自己的专业所对应的英语翻译大全

第一篇：自己的专业所对应的英语翻译大全

你知道自己专业对应的英文翻译吗？

自然科学

理学 Natural Science

数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry(including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geographic Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry 海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy(including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science 系统理论 Systems Theory 系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology

农业科学

农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System 作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture 果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等）The Rearing of Special-type Economic Animals(including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and

Horticulture 水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources

医药科学

医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine 人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine 放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine(including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health 皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery(General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine

民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology

工程与技术科学

工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆

工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry 材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment

系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory 建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering 供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程

Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering

纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science 环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science 粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products

人文与社会科学

哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics

理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics 世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental

Economics

应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学（含税收学）Public Finance(including Taxation)金融学（含保险学）Finance(including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade 劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law(including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law)诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law 国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、)International law(including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设)History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学)Folklore(including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology 民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training 民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art对外汉语 Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language（TCFL）语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and

Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art 舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学)Studies of Historical Literature(including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation(including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command 军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学）Military Education and Training(including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学）Corporate Management(including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management

公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management 社会保障学 Social Security 土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science

第二篇：考研英语自我介绍及各个专业所对应的英语翻译

考研英语自我介绍及各专业所对应英语翻译

自我介绍(self-introduce)(1开场白)Good morning, my dear my dear professors.I feel so glad to meet all of you here.(2.姓名，英文名，毕业院校，毕业专业，毕业学院)My name is ****, I am *** years old.I major in***** in the institute of****

in china university of petroleum in Qingdao , My undergraduate period will be accomplished in July this year;and now, I am trying my best for obtaining a key to your university.(3．性格，爱好，实践经验)Generally speaking , I am a hard working student.I had an outstanding performance during my college life, and had won the scholarship for two times.When I decided to take part in The first National Petroleum Engineering Design Competition organized by your university, our group overcame several difficulties, we searched for information on the internet or in the library, used special softwares such as petrel and Eclipse to create model and make analysis, we tried our best and had learned a lot in the process, and our hard work paid off , we won the Excellence Award.What’s more, i am a person with great perseverance.I will try my best to finish a thing no matter how difficult it is.i once used C programming language to write a application programs about “how to query personal information quickly ” in a competition.when i was sophomore(['sɔfəmɔ:]), i found public elective course ****very interesting, so i persisted in studying it throughout the second semester while most of my schoolmates chose to give up.My**** name **** ,which means ****t, was given by my teacher.In my spare time, I like reading books, especially history books, I also like playing tennis and ping pang, I also like English very much, I am fond of watching English films, I do believe learning a foreigner language is a way to communicate with aliens, and maybe a tool

to change one’s life.There is still a long way for me to learn English well enough, and I will try my best.(爱好若时间不够可以省略)(4为什么想读研,将来愿意从事的方向,读研时的打算)考研原因(reasons for my choice)During the past four years, I have learned a lot of professional knowledge, but gradually, I realize it is not enough, further study is still urgent for me to realize self-value.Life is short, so it is necessary to take every chance for self-development, especially in the competitive modern society.Therefore, I prefer to go on for further education.研究生期间你的计划(plans in the postgraduate study)There must be many things to learn if I were enrolled into my ideal research field.I hope I can build up a systematic([,sisti'mætik])view of ****engineering.I plan to concentrate on study and research in this field in my graduate time.(On the other hand, I am dreaming of the participation of some relevant projects of my major, for this reason, I will get more experience in practice.)In a word, I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after three years study here.(5．结束语)ok, that is all, thank you for your attention.2你的家庭(about family)In my family, there are four members, my farther, my mother, my elder brother and I.My parents are famers, like other working people they are industrious , kindhearted and they bear hardships without complaint.their excellent character have a great influence on me.I went back to help them with the farm work every summer vacation.My brother encouraged me to pursue advanced studies though he himself didn’t go to university.I love my family members and they love me, too.When I make a success, they are more excited than me, and support me to do better.Even though I failed, instead of blaming, they always share sorrow with me, and encourage me not to give up.During my preparation for graduate examination, the support from my family is always my momentum([məu'mentəm]).Their love is unselfish，I am deeply affected, so I will do all what I can to repay them.3.介绍你的家乡(about hometown)

I come from Dongying , a beautiful city in Shandong province.It is a modern Internationalization city with dense highways network and distinctive appearance.The city lies in the eastern part of the province.It is the center city on the Yellow River Delta, where the Yellow River, China's second largest water system, empties into the sea.It is also the home for China's second largest oil base, the Shengli Oilfield.Many celebrities were born here, the most famous one is sun wu.You know, there is a saying that “The greatness of a man lends a glory to a place”。I think the city really deserves it.In addition, it is famous for the Yellow River Mouth Area and the Swan Lake.A lot of visitors come for tourism every year.This is my beloved hometown.4.你的大学(about university)I think some of you , my dear professors, are no stranger to china university of petroleum in qingdao.It was founded in 2002 and covers an area of about 2000 mu.It develops into a comprehensive university with efforts of generations.In recent years , many new teaching building and student apartments have been built for the coming of students in the branch campus of Dongying.I think it will achieve faster development after combination.I have spent 4 years of good times there and the unselfish assistance from my teachers and schoolmates deserves my appreciation.When I decided to go on for further study, my teachers suggested that I should walk out of the original campus to broaden my horizons ,besides your university has a good atmosphere.5.Why do you choose to study in our department?

there are several reasons for my choice: First of all, the subjects I have learned in huadong are partly the same with the subjects here and my teachers encourage me to go for further study in other schools to broaden my horizons ,without doubt this university is the best in our country;what’s more I am deeply affected by my uncle who is a driller, so I choose the subject--Oil-Gas Well Engineering;last but not least, I am deeply impressed by the academic atmosphere here.6.Your graduation design and advisor My graduation design title is “Numerical Simulation of water jet”, which means through numerical simulation I should find the effect of the shape of water hole and nozzle on the water jet.Our design began just several weeks ago, and I was busy with the preparation for second examinations, after i have found many relevant spe documents, now I am trying to use special software “fluent “perfectly.各工程与技术科学专业所对应英文翻译

下面是各种工程与技术科学专业所对应的英文翻译 工学 Engineering

力学 Mechanics 一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics 固体力学 Solid Mechanics 流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 工程力学 Engineering Mechanics

机械工程 Mechanical Engineering 机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering 机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory 车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering

光学工程 Optical Engineering 仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology 精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery 测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments

材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering 材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry 材料学 Materialogy 材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering

冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering 冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy 钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy 有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy 动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics

热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering 动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering 流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering 制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering 化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment

电气工程 Electrical Engineering 电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation 高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives 电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering 电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology

物理电子学 Physical Electronics 电路与系统 Circuits and Systems 微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics 电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology

信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering

通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems 信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing 控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering 控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering 检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment 系统工程 Systems Engineering 模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems 导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control

计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology 计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory 计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization 计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology

建筑学 Architecture 建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory 建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory 城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design(including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science

土木工程 Civil Engineering 岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering 结构工程 Structural Engineering 市政工程 Municipal Engineering 供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering 防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering 桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering

水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering 水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources 水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics 水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering 水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering 港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering

测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping 大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering 摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering

化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology 化学工程 Chemical Engineering 化学工艺 Chemical Technology 生物化工 Biochemical Engineering 应用化学 Applied Chemistry 工业催化 Industrial Catalysis

地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering 矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology 地质工程 Geological Engineering 矿业工程 Mineral Engineering 采矿工程 Mining Engineering 矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering 安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering 石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering 油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering 油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering 油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering 纺织工程 Textile Engineering 纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design 纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering 轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering

制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering 制糖工程 Sugar Engineering 发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering 皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering

交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering 道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering 交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management 载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering 船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure 轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering 水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering 航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design 航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering 航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle 人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering

兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology 武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology 火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering 军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics 核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology 核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering 核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials 核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications 辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection

农业工程 Agricultural Engineering 农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering 农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering 农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation

林业工程 Forestry Engineering 森林工程 Forest Engineering 木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology 林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products

环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering 环境科学 Environmental Science 环境工程 Environmental Engineering

生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering 食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering 食品科学 Food Science 粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering 农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products 水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products

4）考研英语复试口语常见问题30例 1.Where do you come from? 2.What kind of landscape surrounds your hometown? 3.What do you do during the Spring Festival? 4.Tell me something about the customs of your hometown.5.Could you tell me something about your family? 6.What social responsibilities should a post-graduate take? 7.Which kind of professor do you like best? 8.What does friendship mean to you and what kind of people do you make friend with? 9.What is your major? How do you like your major?

10.When and where did you graduate? What qualifications have you obtained? 11.What impressed you most when you were at university? 12.What is the best university in your opinion? 13.Do you think the subjects you are studying today are relevant to present-day society? Why ？

14.What do you do for a living? 15.What are your job prospects?

16.If you had the opportunity to change your subject, what would you do with it?

17.What are your spare time interests? 18.Where have you been traveling to? Which place interested you most?

19.What kind of differences in the system of higher education between China and other countries?

20.Do you think you will be able to cope with English-demands of your intended study program?

21.What difficulties do you think you'll encounter in your studies? 22.Why did you choose our university?

23.If there were an opportunity of studying abroad, what would you do? 24.Should you study more theory or do more practice? Give your reasons, please.25.What do you intend to do after you finish studying? 26.How serious is unemployment among young people and what will you do if you cannot find a job after graduation?

27.In your opinion, what are the most serious problems associated with modern life? 28.What do you think have been the most important changes in your study field over the past 5 years?

29.How do you afford your tuition? 30.Does your family support your decision on studying? What help do they offer?

4)在使用连词时，不要千篇一律的用and和but，可以尝试用besides, in addition, moreover, although, yet, nevertheless, otherwise, instead, thus, in this way, even so, after all等等。

3)应对。对于一些突发状况，要保持镇定；如果错在己方，要向考官道歉，并立即改正。思考的时间不要过长，避免长时间的沉默；可以使用一些语气词well, hmm, err等进行过渡，给自己一些整理思路的时间。

4)态度。态度决定一切。在面试过程中，一定要表现出适度的自信，不要过于谦逊或锋芒太过。同时要表现出对待生活积极、热情、阳光的态度，不可妄自菲薄，也切忌自怨自艾。

第三篇：专业英语翻译

Freeways,especially those built to Interstate standardsare the safest of the various classes of highways.高速公路,尤其是那些按照州际公路标准建造的是各种公路里面最安全的.While control of access, which limits vehicle conflicts(车辆冲突), isa primary factor in relatively low accident, injury,and fatality rates(事故,死亡率), other design features, such as wide medians and shoulders roadsides clear of obstructions, and the extensive use of protective barriers(护栏), are key factors as well.出入口控制减少车辆冲突，是获得较低的交通事故率和伤亡率的一个主 要因素。另外，其他的设计特性，如较宽的中央分隔带和较宽的路肩、路边无障碍物、大量采用防护栏等也是关键要素。

The higher design speeds(设计速度)used for freeways result in long sight distances(视距)due to long radiushorizontal curves and long vertical curves, and otherdesirable design features that create a safe drivingenvironment.高速公路采用较高的设计速度导致的长视距是由于大半径水平曲线和长的竖曲线，以及其他创造安全的驾驶环境的适宜的设计特性.Although most of the nation’s freeways enjoy this

relatively high level of design and safety, there are many opportunities for further enhancements.尽管全国绝大部分高速公路最喜欢这样的设计和安全性比较高的水平，但还是有很多地方需要进一步增强。

Safety improvements on freeways can also result in substantial savings in life and property(生命和财产)because freeways carry 25 percent of the nation’s total traffic.高速公路安全方面的改善，还会节约大量的生命财产资源，因为高速公路流量占了全国的总流量的25﹪。

Selecting the design speed for a freeway is an important safety element because most geometric criteria(准则，标准)related to or depend on it.选择高速公路的设计速度是一件重要的安全因素因为大部分的几何设计标准都是与它相关或者取决于它

In general, 110 kilometers per hour(km/h)should be the design speed for the mainline of a freeway , but it may need to be lower in areas of severe terrain or heavy development.一般来说，110千米每小时应该作为高速公路主干道的设计速度，但是在崎岖的地区或者施工难度大的地区可能需要降低。

For reconstruction, rehabilitation, and resurfacing(3R)

projects, the design speed should not be less than the original design speed or the current legal speed limit of that highway section.对于重建，恢复铺新路面工程，设计速度不应该低于平时设计速度或者那块交通干线区域的目前规定的速度限制。Design speeds for interchange ramps（立交匝道）depend on the type of ramp selected, for example , loop，diamond, or direct, and the low-volume（低交通量）, running speed（行驶速度）of the intersecting highway.立交匝道的设计速度取决于砸到的选择类型，例如，环形、菱形、直线型以及低交通量，相交交通干线的运行速度。Usually, the design speed is established by the most restrictive element of the ramp, typically, the sharpest curve（小半径曲线）.通常，这个设计速度被匝道的最限制的范围，典型的是小半径曲线。

Whatever design speed is selected, adequate transitions（转变、过渡）from the freeway proper and at the ramp terminal（末端、末尾）or merge point（合流点）should be developed.无论选择多大的设计速度，都应该发展来自高速公路本身的和在匝道末尾或者合流点的合适的过渡。

Safe and efficient traffic operations depend on adequate lane

and shoulder widths as outlined in A Police on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.安全及高效的交通运作取决于按照《道路的几何尺寸的规定》设计的适当的行车线和路肩宽度。

The need to accommodate more traffic within existing or limited additional right-of-way on high-volume urban freeway has led some agencies to increase capacity by exchange full-lane or shoulder widths for additional travel lanes with reduced widths.在高交通量的城市高速公路上，在已有的或者额外有限的公路用地条件下，容纳更多的交通的需求，导致许多机构通过减小车道宽度或者路肩宽度来腾出额外的车道来提高通行能力。

Any proposed use of less-than-full-standard cross-section must be analyzed carefully on a site-by-site basis.Experience indicates that 3.3-m lane can operate safely if there are no other less-than-standard features;however, combined with shoulder-width reductions, substandard sight distance, and other features, 3.3-m lanes may not provide the same safe operation.任何少于全标准道路横截面的提议都必须建立在充分论证的基础上。经验表明，不考虑其他低于标准的因素，3.3

米得行车道宽足够保证安全。但是结合路肩宽度的减少，视距不足及其他因素，3.3米得行车道宽不能提供足够的安全度。Converting shoulder to travel lanes for additional capacity through a short bottleneck section has been shown to significantly reduce congestion-related accidents on some projects.Removing shoulders for several kilometers, however, has not had the same result.在某些项目中，在短程的瓶颈路段为了额外的通行能力，将路肩转变成行车道能显著减少由道路拥挤导致的交通事故。然而减少几公里长的路肩宽度，得不到同样的的结果。

Pavement marking, such as lane lines, edge lines, channelizing lines at interchanges and ramps, and word symbol markings, provide important information to the drivers.路面标记，像在立体交道和斜坡处的车道线，边缘线，通道线以及文字和符号标记，为驾驶员提供重要信息

Pavement markings define separate lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction, inform drivers of lane restrictions, and convey certain regulation and warnings that would not otherwise be clearly understand.路面标记定义了单独的车道交通朝同一方向行驶，告诉驾驶员该车道限速，以及传达某些规则和警告，否则，它们不会被驾驶员清楚的明白。

Pavement markings are particularly important at night and during inclement weather, and,therefore, must be retroreflective.While well-maintained painted pavement markings are acceptable, thicker, long-life markings ,such as thermoplastic or performed tapes ,may perform better in wet weather and heavy traffic.同时保养好的涂有油漆的路面标志是可以采用的，厚的，长寿命的标记，像热塑性塑料或预成行的条带，可以在潮湿的空气和交通繁忙时表现得更出色。

Some studies have been made regarding the benefits of wider edge line markings(150 to 200 mm versus the standard 100 mm width).The wider markings may particularly benefit older drivers.一些研究已经取得了有关更宽边缘线方面的好处（150到200毫米相对于100毫米的标准宽度）。更宽的标记对老司机尤为有利。

第四篇：专业英语翻译

桩筏基础的简化设计方法

摘要：在筏板基础本身并不能满足设计要求情况下，可通过在筏板下增加桩来提高其承载力。合理的布置一定量的桩，可以提高桩筏基础的承载力和减少总沉降和差异沉降。本文分析了简化计算方法的过程，对桩筏基础的初步设计提供了有用的依据。它包括两个阶段：

1.桩筏基础整体性能的评价；

2.单柱荷载作用下的性能评价。

第五篇：专业英语翻译

8.Structural Steel Behaviour

土木0704乔荟07231104

静载下的力学性能 最重要的机械结构钢性能的静负荷是表示在理想化的拉伸应力应变Fig.8.1所示图。最初的刚才有一个线性的应力应变曲线的斜率是杨氏弹性模量。钢的弹性，同时保持在这个线性范围，完全恢复。该线弹性特性的限制，通常近似屈服应力约200000MPA，以及相应的范围内。超过这个限制塑性钢的流动没有任何压力，直到应变硬化应变的增加就达到了。这通常是塑料的范围相当大，以及对钢铁延性非常重视。

屈服应力或许是结构钢的最重要的强度特性，它随着钢材化学 不同发生显著的变化，最重要的成分是碳和锰，两者都会引起屈服应力的提高。屈服应力随着热处理方法和压制过程的工作量而变化，在同样的条件下压制次数多的薄板的屈服应力高于较厚的钢板。硬化也可以提高屈服应力，拉伸的速率影响屈服应力，高拉伸速率会提高前期屈服应力，也可以提高下屈服应力Fy.在试验中用到的用来确定特殊钢种屈服应力的拉伸速率比实际结构中经常遇到的几乎不变的速率要明显提高很多。根据设计目的，各个不同的钢级别要确定一个最小屈服应力，在澳大利亚和英格兰，是根据化学组成和热处理方法来分级的，而且各个级别的屈服应力随压制面最大厚度的增加而减小，另一方面，美国的惯例是在个级别内区分化学组成和热处理方法。所应用的屈服应力不随厚度而变化。每种钢材的最小屈服应力是根据一系列的标准拉伸试验的结果确定的。由于成分组成，热处理方法，压制次数，板厚和试验速率的小的变化，在这些试验结果中有种显著的分布，这种分布近似服从正态分布曲线。因此，某种钢材用在设计中的最小屈服应力通常是一个特征值，其在任何标准拉伸试验中会超过某个概率，因而一个独立的试验结果很可能明显高于我们引用的屈服应力。当然，这种区别会更明显的如果试验不再横截面最后的位置进行的话。通常认为，单向拉伸所确定的屈服应力对单向压缩也正确。

重复荷载下的疲劳破坏

结构钢经过多次的循环交变荷载后可能在低水平拉应力条件下发生破

坏。由重复荷载导致的局部损伤会引起这种高周疲劳破坏，它导致了微小裂缝的形成，疲劳裂缝的程度随着后来的重复荷载而逐渐增大，直到最终有效横截面积小以至发生突然破坏，高周疲劳只是当在结构物设计基准期可能出现大量的荷载循环时的一种设计的考虑。这通常是桥梁，起重机，和支撑机械的结构物的问题，而且风和波浪荷载也可能引起疲劳问题。显著影响疲劳强度的因素有荷载循环次数，荷载循环中的应力幅以及局部应力集中的大小。

通常，节点应当布置得使应力集中减少到最小，以使通过节点的‘应力流，尽可能平滑。

焊接细节也应考虑到这一决定，和不必要的'压力聚集者，应避免。它也将有利于限制，如可行，接头的地点，如在接近中性轴点，低应力区。

冲击荷载下的脆性破坏 结构钢不总表现出可塑的特性，在一些情况下可能发生突然破坏，即使名义拉应力很低。脆性破坏由局部高应力区域的微小裂缝的存在或形成而引发。一旦开始，裂纹就会稳定增长因为外力会提供撕裂钢材所需的能量。更严重的是快速不稳定传播的裂缝，因为储存在钢材中的固有的弹性应变能被释放并用来使钢材破坏。只要有足够的应变内能，这种裂缝是自扩展的并且将延伸至被扩展路径中的延性元件破裂。这种延性元件具有足够的变形能力吸收释放的内能。由于钢材的延性，在三向约束条件下，结构对脆性破坏的抵抗由局部应力集中的大小确定。高集中应力促进裂缝开展，所以由不良的几何形状和荷载布置引起的应力集中都很危险，而且材料的裂纹和缺陷也非常重要。不仅会增加局部应力而且有可能成为裂纹扩展区。结构钢的延性取决于钢材的组成，热处理方法和钢材的厚度，并且随温度和应变率的变化而变化。像发生在更厚或者更大颗粒元素的钢材中南，三向的几何约束也会促进脆性，这是因为有更高的局部应力，因为在开裂过程中的更大的能量释放和裂缝传播的减缓。

脆性破坏的危险可以由选择适合温度下延性的钢材类型来降低，或者通

过由减小应力集中和几何约束的观点来设计节点。装配技术应该尽量避免引进潜在的危险裂缝或缺陷。重要结构物的设计细节需要受目的在于探测严重缺陷的检查程序的影响。当然，设计者还必须适当考虑特种钢，制造技术，检测和修正程序的额外费用。

9.Earth Pressures

重力式传播的稳定条件

设计必须考虑的不是最终或使用极限状态，计算表明，必须有足够的经费是对发生不良极限状态有关一个特定类型的墙体了。在挡土墙的失效模式的数目可能对于检查外部稳定，重力墙被视为刚体（即没有内部收益或扭曲）。在某些类型的结构检验中，还需要有内部的稳定，例如钢筋混凝土墙，加固土墙。

上述给出的安全系数的运用是设计的传统方法，在1994年推荐的极限状态方法要求对强度代表值运用一个调节系数来获得设计值，例如，如果墙体位移量要求不超过0.5%的墙高，不排水强度下应用的M之应该小于1.5，承载能力计算时M应该在2到3之间，有效应力参数M应该小于1.2。结构内力和弯矩应该由设计土压力和水压力确定。为方便起见，重力墙壁取决于他们对外部的稳定和极限状态下自身的重量基本上应审查：力量作用在挡土墙中的垂直和水平分量计算。为了方便垂直力量包括墙壁的垂直载荷的重量和任何它可能携带，随土壤以上的L形和T形墙踵重量在一起。也可能是地球的压力造成的垂直分量的支持时，面对的不垂直，地面是倾斜的或在墙上摩擦是包括在内。

挡土墙的土压力

主动土压力对能够阻止土体塌落、滑移和蠕变为自然平衡状态的任何挡土结构施加水平向和竖直向荷载分量，这些结构在土压力的作用下会发生稍微的屈服。当挡土结构挤压墙后土体时，产生被动土压力。静止土压力是土

体施加给不屈服竖直挡土表面的水平压力。静止土压力表示介于主动和被动两种极限状态之间的情况。

每一种土压力都取决于土壤的物理特性以及土壤和结构的相对刚性。土最重要的性质看来是密度、砂土的内摩擦角、黏性土的黏聚力和超固结比。就任意土体材料来说，作用在常见挡土墙上的主动土压力水平分量可由针对墙背竖直、墙后填土面基本水平的一般土压力楔体理论很好地给出。

假定该墙体采用通常的施工方法进行回填，并且能够产生一小的转动（转动大小为0.001倍的墙体高度）引发回填土的内摩擦。该转角等价于土压力作用下20英尺墙体的上表面向外移动1/4英寸。

一般土压力楔体理论的公式（考虑了沿挡土墙墙面的摩擦）也可以用来计算墙体和填土面倾斜等其它所有情况下的水平分力。然而，和试验结果相比则表明计算结果对负超载情况有点偏小，对正超载情况有点偏大，但是相差不超过10%。如果考虑进关于实际坡度的条件的不确定性，将挡土墙简化为墙背垂直填土面水平的情况进行计算，也是足够精确的。

在所有情况下，侧向压力的竖直分量会使土压力合力与墙背的法线形成一个等于墙面摩擦角的角度。然而，该角度在任何情况下都不能超过墙后填土的内摩擦角。

有些土由于缺少排水及他们自身的性质，在任何情况下都可能变为流体（不管形成的流体材料是大面积的还是仅仅靠墙的一条窄层）；这些土的压力和与其具有同样密度的流体的静水压力相等。

浸没土的压力可由式(9.1)给出，只不过式中采用的材料容重会由于水的浮力和浸没条件下的内摩擦系数而降低；除此之外，也必须包括完全的静水压力。对于粒状材料来说，水下的浸没对内摩擦系数和墙面摩擦系数的影响非常小。