was awarded.38, Beijing normal university, the independent research and development of sea ice desalination of complete sets of technical achievements to transfer 7.5 million yuan prices to Hyde source technology co., LTD, Beijing China.The technology for the world first, fill the gaps at home and abroad.39, January 16(Reuters), led by recreation academician of cas animal research institute, shenzhen bgi and the Chinese academy of sciences Beijing life science research institute and other units to participate in a study, successfully deciphered the whole genome sequence of the migratory locusts map, this is the biggest animal genome has deciphered.40, the ministry of culture, at a news conference in Beijing announced a full national gallery collection.41, jan 22(Reuters), guangxi, guangdong will be hand in hand to build the pearl river, west river economic belt, this will be our first across the province river economic belt.42, January 25, Australian open women's singles final player li na, China has become the first in 41 years to more than 30 years old Australian open women's singles champion, but also become the first Asian player to Australian singles championship.43, Feb.6(Reuters), by the end of 2012, the country has built desalination project 95.44, China taishan station to be built and put into use at the South Pole.45, Feb.13(Reuters), in 2013 China's increasing farmers' income for the first time since the reform and opening up ”ten even faster.46, February 14(Reuters), learn from Beijing astronautics flight control center: chang 'e 2 satellite again refresh the explorations of new heights, China has now fly 70 million km away from the earth, become China's first man-made satellite chang 'e 2 of the solar system's asteroid.47, on Feb.20, according to the data published by the state intellectual property office in 2013, the state intellectual property office of 825000 to accept an application for a patent for invention, up 26.3% from a year earlier, the three consecutive years in the world.48, 23 February 22 the sochi in sochi.17 days of competition, the host Russia 11 to 13 golden nine silver copper grade is located in the MEDALS table.The Chinese team won 3 gold, 4 silver and 2 bronze in finished 12th.49, on February 27th afternoon, 12 by the seventh session of the standing committee of the National People's Congress meeting voting by the two decisions, respectively on September 3, determine the victory for the Chinese people's Anti-Japanese War memorial day, confirm on December 13 as the nanjing massacre victims national symbol of day.50, on March 1, preliminary statistics, the secretariat of the world trade organization in 2013, China has become a great nation in the world trade in goods.51, 9 p.m.on March 1, 20 points, 10 more than the dressing the mob of masked with a knife in the yunnan kunming railway station square, at the place such as cut and kill innocent people.52, the 12th session of the second session of the National People's Congress on March 5 in the morning at the great hall of the people.53, 1 20 points on March 8, the horse boat MH370 flights in ho chi minh Vietnam air zone lost communication with control departments, lose radar signals at the same time.153 of them come from mainland China, there is a Chinese passengers in Taiwan.54, our country only has complete independent intellectual property rights of the three generations of nuclear power brand“a beautiful rural construction regulations will take effect on April 6.66, with ”the new Asian future: look for momentum and free development“ as the theme of the boao Asia BBS annual meeting on April 8, 2014 registered peak.This annual meeting ends on April 11, centered on reform and innovation, and sustainable development of the three main discussion.67, reporters from the standing committee of the National People's Congress held 10 minors protection law enforcement inspection group learns the plenary meeting for the first time, minors protection law enforcement inspection.68, ”2014 · elegant Chinese“ series of reading activities and reading ”scholarly China fourth Beijing season kicked off in Beijing on April 19.On April 22, 69, is the 45th “world earth day”.The United Nations will be the theme of the activities in 2014 as a “green city”.China's ministry of land and resources in China this year's world earth day activity theme identified as “cherish the earth's resources transformation of the mode of development, economical and intensive use of land and resources to protect the natural ecological space”.On the same day, the United Nations environment programme(unep)to establish Chinese KuBuJi desert ecological control to be global desert “ecological economic demonstration zone”, and put it as the world's first desertification region ecosystem research object, make scientific evaluation.On April 23, 70, 19 “world reading day”, theme is “the earth” with me.On April 26, 71, 2014, the world intellectual property day, theme: “movie”a beautiful rural construction regulations will take effect on April 6.3, take “the new Asian future: look for momentum and free development” as the theme of the boao Asia BBS annual meeting on April 8, 2014 registered peak.This annual meeting ends on April 11, centered on reform and innovation, and sustainable development of the three main discussion.4, reporters from the standing committee of the National People's Congress held 10 minors protection law enforcement inspection group learns the plenary meeting for the first time, minors protection law enforcement inspection.5, “2014 · elegant China” series of reading activities and reading “scholarly China fourth Beijing season kicked off in Beijing on April 19.6, April 22 is the 45th ”world earth day“.The United Nations will be the theme of the activities in 2014 as a ”green city“.China's ministry of land and resources in China this year's world earth day activity theme identified as ”cherish the earth's resources transformation of the mode of development, economical and intensive use of land and resources to protect the natural ecological space“.On the same day, the United Nations environment programme(unep)to establish Chinese KuBuJi desert ecological control to be global desert ”ecological economic demonstration zone“, and put it as the world's first desertification region ecosystem research object, make scientific evaluation.7, 23 April 19th ”world reading day“, the theme is ”the earth“ with me.8, on April 26, 2014, the world intellectual property day, theme: ”movie-global love“.9, and the state oceanic administration has issued the state oceanic administration for approving a file set up yuanyang ditch national Marine park and other 11 national special Marine reserve(Ocean Park)notice, new 11 national special Marine reserve(Marine)park.10, domestic new regional aircraft ARJ21-700 ”104“ machine, after the successful completion of the north American natural icing flight test safety return to xi 'an Yan Liang.This is China's first home-grown turbofan jet regional jet in overseas for the first time to carry out the test flight.11, South Korea ”years" passenger ship sunk accident.
第三篇:如何进行初三英语复习
根据一轮复习的特点,以基础知识和课本中出现的语言点为线索,以课本中出现的主要词汇、短语和句型为框架,精心设计,引导学生由浅入深,启发学生多方位进行思维。讲练结合,师生互动,学生从课堂中真正得到了训练。通过对语言基础知识的回顾与巩固,从而使学生能牢固地掌握词汇及基本语法,并能从中掌握较高级的词汇以及较为复杂的句子结构,形成语言意识和语言能力。根据我多年的经验提出以下复习措施与建议。
一、听力的复习。听力的训练除了听课文录音之外,还要听一些其他方面的材料,如《新概念》、《疯狂英语》等——上半学年不一定都听中考题型的听力材料,到初三后期就需要逐步听一些中考适应性训练的材料了。注意材料的规范性,如录音应是标准的外籍教师录音,材料的长度适中,总词量在250字左右,平均语速在每分钟120至150词左右,具有鲜明的口语体特征。话题应涉及日常生活的诸多方面,如学习、工作、购物、旅游、新闻报道、人物采访等。听力材料口语体特征强,情景丰富,主题广泛,试题涉及面广,以细节信息题为主。每天花半小时进行听力训练,一定会提高学生听力水平。
二、单选题的复习。单选部分覆盖面广,重点突出,涵盖了初中阶段的绝大部分词法句法。我们从下面几个方面进行来复习。
一是词汇的复习。英语词汇的复习十分重要。对考纲中规定的常用词,应掌握它们的拼写形式、基本词义、常见搭配,尤其是在语境中的运用。单词记忆不准确就会直接影响对话填空和书面表达,也影响阅读理解的速度和准确度,对于考纲中规定的词必须准确记忆。并且,仅掌握考纲词汇还不够,还应不断扩大词汇量。
二是日常交际用语归纳。
考试大纲规定的约40条交际用语。中学英语教材每一单元的对话课以交际功能为主线贯穿始终。我们可根据40条“日常交际用语”对各单元的对话重新排列分类,整理归纳,使之条理化、系统化,总结出相关话题的典型句型,并设置语境让学生实践,学会运用。另外,交际功能项目的归纳复习有助于听力的提高。
三、完形填空和阅读理解的复习。完形填空和阅读理解是中考重中之重,必须要有量的积累才会有质的飞跃。从初三第一天起就应抓紧。做完形填空时教师应教给学生做题的方法。完形填空的做题步骤,首先通读全文了解大意,然后边读边选,并且照顾上下文,最后带着选项再通读全文,这样做题正确率才能提高。阅读理解的面要广,可坚持读一些课外读物,如原版外语教材和报章杂志等。广泛的阅读可拓宽视野,扩大知识面,丰富背景知识,有利于大大提高阅读能力。读的东西多了,词汇量就扩大了,读速自然会提高,理解力也会增强。阅读能力的提高自然有助于提高英语整体运用的能力。
第四篇:浅谈如何进行高三化学第一轮复习
浅谈如何进行高三化学第一轮复习
上传: 侯秀英更新时间:2012-5-7 23:41:38
浅谈如何进行高三化学第一轮复习
侯秀英
摘要:
关键词:化学学科思想、知识脉络图、记忆技巧
今年的高三复习快要过半了,也进行了两次月考,我所教的3个班的化学都有了比较大的进步,其中有个班由倒数第一变成了顺数第二,学生也更喜欢学化学了,不再认为化学是仅靠死记硬背的,这和我今年采取的复习方式有密切关系。我是计划通过贯彻如下三种方式把学生的基础夯实:
一.化学学科思想
学好任何一门学科,必须构建学科思想,学科思想既是学科灵魂,也是学科素养。化学思想是化学家们在长期的实践活动中形成的,既是他们对化学研究领域和研究对象的看法和观点,又是他们研究解决化学问题的思路和方法。掌握化学思想有利于学生形成化学观念,能有效地指导学生探求物质变化的规律,有利于学生从化学的视角去认识和解决日常生活中的化学问题,促使学生积极主动地学习化学知识,有利于提高学生的科学素养。
我们把化学学科思想概括为以下三大条:
(一)物质结构决定性质思想
元素周期律揭示了元素间的和谐、统一。我们研究各类元素、化合物的性质,当首先分析其结构、组成,继而赋之以科学推测,经历无数次实验验证,最后得出结论。这一科学方法源自“内因在事物中发挥决定作用”的哲学论断。有什么样结构就该有什么样的性质,有什么样的性质就有什么样的结构!此思想在有机化学中体现的淋漓尽致,如:结构为“—cooh”的叫羧基,羧基有酸的通性,因此,ch3—cooh(乙酸)、c6h5—cooh(苯甲酸)、c17h33—cooh(油酸)……它们都有相似的性质——酸性。而在无机化学中同一主族元素性质相似,而且随着电子层数的增多,得电子能力依次减弱,电负性依次减弱,都体现了原子结构对性质的影响。但是氮气却没有因为氮的电负性大而活泼,反而很稳定,这也是因为氮气分子结构中三键的存在而使分子稳定,以至于氮气参加的反应条件都很苛刻:
(二)守恒思想
探索氧化还原反应,我们引导学生思维由表及里,步步深入,揭开氧化还原反应“得氧、失氧”及“化合价升降”的层层面纱,终于得出氧化还原反应的实质——“电子得失或偏移”,自始至终无不渗透着“对立统一”的辩证唯物主义观点。透彻理解守恒思想的内涵,为指导我们认识客观世界提供了科学的理论依据,更为我们利用“质量守恒、能量守恒、电子守恒”等诸多关系解决生活、学习中的一系列问题带来了不尽的便利。
(三)动态平衡思想
动态平衡思想是化学学科思想的重要组成部分,是科学思想的集中体现。勒沙特列原理是自然辩证法在自然科学领域的具体化。该原理不仅适用于化学平衡,而且广泛应用于宇宙间的一切平衡体系。从化学到物理学,从生物学到生理学,从经济学到社会学,无一不遵从“泛化的勒沙特列原理”——承受外加限制条件的系统具有反抗外加限制条件改变的能力(v.b.thomsen,j.chem.ed.2000,77,173)。物理学中的牛顿第三定律及楞次定律可以用勒沙特列原理加以解释。生物学上害虫的“抗药性”问题,为使某种生物更好地生存而人为地采取特殊保护措施,造成该物种因丧失对大自然的适应能力而引起自身生存能力弱化,最终导致物种的退化,无不是勒沙特列原理的具体体现。人类社会又何尝不是如此呢? 人类为了自己生活得更好,一度不顾一切“开发”自然资源,要达到“人定胜天”的境界,盲目垦荒,砍伐原始森林,破坏植被,大
量地、无休止地制造、使用,并向环境抛弃对大自然有害的物质(如氟利昂等),肆意捕杀野生动物,最终遭到大自然的有力惩罚,甚至毁灭性的打击——过多紫外线投射使皮肤癌患者陡增、水土流失、洪水泛滥、sars肆虐。美国著名化学家l.c.鲍林曾对青年学生深刻指出,你们将来可能不再学习化学,你们可能会把在化学课上学习的一切化学现象都忘记,但是,无论如何,请你们不要忘记勒沙特列原理。
因此,化学作为一种理科学科各个方面也都遵循辩证唯物主义的思想,所以化学教学要渗透辩证唯物主义,对化学现象和本质要辩证的认识,用辩证唯物唯主义观点指导学习。
1、用物质运动的观点认识微观粒子
辩证唯物主义认为,物质具有内在的固有的能动性,它在本质上是运动的。物质之所以是丰富的、多样的和生动的,正是它运动、变化和发展的表现和结果。在复习分子、原子和离子等构成物质的基本粒子时,要让学生用物质的运动性这一哲学思想认识分子和原子等构成物质的基本粒子是运动的这一性质。在复习溶解平衡中饱和溶液和晶体的形成时,可以通过硫酸铜晶体在饱和溶液中变成了十分规则的硫酸铜晶体但硫酸铜晶体的质量没有发生变化这一实验,说明饱和溶液中不能再溶解溶质是相对的而不是绝对的,适时给学生渗透动中有静,静中有动,运动的绝对性和静止的相对性是辩证的统一。
2、用对立统一的观点理解化学概念
对立统一规律就是事物矛盾运动的规律,在进行化学概念的复习时,要正确把握概念的外延,深刻理解概念的内涵,用对立统一规律理解化学概念,例如原子是化学变化中的最小粒子,原子是最小粒子的前提是化学变化,离开化学变化这个条件,原子还可以分为更小的粒子。
3、用变化发展的观点理解化学规律
辩证唯物主义认为事物是变化的发展的,真理是相对的发展的,事物发展由低级到高级,人的认识也是由低级到高级,永无止境的,在理解化学规律、原理时,既要深刻理解化学规律的内容,还要注意规律的条件和适用范围,例如稀硫酸难与块状的碳酸钙反应,铁片、锌粒不与氯化银、溴化银和碘化银悬浊液反应,但粉状的碳酸钙可与稀硫酸持续反应,铁粉、锌粉能将卤化银悬浊液中的银置换出来。所以在教学时,教师应指导学生用变化发
展的观点理解化学规律,这样才能给学生留下发展的空间。
当然在这三条大思想的基础上,我们还是可以总结出一些更具体的思想:
(1)相生相克的思想
相生相克,是生态学的基本规律之一,是指在生态系统中每一物种都占据一定的位置,具有特定的作用,它们相互依赖、彼此制约、协同进化。在化学上的“相生”也是相互依赖,如氧化还原反应的实质是有电子转移,有得必有失,体现在元素化合价上有升必有降,有氧化剂就有还原剂,有氧化产物就有还原产物;没有得就没有失,没有升就没有降,没有氧化剂就没有还原剂,没有氧化产物就没有还原产物。而“克”在化学中的表现就是相互反应!
①酸“克”碱,碱“克”酸
表现为:酸碱中和反应h++oh-===h2o
②酸“克”碱性氧化物,碱“克”酸性氧化物
碱性氧化物一般是金属氧化物。如:cao、cuo、na2o……
酸性氧化物一般是非金属氧化物。如:co2、so2、p2o5……
③酸性氧化物“克”碱性氧化物,碱性氧化物“克”酸性氧化物
④氧化剂“克”还原剂,还原剂“克”氧化剂
⑤金属单质“克”非金属单质,非金属单质“克”金属单质
(2)自发稳定思想
自然界中最普遍的规律在于倾向于稳定方向发展,一定条件下:物质存在的最稳定状态只有一种,物质之间的自发反应也是向着稳定方向发展。
a强制弱的思想
金属的置换、非金属的置换、强酸制弱酸、强碱制弱碱、氧化还原反应的两强生两弱、沉淀的转化(易溶物质制难溶物质)
b有序反应
当同一个体系中,一个反应物与另外多个反应物反应时须遵循一定的顺序,即优先规则。
a.有序氧化(还原)
例:少量的cl2通入febr2溶液中,cl2先氧化fe2 +
b.有序放电
阳离子在阴极放电顺序为:ag>(fe3)>hg2>cu2>(h酸)>pb2>sn2>fe2>zn2>(h2o中的h)>++++++++++al3>mg2>na>ca2>k +++++
阴离子在阳极放电顺序为:金属阳极(zn、fe、cu、ag等)>s2>i>br>cl> ----
oh>含氧酸根离子>f
c.有序中和
若某一溶液中同时含有几种酸性物质(或碱性物质)当加入一种碱(或酸)时,酸性(或碱性)强的物质先被中和。
d.有序沉淀
若某一溶液中同时存在几种能与所加试剂形成沉淀的离子,则溶解度小的物质先沉淀。向kcl、nabr、ki混合溶液中逐渐加入agno3溶液时,先析出agi,其次为agbr,最后为agcl。
c化学反应进行的方向
四大平衡体系:化学平衡、弱电解质的电离平衡、盐类的水解平衡、难溶电解质的沉淀溶解平衡都是通过放热或吸热、熵增或熵减向着稳定的方向发展的。
(3)数形结合解决化学问题的思想
在解决化学问题时常常会用到数学,如果能将数学思想方法加以应用,会使问题简单明了。如在学习固态物质的溶解性时,我们可以把固态物质的溶解性和溶液的ph范围用数轴表示出来;用极值法或换元法求算有关混合物的组成;用差值法分析求算化学反应前后反应物或生成物的变化关系;用十字交叉法解决化学问题中的二元一次方程组;用平均值法分析合金的组成;用归一法解决化学中的有关等量和定量问题等,这样就可以使学生将化学问题转化为数学问题,把学习化学和数学有机的结合起来。
华罗庚就说过:“数缺形,少直观;形缺数,难入微”。具体地说,就是在解决问题时,根据问题的背景、数量关系、图形特征或使“数”的问题借助于“形”去观察,或将“形”的问题借助于“数”去思考,这种解决问题的思想,称为数形结合思想。在化学上,有很多问题也可以用这种数形结合的思想去解决。比如说根据alcl3和naoh的量计算生成al(oh)3的量就可以用下图来表示:
a极限的思想
古代数学家刘微(第三世纪)曾利用圆内接正多边形来求圆面积的方法即割圆术,就是
极限的思想在几何上的运用。
在化学上也经常会遇到类似的问题,用通常思想去解题难以奏效,而用极限思想去分析,大有拨开云雾见晴天的感觉,难题不再难了。比如由于化学平衡状态的建立与反应途径无关,即不论可逆反应是从正方向开始,还是从逆方向开始,抑或从中间状态开始,只要起始所投
入的物质的物质的量相当,则可达到等效平衡状态。于是我们经常把物质全部转化为反应物
或生成物再进行讨论能够起到事半功倍的效果。
b差量的思想
差量法是根据在化学反应中反应物与生成物的差量和造成这种差量的实质及其关系,列出比例式求解的解题方法。把“差量”看成是化学方程式中的一种特殊产物。该差量的大小与参与反应的物质的有关量成正比。解题的关键是做到明察秋毫,抓住造成差量的实质,即根据题意确定“理论差值”,再根据题目提供的“实际差量”,列出正确的比例式,求出答案。--
(4)归纳推理的思想方法
归纳推理是学生必备的学习方式和逻辑思维方法,教师要注意将这一思想方法渗透到化学教学中,以提高学生分析解决问题的能力,如在教学中可用表解法总结原子结构的规律,用综合法总结物质的性质规律,用目标法总结物质反应的规律,类比法总结实验规律。也可以将顺逆推理、类比推理、比较推理、讨论推理、对比推理等基本推理方法应用在化学教学和解决化学实际问题当中,使学生学会归纳和推理的思想方法。
(5)量变与质变的思想方法。
这是一种哲学的思想方法。量变和质变是两个相互依存的过程。通过量的积累产生质的变化,量变是质变的前提,而质变又是量变的最终结构。这一思想在元素周期律(元素周期表)中得到最好的体现。在一些化学反应中也得到很好的体现。如过量问题(量对反应产物的影响),物质性质(氧化性或还原性)与物质浓度的关系等。如硝酸浓度的改变,氧化性强弱发生变化,导致反应产物的变化;浓硫酸具有强的氧化性,而稀硫酸则不具有氧化性;浓盐酸有较强的还原性,稀盐酸则弱的多(通常不体现)等等。
(6)一般与特殊的思想方法。
该方法是化学思想方法中的基本方法,也是哲学的一种思想方法。化学的研究,通常总是通过对某些特殊的事物或事物的某些特殊方面的研究,得出一般性(或普遍性)的规律,并加以推广;同时事物在具有普遍性(一般性)的同时,由于不同事物存在某些独特的一面,因此有具有特殊性一面。换句话说,任何事物与同类事物之间有普遍性(共性)一面,同时又有自己独特的一面。象同主族元素化学性质存在共性的一面,同时不同的元素又存在差异。
(7)定性与定量的思想方法。
这是化学研究中通常用到的两种思想方法。这两种方法从不同的深度和角度对事物进行研究。定性的思想方法,主要从是否存在某种属性、存在程度的深浅或大小等角度进行初步确定;而定量的思想方法,则在定性的基础上精确地对事物的属性进行深度的、量化的表达。如对某溶液酸碱性的描述和酸碱度的表达,又如物质溶解性的描述和溶解度的描述,都是从定性和定量两个方面来对事物进行研究的。
(8)理论联系实际的思想方法
化学的实践性特点,决定了学习它所应采取的正确态度和根本方法,这就是理论和实际相联系,不但要让学生掌握化学的基本理论知识,而且还要和日常生活的实际联系起来,在化学教学中要有意识地将化学与能源、环境、工业、农业、食品、药品、国防技术等联系进来,使学生懂得学习化学和提高人类生活水平的密切关系,把化学知识的学习和强国富民联系起来,从而提高他们学习化学的兴趣,增强他们的社会责任感。
二.知识归类,形成网络,构造知识脉络图
归类的目的就是使所要复习的内容清晰明了,并使归类的知识系统化和条理化。化学新课程按照不同的模块和专题将化学知识进行编排,注重化学知识与生产、生活的联系与应用,但在整体上淡化了化学的学科知识体系,同一知识点常以不同的要求出现在不同的模块当中,例如,有机化学知识不仅在《化学2》模块中用了大量的篇幅进行介绍,同时《有机化学基础》模块中也进行了更为系统和详尽的介绍。新教材编排的特点也就决定了新课程的总复习教学必须彻底改变以往那种按教材章节顺序来组织教学的模式。而是要以化学的核心知识和核心概念为准则,依据化学课程标准和考试大纲要求,在适当的概念(或主题)中将化学知识进行归类整理的方法复习。归类复习方法不仅可以帮助学生巩固化学的基础知识和基本技能,还能有效地解决复习教学中学生的学习兴趣低、学习效率低等问题。
化学脉络图是归类复习中最常用的一种教学方式。化学脉络图是一种表征、检查、修正和完善化学知识的认知工具,它通常是将有关某一化学主题不同级别的概念或命题置于方框或圆圈中,再以各种连线将相关的概念或命题连接,形成关于该主题的化学概念或知识网络,借此形象化的方式表征学习者的知识结构,以及对某一化学主题的理解。它把化学知识高度浓缩,将各种化学概念及其关系以层级结构形式排列,清晰地揭示了意义建构学习的实质。例如,化学基本概念及其相关知识是高考化学的重点考察内容,通过如下图所示脉络图来进行复习就可以从整体上把握这块知识。这样既有利于教师的展开课堂教学,更有利于
学生系统地掌握知识脉络,便于学生形成系统化、网络化的整体知识结构,使概念的复习与具体的物质性质的结合运用过程中实现知识的有效迁移。
第五篇:高三英语课文理解1(本站推荐)
高三英语课文理解1 1.This time he has more difficulty in getting through.这次电话比较难打通。
have difficulty in doing something有困难做某事: Some students have a lot of difficulty(in)doing math problems.一些学生做数学题有很大困难。Do you have any difficulty in supporting such a large family? 你供养如此大的家庭有困难吗?
2.It'll be the biggest live concert the world has ever seen.这将是世界上从未有过的最大的现场音乐会。
句型the + 最高级 + 名词 + that 定语从句: This is the most wonderful film that I have ever seen.这是我有史以来看过的最精彩的电影。注意从句中的时态:He is one of the best men(that)I have ever met.他是我碰到的最好的人之一。
3.His greatest success has not been in singing but in organizing other singers to sing for him for free!他的最大成功不在演唱,而在于组织其他的歌唱家为他演唱,而且是免费演唱。not„but 是一个连词词组,作“不是..而是”解释,连接两个并列的成分,表示意思上的转折。如:He is not English but American.他不是英国人,而是美国人。They need not money but hi-tech.他们需要的不是钱,而是高科技。The servant can't read and write in English, but can speak English fluently.这个仆人不能读英语和写英语,但能流利地说英语。Not the students but the teacher is hoping to go there.不是学生,而是老师想去那儿。注意:“not...but” 连接两个主语时,谓语动词要与紧靠它的主语在人称和数上一致。试比较:Not the teacher but the students are hoping to go there.不是老师而是学生们想去那儿。
4.He left school and worked first in a food factory and later as a worker building roads.中学毕业后,他先在一家食品厂工作,后来当了一名筑路工人。work as „ 当„: His father works as a truck driver.他父亲当卡车司机。She worked as a nurse and had a large family to support.他当护士,要养活一大家人。
5.From 1979 to 1982 they were the top group in Britain, but in 1982 the group stopped playing together.从1979年到1982年,他们的乐队是英国最好的乐队,但是1982 年这个乐队就停止在一起演出了。stop doing sth.是从那时起停止做某事;stop to do sth.是停止正在做的事情而去做其他的事情。如:We all stopped talking!我们都停止了讲话。She stopped to enjoy the view.她停下来欣赏风景。
6.If they managed to sell lots of copies, then the money from the record sales could be spent on food and other things for Africa.假如他们设法销售大量的唱片,那么,销售唱片得来的钱就可以用来为非洲购买食品和其他物品了。manage是及物动词,后面多跟不定式作宾语 : manage to do sth “设法完成某件困难的事”。如: It's heavy, but I can manage to carry it.东西很重,不过我可以设法把它搬走。注意:manage to do sth.的意思和try to do sth.相似,但千万不要把他们弄混淆了:try to do sth.是设法去做,但不提及成功与否。而且去做的事情不一定都是困难的。manage to do sth.有两层意思,第一是完成的事是困难的事情,第二设法去做的结果是完成了。如:He tried to pass the message to his boss, but he failed.他设法将消息传给他的老板,但是没有传到。He managed to pass the message to his boss.他设法把消息传给他的老板。
7.Bob made sure that the record was played many times on the radio.鲍勃努力通过无线电广播把这碟唱片播放了多次。make sure 弄肯定、设法做到: I will make sure that he arrives there safely.我一定设法使他安全到达那儿。Please make sure that the facts are right.请注意把事实弄清楚。
8.He wanted to see for himself what the problems were.他要亲自看看是什么问题。see „ for oneself 亲眼看看。如:If you don't believe it's snowing, come here and see for yourself.你要是不相信这儿在下雪,你来这儿亲眼看一看。see for oneself还能表达“亲身体验”之意。如:This is a very good method to lose weight.Try it and see for yourself.这是减肥的好方法,试试看,亲身体验一下吧。
9.He soon realized that hunger was only one of the problems in the African countries which he visited.他很快认识到饥饿仅仅是他所走访的非洲国家的问题之一。掌握realise/realize的用法:⑴认识到;了解: He realizes his mistake.他认识到他的错误。She realized that he had been lying.她明白了他一直在说谎。⑵实现: He realized his hopes.他实现了自己的希望。
10.He also persuaded other people to provide money or to give help.他还说服其他人提供资金或给予帮助。persuade 说服、劝服。如:Do you think you can persuade me? 你以为你能说服我吗?persuade sb to do sth.说服某人去做某事,如:I persuaded my mother to let me join the army.我说服妈妈让我参军。还可以说:persuade sb into doing sth.英语中还有一个表示劝说、劝告的单词advice,两者的区别如下:persuade 强调劝告的效果已经达到;advice 不涉及劝说的效果,有可能劝而不服。如: I persuaded my friend to see a doctor.我说服朋友去看医生。I advised my friend to see a doctor, but he refused.我劝我的朋友去看医生,但他拒绝前去。注意persuade somebody to do something在做谓语的时候,一般表示劝说成功。
11.By the end of the year, the total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars, all of which were sent to Africa.到这年底,全部所得总计达到9200多万美元,所有这些钱都被寄往非洲。掌握total的用法:⑴adj.全部的;完全的(通常作定语): The total number of tractors produced this month comes to 17,000.本月生产的拖拉机总数打一万七千辆。⑵n.总数: What does the total come to? 总数是多少?That will cost you $70.5 in total.你总共要花70.5元。⑶v.合计: Your debts totalled one thousands pounds.你的债务总计1000英镑。12.live ,alive 和living 都是形容词,且具有共同的词义“活着的”,但用法不尽相同。三者的区别如下:live 在此作形容词,表示“现场播出”,读音作[laiv]。如:There will be a live TV broadcast of football match between China and US.