养生旅游论文摘要翻译

第一篇：养生旅游论文摘要翻译

摘要：养生旅游是一种养生的方式，以追求身体、感情、精神、灵魂平衡和谐为目的的旅游活动。随着人民生活水平的提高，养生之道日益被人们所重视，健康旅游、养生旅游已逐渐成为中老年人的时尚概念，人们更加渴望到美丽、山清水秀、空气新鲜、服务配套设施齐全的乡村旅游和度假。论文以诸暨赵家镇为研究对象，对当地政府、管理部门，以及对游客、居民进行了随机抽样问卷调查和访谈调查，收集、整理了诸暨赵家镇中老年游客养生旅游需求的第一手资料。在调研的基础上，提出赵家镇养生旅游多元化整合开发为手段，形成集养生、游乐、度假、观光、学习教育、文化交流体验等旅游方式为一体的多功能综合性旅游区等开发对策。

关键字：诸暨赵家镇养生旅游中老年游客需求开发

Abstract: The health tourism, a tourism activity, is a way to pursue physical, emotional, spiritual, soul balance and harmony.As people's living standards improve, increasing group of people so extremely emphasizes on the regimen that health tourism or regimen tourism has become fashionable concept in the elderly.People are more eager to beautiful, picturesque scenery, fresh air, services supporting facilities of rural tourism and vacation.The thesis chooses the Zhuji Zhao Town as the research object, investigating the local government authorities, tourists and residents through random sample survey questionnaires and interviews.From it, the firsthand data of health tourism demand of middle-aged tourists in Zhuji Zhao town is collected and collated.Based on the survey, the diversification of health tourism in Zhao town is proposed, and the exploitation plan for the multi-functional integrated tourist area is determined in order to form a set of health, recreation, vacation, tourism, education, cultural exchange experience and other forms.Keywords:Zhuji Zhao town, health tourism, elderly tourists, demand, development

第二篇：如何翻译论文标题、摘要

如何翻译论文标题、摘要

题名的结构。英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成

例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(贺兰山常见苔藓植物)；

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heat-treated Wood(热处理木材的水分吸着热力学特性)。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。

题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；况且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。

例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without Petroleum?(农业机械化能离开石油吗?)。

标题的翻译

论文的 “眼睛”: 主题和中心内容 准确,简明扼要,生动醒目,用词质朴

英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成

浅析篮球基本功

A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball 基因疗法

Gene Therapy 英汉翻译中的信息转换

Information Shift in English-Chinese Translation

短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。电子管收音机和晶体管收音机的优缺点

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Vacuum Tube Radios and Transistor Radios 美国高校学生事物发展的最新趋势极其启示

Current Trends of Students Affairs Development in American Universities and Their Implications 体育赛事观众管理的现状与对策研究

The Status and Strategic Research of Sport Events Spectators 我国退役运动员社会保障体系的现状、问题及对策

Present Situation, Problems and Counter-measure of the Social Security System for Our Retired Athletes

常见模式

对„的研究探讨探索分析综述述评(A The)research on„..The exploration of..A study of„

An analysis of„.A brief review of„ A commentary on„

国内外外语课堂互动研究

A review of the research on foreign language classroom interaction at home and abroad 外语学习主体多元化评价的效应研究

A Study of the Effects of Multi-valuator Evaluation on Foreign Language learning

美国大学生职业生涯规划服务质量研究

Research on the Quality of American College Students Career Services On the Quality of American College Students Career Services 试论比较教育中的实地调查

On the “Field Work” in Comparative Education Research 大阪大学通识教育实践模式研究

On Practice Mode of General Education at Osaka University 教学行为研究在阅读教学中的作用

Action Research in the Teaching of Reading 俄罗斯社会转型时期流浪儿童成长问题探析

An Analysis of the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia On the Development of Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia On Street Children During the Social Transition in Russia 动宾型标题: 译成动名词短语 浅析国内英语测试研究现状

Analyzing English Test Research in Our Country 谈 “红色勋章”中的印象主义和自然主义 Talking on the Impressionism and Naturalism In the Red Bandage of Courage 利用波浪能量淡化海水 Utilizing Wave Energy for Seawater Desalting 探讨大学英语教材中的语用问题

Exploring Pragmatic Knowledge in College English Textbook 陈述句标题: 译成句子或短语

从世界多体化英语教学理论看我国英语教学

World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading 疑问句标题: 疑问词+不定式,句子 比较教育,研究什么? Comparative Education Research: What to Study? 浅谈加强青少年传球技术的训练方法

shallow to talk strengthening a teenager spreads the ball technical training method Strengthening Teenagers’ Spreading Skill 足球运动中的心理训练

The player's psychological training of soccer Psychological Training in Soccer 足球运动对中学生余暇体育的特殊影响

Football movement to middle-school student-odd free time sports special influence Football’ Impact on High School Students’ Leisure-time Sports 浅析篮球基本功

A brief analysis of basic skills in basketball sport Basic skills in basketball 浅析如何提高抢篮板球技术

Discussion on How to Improve Rebound Technology

国际标准组织规定, 论文标题一般不要超过15个英文单词, 美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；美国国立癌症研究所杂志J Nat Cancer Inst要求题名不超过14个词；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。这些规定可供我们参考。

总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好

中英文题名的一致性。同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应: 从世界多体化英语教学理论看我国英语教学

World Englishes Theory Can Improve Our English Reading 与中文题名相比较，二者用词虽有差别，但内容上是一致的。

凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。例如：The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality．其中两处的冠词the 均可不用。

题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式。

1.全部字母大写。例如：OPTIMAL DISPOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE 2.每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写。例如：The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects 3.题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities． 目前2.格式用得最多，而3.格式的使用有增多的趋势。

题名中的缩略词语。已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。WTO, FIFA，GSU(Guangzhou Sport University)

作者与作者单位的英译

1)作者:

中国人名按汉语拼音拼写；其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。Hu Hansan，George Bush 2)单位: 单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。另外，单位英译一定要采用本单位统一的译法(即本单位标准译法)，切不可另起炉灶。广州体育学院 Guangzhou Sport University 中山大学 Zhongshan University Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 湖南师范大学 Hunan Normal University

摘要 abstract 要写好科技论文的英文摘要, 首先要写好中文摘要, 再在此基础上译成英文。要按照英语习惯进行翻译, 切不可依照中文摘要的语序逐字逐句地直译。

一般而言, 英文摘要是中文摘要的转译, 所以应按照英文的语言习惯准确地译出中文摘要的内容, 字数没有硬性规定, 但普遍认为150~ 180 个单词为宜。

规范的英文摘要一般包括目的、方法、结果和结论, 总体要求重点突出、表达确切、简明扼要。切忌将中文摘要逐字逐句直译, 或按照中文句式的思维模式来写英文, 否则英文摘要将会显得罗嗦、不流畅, 有时甚至词不达意或成为中式英文。

摘要 abstract

应该用简洁、明确的语言将论文的“目的(Purposes)”，主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能，还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。也就是说，要写好摘要，作者必须回答好以下几个问题： 1)本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)2)解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?)3)主要结果及结论(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)4)本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)英汉语的思维模式存在差异, 有时甚至大相径庭, 翻译时需注意逻辑思维上的差异, 用英语的思维 方式地道转达内涵, 不可照汉语方式字字对译。

照字面译, 常不合英语习惯, 有时还令人困惑不解。令读者感到头痛，反之,若按汉语方式照搬, 汉化的英文, 外国同行也势必难以理解, 因此, 翻译时决不可生搬硬套或囿于原文字词的语法和字面意义, 必须改变中文的模式, 才不会出现汉语式英语(Chinglish)。病人牙痛得历害。

The patient’ s teeth pained seriously.(错误)。The patient had a terrible toothache.(正确)。1.这是为什么呢? 谷歌版：This is why?

山寨版：This is why what？

学院版：Why is this? 2.走别人的路，让别人无路可走!谷歌版：Take someone else’s road, to let others no way!

山寨版：Walk other man’s road, allow other man no way can go!学院版：Follow others’ footprint, leave them no way to go.3.我也是有身份证的人。

谷歌版：Me too have the ID card people.山寨版：I also am have body card people.学院版：I am also somebody with an ID card.熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律:

1.主题句: 本文介绍讨论详细论述提出„.This paperarticle describes introduces discusses elaborates focuses on raises proposes„..„..is studied discussed presented introduced proposed analyzed explained in this article paper.2.本文的目的是: The purpose object of this article is to explain describe discuss„..The primary goal of this research is„

The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of„ A new computer-aided design method is presented(in this paper).This paper is a brief introduction of the major findings and development in the field of„ 2.发展句: 实例实验显示表明证实: Examples experiments demonstrate confirm show„ 提出验证引自„.„.is given verified derived from„.The formula is derived from„ The method is based on„

The test equipment which was used consisted of„

3.结论句: 结果表明

Results examples show demonstrate indicate„ The results„are given presented This concludes that„.PISA在中国: 教育评价新探索

PISA in China: Exploration in Educational Assessment and Evaluation 本文通过对当前国际上颇具影响力的大规模教育评价项目----“学生能力国际评价”(PISA)的评价理念和技术的分析,结合教育部考试中心开展PISA2006中国试测研究实践收获的启示,阐述了作者对我国教育评价研究与发展的思考和建议 This article reviews the most prestigious large-scale international education assessment projects-----the Program for International Student Assessment(PISA), and discusses what the national Education Examinations Authority has learned from conducting PISA2006 China trial study.Based on the above, this paper describes author’s reflections and suggestions for improving China education assessment reform.时态

英文摘要的时态运用也以简练为佳, 常用一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去完成时, 进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。

一般现在时主要用于陈述性、资料性摘要中,用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨等。This study(investigation)is conducted,(undertaken)The result shows(reveals)„，It is found that„;

The conclusions are„

本文的目的在于突出放疗的重要性。

The purpose of this article is to emphasize the importance of radiation therapy.一般过去时

一般过去时主要用于说明某一具体项目的发展情况, 介绍技术研究项目的具体资料, 而且对研究对程中所进行的活动进行描述时也用一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。

分析了89例早期肝癌的治疗结果。

The results of treatment of early liver cancer were analyzed in 89 patients

现在完成时

现在完成时是把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来, 说明研究的发展背景, 介绍已结束的研究项目.从发病时起, 对病人随访了三年。

The patients have been followed for 3 years since the beginning of their disease.全疗程未发现中毒反应。

No toxic effects of this total course have been noted.被动语态

英汉相比, 英语多用被动语态, 在科技英语中被动语态使用得尤其广泛, 翻译摘要时, 往往采用被动语态，这样可避免提及有关的执行者, 句子的容量增加, 重心后移, 表达更具有英语味, 行文也更显得客观, 使读者的注意力集中在描述的事物、现象或过程上, 而且被动语态在结构上有较大的调节余地, 利于采用必要的修辞手段和突出重要的概念、问题、事实、结论等内容, 利于扩展名词短语, 扩大句子的信息量。

儿童比成年人更易罹病, 在学校或团体常可见此病流行。

Children are more often afflicted than adults, and epidemics in schools and institutions are commonly observed

不过, 在某些特殊情况下, 采用主动语态比被动语态在结构上更简练, 表达更直接有力.现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。

The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically语感要强。

英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This paper„等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。

例如：To describe„，To study„，To investigate„，To assess„，To determine„，行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。

提高英文摘要的文字效能

1)Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只谈新的信息)。

２）strive for brevity(尽量使摘要简洁)。就目前来看，由于大多数作者在英文写作方面都比较欠缺，因此，由作者所写的英文摘要离要求相距甚远。有的作者写出很长的英文摘要，但文字效能很低，多余的字、句很多；有的作者写的英文摘要很短，但也存在多余的字句。总而言之，就是文字的信息含量少。几点具体要求:

a)use short sentences（尽量用短句)。

b)描述作者的工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是在过去做的)，但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时，应该用现在时态。c)熟悉英文摘要的常用句型

奥运会篮球比赛是世界最高水平的篮球赛事，2008年北京奥运会美国男子篮球队再次集结了NBA最顶尖的职业选手参赛，以及中国篮坛骄傲--姚明的参赛，使男子篮球比赛成为本届奥运会上最引人注目的赛事。

Basketball games in the Olympic Games are the highest level game in the world.The American men’s basketball team built up by a group of top professional players participating in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and Ming Yao—the pride of Chinese basketball, his participation, brought the men’s basketball game to the spotlight of this Olympic Games.Basketball in the Olympic Games are the highest level in the world.The American men’s basketball team participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games with a group of top professional players , including Ming Yao—the pride of Chinese basketball, which constituted the most spectacular part in this Olympic Games.浅谈篮球比赛中的攻守转换

摘要：篮球比赛中的攻守转换是篮球比赛的重要组成部分，在现代篮球运动中起着越来越重要的作用。因此，运用文献资料法、专家访谈法和综合分析法对篮球比赛中的攻守转换的几个关键问题进行分析探讨，以期给广大的篮球爱好者提供参考。

关键词：篮球；比赛；攻守转换

On the Change of Basketball Match Abstract：Change of the game of basketball is an important part of the basketball competition.In modern basketball playing an increasingly important role.Therefore, the method of documentation, expert interviews and comprehensive analysis of the game of basketball and defending the key issues discussed.to provide information to the vast number of basketball fans.因此，运用文献资料法、专家访谈法和综合分析法对篮球比赛中的攻守转换的几个关键问题进行分析探讨，以期给广大的篮球爱好者提供参考。

Some key issues in transition(or change-over)of basketball is discussed in this article by means of documentary review, experts interview and comprehensive analysis), to provide reference for basketball fans.Key words : basketball;competition;change Students’ work 优秀男子足球守门员年龄、身高、体重的比较研究

摘要：运动数理统计法、资料分析法，对参加2006赛季我国中超足球联赛守门员，2005-2006赛季意大利甲级足球联赛守门员和第17届世界杯前四名队伍守门员的年龄、身高、体重等指标进行比较研究，揭示我国足球守门员的年龄、身高和体重特征，为足球选材、训练提供参考依据。关键词：足球守门员；年龄；身高；体重

优秀男子足球守门员年龄、身高、体重的比较研究

The Compared Research on Outstanding Man –soccer Goalkeeper’s Age, Height, Weight 运动数理统计法、资料分析法，对参加2006赛季我国中超足球联赛守门员，2005-2006赛季意大利甲级足球联赛守门员和第17届世界杯前四名队伍守门员的年龄、身高、体重等指标进行比较研究，揭示我国足球守门员的年龄、身高和体重特征，为足球选材、训练提供参考依据。

Abstract: Using the mathematical and the material method, to analysis the goalkeeper’s age, height, body weight of our Superior Football League Game in 2006 season and Italy A-grade Football League Game in 2005-2006 season and the first four teams of the 17th session of World Cup and so on.Carry on the study of our soccer–goalkeeper's age, the height and the body weight characteristic to provide the reference for the soccer selection and the training.Key words: Goalkeepers;Age;Height;Weight

对高校开展五人制足球教学比赛的研究

中文摘要: 调查研究表明:在高校开展五人制足球比赛,不但有利于提高大学生的体育兴趣,推动高校大学生的全民健身运动，促进高校大学生健身运动的广泛开展，对缓解高校体育活动场所供需矛盾,而且不允许有任何冲憧和铲断球,可以杜绝或减少运动伤病的发生,是发展学生身体素质的最佳方式。关键词：高校；五人制足球；教

Research on the Five Teaching Soccer Match in College Abstract: Research shows that: the five teaching soccer match not only will help improving students interested in sports and promote the college students nationwide fitness campaign to promote college students in a wide range of fitness exercise, to ease the contradiction between supply and demand of college sports venues, but also not allow any conflict , you can eliminate or reduce the incidence of sports injuries, it is the best way to develop physical fitness.Key words: College;Five Teaching Soccer Match;teach

浅析高科技在足球比赛中的应用

Reflection on high technology using in the soccer game 中文摘要：高科技在现代足球比赛上的应用越来越多，特别是在2006年德国世界杯新技术手段和成果应用更加广泛，进一步体现现代足球发展方向和特点。

Abstract: More and more high technology was used in the modern soccer game.Especially, many methods and fruit of new technology was used in the FIFA world of Germany in 2006, in this way, to advance to show the development trends and the characters of modern soccer.key: modern soccer, high technology, use, the FIFA world of Germany in 2006 关键词：现代足球，高科技，应用,2006年德国世界杯

第三篇：幼儿教育论文摘要翻译

摘要

当今社会青少年自杀、犯罪事件频繁发生，犯罪率也直线上升，人们将这些事件的根源追溯到幼儿时期感恩教育的缺席。幼儿阶段是个性、品德、气质等形成的关键时期，对其进行感恩教育有着十分重要的价值与意义。对幼儿进行感恩教育，不仅能培养幼儿与人为善、乐于助人的美德，而且能促进幼儿健康人格的形成，对幼儿将来步入社会、建立和谐的人际关系具有重要的意义。

Abstract

In the present society, youth suicide, crime incidents occur frequently and crime rate is skyrocketing, people trace back to the lack of the gratitude education in the early childhood, the root causes of these events.Early childhood stage is a critical period, during which the personality, character, temperament come into being.This period play an important role in gratitude education.Gratitude education for young children, not only can foster children’s virtue such as kindness and helpfulness, but also can promote the formation of healthy personality of young children, playing important role in establishing harmonious interpersonal relationships when young children step into the society in the future.本论文研究的是3-6岁幼儿感恩教育的现状，通过对幼儿教师、幼儿家长发放调查问卷，探明了幼儿感恩教育的现状，幼儿教师、家长对感恩教育重视度不够，并找出了幼儿感恩教育存在的问题：重视知识的教育，轻视行为的培养；教育理念落后；开展形式过于单一；家园合作不协调等问题。因而提出要改变教育观念，加强家园合作，拓展感恩教育的途径等针对性的建议。

【关键词】感恩；感恩教育；幼儿阶段

This thesis focus on the status of gratitude education of children from 3-6 years old children.By providing questionnaires for preschool teachers and parents, the status quo, to which preschool teachers and parents pay insufficient attention, can be found.And the thesis also find existing problems of gratitude education, attaching great importance to the education of knowledge, despise behavior training, the backward education idea,single form of gratitude education,and lack of harmonious cooperation between preschool and family.Therefore the thesis proposed targeted recommendations to change the education ideas,strengthen homeland cooperation and expand means of gratitude education.Keywords: Gratitude;Gratitude Education;Early Childhood Stage

摘要

Abstract

对新入园的幼儿来说，幼儿园和幼儿教师都是完全陌生的，这种陌生感会使儿童产生恐惧和害怕的情绪，甚至有些幼儿还会产生对幼儿园生活的厌恶之情。如若不采取措施，会影响幼儿入园适应性的发展。“亲其师则信其道，亲其生则乐其教”也就是说良好的师生关系能够缓解幼儿紧张的情绪，帮助幼儿更好的适应幼儿园的生活，因此良好的师生关系在幼儿入园适应性的发展中占有举足轻重的地位。For young children just being admitted to preschool, preschool and kindergarten teachers are completely unknown.This strangeness exposes children to fear, and even some children may generate loathing for preschool life.No measure was taken, it will affect the children’s adapting to preschool.There is a sentence “If students like his teacher, he would like to believe in words of his teachers’” that is to say a good teacher-student relationship can ease children’s tension, and help children to adapt to kindergarten life better.Therefore good teacher-student relationship plays an important role in child’s development of suitability for admission.本研究关注的是良好的师生关系对幼儿入园适应性的影响。在对相关概念和师生关系类型进行阐述的基础上，采用问卷调查法和观察法对滕州市几所私立与公立幼儿园的家长、老师、孩子进行实践研究，发现了在幼儿入园适应性的发展中存在家长和老师对幼儿适应性的不重视、认识度不高，良好的与不良的师生关系对适应性的影响程度不同等问题，分析了良好的与不良的师生关系对幼儿入园适应性的影响情况，证明了良好的师生关系在幼儿入园适应性发展中的重要性，并给出了建立良好的师生关系的建议，以及解决幼儿入园适应性问题的方法和措施。

【关键词】良好的师生关系；幼儿入园适应性；影响研究

This study focuses on the effect of a good teacher-student relationship on child adaptability of admission.On the basis of expounding related concepts and type of teacher-student relationship, by means such as questionnaire and observation ,practical research was taken on parents, teachers and children from Tengzhou several private and public kindergarten.The problem was founded that parents and teachers of young children do not pay attention to

young children admission adaptability, and awareness for adaptability of children is not deep enough in child’s development of suitability for admission, and different impact of good and poor teacher-student relationship on young children admission adaptability.The thesis analyzed the impact of good and poor teacher-student relationship on young children admission adaptability, proved the importance of a good teacher-student relationship for the development of young children’s admission adaptability and gave advices on building good teacher-student relationship, as well as methods to solve problem of young children admission adaptabilityKey words: good teacher-student relationship;child admission adaptability;impact study

第四篇：摘要翻译

要

牵引变电所作为电气化铁道的供电电源，是铁路供电系统的重要组成部分，直接影响铁路行车安全。由于所内集中的电气设备较多，发生雷击时，很容易引起设备故障，进而影响铁道供电的安全性和可靠性。因此，可通过将避雷器安装在理想的位置，以防止雷击对牵引变电所内设备造成损害，保证牵引供电系统的安全可靠性。

本设计采用EMTP(The Electromagnetic Transients Program,电磁暂态分析程序)应用软件，以哈大线牵引变电所为例，建立220kV牵引变电所仿真模型，对其雷电侵入波的特性进行仿真分析，比较雷击点、杆塔冲击接地电阻、避雷器安装位置等不同因素对牵引变电所内电气设备上过电压的影响，并根据分析结果确定避雷器的最佳安装点。

根据基于EMTP的牵引变电所仿真模型，针对不同避雷器设置方案对雷电侵入波防护效果的模拟和分析结果，选择的最佳避雷器安装方案为：在变压器和互感器入口处均设置避雷器。

As the power supply of electrified railway, traction substation is an important part of the railway power supply system, which directly affects the safety of railway traffic.Because of the large amount of centralized equipment in traction substation, it is easy to cause equipment failure by lightning, and then affect the safety and reliability of railway power supply system.Therefore, the a The Electromagnetic Transients Program e equipment in traction substation from lightning strikes and to ensure the safety and reliability of tractive power supply system.This design uses EMTP(The Electromagnetic Transients Program)application software, take the railway traction substation as an example, the establishment of 220kV traction substation simulation model, electromagnetic transient simulation software, to analysis lightning invasion wave of 220 kV traction substation simulation.Effect on the equipment of lightning struck point, the surge ground-resistance and the place arrester ridded are compared, to ensure the right location of arrester.According to the traction substation model, which based on the EMTP, the effect of lightning overvoltage by different installation scheme about arrester is simulated and analysed.According to the simulation results, it is adopted as lightning protection design scheme that arresters should be located near transformer and mutual inductor.

第五篇：摘要翻译

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC), a single official economic forum at first, now has developed into a economic cooperation organization that plays an important role in the world.As the continually expanding of its scale , its original several members now become 21.Its importance for the world has been greatly improved, and its influence for international regional economic cooperation also has rapidly expanded.This paper makes some introduction to APEC, but the emphasis of it is to study APEC’s influence for international trade and the relevant countermeasures analyses.In 2014, APEC is held again in China.China has joined APEC for 25 years, as the opening of APEC meeting, Chinese actual economic change in this 25 years once again becomes the focus of attention for scholars.For this issue, this paper talks about Chinese development process in this 25 years, and the concerned focus and establishment of countermeasures in 2014 APEC meeting, so that the impact that China’s entry into APEC makes for Chinese trade can be grasped as a whole.For the development situation and existing problems of APEC in recent years, this paper offers some relevant suggestions.And according to the meeting content and development situation, this paper also analyzes APEC’s future planning.