第一篇:材料科学与工程 专业英语 Unit 5 Materials Reasearch
Unit 5 Materials Research: Today and Future
The future of the business in polymeric materials is influenced to a large extent by three factors:macro-trends in society, developments in science and technology and the outcome of the present turmoil in the chemical industry.
to a large extent 在很大程度上
译文:在聚合材料方面的市场的未来很大程度上受三个因素的影响:社会的宏观趋势,科学与技术的发展和目前化学工业中变动的成果。,it is expected that an increasing pressure will be exerted in the next decades by the society at large on the chemical industry,to come to a higher level of sustainability.The development of really sustainable products and processes will become more and more important.lookat……
it is expected that„..译文:纵观社会将来的需求,有人预料,由社会给化学工业带来的越来越多的压力将在随后几十年间将显露出来,将到达一个很高的水平并持续下去。真正的可持续的产品和工艺的发展将变得越来越重要。
On the other hand,the most striking development in material science and technology is an ever increasing control on the molecular and the supramolecular level,up to the nanolength scale.The interest of polymer scientists has shifted from new monomers and their(co)polymers towardsfunctional and smart materials,resulting from the mimicking of the perfect control of macromolecular structure and function as found in nature.It is expected that these developments will provide the solutions for more sustainable products and process.另一个方面,在材料科学与技术中最显著的发展是不断的增加对分子水平,超分子水平,一直到纳米尺度的操控的能力。聚合物科学家的兴趣已经从新的单体和它们的共聚物转移到功能材料和智能材料,结果就出现了熟练的调控大分子结构和功能的模拟手段,这些大分子是在自然界中发现的。有人预料,这些发展将带来更多为开发可持续的产品和工艺的解决办法。
The third factor is a thorough reshuffling of the activities in the chemical industry.The position of the “advanced materials” in this redistribution is not clear.It might even happen that a substantial part of this business disappears from the chemical industry toward for instance the electronic industry.第三个因素是在化学工业中的活动的一个彻底的改组。先进材料在这个再分布中的位置不明显。市场的实质部分从化学工业中消失,并转向电子工业的时候,它可能正好发生。
第二篇:环境科学与工程专业英语
一、单词/词组(考试时要求:中译英/英译中)环境科学:environmental science
环境工程:environmental engineering
定量环境科学:quantitative environmental science 定性环境科学:qualitative environmental science 衰减再生:decay and recycling
新陈代谢率:metabolic rates
外来物质:foreign matter
研究和发展:Research and Development
一次大气污染物:primary air pollutant 二次大气污染物:secondary air pollutant
氧含量:Oxygen content
点源:point sources
沥青残留物:asphaltic residue
酸雨:acid rain
设备维护:facilities maintenance
废物最小化:waste minimization
正常浓度:normal concentration
胡乱收集:magpie collection
需氧量:oxygen demand/the amount of oxygen required 闭合回路:closed-loop
微生物:microbe/microorganisms
揭示大的差别;expose the considerable gaps
空气质量监测:air-quality monitoring
氧化剂:oxidizer
石油精炼:petroleum refining
活性炭:activated carbon
质量控制:quality control
海轮:ocean liner
挥发性化学物质:volatile chemicals
沙漠化:desertification
火山喷发:volcanic eruption
间歇源:intermittent sources
衡量浓度:trace concentrations
氯化物和硫化物:chlorides and sulphates
风化:wind erosion
不完全燃烧:incomplete combustion
化石燃料:fossil fuels
液滴:liquid droplets
SO3:sulfur trioxide
for managerial and administrative reasons行政管理上的原因stacks of generating stations许多发电站
Roman empire罗马皇帝
Cloaca maxima 古罗马的大排泄沟
Wate phosphorous 亚磷的(三价磷)
phosphorous acid亚磷酸
phosphoric磷的(五价)
carbonates,bicarbonates碳酸盐,碳酸氢盐
carbohydrates碳水化合物,主要含氢和碳
TOC(total organic carbon)总有机碳
COD(chemical oxygen demand)化学需氧量
BOD(biological oxygen demand)生化需氧量
Biodegradable organic可生物降解的有机物
BOD5BOD的测试标准化
rborne diseases 水传染的疾病
epilimnion 表层水hypolimnion深水层thermocline热变形层
become depleted of oxygen 缺氧
二、重点句子翻译
UNIT2
1.Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us;that which we can see,hear,touch,smell,and taste.环境是围绕在我们周围物质生命的栖息地,在那里我们可以看到,听到,触到,闻到和品尝到。
2.System,according to Webster dictionary
is defined as “a set or arrangement of things so related or connected as to form a unit or organic whole;as,a solar system,irrigation system,supply system,the world or universe”
系统,依据韦伯斯特的字典,被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物;比如,太阳系统,灌溉系统,供水系统,世界或宇宙”。
3.Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical,chemical,or biological characteristics of the air,water,or land that can harmfully affect the health,survival,or activities of humans or other living organisms.污染可以被定义为有害影响健康,生存,活动的人或其它生物体的空气,水,或土地的物理,化学或生物特性的不应该有的变化。
4.Source reduction: Any action that reduces the amount of waste exiting a process.资源减量化:减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。
Waste minimization:The reduction to the extent feasible, of waste that is generated or subsequently treated, stored, or disposed of.废物最少化:产生的废物最大程度减少,然后处理,存储,或者处置。
5.Recycling :The use or reuse of a waste as a substitute for a commercial product or as a feedstock to an industrial process.回收:作为一个商业产品的代替品,或
作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。
6.Pollution prevention: Pollution may be generated during manufacturing, or when certain products are used commercially or by consumers.污染的防止:污染可能在生产过程之中产生,或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。
7.Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization Techniques废物回收/废物最少化技术(包括以下几点)
●product changes产品改变 ●process changes过程改变
●equipment modifications设备改造 ●operating practices操作训练
●recycling and reuse回收和再利用
8.What is air pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air thatcontains one or more chemicals in high enough concentration toharm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.什么是空气污染 ?空气污染通常是指那种包含一种或多种化学物质富集到高浓度并足以伤害人类、其他动物、植物或材料的空气。
9.There are two major types of air pollution.主要有两种类型的空气污染。
10.A primary air pollution is a chemical added directly to the air that occursin a harmful concentration.初级空气污染是指有害的浓度直接进入到空气中的化学物质。
11.A secondary air pollution is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components.次生空气污染是指在大气中由气体成分之间发生化学反应的有害化学物质。
12.Organic matter.Proteins and carbohydrates constitute 90 percent of the organic matter in domestic sewage.在生活污水中蛋白质和碳水化合物构成百分之90的有机质。)
三、课后的NOTES部分(UNIT1、2、3、8、12、13)
Unit1
1)Care and impartiality in gathering and recording date, as well as independent
verification, are the cornerstones of science.在数据收集与记录过程中仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。
2)When the collection and organization of date reveal certain regularities, it may be
possible to formulate a generalization or hypothesis
当对数据收集和整理披露了某些规律时,可能归纳出概况或假设。
3)the two types of logic are qualitative and quantitative logic.两类逻辑学分别为定性和定量逻辑学。
4)theories,and in particular,mathematical theories,often enable us to bridge the gap between experimentally controlled observations and observations made in the field.理论,尤其是数学理论,通常使我们可以弥补(缩小)实验过程观察的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的差距。
5)environmental engineering is manifest by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of environmental sanitation,notably in the provision of
safe,palatable,and ample public water supplies.环境工程是在解决环境卫生问题过程中,具有代表性的,提供安全、可口与充足的公共供水过程,用正确的工程思想与合理的实施显现出来。
1)APS materials,inc,generated two hazardous wastes,1-1-1 trichloroethane and methanol from cold solvent degreasing operations associated with their plasma spray deposition process.美国物理协会材料公司在其等离子体喷雾沉淀工艺的冷溶剂脱脂操作过程中会产生出两种危害性废物,即1,1,1-三氯乙烷和甲醇。
2)AT&T美国最大的电话电信公司
3)CFC=chlorofluoro carbon 含氯氟烃
4)Sloppy housekeeping practices such as leaking tanks,valves,or pumps may cause process chemicals to spill requiring cleanup and disposal.随意马虎的内部管理习惯,例如储罐、阀门或泵的泄漏,都会导致工艺过程中化学品的溅漏而需要采取净化和处理措施。
Unit8
1)the geographic location of some heavily populated cities,such as Los Angeles and Mexico city,makes them particularly susceptible tofrequent air stagnation and pollution buildup.一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置,例如洛杉矶和墨西哥城的地理位置,使得它们经常特别易受空气流动停滞和污积物增加的影响。
2)by themselves,measured concentrations tell us nothing about the danger caused by pollutants,because threshold levels,synergy,and biological magnification are also determining factors
测量的浓度自身并未告诉我们有关污染物造成的危害的信息,因为临界浓度,协同作用和生长放大效应都是决定因素。
1)most boating associations now urge their members never even to take anything disposable and plastic to sea and encourage ocean liners to follow suit.目前大多数船协会敦促他们的会员再也不要把废弃的物质和塑料扔到海里,并鼓励航海轮船也这样做。
四、课文填空:UNIT13的第一部分(1、Pollution of streams and rivers)PoHution of Streams and Rivers
When sewage is discharged into a freshwater stream,the stream becomes pollution。This does not mean that the oxygen content drop instantaneously。But the potential for oxygen depletion exists wherever there is sewage。The measure of this potential is the BOD, which rises as soon as the sewage goes in。Now follow the water downstream from “Polutionville.” There processes are going on, all at the same time.Process1.The bacteria are feasting on the sewage.because of this action,the amount of sewage in the water is decreasing,so the BOD is going down。
Process2.As the bacteria consume the sewage,they also use dissolved oxygen,so that concentration,too,start to decrease。
Process3.some of the lost oxygen is being replenished from the atmosphere and form photosynthesis by the vegetation in the stream。
For the first 50km or so downstream, the natural ability of the river to recover its oxygen(process3)simple cannot keep up with the feasting bacteria(process2),so the dissolved oxygen concentration goes down。The fish begin to die,but it is not the sewage that is killing them。(In fact,the sewage provides food.)Instead,the fish die from lack of oxygen,beginning when the dissolved oxygen concentration falls below about 4mg per liter,depending on the particular species。
The fish kills start about 15km downstream from the introduction of the raw sewage。In time,as the sewage is used up by bacteria,the BOD goes down(process1),the consumption of oxygen also slows down,and the natural ability of the river to recover(process3)becomes predominant。The river then begins to repurify itself。About 90km downstream the fish begin to survive again,and at about 140km the oxygen content has increased to its former,unpolluted level。
Of course,if additional sewage is discharged before recovery is complete,as shown in the illustration at 160km,the river becomes pollution again。When sources of pollution are closely spaced,pollution becomes practically continuous。Rivers in such a condition,which unfortunately can be found near densely polluted areas all over the world,support no fish,are high in bacterial content(usually includingpathogenic organisms),appear muddily bluegreen from choking algae,and,in extreme cases,stink from putrefaction and fermentation。
第三篇:食品科学与工程专业英语 总结
一、1.必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid 2.水溶性维生素water-soluble vitamin 3.脂溶性维生素fat-soluble vitamin 4.食品添加剂food additive 5.甜味剂sweetener 6.真空包装vacuum packaging(VP)7.货架期shelf-life8.成膜的-film-forming 9.持水的-water-holding10.降脂 reduced-fat 11.下脚料
12.GMP(良好操作规范)Good Manufacturing Practice 13.HACCP(危害分析管理制度)Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points 14.转基因作物genetically modified organisms/crops 15.SSOP(卫生标准操作规程)Sanitation Standard Operating 16.多不饱和脂肪酸polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA)17.碳水化合物carbohydrate18.单糖monosaccharide 19.多糖polysaccharide20.果糖fructose 21.葡萄糖glucose22.微量矿物质 minor mineral 23.发酵香肠 fermented sausage24.淀粉酶 amylase 25.着色剂 coloring agent26.新陈代谢 metabolism 27.强化奶 fortified milk28.亚硝酸盐 nitrite
Procedure
二、句子翻译
1.在西方国家,目前的膳食指南推荐的脂肪摄入量占能量摄入的比例应从现在的40%左右减少到不足30%。
Current dietary guidelines recommend that the fat intake in Western countries should bedecreased from around 40% at present to not more than 30% of the energy intake.2.脂类不溶于水,这很大程度上影响了它们的消化吸收、吸收、在血液中运转以及在细胞层面的代谢。
Lipids are insoluble in water and this profoundly affects the particular phenomena associated with their digestion, transport in the blood, and metabolismat the cellular level.3.维生素和矿物质通常被称为微量元素,因为身体对他们的需求量很小。但是如果未能摄取这微量的成分,肯定会导致疾病。
Vitamins and minerals are often called micronutrients because your body needs only tiny amounts of them.Yet failing to get even those small quantities virtually guarantees disease.4.食品添加剂可以定义为:为改善食品品质和色、香、味,满足加工需要,延长保质期等目的,在食品生产、加工、贮藏或者包装过程中所用到的一类物质。
Additives may be defined as a class of substances that are used in food production, processing, storage and packaging to extend shelf-life of purpose and to meet the processing needs for improving quality, color, flavor and taste.5.用盐和/或糖加调味料、草药以及其他植物性原料腌制斩碎的肉和脂肪,将这些腌制过的混合物灌装到肠衣中形成干制的香肠,这种生产方式可以追溯到公元前好几个世纪。The chopping or mincing of meat and fat with curing salt and/or sugar together with spices, herbs, and other plant material, followed by the stuffing of such mixture to form a ‘sausage’ that is left to dry is a practice dating back to centuries before the Common Era.6.但是,对于食品工业,主要目标是获得一种在应用中具有较高活性并且价格经济的酶。However, for the food industry, the prime goal is to obtain an enzyme which offers a high performance for the applications in question at an economic price.7.食品加工业种类多样,既涉及到一些只需要最少化加工的产品,如新鲜果蔬,又涉及到那些需要大量二次加工的制成品,如干麦片或焙烤食品。
The industry is relatively diverse, dealing with some products that need minimal processing, such as fresh fruits and vegetables, and others that require substantial secondary processing to create a final product, such as dry cereal or goods.8.本文主要的目的是研究冷冻保藏时间对于速冻水饺的理化性质、微生物指标及感官特性的影响。The paper aims to investigate the effect of storage period on the chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of frozen dumpling.9.用三个浓度(40%,50%,和60%的固体基质)的麦芽糊精和BμCHI B-190型喷雾干燥机来干燥含有20%总可溶性固形物的浓缩酸橙汁。
Concentrated lime juice with 20% total soluble solid was dried was dried using three levels of maltodextrin(40%,50%,and 60% solid base)and a BμCHI B-190 spray dryer.10.喂食转基因大豆的兔子肝脏酶产量发生变化,与此同时,代谢活动也升高了。Rabbits fed GM soy showed altered enzyme production in their lives as well as higher metabolic activity 11.应该指派一个合适的人/多人(最好是经理)负责工厂的食品安全计划。There should be an appropriate person(preferably manager)assigned responsibility for the facility food safety program.12.食品从业者应该确保有恰当的产品、特定的知识和专业技术从而建立和实施一个有效的HACCP计划。HACCP计划最好是由一个多学科的小组来完成。
The food operation shall assure that the appropriate product specific knowledgeand expertise is available for the development of an effective HACCP plan this may best be accomplished by assembling a multi-disciplinary team.13.Fig.5 Amount of acrylamide in the crust 图5 面包皮中丙烯酰胺形成的量
14.Fig.1 Schematic representation ofthe manufacturing procedure for synbiotic ice cream in this study 图1 本研究中益生菌冰激凌制造工序图示
15.Fig.7 Relationship between crust color, acrylamide formation, crust temperature and water content 图7 面包皮颜色、丙烯酰胺形成、面包皮温度与含水量之间的关系
16.Table 2 Effect of soaking, cooking and dehulling on protein, starch and ash stored under various conditions 表2 浸泡、烹饪和脱壳对豌豆蛋白、淀粉及灰分含量的影响
17.Table 1 Analysis of variance of variety and treatment(soaking, cooking and dehulling)on composition of field peas 表1 品种与处理(浸泡、烹饪和脱壳)对紫化豌豆构成的方差分析
第四篇:材料科学与工程专业英语剖析
Unit1: 2.英译汉
材料科学
石器时代 肉眼
青铜器时代 光学性质
集成电路 机械(力学)强度
热导率
1.材料科学指的是研究存于材料的结构和性能的相互关系。相反,材料工程指的是,在基于材料结构和性能的相互关系的基础上,开发和设计预先设定好具备若干性能的材料。
2.实际上,固体材料的所有重要性质可以概括分为六类:机械、电学、热学、磁学、光学和腐蚀降解性。
3.除了结构和性质,材料科学和工程还有其他两个重要的组成部分:即加工和性能。
4.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术,根据这些原则,他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。
5.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此,有必要对材料的性质进行平衡。3.汉译英
Interdispline
dielectric constant Solid materials
heat capacity Mechanical properties
electro-magnetic radiation Materials processing
elasticity modulus 1.直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。
It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。
Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and materials application.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构,同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。
Material mechanical properties is relative with(relates with)its deformation coming from(resulting from, due to)outside(applied)force or load.Unit2: 2.英译汉
复合材料
游离电子 先进材料
刚度、刚性 半导体
生物材料
智能材料
纳米工程材料
1.金属导电、导热能力特别强,对可见光不透明;一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。
2.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体,在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面,优于金属和高聚物。
3.应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。
4.响应外加电场(或电压),压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩;相反的,当尺寸改变时,压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。
5.随着扫面探针显微镜的问世,这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子,使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。3.汉译英
Advangced materials
ceramic materials High-performance materials
clay minerals Alloys
implant
Glass fiber
carbon nanotube
1、金属元素有许多有利电子,金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons,many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物,并具有大的分子结构。
Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures.3、半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间。
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).4、生物材料不能产生毒性,并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。
Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit3: 2.英译汉
肉眼
过渡元素 力学性能
原子序数
基础(元素)化学
带正电的质子
1.金属行为不同于陶瓷,陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。
2.原子结构主要影响材料的化学性能、物理性能、热性能、电学性能、磁学性能、光学性能,微观结构和宏观结构也影响这些性能但更主要影响材料的力学性能和化学反应速率。
3.金属的强度表明这些原子靠强键结合。
4.元素原子序数表明原子核中带正电的质子数目。原子量表明原子核中有多少个质子和中子。3.汉译英
Microstructure
macrostructure Chemical reaction
atomic weight Balanced electric charge
positively charge nucleus
1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属,成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。
These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metals of various properties.2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。
The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bonds.3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构,宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。
Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but macrostructure indicates features that can be seen with the naked eye.4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。
The combination(total)of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic weight of an atom.Unit4: 2.英译汉
相转变温度
比重 热导率
熔点 重力加速度
磁导率
1.物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面,密度比水大时将下沉。类似第,比重小于1的物体将漂浮,比重大于1的物体将下沉。
2.使磁力线相互分开,导致磁通量比真空小,这种材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料;使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。
3.某些铁电材料,特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金,他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。
4.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时,磁感应强度是空气芯时的μr倍。3.汉译英
Relative density
boling poingt
magnetic induction Thermal condution glass transition temperature
nonferrous metal
1.化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Chemical properties are those that discribe how a substance changes into a completely different one.2.相变是一种物理性质,并且物质存在四种相:固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma.3.当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子任然连接在分子链上,从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。
Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material.5.在工程应用中,渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。
In engineering applications , permeability is often expressed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms.Unit5:
2.英译汉
服役期限
纵向方向
动态或循环载荷
初始长度
塑性形变
局部形变
1.金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围,和服役期限。
2.因此,为了确定力学性质,一般需要做大量实验,报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。
3.材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质,同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效,以及在失效发生以前,是否会给出预警信号。4.但是,承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。5.低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时,材料仅仅发生弹性形变。
3.汉译英
test specimen
static loading
applied force
normal axis engineering strain
critical stress
yield strength
stress area stress-strain curve
1.通常,温度高于室温时,金属合金的强度性质降低,而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。
Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys,but a nincrease in ductility, fracture toughness and elongation.2.从材料的角度来说,应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力,它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生相互作用。
From the perspective of what is happening within a material , stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.3.工程应变可定义为:所施加立方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.4.高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和地延展性的材料的韧性高。A material with high stress and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility
Unit6: 2英译汉
导带
碱金属
原子半径
轨道能量重叠 离子晶格
固溶体
1.化学上,金属被定义为这样一种元素:容易失去电子行程正离子、容易和其他金属原子形成金属键。
2.金属键的非方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。
3.共价键晶体只有打破原子间价键才能发生形变,因此导致了晶体破碎。4.为一些高性能场合应用,如喷气式发动机,特殊设计的合金可以包含10种以上元素。3 汉译英
delocalized electrons
electrical structure alkali-earth metals
electrochemical cell nuclear charge
electrical conductivity
1、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。
Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.2、通常地,金属具有良好的导电性和导热性,具有金属光泽,密度较大,并且具有在压力下变形而不会断裂的能力。
Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stress without cleaving.3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物,其中主要组分为金属。An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.4、不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质,从而产生所需要的性能。
Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produe desirable characteristics.Unit8: 2.英译汉
高性能合金
机械(力学)强度 单晶合金
抗氧化腐蚀性 沉淀强化
晶格
1.超级合金的发展高度依赖于化学和工艺的革新、主要由航空和能源工业推动。2.抗蠕变依赖于在晶体结构中降低位错移动速度。
3.超级合金加工技术的历史发展导致了超级合金使用温度的巨大提高。4.单晶超级合金材料是以一种单晶体状体态而形成的,这种单晶体是应用一种修正的定性凝固技术被制造出来的,因此单晶超级合金材料中没有晶界。3.英译汉
Face centered cubic crystal structure
turbine inlet temperature Metallic material
phase stability Nuclear reaction
synthesis of nanoparticles 1.Superalloys typically have an austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structure.2.Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion /oxidation resistance, according to their properties.3.The largest applications of superalloys are the following: aerospace, submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.4.At high temperatures, the gaseous aluminum chloride or fluoride is transferred to the surface of the superalloy from its inner part.Unit10: 2.英译汉
原材料的提纯
长链烷烃 玻璃烧杯
粘性液体 火花塞绝缘子
玻璃陶瓷 计算机辅助过程控制
表面分析方法
1.我们将审视几个性质,会看到这些性质与我们对陶瓷构成的预判是何等匹配啊。
2.高温下(高于玻璃转变温度),玻璃不在表现出脆性行为,而是表现得像粘状液体一样。
3.它们表现出优异的力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀性能、或者电学、光学 磁学性能。4.尽管传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年,先进陶瓷仅仅是近100年内发展起来的。3.汉译英
Glass transition temperature
covalent ionic bonding Stress distribution
thermal expansion coefficient Glass fiber
materials science and engineering Solid-oxide fuel cells
electron
microscope
1.Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials.2.Ceramics are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strengths.3.Ceramics generally have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.4.The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit11: 2.英译汉
电子构型(组态)
多晶陶瓷 氧含量
氧化物涂层 电子束
电绝缘体 工业风险
上呼吸道
1.材料科学和工程的研究领域被定义为四个主题之间的相互关系:合成和加工、结构和成分、性质、性能。
2.不仅完美晶格、理想结构必须被考虑,更要考虑结构缺陷,结构缺陷在所有的材料中都是不可避免的,甚至无定形材料也有结构缺陷。3.热压可以减少多孔性,以确保高致密度产品。
4.运输材料时,制造商应该提供关于他们产品的危险性的有关信息。3.汉译英
Crystalline ceramics
grain boundary Alkaline metal oxide
oxide additive Triple points
saturation magnetization Television tube
color scale
1.To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.2.The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.3.Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.4.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulatores because of their high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit13: 2.英译汉
聚合物合成天然聚合物材料 单体确认
生物合成 链长
持久(余辉)长度
1.尽管聚合物这个属于在通用意义上一般指塑料,这个术语实际上也包含一大类天然和合成材料,这些材料有不同的性质和用途。
2.聚合物合成是这样一个过程:将许多被称为单体的小分子连接成以共价键结合的链状物的过程。
3.接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成,特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子形状、刷子形状。
4.一些生物型聚合物由许多不同但结构上有联系的单体组成,如多聚核苷酸由核苷亚单体组成。3.汉译英
Persistent length
cross bonding Polar monomer
nucleic
acid Polyreaction
polyelectrolyte
1.现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。
Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.2.某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却是相关的单体,例如:聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。
Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.3.具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够形成聚合物的网状结构。
A polymer molecule with a high degree of crosslinking is referred to as a polymer network.4.聚合物的分子质量可以用聚合成都爱表示,本质上就是组成聚合物单体的数目。
In polymers, however, the molecular mass may be expressed is terms of degree of polymerization, essentially the number of monomer units which comprise the polymer.Unit14: 2.英译汉
化学反应
无定形材料 热塑性材料
物理性质 分子量
单键
1.许多合成聚合物具有C-C骨架,这是因为碳原子据有非凡的彼此之间形成稳定强键的能力。
2.高聚物一般不是具有尖锐熔点的完美结晶体,而是在一定温度范围内软化。3.依赖于形成条件,分子量可以在相当大范围内分布,也可以紧密围绕在一个平均值附近分布。
4.Goodyear 偶然发现添加硫磺在橡胶中然后加热混合物可以使橡胶更硬、降低氧化和化学反应的敏感性。3.汉译英
Thermosetting plastic
cross-sectional area Polymerization reaction
double bond Chemical compostion/constituent
degradation by oxidation 1.不同化学结构的聚合物具有不同的物理和化学性质。
Polymers with different chemical structures have different physical properties and chemical properties.2.热固性塑料成型后,由于不能取消化学过程,因此不能重新再成型。Thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily.3.天然橡胶不适一种有用的聚合物,因为它太软了,并且太容易发生化学反应。Natural rubber is not a useful polymer because it is too soft and chemically reactive.4.我们可以再聚合物中加入各种不同的化合物,使聚合物具有抗日照和抗氧化降解的性质。
Various substances may be added to polymers to provide protection against the effects of sunlight or against degradation by oxidation.Unit16: 2.英译汉
工程材料
结果形成的材料 增强的混凝土
金属基复合材料 陶瓷基复合材料
三明治结构
1.例如,多相金属在微观层次上是复合材料,但广义上讲,复合材料这个术语,指代的是两个或多个不同材料之间依靠机械力结合而形成的材料。
2.许多情况系下,复合材料有一个体相:它是连续的,被称为基体,还包括一个分散的、不连续相,被称为增强体。
3.先进复合材料是树脂和纤维的结合,通常是碳纤维/石墨、凯夫拉纤维、玻璃纤维和树脂。纤维保证刚度,周围的聚合物树脂基体将整个结构固定起来。
4.如果复合材料被正确地设计和加工,它具备增强体的强度、基体的韧性,获得所需要的结合的性质,这种性质是任何传统单一材料所不具备的。3.汉译英
Composite materials
reinforced
materials Glass fiber
host/matrix materials Strengthening mechanism
traditional
materials 1.复合材料既保留了各组分原有的性能,由具有每种组分单独存在时所不具备的性能。A composite retains its own distinctive properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.2.碳环氧树脂复合物的重量是铝的2/3,硬度是铝的2.5倍。该材料耐老化,易修复。Carbon-epoxy composites are two thirds the weight of aluminum, and two and a half times as stiff.Composites are resistant to fatigue damage and harsh environments, and are repairable.3.由复合材料的概念可知,强化塑料、金属基复合物、陶瓷基复合物及混凝土都是复合材料。From the concept of composites, reinforced
plastic, metal-matrix composite, ceramic-matrix composite and concrete, etc, are all composites.4.在纤维增强复合材料中,纤维主要起承载负荷的作用。玻璃纤维和碳纤维就是这种复合材料中的两种。
In fiber-reinforced composites, the fiber is the primary load bearing component.Fiberglass and carbon fiber components are examples of fiber-reinforced composites.Unit19: 2.英译汉
纳米结构材料
制造过程 表面积/体积比(比表面积)
纳米尺度 球半径
光电器件 伯氏矢量
钉扎点
1.大多数生物分子和其他生物材料是纳米尺寸的,因此纳米尺度提供了一个研究这些生物分子、材料和其它材料发生交互作用的最佳机会/手段。
2.不管纳米材料性质和它们的制作过程如何,纳米材料许多奇异、甚至令人兴奋的性质可以归结为一个简单道理:如果材料/结构的尺度接近纳米时,物理性质和化学性质将发生巨大的变化。
3.这对纳米材料的光学性质产生巨大的影响:例如吸收光谱又红外向可见光区域移动。4.另外一种磁学上的纳米效应是所谓的巨磁电阻效应,已经被用来制作磁存储器件。5.根据这个方程可知:预置裂纹越小,临界应力越高。3.汉译英
Nanotechnology
interdisplinary subject Two-dimentional nanostructure
critical length Surface tention
thermal motion Self-organization
brittle failure 1.Nanotechnololgy deals with materials with dimensions in the nanometer range.2.If the dimensions of materials approach the nanoscale, three amazing effects come to play a role.(Materials will possess three new effects/properties, which the original ones do not have.)3.Nanotechnololgy consists of nano-eletronics, nano-mechanics and nano-materials, etc..4.The hardness of nanocrystalline copper is five times higher than that of microcrystalline one.Unit22: 2.英译汉
密切接触
惰性材料 人工材料
药理接受性 组织力学和动力学
个体应用 微球胶囊技术
1.生物材料是一种合成材料,它是以一种同活体组织密切接触的方式替换生命系统中的某一部分或者发挥功能的材料。
2.相反,生理材料是生理系统产生的材料,例如:骨头、皮肤或动脉。3.如果不被取出来,暂时性植入体也会变成永久性植入体,例如用以固定骨折部位所使用的接骨板,愈合后不取出来的话,就变成了永久性植入体。4.器官移植可以恢复某些功能,这些功能是人造材料所不具备的,或者是天然器官所具备的更好的功能。
5.基于基体组织的科学知识在探索生物材料的研究和发展的各种方法中,具有很大的帮助。
3.汉译英
Biomaterial
biocompatibility Hearing aids
ethylene oxide Tissue engineering
transplantation of organs 1.One can classify biomaterials into permanent and transient, depending on the time intended to be in the body.2.Generally, this study, known as biomechanics, is incorporated into the design and insertion of implants.3.New areas of biomaterials may develop using nanoscale materials or devices.4.The scaffold materials are important since they must be compatible with the cells and guide their growth.
第五篇:环境科学专业英语
化学元素周期表英文
第 01 号元素: 氢 [化学符号]H, 读“轻”, [英文名称]Hydrogen 第 02 号元素: 氦 [化学符号]He, 读“亥”, [英文名称]Helium 第 03 号元素: 锂 [化学符号]Li, 读“里”, [英文名称]Lithium 第 04 号元素: 铍 [化学符号]Be, 读“皮”, [英文名称]Beryllium 第 05 号元素: 硼 [化学符号]B, 读“朋”, [英文名称]Boron 第 06 号元素: 碳 [化学符号]C, 读“炭”, [英文名称]Carbon 第 07 号元素: 氮 [化学符号]N, 读“淡”, [英文名称]Nitrogen 第 08 号元素: 氧 [化学符号]O, 读“养”, [英文名称]Oxygen 第 09 号元素: 氟 [化学符号]F, 读“弗”, [英文名称]Fluorine 第 10 号元素: 氖 [化学符号]Ne, 读“乃”, [英文名称]Neon 第 11 号元素: 钠 [化学符号]Na, 读“纳”, [英文名称]Sodium 第 12 号元素: 镁 [化学符号]Mg, 读“美”, [英文名称]Magnesium 第 13 号元素: 铝 [化学符号]Al, 读“吕”, [英文名称]Aluminum 第 14 号元素: 硅 [化学符号]Si, 读“归”, [英文名称]Silicon 第 15 号元素: 磷 [化学符号]P, 读“邻”, [英文名称]Phosphorus 第 16 号元素: 硫 [化学符号]S, 读“流”, [英文名称]Sulfur 第 17 号元素: 氯 [化学符号]Cl, 读“绿”, [英文名称]Chlorine 第 18 号元素: 氩 [化学符号]Ar,A, 读“亚”, [英文名称]Argon 第 19 号元素: 钾 [化学符号]K, 读“甲”, [英文名称]Potassium 第 20 号元素: 钙 [化学符号]Ca, 读“丐”, [英文名称]Calcium 第 21 号元素: 钪 [化学符号]Sc, 读“亢”, [英文名称]Scandium 第 22 号元素: 钛 [化学符号]Ti, 读“太”, [英文名称]Titanium 第 23 号元素: 钒 [化学符号]V, 读“凡”, [英文名称]Vanadium 第 24 号元素: 铬 [化学符号]Cr, 读“各”, [英文名称]Chromium 第 25 号元素: 锰 [化学符号]Mn, 读“猛”, [英文名称]Manganese 第 26 号元素: 铁 [化学符号]Fe, 读“铁”, [英文名称]Iron 第 27 号元素: 钴 [化学符号]Co, 读“古”, [英文名称]Cobalt 第 28 号元素: 镍 [化学符号]Ni, 读“臬”, [英文名称]Nickel 第 29 号元素: 铜 [化学符号]Cu, 读“同”, [英文名称]Copper 第 30 号元素: 锌 [化学符号]Zn, 读“辛”, [英文名称]Zinc 第 31 号元素: 镓 [化学符号]Ga, 读“家”, [英文名称]Gallium 第 32 号元素: 锗 [化学符号]Ge, 读“者”, [英文名称]Germanium 第 33 号元素: 砷 [化学符号]As, 读“申”, [英文名称]Arsenic 第 34 号元素: 硒 [化学符号]Se, 读“西”, [英文名称]Selenium 第 35 号元素: 溴 [化学符号]Br, 读“秀”, [英文名称]Bromine 第 36 号元素: 氪 [化学符号]Kr, 读“克”, [英文名称]Krypton 第 37 号元素: 铷 [化学符号]Rb, 读“如”, [英文名称]Rubidium 第 38 号元素: 锶 [化学符号]Sr, 读“思”, [英文名称]Strontium 第 39 号元素: 钇 [化学符号]Y, 读“乙”, [英文名称]Yttrium 第 40 号元素: 锆 [化学符号]Zr, 读“告”, [英文名称]Zirconium 第 41 号元素: 铌 [化学符号]Nb, 读“尼”, [英文名称]Niobium
第 42 号元素: 钼 [化学符号]Mo, 读“目”, [英文名称]Molybdenum 第 43 号元素: 碍 [化学符号]Tc, 读“得”, [英文名称]Technetium 第 44 号元素: 钌 [化学符号]Ru, 读“了”, [英文名称]Ruthenium 第 45 号元素: 铑 [化学符号]Rh, 读“老”, [英文名称]Rhodium 第 46 号元素: 钯 [化学符号]Pd, 读“巴”, [英文名称]Palladium 第 47 号元素: 银 [化学符号]Ag, 读“银”, [英文名称]Silver 第 48 号元素: 镉 [化学符号]Cd, 读“隔”, [英文名称]Cadmium 第 49 号元素: 铟 [化学符号]In, 读“因”, [英文名称]Indium 第 50 号元素: 锡 [化学符号]Sn, 读“西”, [英文名称]Tin
第 51 号元素: 锑 [化学符号]Sb, 读“梯”, [英文名称]Antimony
第 52 号元素: 碲 [化学符号]Te, 读“帝”, [英文名称]Tellurium 第 53 号元素: 碘 [化学符号]I, 读“典”, [英文名称]Iodine
第 54 号元素: 氙 [化学符号]Xe, 读“仙”, [英文名称]Xenon 第 55 号元素: 铯 [化学符号]Cs, 读“色”, [英文名称]Cesium 第 56 号元素: 钡 [化学符号]Ba, 读“贝”, [英文名称]Barium 第 58 号元素: 铈 [化学符号]Ce, 读“市”, [英文名称]Cerium
第 59 号元素: 镨 [化学符号]Pr, 读“普”, [英文名称]Praseodymium 第 60 号元素: 钕 [化学符号]Nd, 读“女”, [英文名称]Neodymium 第 61 号元素: 钷 [化学符号]Pm, 读“颇”, [英文名称]Promethium 第 62 号元素: 钐 [化学符号]Sm, 读“衫”, [英文名称]Samarium 第 63 号元素: 铕 [化学符号]Eu, 读“有”, [英文名称]Europium 第 64 号元素: 钆 [化学符号]Gd, 读“轧”, [英文名称]Gadolinium 第 65 号元素: 铽 [化学符号]Tb, 读“忒”, [英文名称]Terbium 第 66 号元素: 镝 [化学符号]Dy, 读“滴”, [英文名称]Dysprosium 第 67 号元素: 钬 [化学符号]Ho, 读“火”, [英文名称]Holmium 第 68 号元素: 铒 [化学符号]Er, 读“耳”, [英文名称]Erbium 第 69 号元素: 铥 [化学符号]Tm, 读“丢”, [英文名称]Thulium 第 70 号元素: 镱 [化学符号]Yb, 读“意”, [英文名称]Ytterbium 第 71 号元素: 镥 [化学符号]Lu, 读“鲁”, [英文名称]Lutetium 第 72 号元素: 铪 [化学符号]Hf, 读“哈”, [英文名称]Hafnium 第 73 号元素: 钽 [化学符号]Ta, 读“坦”, [英文名称]Tantalum 第 74 号元素: 钨 [化学符号]W, 读“乌”, [英文名称]Tungsten 第 75 号元素: 镧 [化学符号]La, 读“兰”, [英文名称]Lanthanum 第 75 号元素: 铼 [化学符号]Re, 读“来”, [英文名称]Rhenium 第 76 号元素: 锇 [化学符号]Os, 读“鹅”, [英文名称]Osmium 第 77 号元素: 铱 [化学符号]Ir, 读“衣”, [英文名称]Iridium 第 78 号元素: 铂 [化学符号]Pt, 读““, [英文名称]Platinum
第 79 号元素: 金 [化学符号]Au, 读“今”, [英文名称]Gold
第 80 号元素: 汞 [化学符号]Hg, 读“拱”, [英文名称]Mercury 第 81 号元素: 铊 [化学符号]Tl, 读“他”, [英文名称]Thallium 第 82 号元素: 铅 [化学符号]Pb, 读“千”, [英文名称]Lead
第 83 号元素: 铋 [化学符号]Bi, 读“必”, [英文名称]Bismuth 第 84 号元素: 钋 [化学符号]Po, 读“泼”, [英文名称]Polonium 第 85 号元素: 砹 [化学符号]At, 读“艾”, [英文名称]Astatine 第 86 号元素: 氡 [化学符号]Rn, 读“冬”, [英文名称]Radon 第 87 号元素: 钫 [化学符号]Fr, 读“方”, [英文名称]Francium 第 88 号元素: 镭 [化学符号]Ra, 读“雷”, [英文名称]Radium 第 89 号元素: 锕 [化学符号]Ac, 读“阿”, [英文名称]Actinium 第 90 号元素: 钍 [化学符号]Th, 读“土”, [英文名称]Thorium 第 91 号元素: 镤 [化学符号]Pa, 读“仆”, [英文名称]Protactinium 第 92 号元素: 铀 [化学符号]U, 读“由”, [英文名称]Uranium 第 93 号元素: 镎 [化学符号]Np, 读“拿”, [英文名称]Neptunium 第 94 号元素: 钚 [化学符号]Pu, 读“不”, [英文名称]Plutonium 第 95 号元素: 镅 [化学符号]Am, 读“眉”, [英文名称]Americium 第 96 号元素: 锔 [化学符号]Cm, 读“局”, [英文名称]Curium 第 97 号元素: 锫 [化学符号]Bk, 读“陪”, [英文名称]Berkelium 第 98 号元素: 锎 [化学符号]Cf, 读“开”, [英文名称]Californium 第 99 号元素: 锿 [化学符号]Es, 读“哀”, [英文名称]Einsteinium 第 100 号元素: 镄 [化学符号]Fm, 读“费”, [英文名称]Fermium 第 101 号元素: 钔 [化学符号]Md, 读“门”, [英文名称]Mendelevium 第 102 号元素: 锘 [化学符号]No, 读“诺”, [英文名称]Nobelium 第 103 号元素: 铹 [化学符号]Lw, 读“劳”, [英文名称]Lawrencium
第 104 号元素: 鐪 [化学符号]Rf, 读“卢”, [英文名称]unnilquadium 第 105 号元素: [化学符号]Db, 读“杜”, [英文名称]dubnium
第 106 号元素: 钅喜 [化学符号]Sg , 读”喜“, [英文名称]
第 107 号元素: 钅波 [化学符号]Bh, 读“波“, [英文名称]Bohrium 第 108 号元素: 钅黑 [化学符号]Hs, 读”黑“, [英文名称]
第 109 号元素: 钅麦 [化学符号]Mt, 读”麦",[英文名称]
第 110 号元素: 鐽 [化学符号]Ds, 读”达“, [英文名称]Darmstadtium 第 111 号元素: 钅仑 [化学符号]Rg, , 读”伦“, [英文名称]Roentgenium 第 112 号元素: uub(112)
第 113 号元素: uut(113)
第 114 号元素: uuq(114)
第 115 号元素: uup(115)
第 116 号元素: uuh(116)
第 117 号元素: uus尚未发现
第 118 号元素: uuo