学习导游词的心得

第一篇：学习导游词的心得

给李老师的一封信

尊敬的李老师：

您好啊！

不知不觉中我们已经一起又相处了近一个学期啦！通过一个学期的学习，我从中学习到了很多东西，例如：相关的旅游景点，广东省大概的地形地貌，广东省内的不同风俗习惯，美食等等。下面就来说一下我的学习心得吧！

我通过学习《广东导游词》，再结合你上课时的相关课件和视频，使自己的视野更开阔，知识更丰富，更是激发了自己出去畅游广东和走出中国的兴趣。同时也算是圆了我学生时代的旅游梦,带我畅游一番广东。

《广东导游词》是我们的考察课，学习这门课程，无论是对我们现在的学习还是以后的工作，都有一定的好处，丰富了我们的专业知识。总之，跟着李老师您畅游于广东这一地大物博，文化源远流长的神秘南蛮之地，让我们受益匪浅，感受良多啊！

李老师的课很生动，您为了能更详细地授课，运用了图文相结合的方法，既能吸引学生的学习兴趣，又能生动精彩地授课，这点很好。不过，站在学生的角度来看，课件的很多内容在书本是找不到的。没错，这能增长我们的课外知识，但是，面对这样的情况，尤其是有些重点，我不知道该是认真听你讲，还是该一直忙着抄课件的知识。此外，我觉得这个学期你所讲授的景点并不多，但好像都离不开广州，希望下次可以在扩大范围，给我们介绍更多有关广东的知识。

此外，我觉得老师这个学期布置的作业真的太挑战我们了，很有难度，重要的是我们小组都刻了3张光盘还是播不出来，真的很伤，很挫我们的锐气。当然在做作业的过程中，让我学习到很多老师没教的知识，这也让我蛮有成就感的，也让我深刻的认识到知识力量的无穷大。

所以，综上所述，能成为李老师的弟子是我的骄傲啊！今后我一定会尽自己的最大努力，学好自己的专业科目的！

第二篇：学习.心得

学习《弟子规》做中华文化的传承人

通过连云港4天的学习，心灵得到了一次新的洗礼，对中国传统文化有了进一步的认识。提倡“孝”文化的教育，势在必行，很有必有。中国的“孝”文化对维护家庭、社会的稳定起着很大的作用，是修身、齐家、治国、平天下的一剂良方。我们一定要认真学习，付诸行动，做一个有道德，有修养，有孝道的人。

中华民族优秀文化的最显著的特点是一个“孝”。《弟子规》开

篇总序就是“弟子规，圣人训。首孝悌，次瑾信。”，把“孝”放在了第一位。“孝”是中华民族的传统美德，“孝”从根本上来讲，就是孝顺，顺从，孝敬。父母辛苦劳碌把我们抚养成人，我们要不忘父母的养育之恩，要有一颗感恩的心，在生活上时时关心，在言行上处处谨慎。时刻把“父母呼，应勿缓。父母命，行勿懒。父母教，须静听。父母责，须顺承”，作为自己的行为准则。“出必告，反必面”，不要让父母担心。在工作上忠于职守，认真工作，不存私心。“物虽小，勿私藏。苟私藏，亲伤心”，对于公私财物，不论东西大小，价值多少，不要有贪恋之心。免得父母蒙羞。对自己来说也无颜面对江东父老。总而言之，注重个人的品德修养，不做有损于企业、他人的事情，也是孝敬父母的最好方式。另外，在忙工作的同时，更不要忘记父母。常回家看看，陪父母聊聊，帮做一些家务，就是对父母的报答，这就是“孝”。并且我们要懂得，关爱父母，就是关爱我们的明天。谁能年再少，谁又不年老呢？（赠女儿女婿：儿生儿生生不息，恩报恩代代相传。——知恩图报）

《弟子规》在为人处世方面，也为我们制定了详细的做人标准。“兄道友，弟道恭。兄弟睦，孝在中”。兄弟姐妹相处，一定要友爱和睦，互相尊重，互相爱护，老大要爱护老小，老小也要尊敬老大。一家人其乐融融，兄弟之间不斤斤计较，不让父母操心，烦神，这也是孝道。

在“信”方面，“凡出言，信为先。”“见人善，即思齐”。开口说话，诚信在先，以诚待人。遵守承诺，不说空话，不说大话，不说假话。谦虚是最好的老师，牢固树立终身学习的观念。向书本学习，向同行学习，向同事学习，努力提高个人的文化水平和专业水平，提高工作效率。孔子曰：“三人行，必有我师。”我们的圣人都有虚怀若谷的姿态，我们还有什么理由不谦虚呢？“谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后”。

在仁德方面。“泛爱众”更是要求我们要有一颗善良的心，“凡是人，皆须爱”。只要是人，不分国家、种族、宗教，贫穷，人格都是平等的。不管我们做多大的官，不管我们多么富有，都要有仁爱之心，要有“人人爱我，我爱人人“的观念。在日常生活中，关爱老人，关爱孤残儿童，力所能及的去帮助需要帮助的人，这也是积德行善。

《弟子规》“入则孝”还提醒我们每个人要有良好的生活习惯，加强身体锻炼，提高身体素质，并且注意安全，不要因为身体健康的原因使父母担忧。另外，在个人品德修养方面，告诫每个人要注意品德修养，知书达理，不论在用餐、就坐或行走，都要谦虚礼让，长幼有序。对待叔、伯长辈如同孝敬自己的父母一样，对待他人要像自己的兄妹一样，给予关爱。这也是一个人道德修养的一个重要方面。不然的话，只能给父母带来“身有伤，贻亲忧。德有伤，贻亲羞”的后果，也就是不孝。

《弟子规》是中华优秀传统文化的代表作，我们学习《弟子规》，就是要把优秀的传统代代传承，使每一个人都有良好的道德素质。我们不仅要言传，更要身教，做孝亲、尊师、爱幼的榜样，使中华孝道发扬光大。

史益国2014年7月25日

第三篇：学习心得

行政许可法学习心得

《行政许可法》的颁布施行，对进一步转变政府职能，改革行政管理方式，推进依法行政管理改革的进程，都将产生深远的影响。

行政审批是计划经济时代的产物，曾经有它存在的合理性，但随着我国社会主义市场经济的发展，已经不符合时代发展的要求。《行政许可法》能保证行政许可法全面、正确地实施，是行政管理部门的一项重要职责，也是政府法制建设的一项重要任务。推行这项改革，就是要打破原来的那种管理理念，改变以住那种管理方式，“重审批、轻监管”，“重权力、轻责任”，“重利益，轻服务”，通过改革能及时清理和整顿一大批行政审批项目，采用有限行政许可和备案制，由“权力型”向“保姆型”转变，改变以往由政府包办逐步向由市场竞争机制来进行调节的过程转变，切实转变政府职能，加强行政审批工作。

《行政许可法》的实施有利于进一步提高行政职能和行政效率，主要表现在以下几个方面。其一,实行有限行政许可使行政机关及其责任明确。行政许可所对应的行政机关可被行政相对人简便知悉,不会出现一项许可需盖公章突破1000个的惊人现象；有限许可使行政机关在审查相对人条件时,意识到自身责任,避免出现过去相互推脱“踢皮球”的局面。其二,有限行政许可便于对行政机关进行有效的监督，避免产生单位之间相互推卸责任,在有限行政许可制度下,监督对象内容一目了然,能够促使行政机关集中全力提高效率。

2010年6月

第四篇：学习心得

学习《义务教育数学课程标准（2011年版）》全员培训心得体会

要是以前有人问我，这个“新课程标准”是怎样的？我真的很难回答出来，因为真的没有深入理解它。通过这次视频的学习，让我对新课标有了更全面的了解与认识。下面谈谈我的一些体会和想法：

一、对新课标的理念与变化有了更深层的理解和较全面的认识。

标准（2011年版）》结合国内外数学教育的趋势，进一步明确“数学教育要更加关注学生的数学素养，促进学生的全面发展，使每一位学生在数学上都得到相应的发展，为进一步学习和走向社会打好知识、能力和思维方法的基础。

二、通过培训，促进自身专业的发展。

经过这次的培训，我更深刻地认识到，做为一名教师，只有不断充电学习，努力具备丰富的知识内涵，扎实的数学专业知识。努力拥有宽厚的数学文化，了解数学的核心知识。进一步研读新课标，新教材，清晰的认识各年级教材的编排体系，从教材、教参、课程标准中去触摸新课改的灵魂，准确把握教学的尺度，体会其中蕴涵着的教学思想，教学方法;掌握数学知识与其他知识之间的关系。因为，要给学生一杯水，自己不仅仅要有一桶水，而且要有源源不断的自来水;做为一名教师，需要吸收多方面的营养：学习科学的教育思想，树立先进的教育理念，拥有渊博的学识，掌握令人佩服的教学艺术，培养较强的人格魅力，具备不断开拓创新的精神„„。我感到自身有很多不足，更需要不断地学习和提升自己，深刻理解数学学科知识的过程，成为一个数学教学能力不断提高、数学教育观念不断形成并以新课标为指导，努力使自己能在教学中有进步、有突破。

第五篇：北京-故宫英文导游词必备学习

美式论文、报告写作技巧

编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：

(一)篇首：

封面(Title)序言(Preface)

谢词(Acknowledge)提要(Summary)

目录(Tables and Appendixes)

(二)本文：

引言(Introduction)

主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section)、以及注释(Footnotes)

(三)参考资料：

参考书目(References or Bibliography)

附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：

一.研究的方向

二.研究的范围

三.资料搜集的范围

四.预期研究成果

通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或 1 研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。

就算是小报告，也至少应含

(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期

(二)Summary： 即主要的结论

(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容

(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。

(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论

(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项

美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。

论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。

北京-故宫英文导游词-导游英语

FORBIDDEN CITY(紫禁城)(In front of the meridian gate)Ladies and Gentlemen: I am pleased to serve as your guide today.This is the palace museum;also know as the Purple Forbidden City.It is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in China today.Under Ming Emperor Yongle, construction began in 1406.It took 14years to build the Forbidden City.The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi.For five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne.In 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.It is believed that the Palace Museum, or Zi Jin Cheng(Purple Forbidden City), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star).The constellation containing the North Star was called the Constellation of Heavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace.Because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence.In folklore, the term ‖an eastern purple cloud is drifting‖ became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the Hanghu Pass.Here, purple is associated with auspicious developments.The word jin(forbidden)is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.The red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic.Red represents Happiness, good fortune and wealth.Yellow is the color of the earth on the Loess Plateau, the original Home of the Chinese people.Yellow became an imperial color during the Tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.The Forbidden City is rectangular in shape.It is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west.It has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters.A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex.Octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall.There are four entrances into the city: the Meridian Gate to the south, the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military Prowess)to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Gate of military Prowess)to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate)to the west ,the Donghua(Eastern Flowery Gate)to the east.Manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the Forbidden City.A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed.Marble was quarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County in Hebei Province.Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province.Paving blocks were fired in kilns in Suzhou in southern China.Bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province.Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.The structure in front of us is the Meridian Gate.It is the main entrance to the forbidden City.It is also knows as Wufenglou(Five-Phoenix Tower).Ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese lunar year in hornor of their counties.They also used this place for punishing officals by flogging them with sticks.Qing emperors used this building to announce the beginning of the new year.Qing Emperor Qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon)to avoid coincidental association with another Emperor` s name, Hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time.Qing Dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies.For example,when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the Emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war.(After entering the Meridian Gate and standing in front of the Five Marble Bridges on Golden Water River)now we are inside the Forbidden City.Before we start our tour, I would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us.To complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the City of Beijing.The Forbidden City covers roughly one –third of this central axis.Most of the important building in the Forbidden City weree arranged along this line.The design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly –stratified feudal system.The Forbidden City is divided into an outer and an inner count.We are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count.In front of us lies the Gate of supreme Harmony.The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions ,symbolizing imperial power and dignity.The lions were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind.The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity.The other one is a female.Underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession.The winding brook before us is the Golden Water River.It functions both as decoration and fire control.The five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by Confucius :benevolence, righteousness, rites, intellence and fidelity.The river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is its arrow.This was meant to show that the Emperors ruled the country on behalf of God.(In front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony)The Forbidden City consists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosure.The out count yard covers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and the Gate of Heavenly Purity.The ―three big halls‖ of Supreme Harmony, Complete Harmony and Preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group.Flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: Wenhua(Prominent Scholars)and Wuying(Brave Warriors).The three great halls are built on a spacious ―H‖-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, Each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs.There are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures.The hall of supreme Harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of China.From the palace of Heavenly Purith northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns.In the center are the Palace of Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Union and Peace and Palace of Earthly Tranquility, a place where the Emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs.Flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princes lived.There are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial Garden, Caning garden and Quailing garden.An inner Golden Water River flows eastwardly within the inner court.The brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the Forbidden City.It is spanned by the White Jade Bridge.The river is lined with winding, marble –carved balustrades.Most of the structures within the Forbidden City have yellow glazed tile roofs.Aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial structures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns.With these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened.Folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the Forbidden City.Since Paradise only has 10,000 rooms, the Son of Heaven on earth cut the number by half a room.It is also rumoured that this half

–room is located to the west of the Wenyuange Pavilion(imperial library).As a matter of fact, although the Forbidden City has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is nonexistent.The Wenyuange Pavilion is a library where ―Si Ku Quan Shu‖-China `s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.(After walking past the Gate of Supreme Harmony)Ladies and Gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the Forbidden City.This structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves.The Hall of Supreme Harmony sits on a triple ―H‖-shaped marble terrace the is 8meters high and linked by staircases.The staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9.The construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony began in 1406.It burned down three times and was severely damaged once during a mutiny.The existing architecture was built during the Qing Dynasty.On the corners of the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastened to the tiles.These animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits.There are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall.The number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled.There was a total of 24 successive emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties who were enthroned here.The ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the Winter Solstice, The Chinese Lunar New Year, the Emperor` s birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war.On such occasions, the Emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, Without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur.In the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor.On both sides of the road the groud bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all.The purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace.In the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires.In the whole complex there are altogher 308 water vats.In wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing.Why so vast a square? It was designed to impress people with the hall` s grandeur and vastness.Imagine the following scene.Under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme Harmony into a fairyland.Whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burnt in front of the hall.When the Emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played.Civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.The last Qing emperor Puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, His father carried him to the throne.At the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared.He was so scared that he kept crying and shouting,‖I don’t want to stay here.I want to go Home.‖ His father tried to soothe him, saying, ‖It` all soon be finished.It` all soon be finished ‖The ministers present at the event considered this incident inauspicious.Coincidentally, the Qing dynasty collapsed three years later and there with concluded China `s feudal system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years.(On the stone terrace of the Hall of Supreme Harmony)This is a bronze incense burner.In it incense made of sandalwood would be burnt on important occasions.There are altogether 18 incense burners, representing all of the provinces under the rule of the Sing monarchs.On either side of the Hall, 4 bronze water-filled vats were placed in case of fire.Next to the terrace on either side, there is a bronze crane and tortoise, symbols of longevity.This copper-cast grain measure is called ‖jialiang.‖ It served as the national standard during the Qing dynasty.It was meant to show that the imperial ruler were just and open to rectification.On the other side there is a stone sundial, an ancient timepiece.The jialiang and the sundial were probably meant to show what the Emperor represented: that he was the only person who should possess the standards of both measure and time.In the very forefront of the Hall of Supreme Harmony , there are 12 scarlet , round pillars supporting the roof.The hall is 63 meters from east to west and 37 meters from north to south, It is 35 meters in height.In front of this architechture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance.It has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams.In the middle of the hall, a throune carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform.Behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is a imperial desk.The flanks are decorated with elephants, Luduan(a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels.The elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals(i.e.rice, two kinds of millet, wheat and beans),which was considered a symbol of prosperity.As ancient legend has it that luduan can travel 18,000 li(9,000 kilometers)in one day and knows all languages and dialects.Only to a wise adjust monarch will this beast be a guardian.The Hall of Supreme Harmony is also popularly known as Jinluan Dian(gold bell hall or the throne hall).The floor of the hall is laid with bricks that turn it into a smooth, fine surface as if water has been sprinkled on it.The so-called golden brick, in fact, has nothing to do with gold.Reserved exclusively for the construction of the royal court, it was made in a secretive, and complex way, and, when struck, sounds like the clink of a gold bar.Each brick was worth the market price of one dan(or one hectoliter)of rice.The hall is supported by a total of 72 thick pillars.Of these, 6 are carved in dragon patterns and painted with gold and surround the throne.Above the very center of this hall there is a zaojing, or covered ceiling, which is one of the Specialities of China `s ancient architure.In the middle of the ceiling is a design of a dragon playing with a ball inlaid with peals.This copper ball, hollow inside and covered with mercury, is known as the Xuanyuan Mirror and is thought to be made Xuanyuan, a legendary monarch dating back to remote antiquity.The placing of the caisson above the throne is meant to suggest that all of China` s successive emperors are Zuanyuan` s descendants and hereditary heirs.Now you might have noticed that the Xuanyuan mirror is not directly above the throne.Why? It is rumored that Yuan Shikai, a self-acclaimed warlord-turned emperor moved the throne further back because he was afraid that the mirror might fall on him.In 1916 when Yuan Shikai became emperor, he removed the original throne with a Western-style, high-back chair.After the foundation of the People` s Republic of China in 1949 the throne was found in a shabby furniture warehouse.It repaired and returned to the hall.(Leading the tourist to the bronze vats either on the east or the west)the water vats in front of the palaces or house were called ―menhai,‖ or sea before the door by the ancient Chinese.They believed that with a sea by the door, fire could not wreak havoc.The vats served both as a decoration and as a fire extinguisher.They were kept full of water all year round.During the Qing Dynasty, they were altogether 308 vats in the palace enclosure.They were made of gilt bronze or iron.Of couse, the gilt bronze vats were of the best quality.When the allied forces(Britain, Germany, France, Russia, the United States, Italy, Japan and Austria)invaded Beijing in 1900 under the pretext of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, the invadersransacked the imperial compound and scraped and gold off the vats with their bayonets.During the Japanese occupation of Beijing, many vats were trucked away by the Japanese to be made into bullets.(In front of the Hall of Complete Harmony)The square architecture before us is called the Hall of Complete Harmony.It served as an antechamber.The Emperor came here to meet with his countiers and add his final touches to the prayers which would be read at the ancestral Temple.The seeds, snowers and prayer intended for spring sowing were also examined here.The two Qing sedan chairs here on display were used for traveling within the palace during the reign of Emperor Qianlong.(In front of the hall f Preserving Harmony)this is the Hall of Preserving Harmony.During the Qing Dynasty, banquets were held here on New Year` s eve in honour of Mongolian and Northwestern China` s xingjiang princes and ranking officials.The Emperor also dinned here with his new son-in-law on the wedding day.Imperial examinations were also held here once every three years.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were three levels of exams: the county and prefectural level, the provincial level and national level.The national exam was presided over by the emperor.The civil service exam in ancient China started during the Han Dynasty.It served the purpose of recruiting Confucian scholars to the ministers and high officials.During the Tang and Qing dynasties reinstituted and ancient system.Once every three years, three hundred scholars from all over the country came to Beijing and took exams for three day and night.This system was abolished in 1905.(Behind the hall of preserving harmony)this is the largest stone carving in the palace.It is 16.73 meters long, 3.07 meters wide and 1.7 meters thick.It weighs about 200 tons.The block was quarried in Fangshan County, roughly 70 kilometers away.To transport such a huge block to Beijing, laborers dug wells along the roadside half a kilometer apart, and used the groundwater to make a road of ice in the winter.Rolling blocks were used in the summer.In 1760, Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty ordered the carving of the existing cloud and dragon design in place of the old one which dated back to the Ming Dynasty.Note : From here, the tour can be conducted via three different routes: a western route(Route A), a central route(Route B)or an eastern route(Route C).The commentary for each follows.Route A Ladies and Gentlemen: You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City.Now I ` d like to show you around the hall of mental cultivation and the imperial garden.The hall of mental cultivation is situated is in the western part of the innermost enclosure and is symmetrical to Fengxian(enshrinement of forebears)Hall in the east.This hall was built during the Ming Dynasty.IT is a H-shaped structure consisting of an antechamber and a main building.The hall is surrounded by corridors.In front of the hall is the Office of Privy Council.Before Emperor Kangxi of Qing the Dynasty came to power the Hall of Heavenly Purity served as the living quarter of the emperors.Emperor Yongzheng chose to live in this hall and attended to every day state affairs from here.For the sake of protecting cultural relics, this hall is not open to the public.You can have a look at the inside from the door.The central hall was the audience chamber where the emperor read memorials, granted audience to officials and summoned his minsters for consultation.The western chamber of the hall was where the emperor read reports and discussed military and political affairs.The hall consists of many inner rooms and is decorated with images of Buddha and miniature pagodas.On the screen wall there hangs a picture of two emperors in the Han costume.In a southern room there three rare calligraphic scrolls, hence the name of the room ―Sanxitang‖(Room of Three Rare Treasures).The room on the eastern side is of historical interst because it was here that Empress Dowager Cixi usurped power and made decisions on behalf of the young emperor.A bamboo curtain was used to separate them.Empress Dowage Cixi was born in 1835 in Lu` an Prefecture of shanxi province.She` s of Manchurian nationality and her father was a provincial governor from south China.When she was 17 years old ,she was selected to become a concubine of Emperor Xianfeng and moved into the Forbidden City.She gave birth to a son when she was 21years old and was made a concubine the following year.When the emperor passed away in the summer of 1861, her son ascended the throne and title of Cixi, meaning ―Holy Mother‖ was conferred upon her and she became the Empress Dowager.In that same year Empress Dowager Cixi carried out a count coup d` etat and ruled behind the scenes with another empress dowager, Ci` an, for 48 years.She passed away in 1908 at the age of 73.It was in reference to this situation that the term ―attending to state affairs behind a bamboo curtain‖ developed.In 1912 , Empress dowager Longyu declared the abdication of the last Qing emperor Puyi.They were allowed to remain in the Forbidden City for the next 13 years.The royal family was forced to move out permanently in 1924.Behind the central hall were the living accommodation of 8 successive Qing emperors.Three of them actually passed away here.The side rooms flanking the hall were reserved for empresses and concubines.Now let` s continue with our tour.It will take us to the Hall of heavenly purity , the hall of union and peace ,the palace of earthly tranquility, and the imperial garden.Route B(Inside the Hall of heavenly Purity)Ladies and Gentlemen: We are now entering the inner court.From the Gate of Heavenly Purity northward lies the inner court where the emperors and empresses once lived.The Hall of heavenly Purity is the central hall of the inner court ,and was completed during the Reign of Emperor Yongle of the Ming Dynasty.There are 10 pillars supporting the entire structure and the hall is 20 meters in height.In the center of the hall there a throne.Above it hangs a plaque with an inscription that reads ―Be open and above-board,‖ written by Shenzhi,the first emperor of the Qing Dynasty.Beginning with Qianlong` s reign, the name of the successor to the throne was not publicly announced.instead, it was written on two pieces of paper, one to be kept on the emperor` s person throughout his reign, and the other placed in a small strongbox that was stored behind his plaque.The box was opened only after the emperor passed away.Altogether there where 4 emperors who ascended the throne in this way, namely Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daohuang and Xian feng.The hall of heavenly purity was where the emperors lived during the Ming and Qing dynasties.According to tradition ,extravagant annual banquets were held here on New Year` s Eve in honour of royal family members.Foreign ambassadors were received here during the late-Qing period.Two important ―one thousand old men` s feasts‖ of the Qing Dynasty were also held here.All the invitees had to be at least 65 years of age.This hall was also used for mourning services.(Inside the Palace of Union and Peace)this hall sits between the Hall of heavenly Purity and the Palace of Earthly Tranquility, symbolizing the union of heaven and earth ,as well as national peace.It was first built in 1420 and reconstructed in 1798.The hall is square in shape ,and is smaller than the Hall of complete Harmony.You will see a plaque here inscribed with two Chinese characters, wu wei, which were handwritten by Emperor Qianglong.A throne sits in the middle of the hall with a screen behind it.Above the throne there hangs a caisson ,or covered ceiling.The emperor held birthday celebrations and other major events here.In 1748 during Emperor Qianlong` s reign, 25 jade seals representing imperial authority were kept in this hall.No seals were allowed out of the room without the prior consent of the emperor.On each flack there is a water clock and a chiming clock.(Inside the palace of earthly tranquility)This used to be the central hall where successive Ming empresses lived.During the Qing dynasty, it was converted into a place where sacrifices and wedding ceremonies were held.The room on the western side was used for sacrifices and the room on the east was the seeding chamber.Route C Ladies and Gentlemen: You have seen the three main halls of the Forbidden City.Now I` d like to show you around scenes of interest along the eastern route.The first is the Treasure Hall.This mansion is called the Hall of Imperial Zenith.This is where Sing Emperor Quailing lived after abdication.Nearly 1,000 artifacts and treasures are on display here, among which the Golden Hair Tower is one of the most famous.This tower is 1.53meters in height and its base is 0.53 meters in circumference.It was built under the order of Emperor Quailing to be used to collect fallen hair in commemoration of his mother.There is also a ―Day harnessing Water Jade Hill ‖ on display here.Yu was a legendary monarch of the remote Ixia dynasty.Under his leadership, the people learned how to harness the Yellow River.This jade assemblage, 224 centimeters in height and 5 tons in weight, is the largest jade artwork in China.This mat was woven with peeled ivory.These artifacts are among China` s rarest treasures.(In front of the Nine-Dragon Screen)this is the Nine-Dragon Relief Screen.Erected in 1773,it is 3.5 meters in height and 29.4 meters in width.Underneath is a foundation made of marble.The surface of the screen is laid with a total of 270 colored, glazed tiles in the design of 9 dragons ,some rocky mountains ,clouds and the sea.It was meant to ward off evil spirits The ancient Chinese regarded 9 dragons, some rocky mountains, clouds and the sea.It was meant to ward off evil spirits.The ancient Chinese regarded 9 as the largest numeral and the dragon as a auspicious beast.The 9 dragons are different in color and posture and all are made of glazed tiles.Interestingly a piece of the third dragon from the left is made of wood.It is believe that when the Nine-dragon Screen was almost finished ,a piece of glazed tile was damaged.Emperor Qianlong was scheduled to inspect the work the following day.Using quick wits, the craftsman in question molded the missing piece with clay and sailed through the imperial inspection.Later ,he asked a carpenter to carve a wooden one to replace the one made of clay.(Approaching the Imperial garden)Behind the Palace of Earthly Tranquility and trading the north-south axis is the imperial Garden.There are old trees, rare flowers and exotic rock formation in this garden.It cover a space of 11,700 square meters, or roughly 1.7 percent of the Forbidden City.Most of the structures in the garden are symmetrically arranged.However, each is different in terms of parrern and decoration.Woods clumps of bamboo screen off the

garden and strengthens its deep and serene atmosphere.There main structure of the Imperial Garden is the Qin` an Hall.Positioned in the central-northern part of the garden ,this hall is flanked by other halls and pavilions on the east and west.The hall sits on a marble pedestal.The Taoist deity of Zhenwu is enshrined here and emperor would pay homage here a quarterly basis.Taoist rites were held during the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty.In front of the hall there is a cypress that is 400 years old.In all there are a dozen such rare trees in the garden, and most of them are cypresses or pines.To the northwest of the hall , there is the Yanhui(Sustaining Sunshine)Pavilion and to the northeast there lies the Duixiu(Accumulated Refinement)Hill.This Hill was built over the foundation of the long-pershed Guanhua(Admiring Flowers)Hall of the Ming Dynasty.It is 14 meters in height and made of al kinds of rocks quarried in jiang su province.At its base stand two nstone lions, each carrying a dragon shooting water 10 meters up into the air from its mouth.There are meandering paths leading to the hilltop.At the top of Duixiu Hill sits the Yujing(Imperial Viewing)Pavilion.Traditionally, On the day of the Double Ninth Festival(the ninth day of the ninth lunar month), the emperor ,his consort, and his concubines would climb up to Yujing Pavilion to enjoy the scenery.At the southeastern corner of the garden is Jiangxue(Crimson Snowy)Verandah.Nearby to the southwest lies Yangxing Study(study of the cultivation of nature).The yangxing study was used as a royal library during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty.The last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, Puyi once studied English there.In front of the Jiangxue Verandah some Chinese flowering crabapples grow.The structure got its name from the crabapples who blossoms trun from crimson to snowy white.In front of the Verandah, there grows a rare flower that was brought from henna Province under the order of Empress dowager Cixi.In the northest is Chizao Tang(Hall of Using Flowery Language), once used as a library where rare books were stored.There are also specific pavilions symbolizing the four seasons.The halls of Wanchun and Qianqiu ,representing spring and autumn respectively ,are square in shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shaped ridges.The halls of Chengrui and Fubi,dedecated to winter and summer, are characterized by two verandahs and bridges at their bases.Paths were paved with colorful pebbles and arranged in 900 different designs.The Imperial Garden ca n be accessed through the Qiong yuan(Jade garden)West gate or the qiong yuan east gate.A third gate, the shunzhen(Obedience and Fidelity)Gate, opens to the north.Its doors are laid in glazed tiles and it was only used by the empress or concubines.As our tour of the Forbidden City draws to a close, I hope that I have helped you understand why the Palace is a treasure of China and one of the cultural relics of the world.It is under the strict protection of the Chinese government.Since 1949 when the people` s Rupublic of China was founded, nearly one trillion RMB was spent on its restoration and refurbishment.The Forbidden City has undergone four major facelifts to date.Each year, the government earmarks a large sum to gather, sort and study cultural relics.The Palace now contains a total of 930,000cultural relics.Well, so much for today.Let` s go to reboard the coach.Thank you!