书信写作英文书信的种类专题

第一篇：书信写作英文书信的种类专题

书信写作英文书信的种类

事务信函(Business Letter)

私人信件(Private Letter)

书信写作原则

书信格式是首要，称呼署名需地道；

开门见山说意图，咨询建议列几条；

内容不同两段表，感谢客气不能少；

期待回音是老套，语气得当信就好。

英文书信的格式

缩进式(Indented Version)

齐头式(Block Version)

称呼---the salutation

给不认识的人写信：

Dear Sir / Madam,给重要的人写信：

Dear Mr.President John Smith

Dear Mrs.Johns,Dear Professor Middlebrook,Mr.Mrs.Miss后面只用姓氏或全名，不能只写名字。给重要的人写信：

PresidentPres.ProfessorProf.Doctor Dr.给熟人写信：

Dear MichaelDear Joanna

结束语---the complimentary close

写给不认识的人：

Yours faithfully,Yours truly,Yours very truly

写给重要的人：

Yours respectfully,Very respectfully yours,写给熟人：

Yours sincerely,Yours very sincerely,Yours cordially,写给亲朋好友：

Yours,Yours ever,With love from,Yours loving son,过时的结束语不要用：

Yours obedient servant,(您恭顺的仆人)

Your humble servant,(您卑贱的仆人)

英文书信的起首语

我很高兴收到你五月四日的来信……

I was glad to receive your letter of May 4 … 我很高兴地听说……With great delight, I learn that ……

我很愉快地告诉你……I have the pleasure to tell you that …… 刚刚收到你的来信。

I have received your kind letter.星期六的来信，今早收到了。

Your kind letter of Saturday arrived this morning.久未通信，悬念之至。

As I have not heard of you for long, I feel anxious.1

我希望尽快收到你的来信。

 I hope to hear from you soon.盼望下次再见。

I look forward to our next meeting.如蒙即复，不胜感激。

Your kind early reply will be appreciated.可否即予复示？

 Won’t you let us hear from you promptly?

入需其他详情，当欣然奉告。

Any other particulars required I shall be pleased to give you.承蒙厚助，有衷感谢。

The help you send is sincerely valued.书信的语言原则

应试书信主要有两种语言风格：

正式文体(formal style)

半正式文体(semi-formal style)

应试书信一般不会出现非正式文体

书信首段写法

首段写法分两种：

一是首先表明写信人与收信人的相关性，然后再说写作意图。

例如：你租用了一家机构的房屋，但是暖气系统出了毛病。你给这家机构写信。

Dear Sir/Madam,I am at present living in a house which I rented through your agency.I am sorry to inform you that the heating system in the house stopped working five days ago.This is very inconvenient---not to mention dangerous to the health---as the weather is starting to get colder.第二种写法是首先说明写作意图，紧接着表明相关性。

例如：你在机场的免税商店买了Walkman。回来以后，你发现机器有问题。你写封信给商店。Dear Sir/Madam,I wish to complain about a Walkman which I bough three days ago in the Duty Free section of your airport.As is my habit, I made a point of trying it out on the spot.It worked perfectly well, and so I went ahead and purchased it.第三种写法是只在信件开头表明写作意图。其他的放到主体段落写。

例如：你出事了，住进了医院。给你的学校写信说明你要请假的原因。

Dear Prof.Johnson,I am writing to explain my absence

from classes since April 18, 2004.投诉信

内容架构

表达不满

及说明不满，又有礼有节

提出解决方案

若提纲中包含，就一定要写

若提纲中没有，就自己编

写作策略：

表明相关性和意图

礼貌原则

不要责骂收信人



主体段落：

投诉原因，展开说明

现象结果相结合

提出解决方案

再次表示感谢

投诉信开头套话：

I am writing to complain about / that …

I am writing to express my concern / dissatisfaction / disappointment about …

I feel so sorry to trouble you but I am afraid I have to make a complaint about … I am writing to inform you that I find … unsatisfactory.I wish to draw your attention to the problem / fault that I bought …

投诉信结尾套话：

I trust you will take my complaint seriously and …

I will appreciate it very much if you could …

I would be perfectly satisfied if you can kindly …

I understand you will give immediate attention to this matter.范文：抱怨房间，要求换到单人宿舍。

Dear Sir/Madam,I am writing to inform you that I wish to move into a new room next term.I would prefer a single room, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him;for another, he regularly holds noisy parties.For another, he sometimes borrows my stuff without asking me.In these situations, I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind in my assignments.I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to move into a room of my own, where I will be free from such distractions.Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible.Yours sincerely,Janice Kennedy

请求信

内容架构

表明请求

说明原因

表达感谢

写作策略：

首段：

说明意图，表达请求

语言要求：礼貌和规范。

主体段落：

说明原因，具体展开

要求：合乎情理。

写作策略：

结尾段：

盼望回复

再次感谢，常用套句：“I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused by this letter.”请求信开头套话：

I am writing to formally request to …

I would like to ask for your permission with this letter so as to allow me to …

I am writing to seek for your assistance in …

Would you be kind enough to … ？

请求信结尾套话：

I am looking forward to hearing from you.I do appreciate the favorable consideration you have shown to me.I would like to thank you for your generous help in this matter.询问信

寻求所需信息

写作策略：

首段：

先写相关性，再说写作意图

不要“问道于盲”。

主体段落： 询问具体问题。如果某个问题较为重要，应该单独占一段。结尾段：

急切心情，提供联系方式，并表示感谢。

询问信开头套话：

I am writing for information about …

I would be most grateful if you could send me information concerning …

I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding …Your prompt attention to this letter would be highly appreciated.Thank you for your consideration.I look forward to your immediate response.寻找失物信

要收信人帮助寻找失物并将其返还失主。写作策略：

首段：

表明相关信，说明写作意图。

表示歉意。

主体段落：

失物的具体内容及重要性。

结尾段：

如何将其返还失主

并对收信人表达谢意。

I am sorry to disturb you, but I have to …

I am writing this letter to report the loss of my … when I …

I am writing this letter to request your assistance in finding my … which I have lost during the stay in your hotel.I am writing this letter to see if it is possible for me to have my camera back.寻找失物信结尾套话：

I would really appreciate it if you could …

I would be grateful if you could …

I also suggest that the lost bag be sent to … if possible.感谢信

感谢信与投诉信刚好相反，只要把投诉的内容改为感谢的内容就可以了。

感谢信开头套话：

I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude for …

I am writing to show my sincere appreciation for …

I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for …

I feel deeply indebted to you and I really don’t know how to thank you enough for your help.I am most grateful for your selfless donation.My true gratitude is beyond the word’s description.I feel most obliged to thank you once more.Please accept my gratitude, now and always.缩进式(Indented version)

Dear ______,___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_________________________________.___________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

_________________________________.____________________________________.Yours,Kevin

齐头式(Block Version)

Dear ______,_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _________________________________._____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _________________________________.____________________________________.Yours,Kevin

第二篇：英文书信写作

求职信

Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing to apply for a position as a computer engineer in your company.First of all, your company is the king in the area of software and is well-known for its

development of software.It would be a great opportunity for me to start my career in the company.What is more, my major is computer, and I have a strong interest in software.When I was still a freshman, I got Band Two certificate for computer, which was outstanding in my class.Besides, I have attended various computer contests and won top prizes several times, which greatly enriched my knowledge on computer.Finally, I had once worked part-timely in a company for two years, and I gained wide

experience in software in these two years.I would be pleased if you could offer me an opportunity to interview me.Looking forward to your reply.Sincerelyyours，Li Hua.英文求职信的十大经典结尾

1.I would appreciate the privilege of an interview.I may be reached at the address given above, or by telephone at 32333416.2.I would be glad to have a personal interview, and can provide references if needed.3.Thank you for your consideration

4.I welcome the opportunity to meet with you to further discuss my qualifications and your needs.Thank you for your time and consideration

5.I have enclosed a resume as well as a brief sample of my writing for your review.I look forward to meeting with you to discuss further how I could contribute to your organization.6.Thank you for your attention to this matter.I look forward to speaking with you.7.The enclosed resume describes my qualifications for the position advertised.I would welcome the opportunity to personally discuss my qualifications with you at your convenience.8.I would welcome the opportunity for a personal interview with you at your convenience.9.I feel confident that given the opportunity, I can make an immediate contribution to Any Corporation.I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss your requirements.I will call your office on Friday, to schedule an appointment.Thank you for your consideration.10.I look forward to speaking with you.感谢信

Dear John,I am writing to thank you for looking after me after that unfortunate accident the other day, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi.If it had not been for your assistance in giving me first aid and taking me to a nearby hospital, I fear that the consequences might have been much more serious.The doctor says that my broken leg is healing well.In addition, the taxi company has agreed to pay my hospital bills.Everyone agrees that it was your quick-witted response in that Emergency that has led to this satisfactory outcome.Although nowadays many people talk about the need to be unselfish and to help others, we see very few people practicing what they preach.But you showed by your actions that you are an exception.Yours sincerely,Li Ming致歉信

Dear Mr.Zhang,I'm writing to tell you that unfortunately I will not be able to hand in my term paper by the deadline.I attended the school-organized field program in Guangzhou during this summer vacation and have just returned.I am sorry that I cannot finish the paper in time.is It possible that you could allow me another month? if so, I will put

everything else aside to finish my term paper as soon as I can.I hop e you will

consider my request, and I apologize again for the delay.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely,Li Hua 便条

便条是一种简单的书信。虽然内容简单，但却有其独特的风格。主要目的是为了尽快的把最新的信息、通知、要求或者活动的时间、地点转告给对方。常见的便条有收条、欠条、留言和请假条等。

便条可以有题目，也可以省略题目。便条开篇须有称呼语，但称呼可以比较随便。日期部分可写在便条的右上角。日期的签署通常只需写星期几或星期几的上午、下午，也可只写上午或下午和具体时间。只写日期也可以。便条结尾须署上留条人的姓名，位置在正文的右下角。便条的形式和内容简洁，故可以用几句话概括。文内语言尽量通俗口语化，简单扼要，直截了当，无需使用客套语言。便条虽简单，但中心务必突出，更要注明活动的时间及地点。便条不需邮寄，不用信封。通常请人代为转交。有时可写在留言板和留言簿上。

便条写作格式

便条内容和类型不尽相同，可以灵活变通。但各类便条必须包括以下几个基本要素；1）Date：便条日期2）Salutation：称呼3）Body：正文4）Signature：署名

样例

收条：即收到钱物之后，给交钱或送物人写张字据，说明已经收到某物，可留作证据。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。

Jan.23rd,200

3Received from Student, Wang Zihao one hundred yuan only for this months

tuition fee.Li Man

For the Finance Office of Foreign Language Institute

欠条；留下字据，表示欠某人某物。条据上需写明钱物名称和数量、立据人及日期。不得涂改。

Sept.16th, 2002 Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three

books as follows: A copy of History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen

Wu Zhuo

For the Office of Social Science Department留言；用书面留下要说的话。留言涉及的方面很多，包括约会，通知，请求等任何可用便条留下的口信。

TuesdayDear Li,As the Spring Festival is drawing near, I’m very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours.I’m sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly.Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m.today, to Room 6 of Lijing Hotel?

Yours always,Jiayang

请假条：往往指由于生病或特殊情况不能亲自当面请假，用假条的形式告假。所以，请假条大多是病假条。可以自写，也可请他人代写。写假条最重要的是说明原因和请假的期限。

Jan.10thDear Ms.Jiang,I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning’s two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever.Enclosed is a certificate from the

doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Yours respectfully,Tian Ye

常用句子

I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.如您方便，请早日来电，我将不胜感激。

Delighted!Will call at 2 p.m.tomorrow.来条收悉，定于明天下午两点拜访。Encl.: Doctors Certificate of Advice.附；医生证明I shall be very happy to call at your house at 6:30 this evening.Until then,...我定于今晚6：30去你家，望等候。

Upon receiving this note, please come to my office.见条后，请立即来我办公室。

Mr.Li stands in urgent need of your service.李先生急需你的帮助。

I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan.我因有急事，需要200元。

Yours note with an admission ticket enclosed is much appreciated.留言和一张入场券均已收到，不胜感激。

I’m very grateful to you for your kind invitation, and I’m sure to come to see your concert.承蒙邀请观看你们的音乐会，我一定按时到场。

Please favor me with an early reply.敬请早复。

Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.希望能及早处理此事。

Please give an extension of leave for three days.请准予续假三天为盼。

May 15th

Dear Alice.I wonder if you could lend me your Chinese-English dictionary.I will return it three days later.Now I am translating an important Chinese article into English.However, I often meet some Chinese words which I don't know how to say in English.So I have to turn to the Chinese-English dictionary for help from time to time.But mine is lost.I will take good care of your dictionary.I will definitely not damage it.Thank you very much!

J

enny

亲爱的艾丽丝：

我想知道你能否把你的汉英词典借给我，三天后还给你。现在我正在把一篇重要的中文文章翻译成英文。然而我经常遇到一些不知如何用英语表达的词，所以我必须时不时地求助于汉英词典，但是我的丢了。我会好好爱护你的词典，绝不损坏。非常感谢!

珍妮

5月15日

第三篇：英文书信写作格式

1、英文书信写作的五项基本原则

这五项基本原则是：consideration, conciseness, clarity, courtesy, correctness。即：体贴、简明、清晰、礼貌、正确。

2、英文书信的结构

信头(heading)：包括写信人地址和写信日期。位置在信笺的右上角。地址从小到大，按单位换行，比如第一行写门牌号和街道，第二行写城市和省（州），第三行写国家和邮政编码。日期按照下列格式：june 1,XX(美国），1 june,XX（英国）。

封内地址(inside address)：如果是比较正式的信函，信笺上还要写上对收信人的称呼和他的地址。它一般位于信头的下方，信笺的左边顶格的位置。

称呼(salutation)：封内地址低两行，靠左边顶格自成一行。如果是公函，则称呼对方的职位，如果是一般朋友则可称呼为my dear xx，如果是比较熟悉的朋友则可以用dear xx。

正文(the body)：有什么写什么即可。但注意五项基本原则。

结尾词和签名(complmentary close and signature)：一般信函的结尾词用yours sincerely/truely/faithfully)。如果是公函则以yours respectfully结尾为多。亲密一些的私人信件则可以根据情况以yours ever/ affectionaely，love,等结尾。结尾词下方要求手写签名，手写签名下方打印签名。

附件和再启(enclosure and postscript)：如果有附件，则可以按照这样的格式写：enclosure: xxx。如果有另外的事情需要补充，则可以用p.s.开头，表示“又启，又及”的意思。

信封的格式(superscription)：写信人的姓名地址位于信封左上角（或信封背面中上方）。收信人的姓名地址位于信封中央或偏右。

收转：在收信人姓名下方写上收转人的姓名，并在前面写上c/o字样。

第四篇：书信的种类

 书信的种类

A.邀请信 B.感谢信

C.求职信（包括申请奖学金）F.祝贺信 D.抱怨信(投诉信)E.道歉信 

格式：

（1）日期

（2）称谓（3）正文第一段： 表明写信意图。

（4）正文第二段：解释原因或说明情况

（5）正文第二段：重申写信意图（6）署名

 答题步骤

（一）确定体裁和题材

 答题步骤

（二）确定主题句

通过审题确定体裁和主题后，就要确定主题句。写主题句最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。（直译保守，意译最佳）

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（1）Listing

列举法是指列举具体的事实或要点来逐步说明和论证主题思想、展开段落的方法。采用列举法的时候，需要注意两点。是要点的罗列要遵循一定的顺序

要使用合适的过渡词语。

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（2）Example

举例法也是一种常用而且有效的展开段落的方法。它是通过生动、典型的实例对比较复杂或者抽象的观点进行阐述的方法。写作时提供的例子必须认真选择，保证例子能够恰如其分，能够准确地说明问题。

举例法常用的一些表达方式包括 for example, for instance, such as, a case in point, to illustrate, in illustration of, by way of examples, I can’t find a better example than…等。举例法其实是一种 “细节描述法” 原文：He dances very well.改后：His gift for dancing in a style that no one has even imagined, known as the

“moonwalk” made him an instant superstar. 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（3）C & C

段落的主题要指出两件以上事物的相同或相异之处时，便可采用比较或对比的方法。“比较 Comparison”用于描述所比对象的相似之处，而“对比 Contrast”则用于描述所比对象不同之处。

比较和对比一般采用两种方法来组织： 逐点比较：逐个问题进行双方面的比较

整体对照：先叙述一方的全部细节，再叙述另一方的全部细节

比较和对比法常用过渡词：like, likewise, unlike, similarly, in the same way, on the other hand, compared with, by comparison, in contrast to, on the contrary, but, yet, instead, while, whereas, however, nevertheless 等。

 Comparison & Contrast: Useful Expressions

Similarities

is similar to Both Also Too as well Differences

on the other hand however

On the other hand, winter is much colder in A.However, winter is much colder in A.A has a mild winter, but / while B has a cold one.In contrast to A, B has a cold winter.A differs from B by having a cold winter.Spring weather in A is similar

to spring weather in B Both A and B have rain in the spring.A also has a rainy spring season.A has a rainy spring season, too.As well, A has rainy spring season.but / while

in contrast to differs from

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（4）C & E

因果关系法（Cause and Effect）是指根据事态发展的因果关系来展开段落的一种写作方法，这种方法常用在说明文和议论文中。

写作的时候，可以从原因入手推导出结果，也可以从结果入手推导出原因。因果关系又是比较复杂，一种事物或现象的起因往往是多方面的，而某种原因也可能会引起多种后果，还有可能多种原因导致了多种后果。一果多因：先写出结果然后分析原因 一因多果：先分析原因然后说明后果  答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（5）Classification

划分和分类法（Classification）就是把要阐述的内容按其属性的不同分门别类、分层次地表达清楚。使用这种方法可使文章层次分明，表达清楚，逻辑性强。

划分指把一个整体分成若干部分，逐个阐述。比如，苹果包括果皮、果肉、果核等组成部分。

分类是指按一定的原则和特点把若干个体纳为一类，使具有相同特征的事物归入同一类别。例如，绘画可以分为水彩画、油画、中国画、版画等等类别。进行划分和分类时，特别需要注意的是要有明确而统一的标准。Classification = Example + C&C

分类法实际是举例法和对比法两者结合在一起的一种方法。为了描写上的方便，我们常常对主题句中提出的某些观点、事物举例加以说明。当所举的例子比较多时，我们常常将它们进行分类，并进行比较。

When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there.Besides old people, who are the usual early risers to do Taijiquan boxing, a lot of youngsters were also there, running, jumping or talking.In the east of the park, I even saw an old lady showing some school children and workers how to do sword-play.这段文章把作者早上散步时所看到的人分为三类：老人、青年人和一位老太太。这样描写既突出了各类人的特点，又写出了他们的共性——清晨锻炼身体。这是典型的分类法。 Classification: Useful Expressions is a kind of Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource.can be divided into Energy resources can be divided into two types.is a type of falls under belongs to is a part of fits into

Coal is a type of non-renewable resource.Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources.Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources.Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources.Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources.Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources.is grouped with is related to Coal is related to other non-renewable resources.Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources.is associated with

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（6）Definition

定义法是通过简单易懂而且准确的语言阐明某事物的性质和特征来发展段落，使读者对某事物比较抽象的或是难以把握的一些特征有一个较清晰的认识。定义法常用于说明、描写和论证，以提供更多的具体解释来说明某一概念或术语。通常有三种方法对一个词、一条术语或谚语、一个概念下定义：给出同义词、用一个带有定语从句的复合句、用一整段文章，而以第三种方法最为常用。 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句（7）T（P）&S  时间法（Time）

在记叙文叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的先后顺序排列句子。

在说明文中叙述一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤时（Process)，也常用时间顺序法。

 空间法（Space）

在描写文中描述一个地方、事情或人物外貌时，常按空间顺序（自左至右，由近到远，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中间到两边等顺序）来展开段落。

 答题步骤

（三）扩展主题句

小结 Developing by Listing Developing by Example Developing by Comparison and Contrast Developing by Cause and Effect Developing by Classification Developing by Definition Developing by Time and Space Developing by Process  答题步骤

（四）检查 1.题目

2.句子首字母要大写 3.标点问题 4.单词拼写错误

5.比较级错误 6.不一致 7.词性误用

8.结尾用问句，或空喊口号

 如何开头

（一）：对立法

先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题。When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that.......But I think/view a bit differently.When it comes to...., some people believe that.......Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true.There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but(I tend to the previous/latter)

Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that....They claim/ believe/argue that...But I wonder/doubt whether...... 如何开头

（二）：现象法

引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论

Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of)...has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus.(has been brought to public attention)

Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality...is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. 如何开头

（三）：引用法

先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!

“Knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by Bacon.This

remark has been shared by more and more people.“Education is not complete with graduation.” Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher.Now more and more people share his opinion.How often we hear such statements/words like these /this “.........”

In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this “......”.

如何开头

（四）：比较法

通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点.For years,...had been viewed as...But people are taking a fresh look now.With the growing..., people........People used to think that...(In the past,....)But people now share this new.

如何结尾

（一）结论型

通过对文章前面内容的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that.....In summary/In a word , it is more valuable.......重申

---变换表达方式 

如何结尾

（二）后果型

揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of..., if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of.......Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that..will be put in danger.

如何结尾

（三）建议型

对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways.The most popular is....Another method is...Still another one is.....Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.

如何结尾

（四）方向型

其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough.The problem should be recognized in a wide way.There is no quick method to the issue of.., but..might be helpful/beneficial.The great challenge today is......There is much difficulty , but........

如何结尾

（五）意义型

文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort.It will not only benefit but also benefit.....In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ……  写作过程中的七原则（1）主题句原则

一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事！

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）.Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 写作过程中的七原则（2）长短句原则

写一个短小精辟的句子有时可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.强烈建议： 长短结合、错落有致

在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短。

2）在文章主体部分，可先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几

个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式。文章结尾一般一长一短。

 写作过程中的七原则（3）多变句式原则

1）简单句、并列句和复杂句交替使用。

 简单句只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。 并列句包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，分句由并列连词来连接

 复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由

另一个句子承当

 写作过程中的七原则（3）多变句式原则

2）插入语使句子有层次感

 Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.3）排比句使句子朗朗上口

 Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. 写作过程中的七原则（4）连接词原则

改卷老师一般通过一些关键性的“标签”（连接词）来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。

 1)first, second, third, last = firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，俗) 2)most important of all, moreover, finally

(一般)

(一般) 3)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly  4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally  5)to start with, next, in addition, finally

(强烈推荐)

(强烈推荐)

(强烈推荐) 6)first and foremost, besides, last but not least  7)on the one hand, on the other hand  8)for one thing, for another thing

(适用于两点的情况)

(适用于两点的情况) 写作过程中的七原则（5）多下少上原则

一定要多用具体的下义词，少用空洞的上义词。

 我们说很好的时候，不应说nice这样空洞的词，应用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital之类的形象词。

positive, favorable, rosy（美

好的)，promising（有

希

望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good。

 dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill(有害的)替换 bad，但如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换

 affair ,business ,matter 替换thing  beneficial, rewarding替换helpful

 写作过程中的七原则（6）短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：

1）用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。

2）关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办？用短语是一个办法！

 I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of 替代 indicate, suggest ,fear  bear in mind that 替换remember  写作过程中的七原则（7）挑战极限原则

在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实独立主格很简单，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主句的主语和分词短语转换成完整句子时的主语一致，而独立主格则不然。

 The weather(being)fine, a large number of people went to climb the Qinling Mountains. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 四级作文总结  宏观：审题

1）几段 2）字数比例 3）每一段几层 4）每一层要点  中层：句型、逻辑 1）主题句必须攻克（三段）2）学会拓展  微观：词汇、衔接

第五篇：英文书信格式

英文书信格式

1、信头（Heading）指发信人的姓名（单位名称）、地址和日期，一般写在信纸的右上角。一般公函或商业信函的信纸上都印有单位或公司的名称、地址、电话号码等，因此就只需在信头下面的右边写上写信日期就可以了。英文地址的写法与中文完全不同，地址的名称按从小到大的顺序：第一行写门牌号码和街名；第二行写县、市、省、州、邮编、国名；然后再写日期。标点符号一般在每一行的末尾都不用，但在每一行的之间，该用的还要用，例如在写日期的时候。日期的写法，如2010年7月30日，英文为：July 30，2010（最为普遍）； July 30th，2010；30th July，2010等。2010不可写成10。

2、信内地址（Inside Address）在一般的社交信中，信内收信人的地址通常省略，但是在公务信函中不能。将收信人的姓名、地址等写在信头日期下方的左角上，要求与对信头的要求一样，不必再写日期。

3、称呼（Salutation）是写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方，从该行的顶格写起，在称呼后面一般用逗号（英国式），也可以用冒号（美国式）。（1）写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时，用Dear或My dear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名（这里指名字，不是姓氏）。例如：My dear father，Dear Tom等。（2）写给公务上的信函用Dear Madam，Dear Sir或Gentleman（Gentlemen）。注意：Dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。Gentlemen总是以复数形式出现，前不加Dear，是Dear Sir的复数形式。（3）写给收信人的信，也可用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。例如：Dear Prof.Tim Scales, Dear Dr.John Smith。

4、正文（Body of the Letter）位置在下面称呼语隔一行，是信的核心部分。因此要求正文层次分明、简单易懂。和中文信不同的是，正文中一般不用Hello！（你好！）正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些，通常以五个字母为宜，每段第二行从左面顶格写起，这就是缩进式。但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式，用齐头式，即每一行都从左面顶格写起。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。

5、结束语（Complimentary Close）在正文下面的一、二行处，从信纸的中间偏右处开始，第一个词开头要大写，句末用逗号。不同的对象，结束语的写法也不同。（1）写给家人、亲戚，用Your loving grandfather，Lovingly yours，Lovingly等；

（2）写给熟人、朋友，用Yours cordially，Yours affectionately等；

（3）写业务信函用Truely yours（Yours truely），Faithfully yours（Yours faithfully）等；

（4）对上级、长辈用Yours obediently（Obediently yours），Yours respectfully（Respectfully yours）等。

6、签名（Signature）低于结束语一至二行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始，在结束语的正下方，在签完名字的下面还要有用打字机打出的名字，以便识别。职务、职称可打在名字的下面。当然，写给亲朋好友的信，就不必再打了。

7、附言（Postscript）一封信写完了，突然又想起遗漏的事情，这时用P.S.表示，再写上遗漏的话即可，要长话短说。通常在信末签名下面几行的左方，应于正文齐头。注意：在正式的信函中，应避免使用附言。

8、附件（Enclosure）信件如果有附件，可在信纸的左下角，注上Encl：或Enc：，例如：Encl：2 photos（内附两张照片）。如果福建附件不止一项，应写成Encl：或Encs。我们有时可看到在称呼与正文之间有Re：或Subject：（事由）字样。一般在信纸的中间，也可与“称呼”对齐。还应在底下加横线，以引起读信人的注意，使收信人便于在读信之前就可了解信中的主要内容。事由一般在公务信函中使用，也可以省略。