实用语法与翻译5篇范文

第一篇：实用语法与翻译

我校与冀州市联合举办迎“五四”青年友谊赛

4月9日，体育学院师生在学校党委常委、副校长郭立志同志的带领下，与冀州市共同举办了迎“五四”青年友谊赛。冀州市副市长高存影、团市委书记王娜、教体局副局长张学兵和我校体育学院院长杜鹏、团委副书记张鹏飞等一同参加。

April 9, sports college teachers and students in the school party committee standing committee, vice principal, under the guidance of comrade Guo Lizhi to meet jizhou jointly hosted the “may fourth movement” youth friendly.Jizhou high deposit shadow, pku secretary, vice mayor wang na, from the bureau deputy director Zhang Xuebing and sports in our school dean Du Peng, vice secretary of youth corps committee Zhang Pengfei to join, etc.开幕式上，郭立志副校长发表了热情洋溢的演讲，高存影副市长宣布友谊赛正式开始。

The opening ceremony, Guo Lizhi vice President delivered a warm speech, Gao Cunying vice mayor announced officially began a friendly.此次活动以“善美青春、出彩人生”为主题，内容包括篮球赛、乒乓球团体赛、羽毛球团体赛3个项目。赛场上运动员精神饱满，奋力拼搏，充分体现了我校大学生与冀州青年的良好精神风貌。

The activity with “the good youth, brilliant life” as the theme, content includes basketball, table tennis team, badminton team three projects.The field athletes in high spirit, striving, fully embodies the good spirit of college students spent with jizhou youth in our school.友谊赛搭建了我校与地方体育文化交流的桥梁，也成为我校服务地方体育文化建设的平台之一。

Friendly has set up a bridge for the communication with local sports culture in our school, has become one of the service platform of the construction of the local sports culture in our school.

第二篇：语法翻译

P75 A1、还有一线希望可以到家，我们快点吧。

There is still a little hope of getting home.Let's hurry up.2、除非乘车，否则今晚到家的希望很小。

There is little hope of getting home tonight unless we take a bus.3、闪闪发光的不一定是金子。

All is not gold that glitters.4、他俩并非都能把这文章翻译成英文。

Both of them can not translate the article into English.5、他把准备回家的钱都花光了。

He has spent all the little money he had left for his journey home.6、这两个孩子哪个也不适合这个职务。

Neither of the two boys is suitable for this post.7、这双鞋坏了，我得买新的。

This pair of shoes is almost worn out.I must buy a new pair.8、他的理论很深，很少有人懂得。

His theory is very deep.Only a few people understand it.9、我今天感到不太舒服，不知道是怎么回事。

I'm not feeling quite myself today.I don't know what's wrong.10、我们必须给每本书写一篇导论。

We must write an introduction for each book.B1、没有不结果实的树。

There is no tree but bears some fruit.2、坏事都可能变成好事。

There is no ill but may turn to one's good.3、过去认为不可能的事已经成为现实。

What was regarded once as impossible has now become a reality.4、人民的军队离不开人民，就像鱼离不开水一样。

The people is to the people's army what water is to fish.5、你们之中哪一位最先到达都可以得到奖品。

Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.6、她已经不是几年前的她了。

She is not what she was a few years ago.7、人人都想去参观故宫博物院。

There is no one but wishes to visit the Palace Museum.8、难道你不知道么我做任何事情都会成功的？

Don't you know that O always succeed in whatever I try?

9、凡是邀请我的，我都给他们去了信。

I have written to whoever invited me.10、任何你想读的书都可以拿去读。

You may take whichever book you want to read.P1091、他们已经十分仔细的计算过完成该项工程所需要的时间和材料。

They have figured out most carefully the time and the materials needed to complete the project.2、著名的反帝反封建的五四运动于一九一九年在北京爆发。

The famous anti-feudal and anti-imperialist May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.3、她专心致志的看书，连外面在下雨都不知道。

She was so deep in the book that she didn't know it had been raining outside.4、在任何情况下，我们都不能忘记自己的宗旨。

Under no circumstances should we lose sight of our main objective.5、请别为这点小事大惊小怪的。

Please don't make a fuss over such a small thing.6、由于能源危机，石油价格上涨了。

The price of oil was pushed up because of the energy crisis.7、他不顾自己有被淹死的危险，奋力抢救那个落水的女孩。

He ran the risk of drowning himself to save the sinking girl.8、我们坚持实验，直到取得成功为止。

We stuck at it until we finally succeeded with the experiment.9、旧事物终将被新事物所代替，这是必然的。

It's in the very nature of things that the old eventually makes place for the new.10、尽管中途遇到许多困难，但他还是鼓足勇气，及时完成了任务。

Despite many difficulties on the way,he took heart and fulfilled the task in time.P1601、委员会预定于下星期四开会来解决那个问题。

The committee decided in advance that a meeting would be held next Thursday to solve that problem.2、如果你明晨五点去看他，他将正在花园里散步。

He will be walking in the garden if you come to see him at five o'clock tomorrow morning.3、下星期你从南京回来时我们已经完成任务了。

We will have finished our task when you return from Nanjing next week.4、他昨天答应过将尽力帮助我们按时完成这项工作。

He promised that he would try to help us to finish this job on time.5、那时候我常常在睡觉前看两个小时的书。

At that time I often did some reading for two hours before going to sleep.6、我们在那里工作时在两国人民中间播下的友谊种子已经开花结果。

The seed of friendship between the peoples of the two nations which we planted while working there has been in blossom and borne fruit.7、明天这个时候我没空，那时候我要听英语广播讲座。

I won't have time tomorrow morning, as I will be listening to the English broadcast at that time.8、昨天晚上这个时候我正在教室做语法练习。

I was doing some grammar exercises this time yesterday evening.9、昨天我等了你一整天，你为什么不来呢？

I was waiting for you the whole day yesterday.Why didn't you come?

10、明天早晨你不要来，因为那时我正在上课。

Please don't come tomorrow morning because I will be having my classes at that time.P1781、据悉，地震后很多人无家可归。

It was reported that many people became homeless after the earthquake.2不言而喻，这是最近谈判的结果。

It is well known to all that this is the outcome of the recent negotiation.3、估计总统即将发表通告。

It is estimated that President is going to make an announcement.4、据人们所知，现今世界上存活的大熊猫大约只有一千只。

It is known that only 1,000 pandas exist on our globe at present.5、他们在长期的反侵略斗争中团结起来了。

They got united during the long period of anti-aggression.6、由于节日交通阻塞我们被耽误了。

We got delayed due to the festival traffic jam.7、什么把教堂毁坏了？教堂是被一颗炸弹炸毁的。

How did the church get damaged?It got damaged by a bomb.8、申请人此刻也许正在接受面试。

The applicant may be getting interviewed now.9、选词必须受到特别重视。

Diction must be paid special attention to.10、约翰·史密斯是公司派到加州去过一年的。

John Smith has been sent to California by the company for one year.

第三篇：新版外研社Module4课文翻译与语法总结

Module 4 Life in the future 未来的生活 Unit 1 Everyone will study at home.每个人都将在家学习。

Ms Li: Daming,未来的学校会不和现在的不同呢？

Daming：是的，他们将不同！20年后，也许就存在学校了。

Ms Li：那么学生们要怎么学习呢？

Daming：大家都会在家学习。学生使用电脑，通过网获取信息。他们可以通过网络，电或电子邮件问他们老师问题。

Ms Li：哦，我不确定。是，学生们将会使用电脑，但是在学校也有乐趣，你可在那交朋友。在学校，老师能检查学生的只是水平并去帮他们。而电脑却没有能力做到那样。

Tony：当然啦。老师将不再用粉笔在黑板上书写，学生将不再用钢笔和纸，或者橡皮擦了。Lingling：棒极了！学生还有很多作业要做吗？

Tony：不，他们不会再有。他们将会有很多空闲的时间！Daming：那将会他好了。主要语法

1、in twenty years’ time 在20年后

2、there will be 将会有

there won’t be 将不会有 =there is going to / there is not going to

3、on the Internet 在网上

4、be able to do sth.有能力做某事

Mr Right is able to drive a car.5、not---any more 不再---

Some boys will not(won’t)leave school before Fiday any more.6、have sth.to do 有---要做

Unit2 Every family will have a small plane.每户都将会有一架小飞机。未来的生活

未来的生活将会怎么样呢？事物都会变成什么样

子呢？这是一些想法。哪一个会实现呢？

A 在将来，天气变老并不意味着要换衣服。我们将穿一种新的衣服。当我们冷到时候他将会暖和，当我们热的时候它会变凉。

B 春天不会再有细雨与冷风。天气整年将会变得

很暖或甚至更热，并伴随大风大雨。海平面也会上升。

C 我们将不再撑起车祸但这去旅行了。每家每户

都会有一架小飞机。不会再有昂贵的小车，因为无论乘飞机去哪里旅行，不单单是在地面上，还可以在海洋上活在太空上都将会很便宜。也许在空中将不会有交通阻塞。D 你喜欢长假吗？嗯，你将会喜欢将来，因为机

器和机器人将做了重的，难的工作了，然后我们仅

做那些轻松容易的工作。工作时间会变得少了，因此我们将有更长的假期。主要语法

1、in the future 在将来

2、come ture 实现---

We all work hard to make our dream come ture.3、a change of------的改变

of 表示---的---

4、mean 意味着---；意思是---

It means I hate you.What does it mean?

5、a kind of

一种---

Potato is a kind of vegetable.土豆是一种蔬菜。

6、no more = not---any more不再--；不会---

7、as well 也

8、in the air 在空中

第四篇：语言的语法及其翻译方案

各种语言成分的语法及其翻译方案(示例)1.普通声明语句的翻译

下面是声明语句的文法：

P → prog id(input, output)D;S D →D;D | List : T | proc id D;S List →List1, id | id

T → integer | real | array C of T1 | T1 | record D C → [num] C | ε

声明语句的翻译模式：

P→prog id(input, output){offset := 0}D;S D→D;D

D→id: T{enter(id.name, T.type, offset);offset:= offset + T.width} T→integer{T.type := integer;T.width := 4} T→real{T.type :=real;T.width :=8} T→array [num] of T1{T.type := array(num.val, T1.type);T.width := num.val×T1.width} T→↑T1{T.type := pointer(T1.type);T.width := 4} 2.嵌套过程中声明语句的翻译

嵌套过程声明语句的产生式。

P→prog id(input, output)D;S

D→D;D | id : T | proc id;D;S

(7.1)嵌套过程声明语句的翻译模式：

P→prog id(input, output)MD;S{addwidth(top(tblptr),top(offset));

pop(tblptr);pop(offset)} M→ε{t := mktable(nil);push(t, tblptr);push(0, offset)} D→D1;D2

D→proc id;N D1;S{t:= top(tblptr);addwidth(t, top(offset));pop(tblptr);

pop(offset);enterproc(top(tblptr), id.name,t)} D →id : T{enter(top(tblptr), id.name, T.type, top(offset));top(offset):= top(offset)+ T.width} N →ε{t:= mktable(top(tblptr));push(t, tblptr);push(0, offset)} 3.记录的翻译

下面是生成记录类型的产生式：

T→record D end 生成记录类型的翻译模式：

T → record L D end {T.type := record(top(tblptr));T.width := top(offset);pop(tblptr);pop(offset)} L →ε{t:= mktable(nil);push(t, tblptr);push(0, offset)} 4.赋值语句的翻译

下面是典型的赋值语句文法：

S →Left := E

E →E1 + E2 | E1 * E2 |-E1 |(E1)| Left

Left →Elist ] | id

Elist →Elist, E | id [E

(7.2)赋值语句的翻译模式：

⑴ S→Left:=E{if Left.offset=null then

/*Left是简单变量id*/ gencode(Left.addr ':=' E.addr);

else gencode(Left.addr '[' Left.offset '] ' ':=' E.addr)} /*Left是数组元素*/ ⑵ E→E1+E2{E.addr:=newtemp;gencode(E.addr ':='E1.addr'+'E2.addr)} ⑶ E→(E1){E.addr:= E1.addr} ⑷ E→Left{if Left.offset=null then /*Left是简单id*/ E.addr:= Left.addr

else begin

/*Left是数组元素*/ E.addr:=newtemp;gencode(E.addr ':=' Left.addr ' [' Left.offset ']')end} ⑸ Left→Elist]{ Left.addr:=newtemp;

/*Left是数组元素，因此存放基址和位移*/ Left.offset:=newtemp;gencode(Left.addr ':=' c(Elist.array));gencode(Left.offset ':=' Elist.addr '*' width(Elist.array))} ⑹ Left→id{Left.addr:=id.addr;Left.offset:=null} ⑺ Elist→Elist1, E{t:=newtemp;m:= Elist1.ndim+1;gencode(t ':=' Elist1.addr '*' limit(Elist1.array, m));/*计算em-1×nm */ gencode(t ':=' t '+' E.addr);

/* 计算+ im

*/ Elist.array:= Elist1.array;Elist.addr:=t;Elist.ndim:=m} ⑻ Elist→id[E {Elist.array:=id.addr;Elist.addr:= E.addr;Elist.ndim:=1} 5.各种控制结构的翻译 5.1 布尔表达式的翻译

布尔表达式的文法为： ⑴ B→B1 or M B2 ⑵ B→B1 and M B2 ⑶ B→not B1 ⑷ B→(B1)⑸ B→E1 relop E2 ⑹ B→true ⑺ B→false ⑻ M→ε

布尔表达式的翻译模式如下所示： ⑴B→B1 or M B2{ backpatch(B1.falselist, M.quad);

B.truelist := merge(B1.truelist, B2.truelist);

B.falselist := B2.falselist} ⑵B→B1 and M B2{backpatch(B1.truelist, M.quad);

B.truelist := B2.truelist;

B.falselist := merge(B1.falselist, B2.falselist)} ⑶B→not B1{B.truelist := B1.falselist;B.falselist := B1.truelist} ⑷B→(B1){B.truelist := B1.truelist;B.falselist := B1.falselist} ⑸B→E1 relop E2{B.truelist :=makelist(nextquad);

B.falselist := makelist(nextquad+1);

gencode('if' E1.addr relop.opE1.addr 'goto –');

gencode('goto –')} ⑹B→true{B.truelist := makelist(nextquad);gencode('goto –')} ⑺B→false{B.falselist := makelist(nextquad);gencode('goto –')} ⑻M→ε{M.quad := nextquad} 5.2 常用控制流语句的翻译

控制流语句if-then，if-then-else和while-do的文法为： ⑴S→if B then S1 ⑵S→if B then S1 else S2 ⑶S→while B do S1 ⑷S→begin L end ⑸S→A ⑹L→L1;S ⑺L→S

(7.9)if-then，if-then-else和while-do语句的翻译模式： ⑴S→if B then M1 S1 N else M2 S2{backpatch(B.truelist, M1.quad);

backpatch(B.falselist, M2.quad);S.nextlist := merge(S1.nextlist, merge(N.nextlist, S2.nextlist))} ⑵N→ε{N.nextlist := makelist(nextquad);gencode('goto –')} ⑶M→ε{M.quad := nextquad} ⑷S→if B then M S1{backpatch(B.truelist, M.quad);S.nextlist := merge(B.falselist, S1.nextlist)} ⑸S→while M1 B do M2 S1{backpatch(S1.nextlist, M1.quad);

backpatch(B.truelist,M2.quad);S.nextlist:=B.falselist;gencode('goto'M1.quad)} ⑹S→begin L end{S.nextlist:=L.nextlist} ⑺S→A{S.nextlist := nil} ⑻L→L1;MS{backpatch(L1.nextlist, M.quad);L.nextlist := S.nextlist} ⑼L→S{L.nextlist := S.nextlist} 5.3 for循环语句的翻译

for循环语句的文法如下所示：

S → for id := E1 to E2 step E3 do S1

for循环语句的翻译模式如下所示：

S → for id := E1 to E2 step E3 do M S1 {backpatch(S1.nextlist, M.again,);gencode(‘goto’,-,-, M.again);S.nextlist := M.again;} M→ε {M.addr := entry(id);gencode(‘:=’, E1.addr,-, M.addr);T1:=newtemp;gencode(‘:=’, E2.addr,-, T1);T2:=newtemp;gencode(‘:=’, E3.addr,-, T2);q:=nextquad;gencode(‘goto’,-,-, q+2);M.again:=q+1;gencode(‘+’, M.addr, T2, M.addr);M.nextlist:=nextquad;gencode(‘if’ M.addr ‘>’T1‘goto –’);}

5.4 repeat语句的翻译

repeat语句的文法如下所示：

S→ repeat S1 until B

Repeat语句的翻译模式如下所示：

S→repeat M S1until N B{backpatch(B.falselist,M.quad);S.nextlist:=B.truelist} M→ε{M.quad := nextquad} N→ε{backpatch(S1.nextlist, nextquad)} 6.switch语句的语法制导翻译

switch语句的文法为：

S → switch(E)Clist

Clist→ case V : S Clist | default : S

switch语句的翻译模式如下所示：

⑴S→switch(E){i:=0;Si.nextlist:=0;push Si.nextlist;push E.addr;push i;q:=0;push q} Clist{pop q;pop i;pop E.addr;pop Si.nextlist;S.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, q);push S.nextlist} ⑵Clist→case V :{pop q;pop i;i:=i+1;pop E.addr;if nextquad ≠0 then backpatch(q, nextquad);q:=nextquad;gencode(‘if’ E.addr ‘≠’ Vi ‘goto’ Li);push E.addr;push i;

push q}S{pop q;pop i;pop E.addr;pop Si-1.nextlist;

p:=nextquad;

gencode(‘goto-’);gencode(Li‘:’);Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, p);

Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, Si-1.nextlist);

push Si.nextlist;push E.addr;push i;push q}Clist

⑶Clist→default :{pop q;pop i;i:=i+1;pop E.addr;if nextquad ≠0 then backpatch(q, nextquad);q:=nextquad;gencode(‘if’ E.addr ‘≠’ Vi ‘goto’ Vi+1);push E.addr;push i;push q}S{pop q;pop i;pop E.addr;pop Si-1.nextlist;

p:=nextquad;

gencode(‘goto-’);gencode(Li‘:’);Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, p);

Si.nextlist:=merge(Si.nextlist, Si-1.nextlist);push Si.nextlist;push E.addr;push i;push q} 7.过程调用和返回语句的翻译

过程调用和返回语句的文法如下所示：

S → call id(Elist)

Elist →Elist, E | E

S → return E

过程调用语句的翻译模式如下所示： ⑴ S→call id(Elist){n :=0;

repeat

n:=n+1；

从queue的队首取出一个实参地址p;

gencode('param',-,-, p);

until queue为空;

gencode('call', id.addr, n,-)} ⑵ Elist→Elist, E{将E.addr添加到queue的队尾} ⑶ Elist→E{初始化queue，然后将E.addr加入到queue的队尾。} 过程返回语句的翻译模式为：

S → return E{if 需要返回结果 then gencode(‘:=’, E.addr,-, F);gencode(‘ret’,-,-,-)} 其中，F是存放结果的指定单元，四元式(‘ret’,-,-,-)执行如下操作： ⑴ 恢复主调程序的寄存器内容； ⑵ 释放过程运行时所占用的数据区； ⑶ 按返回地址返回到主调程序。

8.输入输出语句的翻译

带I/O参数的程序语句和输入输出语句的文法如下所示：

P → prog id(input, output)D;S S → read(List)| readln(List)S → write(Elist)| writeln(Elist)带I/O参数的程序语句和输入输出语句的翻译方案如下所示：

P→ prog id(Parlist)M D;S Parlist→ input(ε | , output)S→(read | readln)(N List);{n:=0;

repeat

move(Queue, in);

gencode(‘par’, ‘in’,-,-);n:=n+1;

until Queue为空;

gencode(‘call’, ‘SYSIN’, n-1,-);} List→id, L(ε|List)S→(write| writeln)(Elist);{ n:=0;

repeat

move(Queue, in);

gencode(‘par’, ‘out’,-,-);n:=n+1;

until Queue为空;

gencode(‘call’, ‘SYSOUT’, n, ‘w’)}

/*n为输出参数个数，w是输出操作类型*/

EList→E, K(ε|EList)M→ε {gencode(‘prog’, id, y,-)} /*y的值表示input，output或两者皆有*/ N→ε {设置一个语义队列Queue} L→ε {T:=entry(id);add(Queue, T)} K→ε {T:= E.addr;add(Queue, T)}

第五篇：考研英语从句翻译加语法

从句翻译

状语从句翻译方法

一、将表示目的的从句前置

For example, a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.分析：原句中由so that引导的目的状语从句在译文中放到了主句之前。

参考译文：例如，为了能让学生研究这一过程，电影可以放慢演示晶体的形成过程。

二、表示目的的从句后置

The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them, rmounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.分析：句中有两个目的状语从句，在翻译时，并未直接翻译成为了„，而是译为这样„，更能让人接受。

参考译文：鞍座可以是固定的，这样钢缆可以在它上面滑动，也可以安装在滚柱上，这样鞍座就会随钢缆的移动而移动。

While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.（1999年）

结构分析：句子的框架是While there are almost as many„as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as„.while引导让步状语从句，翻译时可译为尽管„但是„.as引导一个比较状语从句。主句中包含一个由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰one.one指代definition.definition意为定义，界定；modern practice在此意为现代史学实践；conform to原意为遵照，顺从，在此译为趋向于认为。

参考译文：几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

让步状语从句翻译方法

一、译成表示让步的分句，如虽然„但是„，尽管„等。

Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth，anything humans can do, Nature has already done better and in far, far less space.分析：although引导的让步状语从句译成虽然„但„。

参考译文：虽然人类是地球上最聪明的生物，人能创造一切，但大自然更富于创造性，早已创造出比人类创造的更好更小巧的东西。

二、译成条件句

由no matter引导的从句可以译为以不论，不管，无论等做关联词的条件分句。例如：

No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.参考译文：不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只苍蝇，差不多每次它都飞走。

非限制性定语从句翻译方法

非限制性定语从句和它的先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，对先行词不起限定的作用。就其意义来说，在句中有时相当于一个并列分句。翻译此类句子，一般可采用以下方法：

一、译成独立句

一般来说，非限制性定语从句较少译成带的的定语词组。在翻译成汉语时可以将从句与主句分译，独立成句。

Attending services at the Cathedral of Pisa, he found himself watching a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted now in wide arcs, now in small ones.分析：定语从句被翻译为后置的并列分句，用人称代词它代替先行词吊架灯。

参考译文：一次在比萨大教堂做礼拜时，他发现自己正看着一个吊灯架，它随着气流时而划一个大弧，时而划一个小弧。

二、断开法

我们同样可以用括号或破折号将非限制性从句和主句断开。

从句翻译

All commercial communication satellites, which began to be launched in1965, are now designed for use in geosynchronous orbits（地球同步轨道）。

参考译文：所有商业性通讯卫星（1965年开始发射）现在都设计用于地球同步轨道。

三、翻译成有状语职能的句子

非限制性定语从句在语义上有时起状语分句的作用，表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。因此可将此类从句译为相应的状语分句。

Rockets perform best in space, where there is no atmosphere to impede their motion.分析：在语义上，定语从句与主句的关系为因果关系，因此我们将定语从句译成原因状语从句。

参考译文：火箭在太空中运行最佳，因为在那儿不存在阻碍他们运动的大气。

条件状语从句翻译方法

条件状语从句可相应译成表示条件或表示假设的分句，例如翻译成：如果、要是等引导的分句。

Sometimes this fall, if all goes well, a revolutionary new undersea vessel will be lowered gently into the waters of Monterey Bay for its maiden voyage.分析：if引导的条件状语从句插在主句的中间，翻译时也做了同样的处理。

参考译文：今年秋天，如果一切顺利的话，一只革命性新潜艇将轻轻在蒙特利海湾下水，进行它的第一次航行。

The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.分析：本句中的条件状语由provided引导。引导条件状语从句的词组还有providing, as long as等。

参考译文：如果外力不超过某一限度的话，那么形变量与外力成正比。

限制性定语从句翻译方法

定语从句就其与先行词的关系分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。因此英语定语从句的译法主要涉及限制性和非限制性定语从句的译法。

限制性定语从句和它的先行词的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行词的名词（词组）便不能明确表示其所指对象，根据汉语的表达习惯及对原文的忠实度，翻译这类定语从句可以采用以下几种方法：

一、合译法

合译法指把定语从句译成带的的定语词组，放在被修饰词的前面，从而将复合句译成汉语单句。合译法一般适用于结构比较简单或具有描写性的限制性定语从句。

Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity（速度）of light did not vary.分析：定语从句的结构是简单的主谓宾结构，翻译成前置的定语词组。

参考译文：然而在任何物理学家所进行过的精细巧妙的实验中，都没有发现这种影响：光速没有变化。

二、分译法

如果限制性定语从句结构较为复杂。译成前置的定语短语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，从句一般与主句分译，往往可以译成后置的并列分句，也可以依据上下文译成前置的并列分句。

As brighter areas of the image eject more electrons than the darker or shaded portions, an electronic image is produced in which varying degrees of positive charge duplicate light intensities seen in the scene being pictured.分析：在这句的定语从句中，有现在分词作前置定语，及过去分词做后置定语，翻译成前置的定语词组会生涩拗口。因此将从句与主句分开翻译，单独成句。

参考译文：因为图像的较明亮的部分比黑暗的部分或者阴影部分发射的电子更多，所以产生的电子图像随正电荷的变化强度，使正在描述的荧幕上的光强度成倍增强。

从句翻译

三、融合法

当定语部分所给信息与被修饰词关系紧密、必不可少时，可将原来的语序打乱，用自己的话将原句中的主句与定语从句重新组织，译成一个独立的句子。

There are those who insist that the era of a computer terminal on every desk is just around the corner, while others insist that traditional teaching methods will never give way to computerized instruction.分析：在翻译there be句型中的定语从句时，常用此方法。

参考译文：有些人坚信，每张课桌上放一台计算机终端设备的时代即将来临，而另一些坚持说传统的教学方法决不会让位于计算机教学。

四、断开法

当前置或后置都要影响上下文连贯时，可以将其放在主句中间，用破折号或括号等将其与主句断开。例如：

The last bits and pieces of interplanetary debris（星际碎片）from which Earth formed were just arriving.参考译文：最后的一批星际碎片（地球正是由这些碎片构成的）正降落在地球上。

同位语从句翻译方法

英语的同位语从句是用以解释说明前面某一名词的内容的，也就是将这一名词的含义具体化，其地位和此名词是同等的。从句常用that或whether来引导。同位语从句常用来说明fact, theory, sense, question, conclusion, news, experience, evidence, proof, condition, law, conjecture, doubt等词的具体含义。

翻译此类从句时，一般有两种处理方法：一种把从句译成一个独立的句子，并在其前加即„，这„等词，或在从句所修饰的名词之后加冒号或破折号；二是用的字把从句放在它所修饰的词之前。如：

Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.（2000年）

结构分析：句子的框架是Furthermore, it is obvious that„, and that„.这是典型的句型It+is+obvious+that clause.It是形式主语，真正的主语是由连词and连接的两个并列的主语从句:A.that the strength is„bound with„, B.and that this„rests upon the efforts„.第一个主语从句中的词组be bound up with是与„有关联之意；在第二个主语从句中，代词this指代前文的the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,译为效率的提高。

参考译文：再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。熟能生巧

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.（1999年）

结构分析：句子的框架是There is no agreement whether„or„.主句是There is no agreement,agreement后面紧跟了由whether引导的同位语从句作同位语；在同位语从句中，谓语动词短语refers to跟了两个由连词or连接的并列宾语:A.the concepts peculiar to historical work in general;B.the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.在第一个宾语中，形容词词组peculiar to historical work和介词词组in general作后置定语修饰the concepts;在第二个宾语中同样有形容词词组appropriate to„of historical inquiry作后置定语修饰the research techniques.参考译文：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。

表语从句翻译方法

一、表语从句是位于主句的联系动词后面、充当主句主语的表语的从句

它也是由that, what, why, how, when, where, whether等连词和关联词引导的。一般来讲，可

从句翻译

以先译主句，后译从句。如：

The result of invention of steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power.参考译文：蒸汽机发明的结果是机械力代替了人力。

The advantage of rolling bearing is that they cause less friction.参考译文：滚动轴承的优点是它产生的摩擦力较小。

二、几种常见句型

1.在that(this)is why„句型中，如果选择先译主句，后译从句，可以译成这就是为什么„，这就是为什么„的原因，这就是„的缘故等。如果选择先译从句，再译主句，一般可以译为„原因就在这里，„理由就在这里等。如：

That is why heat can melt ice, vaporize water and cause bodies to expand.参考译文：这就是为什么热能使冰融化，使水蒸发，使物体膨胀的原因。

That is why practice is the criterion of truth and whythe standard of practice should be first and fundamental in the theory of knowledge.分析：原句表语很长，所以此处采用了紧缩原则。

参考译文：所谓实践是真理的标准，所谓实践的标准，应该是认识论的首先的和基本的观点，理由就在这个地方。

2.在this(it)is because„句型中，一般先译主句，再译从句，译成是因为„，这是因为„的缘故，这是由于„的缘故。如：

This is because the direct current flows in a wire always in one direction.参考译文：这是由于直流电在导线中总沿着一个方向流动的缘故。

It is because a conductor carrying is surrounded by a magnetic field.参考译文：这就是因为载流导体周围有一磁场。

在this is what„句型中，如果先译主句，后译从句，通常译为这就是„的内容，这就是„的含意等。如果先译从句，后译主句，通常译为„就是这个道理，„就是这个意思等。如：

This is what we have discussed in this article.分析：如表语不长，则可译成这就是„的内容等。

参考译文：这就是我们在本文中所讨论的内容。

宾语从句翻译方法

宾语从句可以分为两种：一种是动词引导的宾语从句；另一种是介词引导的宾语从句。

一、动词引导的宾语从句

翻译时，顺序一般不变。如：

Manure supplies what is deficient in the soil.参考译文：肥料供给土壤所缺乏的成分。

二、介词引导的宾语从句

介词宾语从句前面的介词可能和动词、形容词或副词有关。翻译时，顺序一般不变。如：

Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speaks.分析：in之后如果跟有宾语从句，常常可译成原因状语从句，用因为„，在于„，是因为„等词译出。

参考译文：人与兽的区别，就在于人有思维而且会说话。

The lift component is not vertical except when the relative wind is horizontal.分析：英语中的介词except, but, besides等之后如果跟有宾语从句，常常可译为并列句的分句，用除„之外，除了„，此外„，只是„，但„等词译出。

参考译文：除了相对风是水平的情况之外，升力不是垂直的。

三、直接引语作宾语

从句翻译时引号保留，把逗号一律改为冒号。如：

The student asked the teacher，how many one cubic foot of air weighs under normal conditions？

参考译文：这个学生问老师：一立方英尺空气有多重？

从句翻译

The law of conservation and transformation of energy states that energy is indestructible and the total amount of energy in the universe is constant.分析：以that引导的宾语从句为普遍真理及一般规律时，或是某一规律及定义所阐述的内容时，有时也可以在句首加冒号译出。

参考译文：能量守恒和转换定律说明：能量是不灭的，宇宙间能量的总量和是不变的。

1。主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）

2。谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。

一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。

如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。

谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。

句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变

3。宾语。指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。

需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。

4。表语。是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。

5。定语：修饰限定名字、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，如 a tall boy 中，tall修饰boy,tall是boy的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。

6。状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。

7。补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾补：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语me和宾补laugh之间，laugh的动作是me来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即I laughed, 英语从句的翻译 定语从句 状语从句

名词从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）

定语从句的翻译

* 无论是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，翻译成汉语时是处理为前置定语还是后置定语，要视具体情况而定；有些定语从句和主句存在着状语关系，翻译时更要灵活对待。* It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes.* It was what sentimentalists call a yearning after the ideal, and means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children.* 大意是说：这就是情感主义者称之为对于理想爱情的渴望，简单说来，就是女人必须在有了丈夫和孩子之后才能感到满足。

* who引导的定语从句who deal in very big words 用来修饰sentimentalists(情感主义者)

从句翻译

* whom引导的定语从句on whom they may center affections用来修饰husbands and children * which 引导的定语从句which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small changes用来修饰affections * 一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。前置法：

* 如果定语从句较短，限制能力较强，一般我们将此类定语从句译成带“的”的定语词组，放在被修饰的先行词的前面。

* Those who sacrifice themselves for the people’s cause are the real heroes of history.* We found a restaurant where the food was excellent.* There are other techniques that might help you with your English studying.* 那些为了人们的事业而牺牲自己的人是真正的历史英雄。* 我们发现了一家菜肴非常好的餐馆。* 还有另外一些能帮你学英语的方法。后置法：

* 如果定语从句结构较为复杂。译成前置的定语短语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯时，我们往往把定语从句与主句分译，译成后置的并列分句。

* Christmas music is loved by all who hear and sing it everywhere.* I know a lot of students who want to be teachers in the future.* They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.* 圣诞乐曲为大家所喜爱，人们每年都在欣赏和演唱。* 我认识很多学生，他们都想将来做老师。

* 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是买个中国人所珍爱的，而且过去许多中国人为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。

* He gave me a book which I kept to this day.* Stratford is the native place of Shakespeare that I have longed for.* He received a letter that announced the death of his father.* Our records show that a large group of young people, about 95% of them boys, are computer freaks who live for nothing but the machine * 他曾送我一本书，我保存至今。

* 斯特拉特福德是莎士比亚的故乡，是我向往的地方。* 他收到一封信，说他父亲去世了。

* 我们的记录表明，很多年轻人，其中95%是男孩，成了电脑迷。电脑成了生活的唯一。溶合法：

* 当定语部分所给信息与被修饰词关系紧密、必不可少时，可将原来的语序打乱，用自己的话将原句中的主句与定语从句重新组织，译成一个独立的句子。* There is a man down stairs who wants to see you.* Thousands of red, beautiful roses that blossom almost at the same time make the park the great resort of people in spring.* 楼下有人要见你。

* 春天，公园里成千上万朵娇艳的红玫瑰几乎同时盛开，让人流连忘返。非限制性定语从句

* He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he didn’t like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.从句翻译

* It seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other * Metals are very strong and can be made into any required shapes, which makes it possible to be widely used in industry.* All the while, George Bush, who ultimately benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator.* Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area。

* He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.* The man had suddenly awakened to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these flowers, which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.* World War II was, however, more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.具有状语职能的定语从句

* 有些定语从句在逻辑上相当于让步、条件、原因、结果等状语功能，这时可将此类从句译为相应的状语分句。

* A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。* 司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。（表时间）

* Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。

* 人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。（表条件）* He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for * 尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子。（表让步）

* She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。* 她对孩子们很有耐心，而她丈夫却很少这样。（表转折）* As you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to the minimum.* 如你所知，我们正处在一个竞争激烈的市场中，不得不将价格降到了最低限度。

* He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.* 他想写一篇文章，以便能引起公众对这件事的关注。

* The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.* 大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。同位语从句

* ①同位语从句就是跟在名词后面，表达具体内容、起解释说明作用的从句。that是其最常见的引导词，不能省略。

* ②注意下列名词后面可接同位语从句：hope（希望）, fact（事实）, news（消息）, problem（问题）, conclusion（结论）, rumor（流言）, agreement（同意，协议）, belief（信仰）, concept（观念，概念）, idea（想法）, question（问题）, suggestion（提议）, thought（想法）, conviction（确信，定罪）, doubt（怀疑）, decision（决定，决心）, assumption（假定，设想）, evidence（迹象，证据），等。

1.如果同位语从句较短，我们可以考虑把它放在先行词之前

* But the idea/ that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen/ rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.【意群直译】但是这种观点/记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律/立足于对新闻媒体既定习俗和特殊责任的了解

从句翻译

* 【全句整合】但是“新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律”这种观点立足于对新闻媒体既定习俗和特殊责任的了解。

* 【解析】that引导的同位语从句，that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen就是idea的具体内容，相当于汉语中的“„„这一观点”。正是由于同位语从句的使用，使得这句话的主语较长，这句话的主干应当是the idea rests on an understanding.2.如果同位语从句较长，放在先行词之前对其解释会使整个句子结构失去平衡，我们把它译成后置的并列分句。

* In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.* 译文 在欧洲，像在其他地方一样，传媒集团越来越成功：这些集团将相关的电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社组合在一起。

3.通过词类转换法，将引导同位语从句的先行词的性质进行转变。

* On the other hand,/ he did not accept/ as well founded/ the charge made by some of his critics/ that, while he was a good observer,/ he had no power of reasoning.* 【意群直译】另一方面/他不接受/缺乏根据/他的一些批评家的指责/尽管他是个好观察家/他不具备推理能力

* 【全句整合】另一方面，某些人批评他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法也是缺乏根据的。

* 这里的名词charge是“指控”的意思，转换为动词即为“某些人批评他虽然善于观察，却不具备推理能力„„”。同位语从句翻译练习

* He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.* 他表示希望再到中国来访问。

* An obedient son, I had accepted my father’s decision that I was to be a doctor, though the prospect interested me not at all.* 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我接受了父亲的决定去当医生，虽然我对这样的前途毫无兴趣。* It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay.迟延应由他负责，这个事实是改变不了的

* They were very suspicious of the assumption that he would rather kill himself than surrender.* 对于他宁愿自杀也不投降的这种假设，他们是很怀疑的。

* But considering realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.* 但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样一个事实：我们的前景并不妙。

* And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.* 而且总有这种可能性——一个小小的电火花，可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的路线。* These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age.*

这些领导者都是些活生生的例子，证明疾病预防措施是有效的，我们可以应付由年纪增长而自然带来的健康问题。状语从句：时间状语从句 * 1.时间状语从句

*

①引导时间状语从句的连词有when, whenever, while, as, till, until, since, after等。

从句翻译

*

②注意as, when, while的用法区别。as强调时间上的“一先一后”，“同一时间”，或“随着”之义；when则强调某个特定的时间；while表示的时间不是一点，而是一段。试比较以下三个句子中的时间状语从句：

* As the time went on, the weather got worse.* When he was eating his breakfast, he heard the door bell ring.* Strike while the iron is hot.* Hardly had we arrived when it began to rain.* There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.* 就在一批又一批科学家极力要使我们意识到全球气候变暖这一越来越大的威胁时，今天出现了令人不安的类似情况。

* However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.* 但是，把两只猴子分别放在相邻的两个房间里，使它们彼此能够看见对方用石头所换回的东西，这时它们的行为变得截然不同了。

* People sometimes expect gratitude when they aren’t entitled to it.* 人们有时希望别人感激他们，尽管他们没有权利要求别人这么做 原因状语从句

* 引导原因状语从句的连词或复合连词有because, since, as, for the reason that, in that等，其中because表示原因的语气最重，as和since所表示的原因则常常是人们知道的。试比较以下两个句子：

* 1.Because they lived on the edge of the Persian Empire, they were ruled by the king of Persia.* 2.Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.* 在上述两个句子中，Because引导的原因状语从句表示一种直接的原因，而Since/As则表示一种人们所知的显而易见的事实。1.译成表示原因的分句

* Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.* 由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。

* The Republic made a fuss about because they might get something out of it.* 共和党人对此小题大做，以便从中渔利。

* Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good.* 译文 虽然有不少令人担忧的新闻报道，但消费者们说他们并没有感到绝望，因为他们的个人财富仍然保持良好。条件状语从句

* ①条件状语的引导词有：if（如果）, unless（除非，如果不）, suppose（假设，假定）, in case(that)（如果，假使；以防万一）, in the event(that)（万一，倘若）等。*

②两种条件句：

* a.真实条件句，表示现实的或可能会变为现实的条件，用直陈语气。例如： * If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.* b.非真实条件句，表示非现实的或不大可能会变为现实的条件，常用虚拟语气。例如：

从句翻译

* If I were you, I would leave now.（该句包含了if引导的条件状语从句，且因为是非真实条件句因此用were表示虚拟语气。）

* At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in panic,” Cartwright says.* Cartwright说，不管怎么说，如果做的梦并不会使我们睡不好或不会让我们总是从惊恐中醒来，那就无需注意它。

* But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain, they’re there to stay.*

但是，可别想把旧习惯统统消灭，那只是白费心机。因为，一旦那些程序路径被植入大脑，将会永远留在其中。让步状语从句

* ①让步状语从句的引导词有：although, though, even if, in spite of the fact, whereas, while, for all(that)等。

* ②注意even if与even though的区别：even if意为“即使”，表述的内容不一定为即成事实；even though则表示“尽管”，即尽管有什么样的事实存在。试比较以下两个句子： *

Even though he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.（他知道这个秘密。）*

Even if he knows it, he’ll not let out the secret.*（不确定他是否知道这个秘密。）

* While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.* 在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，但仍比不上与成年人打交道时那样容易。

* Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.* 尽管在19世纪专业化和专门化已经在英国地质学界充分展开，但其影响直到20世纪才全面表现出来。

* No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly, the insect will dart off almost every time.* 不管你多么小心地把手伸向一只苍蝇，差不多每次它都飞走。（转译为条件）目的状语从句

* ①目的状语从句可由下列引导词引导：so that, so, in order that, in case, lest等。*

②lest和in case表示的目的是一种带有否定意义的目的，意为“以防”。例如： * He cut the remark out of the final program lest it should offend the listeners.We should start early so that we might get there before noon.* The murderer ran way as fast as he could so that he might not be caught red-handed.* They stepped into a helicopter and flew high in the sky in order that they might have a bird’s eye view of the city.英语被动语态的翻译

* Has the letter been mailed? “信被寄了没有？”“信寄了没有？”

* Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed.* A.电视是一种手段，通过这种手段这些感受被引发和传递。* B.电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一。

* 变被动为主动 保持原来的被动语态 变被动为主动 * 直接省略‘被’” 直接变主语为宾语 增加泛指施动者

* 直接译为无主句 译为‘把’字结构 保持原来的被动语态

从句翻译

* 直接译成‘被’字结构 保持被动，选择表述

* In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization — with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed — was spread over nearly a century.* B.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，延续了大约一个世纪之久才完成。

* On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.改译：B.总的来说，能够得出这种结论是有一定程度的把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和另一个与他比较的孩子的态度相同；并且他没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而被惩罚。* But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.（2006年第49题）

* 【词义推敲】“moral code” “道德准则” /“道德标准”;govern 支配；dedicate one‘s energies to 致力于；“conduct” 行为

*

但是，普通科学家的首要任务并非考虑支配其行为的道德规范，正如人们不指望商人致力于探究商业行为规范。译成汉语主动句

* The whole country was armed in a few days.只用了几天，全国就武装起来了。

* The sense of inferiority that he has acquired in his childhood has never been totally eradicated.* 他在孩提时代留下的自卑感，还没有完全消除。

* By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.* 战争结束时，这个组织救了800多人，但这是以200多个比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

* Mr.Smith cannot be deterred from his plan.没有人能够阻止史密斯先生实施他的计划。

* He was educated at Zhejiang University.他是在浙大接受教育的。* The ship was destined to London.这艘船是开往伦敦的。“It” 作形式主语的被动句

* It is hoped that 希望 It is reported that 据报道 * It is said that 据说 It is supposed that 据推测 * It may be said without fear of exaggeration that可以毫不夸张的说

* It must be admitted that 必须承认 It must be pointed out that 必须指出

* It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人相信 * It is generally considered that 大家认为 It is well-known that 大家知道、众所周之

* It will be said that 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾经说过 译成汉语被动句

* We would be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.* 我们可能被出入机场的敌人飞机发现。

* But shortly afterwards they heard that every single member of that community had

从句翻译

been captured by Nazi police and put into a concentration camp.* 但是，不久以后他们听说，那个社区的所有人都被纳粹警察抓了起来，并关进了集中营。* I started to explain that I could not do my best since my spectacles had been taken away from me, but she wouldn’t let me finish.* 我开始解释，我干不好是因为我的眼镜被拿走了，可她都不让我讲完。* I closed my eyes and said to myself, “I am not a number.My name will be remembered as an anti-Nazi writer, and I have done more harm to your system than you can ever do to me.I am not a number.”

* 我闭上眼睛想，“我不是个号码。我的名字将作为一个反纳粹的作家而被铭记。我给你们的制度造成的损害已远远超过你们加在我身上的。我不是个号码。” * They were given a hearty welcome.他们受到热烈欢迎。* He was controlled by the gang.他受到了这个团伙的控制。

* Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.* 我们的外交政策受到全世界人们的支持。

* I was seized with the sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had been spared during the Second World War and now might be destroyed by an impending riot.* 我想到了这座古城再第二次世界大战时得到幸免而现状却要遭到即将来临的**的破坏，内心感到悲伤。

* I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.* 我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在了圣诞卡片上。

* Once you are employed by this company, you will be sent overseas.* 一旦你被这个公司所录取，你将被派往海外。

* By evening, the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off streets by an eight o’clock curfew

* 傍晚时分，占领以告完成。八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街道赶走。

* The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.* 大火使这座著名的旅馆几乎全部毁灭。

* Most letters from his wife were read to him by the nurse in the hospital.* 他的妻子给他的信，大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。

* And the astonishing thing is that this most dangerous operation was organized by a young attractive girl.* 令人惊奇的是，这个极其危险的行动是由一个年青貌美的姑娘组织的。

英语难句和长句的翻译

* Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” * 译文： 在一个重要时刻他打开了《圣经》，告诉父亲说，他看见的第一行字将会决定他的命运，于是他读到了这些神奇的字眼：“离开他们，勿触摸不净之物，我就是你的上帝，而你是我的子民。” ——这一刹那，性的迷惑、经济上的挫折以及宗教希望全都涌入脑中。理解长难句

1.找出全句的主干，从整体上把握句子的结构。

① 主语 + 不及物动词

② 主语 + 及物动词或带介词的不及物动词 + 宾语

③ 主语 + 系动词 + 表语

从句翻译

④ 主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

⑤ 主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语

* 2.找出句中除主干外的所有谓语结构、非谓语动词短语、介词短语、名词短语和从句的引导词

* 3.分析从句和短语的功能

* 4.注意主干被分隔开来的情况，分析分隔成分的作用。

* 5.注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配，尤其是固定词组或搭配被句子其他成分分隔开的时候。试理解长难句：

* Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political, and intellectual development of these and all other societies;however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.按原文句子结构的顺序翻译

* Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,/ computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,/ relaxation will be in front of smell-television,/ and digital age will have arrived.* 【意群直译】儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍/具有内置个性的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具/休闲将在气味电视机前/数字化时代就来到了

* 【全句整合】儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，到那时，数字化时代就来到了。* Furthermore, it is obvious that/ the strength of a country’s economy/ is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,/ and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.* 【意群直译】再者，显而易见的是/一个国家的经济实力/直接与其工农业生产效率联系/而这则有赖于各种科学家和技术专家的努力

* 【全句整合】再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则有赖于各种科学家和技术专家的努力。

* Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence/ that these creatures preserve the health of game/ by killing the physically weak,/ or that they prey only on “worthless” species.* 【标准译文】生物学家曾经一度动辄援引如下证据，说掠食者靠猎杀体弱的动物维持了整个猎物群的健康，或者说它们捕食的只是一些“无价值”的猎物而已。按照汉语的逻辑顺序翻译

* Creating a “European identity”/ that respects the different cultures and traditions/ which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent/ is no easy task/ and demands a strategic choice.* 【意群直译】创造一个“欧洲品牌”/尊重不同文化和传统/组成旧大陆联系纤维/不是一项容易的任务/并且需要战略性的选择

* 【全句整合】不同的文化和传统把欧洲大陆编织成一体，要创造出一种尊重这些不同文化和传统的“欧洲品牌”绝非易事，需要人们做出战略性的选择。

* We are thus led to distinguish,/ within the broad educational process/ which we have been so far considering,/ a more formal kind of education/ — that of direct tuition or schooling.* 【意群直译】我们因此会试图区分/在广义的教育过程中/我们迄今为止一直在思考的/一种更为正规的教育/——那就是直接的指导或学校教育

* 【全句整合】到此为止，我们一直在思考广义的教育过程，而现在，我们由此不得不试图

从句翻译

找出一种更为正规的教育，即直接的指导或学校教育。抽词拆译

* 即将句子中某个词或短语抽出来，另行翻译。英语中的一些词结合了两个或两个以上的语义成分，而汉语中没有一个单独的词可以完全表达其内涵。这些词按原文的结构翻译不好处理，这时如将这个词译成句子就能更准确地表达出原意，译文也比较通顺。

* Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,/ and only more gradually still was this effect considered/ as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.* 【意群直译】慢慢地这种机构的副产品才被注意到/在更漫长的过程中这一作用才被认为/作为这个机构必须要做的一个事情

* 【高分译文】社会机构的这种副产品只是慢慢地才为人认识的，而把这一作用看做为该机构必须要做到的事情，人们花的时间更长。* 【意群划分】Scientists jumped to the rescue/ with some distinctly shaky evidence/ to the effect that insects would eat us up/ if birds failed to control them.* 【标准译文】科学家们急忙赶来救援，不过他们的理由着实有些牵强，大意是说：如果没有鸟儿来制约昆虫，昆虫就会把我们人类吃掉。练习

* There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.* 最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫论政治，谈生意，丝毫也没有注意到咖啡的浓香、糕点的松软或房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却可能是她最感兴趣、最为自豪的。

* He was puzzled that I didn’t want what was obviously a “step” toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.* 所有美国人受的教育都是要在长大成人后去追求金钱和权力，而我却放着明摆着的“阶梯”不上，他对此大为不解。

* The medical waste that has fouled beaches in the New York region at the peak of the summer season has taken its toll on business all along the shore, driving vacationers away both from beaches that have been closed and from those that have remained open.* 医疗用品生产厂家的废弃物污染了纽约地区的海滨。时值盛夏，一些滨海浴场已经关闭，赶走了大批的度假者，而那些尚未关闭的滨海浴场也门口罗雀。污染使得整个海滨区的商业蒙受了巨大损失。

* One of the most heartwarming aspects of people who are born with a facial disfigurement, whether minor or major, is the number of them who do not allow it to upset their lives, even reaching out to help others with the same problem.* 有些人天生脸上就有或大或小的缺陷，但令人欣慰的是，这些人中有相当一部分人并没有让这些缺陷扰乱了他们的生活，他们甚至还主动去帮助其他有类似问题的人。