第一篇：名词从句讲解加题目
判断句型
1.What I want to do is taking a bath.2.The news that they won the game spread the whole school.3.I don’t think(that)he is an honest boy.4.The fact is that he stole the car.5.Do you know the fact that he stole the car?
6.Do you know the man who is standing over there?
7.It is said that they won the game.引导名词性从句的连接词
I really feel that he needs more experience.I want to know whether/if she still lives here.What she said is not true.Who broke the window has not been found out.He asked whose handwriting is the best in our class.That is why she left home yesterday.Have you heard the news that Mary will be back soon?
8.I will give it to whoever needs it.9.It is unwise to give your child whatever he wants.10.I’ve just bought five new books;you can take whichever book you like.宾语从句
She said(that)she is going to learn English.I want to know whether/if she still lives there.I don’t know who all these people are.She wants to know which film I like best.Please tell me where she lives.注意：that在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常常被省去。但如果从句是并列句时,第二个及以后的分句前that不可省.We all think(that)she is working hard and that she will surely go to a good college.注意：在宾语从句中，表示“是否”既可以用whether,也可以用if.但是，whether常与or not连用；作介词宾语只用whether;从句是否定句时一般用if。
I don’t know whether/if he will come.I want to know whether he will come or not.Are you talking about whether he will come?
He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.4.He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）
5.I really don't know ________ the bridge will be finished.（how long, how soon）
They don't know __________ we are going hiking.7.She wanted to know ___________ her coat would be ready the next day.8.I was really surprised at ______ I saw.9.I don't know ______ so many people crowding round him
10.Do you know _________ shirt it is?
宾语从句的时态和语序
Could you tell me if it _____ tomorrow?
A.rainsB.is raining
C.will rainD.rain
2.The teacher told his students the sun_____
in the east.A.riseB.rises
C.roseD.risen
Peter knew _______.A.whether he has finished reading the book
B.why the boy had so many questions
C.there were 12 months in a year
D.when they will leave for Paris
Could you tell me ______?
A.where is the nearest railway station
B.where the nearest railway station was
C.where the nearest railway station is
D.where was the nearest railway station
I really don't know if she _______ it when she ________.A.finds/ arrives
B.finds/ will arrive
C.will find/ will arrive
D.will find/ arrives
─Where do you think _____ he ____ the TV set? ─ Sorry, I've no idea.A./, bought
B.has, bought
C.did, buy
D.did bought
句型转换
1.When does the train arrive? Please tell me.（改为宾语从句）→
Please tell me ________ _________ _________________.2.What does he do? Do you know?（改为宾语从句）→
Do you know _______ he _______?
3.Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys.（改为宾语从句）→
He asked the boys ___________ they _______ fried chicken.表语从句
在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句
我们的目的是他能认识到错误。
Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。
问题是它是否值得做。
The question is whether it is worth doing.注意：表语从句表示“是否” 只用“whether” 而不用“if”
试区分以下句子
Is this museum what you visited?
Is this the museum that you visited?
Is this museum the one that you visited?
注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。
It appears that they are in need of help.It happened that he had no money on him.That house is _______ the garden tools are stored.The reason I don’t want to go there is ______ I’ve just got a new job here.That was ______ they had made the mistake.Everything in the room is _____ it was ten years ago.The dream Jack has in mind is ______ he will become a scientist in the future.6.What we care about is _________ it will be a fine day tomorrow.主语从句
he will come here on Wednesday is certain.他星期三来这里是肯定的he will come here on Wednesday is
not certain.他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。
What he said is not true.Who broke the window has not been found out.How he escaped is still a mystery.Whom she borrowed money from still puzzled him.she said puzzled him._______ she said such a thing puzzled him._____________ we should send to take part in the party is to be discussed._______ they don’t want to drop the plan is clear._______ he finished the work in so short time remains a question.________ it is going to snow this evening is not certain._____________________________(她离开他)cut him to the cut.______________________________________(月球上没有生命)is known to all.it 做形式主语
That he can’t attend the party is a pity.It is a pity that he can’t attend the party.How much money is needed is hard to say.It is hard to say how much money is needed.That the moon moves around the earth is known to all.It is known to all that the moon moves around the earth.用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配：
It + be + 形容词 ＋ that从句
It is necessary that„有必要„
It is important that „.重要的是„
It is obvious that„„很明显„„
It + be +-ed分词 ＋ that从句
不及物动词 ＋ that从句„
t appears that„似乎„
It happens that „.碰巧„
It occurred to me that„„我突然想起„„
It is a wonder _____ you weren't injured.It is still unknown ______ and ______ this took place.It doesn't matter _______ you are going to do it.你昨天错过了这部新的电影，真是太遗憾了。
同位语从句
在句中用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句一般放在如idea, news, fact, promise, suggestion, belief, truth等含有丰富内涵的抽象的词语后面，用来说明前面那个词的具体内容。一般说来，同位语从句都用that来作连接词，而且不能省略。也可用how, when, where等。
他给了她一个承诺，他会在两个月后回来。
He gave her a promise that he would come back after two months.试区分以下句子
Do you know the fact that he stole the car?
Do you know the fact that they were talking about?
注意：1.如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。
2.定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。Tell the difference
1.The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.2.The news that is spreading around the airport isthat a heavy storm is coming.3.The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering.1.The question is ____the film is worth seeing.A.ifB.whatC.whetherD.how
2.They received orders _____ the work be done at once.A.whichB.whenC./D.that
3.The reason ____ I have to go is ____ my mother is ill in bed.A.why;whyB.why;becauseC.why;thatD.that;because
4.___ I can’t understand is ___ she wants to change her mind.A.What;whyB.Which;howC.That;whyD.What;because
5.____ his dream of going to college will come true is uncertain.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Even if
6.It is known to us ___ where there is pollution, there is harm.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that
7.I have the information ____.A.of what he’ll come soonB.that he’ll come soon
C.of that he’ll come soonD.his coming soon
8.---I saw your neighbor break your window with a basketball.---____ it made me nearly mad.A.That he brokeB.What he brokeC.He brokeD.His break
9.It remains a question ____ we can get so much money in such a
short time.A.howB.thatC.whenD.what
10.---Can I help you?
---Yes, do you know ____?
A.when comes the busB.when will come the bus
C.when does the bus comeD.when the bus comes
11.He made a promise ___ anyone set him free he would make him very rich.A.thatB.ifC.whatD.that if
12.They lost their way in the forest and ____ made matters worse was ___ night began to fall.A.what;thatB.it;that
C.what;whenD.which;what
第二篇：名词从句
名词从句(Noun Clauses）。
名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
1.连词：that（无任何词意）
whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性）
as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）
2.连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever
3.连接副词：when, where, how, why 二.主语从句
1.作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，和连接代词
what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.Who will win the match is still unknown.It is known to us how he became a writer.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.2.有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。
（1）It + be + 名词 + that(a pity, a shame, a strange thing, common knowledge…)
（2）It + be + 形容词 + that(strange, necessary, important,likely,…)
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that(said, known, reported, announced,decided,…)
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that(happen, seem, appear, occur)
3.另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that …
It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that…
It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…
三、宾语从句
在句中作谓语动词或介词宾语的句子。
1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不 可省。He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.We must never think(that)we are good in everything and that others are good in nothing.2.在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。
I insist that she(should)do her work alone.The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.3.用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
I want to know what he has told you.She always thinks of how she can work well.She will give whoever needs help a warm support.4.注意时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。当主句动词是过去时态，从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.5.think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here.I don’t believe he will do so.6.在喜欢，憎恨，理解，感激等词后加宾语从句，先加it作形式宾语再加从句like, love, hate, dislike, prefer, appreciate..+it + clause;see to it that;take it for granted
I’d appreciate it if you help me.I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.7.think/ feel/ find/ make/ believe +it+adj/n+clause He made it clear that he wouldn’t change his mind.I found it hard that we made him change his attitude.8.It makes no/a difference +clause
It made no difference whether he would come or not.四、表语从句
1.表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + 从句。
The fact is that we have lost the game.That’s just what I want.This is where our problem lies.That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.固定句型：
（1）The reason why…/for…is /was that
(2)It looks/ seems/ appears as if/ though(3)It turned out that…
It looks as if it is going to rain.The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.It turned out that it became a doctor.五、同位语从句
1.同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从 句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting.I have no idea when he will come back home.The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.2.同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that 引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
名词从句注意的事项：
1.what 和that 的区分
what 既起连接作用，又充当成分，在从句中作主语，宾语或表语；that只起连接作用，不充当成分，在主，宾，表从句中不省略。
(1).The village we see today is no longer ________it was ten years ago.(2).After months of voyage, Columbus arrived in_________later proved a new continent.(3).The trouble is __________we are short of hands.2.whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：
a.引导主语从句并在句首时；Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.b.引导表语从句时；
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? c.引导从句作介词宾语时；
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.d.从句后有“or not”时；
I wonder whether he will come or not.e.后接动词不定式时。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 3.重点句型
（1）What surprised/ frightened/ disappointed/attracted us most was that …（2）think/ believe/ feel/ find/ make +it +adj/n+clause（3）It is +n/adj/ved that / It happens/seems/appears/occurs that（4）It occurred to me that（5）It turned out that
（6）It makes no/ a difference +clause（7）like/love/ hate/ dislike/ prefer/ appreciate +it +clause
1.________that they found an unusual plant in the forest.A.It is said B.They are said C.It said D.It says
2._____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.A.What B.That C.How D.Where
3.It worried Mary a lot _____ she would pass the college entrance examination.A.whether B.if C.that D.how
4.Shanghai has taken on a new look.It isn’t like _____ it used to be.A.what B.how C.that D.which
5.____ is no possibility ______ Bob will win the first prize in the match.A.There, that B.It, that C.There, whether D.It, whether
6.Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster ____ he had done the day before.A.that B.how C.what D.where
7.The old man smiled when he saw how pretty _____ up to be during the past few years.A.had his daughter grown B.would his daughter grow
C.his daughter would grow D.his daughter had grown
8.Have you seen Mary lately? My boss wants to know _______.A.how she is getting along B.how is she getting along
C.what she is getting along D.what is she getting along
9.____surprised me most was _____such a little girl of seven could play the violin so well.A.That;what B.What;that C.That;that D.What;what
10.These wild flowers are so special I would do ______ I can to save them.A.whatever B.which C.that D.whichever
11._____ helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A.Who B.Anyone C.Whoever D.The person
12.Eat _____ you like and leave the others for _____ comes in late.A.any;who B.every;whoever C.whichever;whoever D.either;whoever
13.___ she couldn’t understand was ____fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.A.What;why B.That;why C.What;because D.Why;that
14.It was ____ he said ___ disappointed me.A.What;that B.That;that C.What;what D.That;what
15.It was ordered that all the soldiers _______to the front.A.should send B.must be sent C.should be sent D.must go
16.The true value of life is not in ______, but _______.A.which we get;what give we B.what we get;what we give
C.which do we get;what do we give D.how we get;that we give
17.We are all for your suggestion that the discussion _______.A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to be put off
18.Go and get your coat．It's ____ you left it．
A.where B.there C.here where D.where there
19.Sarah hopes to become a friend of ______ shares her interests.A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter who
20.You can’t imagine ______ when they received these nice Christmas presents.A.how they were excited B.how excited they were
C.how excited were they D.they were how excited
名词性从句（87-2006）
1._____________ you have done might do harm to other people.(87)
A.That B.What C.Which D.This 2.They have no idea at all ____________.(87)
A.where he has gone
B.where did he go
C.which place he has gone D.where he had gone 3._____________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.(88)
A.Anyone B.The person C.Whoever D.Who 4.Upon graduation he asked to be sent to _______________.(88)
A.where he is most needed B.where he needed
C.where he is mostly needed D.where is he mostly needed 5.These photographs will show you _____________.(89)
A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like
C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like 6.Can you make sure _____________ the gold ring?(90)
A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice put
C.where Alice has put D.where has Alice put 7.No one can be sure _____________ in a million years.(91)
A.what man will look like B.what will man look like
C.man will look like what D.what look will man like 8._____________ the Games will be held in Beijing is not known.(92)
A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That 9.It worried her a bit _____________ her hair was turning gray.(92)
A.what B.that C.if D.for 10._____________ you don’t like him is none of my business.(92)
A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether 11._____________ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.(93)
A.What B.That C.The fact D.The matter 12.He asked _____________ for the violin.(93)
A.did I pay how much
B.I paid how much
C.how much did I pay
D.how much I paid 13.— Do you remember ____________ he came?
— Yes, I do, he came by car.(94)
A.how B.when C.that D.if 14._________ _ is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.(95)
A.There B.This C.That D.It 15.Sarah hopes to become a friend of _____________ shares her interests.(95)
A.anyone B.whomever C.whoever D.no matter who 16.____________ we can’t get seems better than ____________ we have.(96)
A.What;what B.What;that C.That;that D.That;what 17._____________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.(96)
A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where 18.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____________ he or she wants.(97)
A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever 19.___________ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.(98)
A.What B.That C.How D.Where 20.It was a matter of ____________ would take the position.(98)
A.who B.whoever C.whom D.whomever 21.— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____________ you had a few days off?(99)A.why B.when C.what D.where 22.___________ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.(99)
A.Who B.The one C.Anyone D.Whoever 23.These wild flowers are so special I would do _____________ I can to save them.(00)
A.that B.which C.whichever D.whatever 24._____________ she couldn’t understand was _____________ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.(00)
A.That;what B.What;why C.What;because D.Why;that 25.What the doctors really doubt is _____________ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.(01)
A.when B.how C.whether D.why 26._________ is no possibility ___________ Bob can win the first prize in the match.(01)
A.There;that B.It;that C.There;whether D.It;whether 27.When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the mokey exactly ____________ he wants.(2002上海)
A.what B.which C.when D.that 28.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _________ road conditions need ____________.(2003上海)
A.that;to be improved B.which;to be improved
C.where;improving D.when;improving 29.— Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
— Oh, that’s ____________.(2003 北京春季)
A.what makes me feel excited B.whatever I feel excited about
C.how I feel about it
D.when I feel excited 30.We cannot figure out _______ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.(2004 北京)
A.that B.as C.why D.when 31.I think Father would like to know ___________ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.(04 湖南)
A.which
B.why C.what D.how 32.A modern city has been set up in ________ was a wasteland ten years ago.(04 天津)A.what
B.which C.that D.where 33.Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.(04广东)
A.that
B.how C.such D.so 34.The road is covered with snow.I can't understand ______they insist on going by motor-bike.(04)A.why B.whether C.when D.how 35.After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, _______ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.(04上海)
A.where B.what C.that D.how 36.A story goes ______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.(04上海)
A.when B.where C.what D.that 37.The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ________ I thought was a dangerous speed.(04上海春季)A.as B.which C.what D.that 38.Along with the letter was his promise ________ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A.which B.that C.what D.whether 39.Mary wrote an article on ________the team had failed to win the game.（05 北京）
A.why B.what C.who D.that 40.Danby left word with my secretary ____________ he would call again in the afternoon.(05 浙江)
A.who B.that C.as D.which 41.The way he did it was different _________we were used to.(05 江西)
A.in which
B.in what C.from what D.from which 42.I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize ___ silly mistakes I had made.(05 湖南)
A.what
B.that C.how
D.which 43.With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _____ he was a man of action.(06 湖南)
A.which
B.that C.what D.whether 44.We haven't settled the question of ______________ it is necessary for him to study abroad.（06江苏）
A.if B.where C.whether D.that 45._________makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.（06辽宁）
A.What B.Who C.Whatever D.Whoever 46.See the flags on top of the building? That was _______we did this morning.（06全国I）
A.when B.which C.where D.what 47.Please remind me _____he said he was going.I may be in time to see him off.（06全国I）
A.where B.when C.how D.what 48.---What did your parents think about your decision?
---They always let me do _______ I think I should.（06全国III）
A.when B.that C.how D.what 49.Engines are to machines _________ hearts are to animals.（06山东）
A.as B.that C.what D.which 50.I just wonder __________ that makes him so excited.（06山东）
A.why it does B.what he does C.how it is D.what it is 51.One advantage of playing the guitar is _________ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.（06上海）
A.how
B.why
C.that
D.when 52.He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning ________ his teammates had done.（06上海）
A.what B.which C.why D.while 53.---It’s thirty years since we last met.---But I still remember the story, believe it or not, __________ we got lost on a rainy night.（06四川）
A.which
B.that C.what D.when 54.There is much chance __________Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.（06天津）
A.that
B.which
C.until D.if 55.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________he had to meet his uncle at the airport.（06重庆）
A.why
B.that
C.where
D.because 56.These shoes look very good.I wonder __________.（06上海春季）
A.how much cost they are
B.how much do they cost
C.how much they cost
D.how much are they cost 57.Doris' success lies in the fact _________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.（06上海春季）
A.which
B.that
C.when
D.why 58.---Could you do me a favor?
---It depends on ________it is.A.which
B.whichever
C.what D.whatever
答案：
1------5 BACAB 6------10 CACBC 11------15 ADADC 16------20 ABBAA 21-----25 ADDBC 26------30 AAAAC 31------35 CABAB 36-----40 DCBAB 41------45 CABCA 46------50 DBDCD 51-----55 CABAB 56------58 CBC
第三篇：各类从句讲解
各类从句详解
英语从句可以分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句三大类：下面我们逐一进行说明：
一、名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词，关联词如下：
①
主从连词：that(无意义), whether(是否), if(是否)（在句子中不充当任何成分）②
连接代词：who(谁), whom(谁), whose(谁的), what(什么), which(哪一个)③
连接副词：when(什么时候), where(什么地方), how(怎样), why(为什么)主从连词只起连接作用，连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。
下面分别对各种名词性从句进行介绍
（一）主语从句（subject clause）
在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。例如：
That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。
That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球绕地球转动，这是我们大家都熟知的。
When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide.会议什么时候召开还没有决定。主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分别改写为： It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held.下面再举一些例句：
What they are after is profit.他们追求的是利润。That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。Who did the work is unknown.谁干了这工作无人知道。Whether she will join us won’t make too much difference.It won’t make too much difference whether she will join us.她是否参与我们的活动无关紧要。Which way is more effective is still a question.It is still a question which way is more effective.哪种办法效率更高还是个问题。
（二）表语从句（predicative clause）
在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。
One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。
My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的。
That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。
It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。
（三）宾语从句（object clause）
在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。（1）动词后的宾语从句
We know that a parrot can’t really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。
Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.知道要下雨了，于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。（不定式to know的宾语从句）The club will give whoever wins a prize.获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。Up to now we can’t say whether his theory can stand the test.到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验。A little observation will show how the temperature changes.稍加观察就可以看出温度是怎样变化的。
Do you know who lives in this room?你知道谁住在这房间里吗？（2）介词后的宾语从句
He laughed at what they said.她对他们说的话一笑置之。
There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money is measured.什么是货币以及怎样计量货币在经济学家之间存在分歧。
（3）形容词的宾语从句
有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。常见的这类形容词有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。
“害怕，惊讶，震惊，意识，确定，自信，高兴，高兴，高兴，高兴，自豪，伤心，对不起，当然，惊讶” 例如：
I am glad that you have come.你来了，我真高兴。
I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的。
He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通过这个考试。
（四）同位词从句（apposition clause）
同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构。
主句中有些词义比较抽象的名词，如：belief, doubt, evidence证据, idea, fact, hope, news, possibility, question, thought等，可以用that、连接代词和连接副词引出同位语从句。
There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit from heart surgery.毫无疑问，有许多人得益于心脏外科手术。
I have an idea that parents should monitor监控the kind of television their children watch.我有一个想法，父母应该检查孩子看电视的内容。
There is the news that some British customers will visit our company.有消息说几个英国客户要来我公司参观。
Is there any proof that the food of the plant differs from that of animals? 是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？ We all know the fact that organization helps memorization.我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。注意：虽然that在同位语从句中没有什么意义，但不能省略。区别：尽管由that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句很相似，但两者有明显的区别。
(a)
that在同位语从句中是连词，只起连接作用，无具体词义，不能在从句中充当成分；而用that引导的定语从句中，that是关系代词，在从句中充当一定成分，并有词意。
(b)
同位语从句与其先行词在逻辑上有“主系表”的关系，例如上面的第一句可以理解为：“许多人得益于心脏外科手术是毫无疑问的”上述其它各句也是如此，而定语从句则没有这种关系。
（五）只可用whether但不可用if的情况 if, whether引导的名词性从句表示“是否”，其异同点如下： 相同点：
(a)用作宾语从句时，它们可互相替换。例如：
I wonder if/whether you can help me.我想知道你是否能帮助我。
(b)都可与or连用。例如：
Please tell me if/whether they are Swedish or Danish.诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。不同点：（只可用whether但不可用if的情况）
(a)if不能用于在句首的主语从句。例如：
Whether John will go remains a question.约翰是否去还是一个问题。
Whether she likes the present is not clear to me.她是否喜欢礼物我还不清楚。但可以说
It’s not clear to me if/whether she likes the present.（因为没有在句首，所以可以用if）
(b)if不能用于表语从句
The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
(c)if不能引导介词的宾语从句
I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
(d)if不能引导同位语从句
They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。
(e)if后不能接or not I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
是用if还是用whether是一个考点，但能用if的场合一定能用whether，反之则不然。
二、定语从句
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句（attributive clause）被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词后面。
定语从句一般由关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词：when, where, why引出。
注意区别：在名词性从句中，that是连词，在句中不充当任何成分，且没有任何意义；而在定语从句中，that是关系代词，在句中充当一定成分，并有词意。
（一）由关系代词引出的定语从句
关系代词which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语；who指人，在从句中作主语或宾语；whom指人，在从句中作宾语；that指人或物，常用于替代which, who, whom，在从句中作主语或宾语。whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。例如：
1.There are many sounds which/that have a meaning and yet are not words.有许多声音有意义但不是词。（which/that在从句中作主语）
2.The few points which/that the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.校长在报告中强调的几点确实非常重要。（which/that在从句中作宾语）
3.Some people who/that are successful language learners often fail in other fields.有些在语言学习上很成功的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。（who/that在从句中作主语）
4.Here is the man whom/who/that you’ve been looking for.这就是你一直在找的人。（whom/who/that在从句中作宾语）
5.She lives in the house whose door and windows are broken.她住在门窗已经坏了的房子里。（whose指物，在从句中作定语）
6.How many students are there in your class whose parents serve in the government agencies?你们班里有多少同学的父母在政府机关工作。（whose指人，在从句中作定语）
注意，在定语从句中的关系代词which, who, whom, that等，如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略。例如上面的第二句、第四句也可以改为：
The few points the president stressed in his report are very important indeed.Here is the man you’ve been looking for.●介词提前 在从句中，如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，那么这个介词可以提到从句之前。（但that, who不适用）例如：
The girl to whom you spoke is my sister.（＝The girl whom you spoke to is my sister.）跟你说话的那个女孩是我妹妹。
前面说过，在定语从句中，如果关系代词做宾语可以省略，但是如果是介词的宾语，则关系代词省略后，介词不能提前，例如上句可改写为：
The girl you spoke to is my sister.（如果关系代词省略，to不能提前了）
（二）关系副词引出的定语从句 关系副词when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）等引出的定语从句分别用来修饰表示时间、地点、原因的先行词。这些关系副词在从句中均作状语。例如：
1.At the time when I saw him, he was well.在我看到他的时候，他身体很好。
2.This is the place where the accident took place last night.这就是昨晚发生事故的地方。3.That is the reason why I am not in favor of your plan.这就是我不赞成你的计划的原因。可以用介词＋which结构替换关系副词。其中： when ＝ at/in/on/during which 表示时间 where ＝ in/at which 表示地点 why ＝ for which 表示原因
1.Do you remember the day when/on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
2.He will always remember the day when/on which his father returned from America.他将永远记住父亲从美国返回的那一天。
3.This was the time when/at which she left for Beijing.这就是她动身去北京的时间。4.This is the house where/in which I lived two years ago.这是我两年前住过的房子。
5.I don’t know the reason why/for which he didn’t come to the meeting yesterday morning.我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议。
（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。
1.The distance that light travels in one second is 300thousand kilometers.光在一秒钟所走的距离为30万公里。
2.Those who want to go please sign their names here.想去的人在这里签名。
3.This is the place where the Anti-Japanese War broke out.这里是抗日战争爆发的地方。此外，前面所给出的例句均为限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散，从句只是对先行词的附加说明。如果去掉它，句子的意思仍然清楚。从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。译成汉语时，从句常单独译成一句。例如：
1.Steel, which has many useful properties, is widely used in the machine-building industry.钢有许多有用的特性，所以它在机械制造业中得到了广泛的应用。
2.Mr.Brown, who just came from Britain yesterday, will teach us accounting this term.布朗先生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们会计学。
3.She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan, where she has some relatives.她准备到海南度寒假，那儿她有一些亲戚。
（四）as引出的定语从句
as常在such„as和same„as的结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。例如：
1.Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.你描述的这种人现在已经寥寥无几了。2.Let us discuss only such question as concern everyone of us.我们只讨论与我们每个人有关的问题吧。
3.I feel just the same as you do.我的感觉和你一样。
4.My stand on this problem is just the same as it was four years ago.在这个问题上，我的立场和四年前一样。
（五）关系代词that与which的比较
在定语从句中，当先行词是物时，引导词that和which常常可以通用，但以下几种情况需注意。
注意1 只宜于用which，不用that的情况。(1)先行词为that，those时。
What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那个是什么？(2)引导词（关系代词）前有介词时。
This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。
注意2 只宜于用that，不用which的情况。
(1)先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。
The film is the most interesting that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最有趣的一部。English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.英语会是这些年你学的最难的科目。
(2)先行词是序数词或它的前面有last或序数词修饰时。
It’s the first film that I saw this year.这是我今年看的第一部电影。
Tom is always the first that comes to the classroom.Tom总是第一个到教室的人。(3)主句以疑问词who，which开头时，不用which或who，以避免重复。Which is the bike that you lost? 哪辆是你丢的自行车？(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
They are taiking about the sutdents and the school that they visited yesterday.他们正在谈论昨天访问的学生和学校。
(5)先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词时。You should hand in all that you have.你应该把你有的所有上交。
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能提供给你。
Is this school the one that we are going to visit tomorrow? 这所学校是我们明天要参观的那个吗？
Is there anything that you want to buy? 你有什么想要买的东西吗？
(6)先行词前有no, any, few, little, all, the only, the same, the very等词修饰时。
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们能做的唯一的事就是给你一些钱。
There are no children that don’t love their parents.没有孩子不爱他们的父母。
三、状语从句
在复合句中起状语作用的从句叫状语从句（adverbial clause）。状语从句按其意义可以分为：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、方式、让步等类别。下面就按状语从句的类别逐一介绍。
（一）时间状语从句
时间状语从句通常由下列连词引导：when, whenever, as, while, since, till, until, before, after, once, as soon as, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when等
例如：
I will discuss this with you when we meet.我们见面时再与你讨论这件事。
Come and see me whenever you want to.任何时候想来就来看看我。
We must strike while the iron is hot.我们必须趁热打铁。
As he was making his experiments, he observed this physical phenomenon.当他在做实验时，他观察到这个物理现象。
I watched her until she disappeared from sight in the distance.我看着她直到她远远地消失在视野中。
You haven’t changed much since we met last year.自从去年我们见面以来，你变化不大。
He had learned English for three years before he went to London.他去伦敦之前已学了三年英语。
The sun came out soon after the storm stopped.暴风雨过后不久，太阳出来了。
I’ll send you the sample as soon as it is made ready.一旦样品制好，我马上给你寄去。
●注意：when, as, while的区别
区别1: when, as, while都可以表示一段持续性时间，但表示一个时间点时，要用when, as而不能用while。
例如：
He entered the room when/as/while the meeting was going on.正当开会的时候他走进了房间。（开会是一个持续性时间）
但是：
When/as he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.当他讲话结束时，听从掌声雷动。（讲话结束是一个时间点，不能用while）
区别2：when除有“当„的时候”之意外，还有“当„之后，然后”之意，因此从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，只能用when 引导从句，不可用as 或 while。
例如：
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.当你干完活后，你可以休息一下。（从句动作在主句前，只能用when）
此外，时间状语从句还可以由一些名词引导，如：the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, the day, every time等。此外有些副词也可以引导时间状语从句，如：instantly, directly, immediately等。
例如：
I’ll telephone you the instant I know.我一知道就立即给你打电话。
Every time I catch a cold, my nose runs.我一感冒就流鼻涕。
I came immediately I'd eaten.我一吃完饭就来了。
（二）地点状语从句
地点状语从句主要由：where, wherever引导。
Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。
You have the right to live where you want.你有权居住在你想住的地方。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。
Sit wherever you like.你想坐在哪里就坐在那里。
Wherever you go you will see great changes that have taken place in that city.不管你走到哪里，你都会看到那座城市发生的巨大变化。
（三）原因状语从句
原因状语从句经常由下列连词引导：because, as, since, for, in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that), not that„but that等。其中because通常放在主句后面（有时也可放在句首）；其语气比as, since要强，在回答why引导的疑问句时，必须用because回答；since通常放在句首，常表示已为人们所知的原因或理由；语气比because要弱；as可放在句首或句末，语气相对更弱；for不能用于句首，只能用于主句后，for引导的从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只是一种解释，语气要比because弱得多。
例如：
She has just missed her bus because the timetable has changed.因为汽车时刻表变了，她没有赶上汽车。
As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.因为天气很好，我们决定爬山。
Since he is busy, I won’t trouble him.既然他很忙，我就不打扰他了。
He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他没有感到恐惧，因为他很勇敢。(for不能用在句首)
in that, now(that), seeing(that), considering(that)这几个连词与as, since的意义相近，都有“鉴于某种事实，原因是”的意思，例如：
A gas differs from a solid in that it has no definite shape.气体不同于固体就在于它没有一定的形状。
Now that all are present, let’s start the discussion.既然全都出席了，我们就开始讨论。
Seeing(that)she was seriously ill, they sent for the doctor.鉴于她病情严重，他们派人请了医生。
not that„but that表示：“不是(因为)，而是(因为)”。
He left a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health.他有些着急，不是因为他的学生不努力学习，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康。
注意：原因状语从句与结果状语从句常可互换：例如：
John flew into a rage because I took no notice of him.因为我没有注意到约翰，他生气了。
I took no notice of John, so that he flew into a rage.我没有注意到约翰，结果他生气了。
上面可以看出，原来的原因状语从句变为了主句，而原来的主句变为了结果状语从句。
（四）目的状语从句
目的状语从句通常由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that等引导
例如：
They set out early that they might arrive at the station in good time.他们很早就出发了，以便及时赶到车站。
Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.我们坐前排吧，这样可以看得更清楚一些。
We should do our utmost in order that we may be able to over fulfill the task.为了超额完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。
He took his umbrella with him lest it rain.他带了雨伞，以防下雨。
Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leak away.电池一定要放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。注意有时目的状语从句要用虚拟语气，例句请参考有关“虚拟语气”的章节。
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句通常由：so that, so„that, such„that等引导。
例如：
He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.他作了错误的决定，结果毁掉了半生。
The problem is so complicated that it will take us much time to work it out.这道题这么复杂，我们要用很多时间才能解决。
The mountain is so high that she can't climb it up to the top.那座山太高了，她无法登上山顶。
He ran so fast that his brother couldn't catch up with him.他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。
The aircraft was flying at such a high altitude that we could hardly see it.飞机飞行的高度是这么的高，以致于我们几乎看不到它。
He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood.他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句可由下列连词引导：if, unless, on condition(that), suppose/supposing(that), provided/providing(that), as/so long as, in case等。
If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.明天如果下雪，我们就堆雪人。
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.如果你不太累，我们去散散步。
You’ll be late unless you hurry.如果不赶快的话，你会迟到的。（unless ＝ if„not）
I’ll lend you my computer on condition(that)you keep it in good shape.如果你能保持我的计算机的良好状态，我就可以借给你用。
Suppose we are late, what will he say?
假如我们迟到，他会说什么？
Supposing we can’t get the necessary data, what shall we do?
假如我们弄不到必要的数据，那我们怎么办呢？
Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I’ll explain the secret.只要你保证不告诉任何人，我就把这个秘密讲给你听。
In case it rains, do not expect me.万一下雨，就不要等我了。
He will do anything as long as it is interesting.只要有意义，他什么都愿意干。
有些条件状语从句可以或必须使用虚拟语气，详见“虚拟语气”。
（七）比较状语从句
比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：than, as„as, not so/as„as, the„the„等。
Bill is taller than Bob(is).比尔比鲍勃高。
I can walk faster than you can run.我走得比你跑得还要快。
He is a greater painter than people suppose(he is).他是一个比人们想像的更伟大的画家。
Tom works as hard as John(dose).汤姆和约翰工作一样努力。
Her mother is not as tall as she(is).她妈妈没有她高.注意：than, as„as从句与主句结构上相同的部分常省略，只留下相比较的部分。如：
I know you better than he(knows you).我比他更了解你。
注意区别：
I know you better than him.我了解你比了解他更多。
说明：本句中的than是介词，后面要用代词的宾格him，而上一句的than是连词，引导的是比较状语从句，即使后面的成分省略，代词也要用主格he。
但是，有时虽然从句与主句结构相同，但意义不同，从句一般不能省略，例如：
The house is much taller than it is wide.这房子的高度比宽度大的多。
the„the„句型表示“越„越„”
The sooner, the better.越快越好。The Greater the mass of a body, the greater is its inertia.物体的质量越大，它的惯性就越大。
Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels.事实上，他越忙越高兴。
（八）方式状语从句
比较状语从句可由下列连词引导：as, as if/though
I did just as you told me.我正是按照你说的办的。
Please state the facts as they are.请如实地陈述事实。
It looks as if/though it’s going to rain.看起来好像要下雨了。
注意：as if引导的从句，即可以是陈述语气，也可以是虚拟语气。但两者表达的意思不同。
例如：
He walk as if he is drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了。（陈述语气，有可能真的喝醉了）
He walk as if her were drunk.他走起路来好像喝醉了似的。（虚拟语气，在说话人看来，他并没有喝醉）
（九）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由下列连词引导：although, though, as, even if/though, however, whatever, no matter how/what/where/when, whether„or等
although与though意义基本相同，都表示“虽然”，只是although语气更重，常用于句首。
例如：
Although he is poor, he is honest.他虽然空，但是诚实。
Air has weight, though it is very light.虽然空气很轻，但它有重量。
注意，although, though用于引导状语从句，but用于引导并列句，although, though与but不能同时使用。
Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.尽管我可以试一试，但我不可能举起那块石头。（要倒装）
Even though you say so, I do not believe it.即使你这样说，我也不相信。
However hard he tries, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.尽管他做出努力，但他似乎从来不能令人满意地完成工作。
Whatever you say she never listens.不管你说什么，她都不听。
No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity.无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力。
He keeps on with his physical training in the winter no matter how cold it is.不管冬天天气多冷，他总是坚持体育锻炼。
We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not.无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。
第四篇：定语从句讲解
定语从句专题讲解
一、基本概念：
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now? That is the house where he lived ten years ago.定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般用关系代词或关系副词来引导，关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作从句中的一个成分。引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which，as 关系副词有：when, where, why.二、关系词的用法：
（一）关系代词的用法：
1． 作主语用who, which和that, 如： He is the man who/that lives next door.The train which/that has just left is for Shenzhen.2． 作宾语用whom, who, which, that, 如：
The man(whom/who/that)we have just seen is a famous writer.Where is the book(which/that)I bought last week? 注：在非正式文体中，用于指人的关系代词who whom, that 通常可以省略，但在正式文体中通常用whom, 不可省略；用于指物的关系代词which和that 在非正式文体中也通常省略，但在正式文体中一般不省略。
3． 作定语用whose, 如：(a)He is the man whose car was stolen last week.(b)It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.注：“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如上a句），又能作宾语（如上b句）。whose 的先行词常用来指人，但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念，这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which”，如： They came to a house whose back wall had broken down..(= the back wall of which)He’s written a book the name of which I’ve completely forgotten.(= whose name)4． 作表语只用that，它既可以指人，也可以指物，但时常省略。如： He is no longer the man that he used to be.This is no longer the dirty place(that)it used to be.（二）关系副词的用法：
1．when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常有：time, day, morning, night, week, year 等。如：
I still remember the time when I first became a college student.Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注：when时常可以省略，特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中。如： Each time he came, he did his best to help us.But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill.2．where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常有：place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。This is the hotel where they are staying.I forget the house where the Smiths lived.注：where有时也可以省略。如：
This is the place(where)we met yesterday.3． why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason。如： That is the reason why he is leaving so soon.注：why时常也可以省略。如： That is the real reason he did it.(三)使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
1． 这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on(in, at, during„)+ which;where = in(at, on„)+ which;why = for which.如：
I was in Beijing on the day when(=on which)he arrived.The office where(=in which)he works is on the third floor.This is the chief reason why(=for which)we did it.2． 当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.3． when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why 只能引导限制性定语从句。三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不可用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。如： This is the telegram which he refers to.Is there anything(that)I can do for you? 2．非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，因而不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如：
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where，不可以用that和why。
另外，非限制性定语从句从意义上讲，相当于一个并列句，在口语中使用并不普遍，在日常生活中，人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如：
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I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.3．两种定语从句的内涵不同，限制性定语从句具有涉他性，而非限制性定语从句具有唯一性，这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较： All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man.（只有一个）His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old.（不止一个）
4．有时，非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词，而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分，这时一般采用which或as来引导。当整个主句（先行词）在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
eg: He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.He has left here, which greatly upsets me.注：
（1）as引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。They are hollow, which makes them very light.As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.（2）从意义上讲，which指前面主句的内容；而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象„ „那样”。
（3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用或当非限制定语从句为否定时，则常用which，而不用as，如：
She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.He tore up my photo, which upset me.Tom drinks a lot everyday,which his wife doesn’t like at all.5．在正式文体中，以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导，如：
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.但在非正式文体中，人们通常省略in which或 that : The way(in which)he spoke to us was suspicious.I don’t like the way(that)you laugh at her.四．关系词的选择
1． 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who 指人，which指物；关系代词做宾语，常用whom（口语中有时用who）指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。
2． 关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?
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Do you know the boy(that)she was talking to? The pencil(which/that)he was writing with suddenly broke.3． 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换；但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：(1)当先行词是all, a lot,(a)little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing等词时。如： All that can be done has been done.In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.(2)当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：
We heard clearly every word that he said.(3)当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.(4)当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容
词最高级同时修饰时，如：
Is that the best that you can do? That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.(5)当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如： This is the very book that I want to find.(6)当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.(7)当主句是以which，who,what开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Which is the car that killed the boy? Who is the person that is making this lecture? 4.用which而不用that的情况：
①引导非限制性定语从句； ②代表整个主句的意思； ③介词+关系代词。e.g.He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year.这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
5.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。
但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：
(1)当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody等词时。如：
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Is there anyone who can answer this question? He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)(2)当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that„。如： He that promises too much means nothing.(3)当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：
Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting?(4)在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：
A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited.(5)两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：
She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.6.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:(1)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如： Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there? Which of us that knows anything does not know this?(2)当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如： He is the greatest man that has ever lived.(3)当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me.7.当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。
如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
This is the same instrument as I used yesterday.这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用： I have the same opinion as / that you have.这里要注意的是：
（1）使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中 的动词不可省略。如： Women received the same pay as men.Women received the same pay that men received.(2)在“the same„that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。
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that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如： This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.= This is the instrument I used yesterday.但在“the same„as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。
(3)当“the same„that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。
如：He lives in the same building that I live.= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.Shall we meet at the same place that we last met? = Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at? 8.当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如： A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）
9.as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：
as is known to all,as is said,as is reported, as is announced,as we all know,as I expect等。
Eg：As I expected,he got the first place again in this mid-term examination.正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
第五篇：定语从句讲解
定语从句讲解
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行
词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
如：
He is the boy
who often goes to school late.先行词
关系词
定语从句
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）
The coat（that）I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
The film（which）we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
3.who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher（whom）Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）
注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c.先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a.先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：
Tom came back，which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
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