第一篇:_材料力学双语教学学习资料3
材料力学双语教学学习资料3
主讲教师:陈晓峰
第七章应力和应变分析 强度理论
Chapter SevenStress and Strainprincipal stresses are not equal to zero.二向应力状态:一个主应力为零的应力状AnalysisStrength Theories
§7–1应力状态概述
§7–1Concepts of the State of Stress
1.一点的应力状态:过一点有无数的截面,这一点的各个截面上应力情况的集合,称为这点的应力状态。
state of stress at a point: There are countless sections through a point.The gathering of
stresses in all sections is called the state of stress at this point.2.单元体:构件内的点的代表物,是包围被研究点的无限小的几何体,常用的是正六面体。
Element: Delegate of a point in the member.It is an infinitesimalgeometricbody envelopingthe studied point.In common use it is a correctitudecubicbody.3.主单元体:各侧面上剪应力均为零的单元体。
principalelement :The element in which the shearing stresses in side planes are all zero.4.主平面:剪应力为零的截面。
Principal Planes:The planes on which the shearing stresses are zero.5.主应力:主平面上的正应力。
principal stresses: Normal stresses acting on the principle planes.6.主应力排列规定;按代数值大小 123Convention of the order for three principal stresses: In magnitudeof the algebraicvalue.7.三向应力状态:三个主应力都不为零的应力状态。
state of the triaxial stress(three dimensional state of stress):State of stress that all the three
态。
state of the biaxial stress(plane state of stress): state of stress that one principal stress is equal to zero.单向应力状态:一个主应力不为零的应力状态
state of the uniaxial stress(unidirectional state of stress):state of stress that one principal stress is not equal to zero.§7–2 二向应力状态分析——解析法 §7–2 Analysis of the State of Plane Stress—
AnalyticalMethod
1.任意斜截面上的应力:stresses acting in arbitraryinclined plane
2.正负规定: 截面外法线同向为正;
绕研究对象顺时针转为正;
逆时针为正。
Sign Stipulate: is positive if its direction is the same with one of the external normal line of the section;is positive if it make the element rotate clockwise; A
counterclockwise angle is considered to be positive.§7–3 二向应力状态分析——图解法 §7–3 Analysis of the State of Plane Stress—
GraphicalMethod
1.应力圆 :stress circle
2.单元体与应力圆的对应关系:
Corresponding relation between the element and stress circle
(1)面上的应力( , )应力圆上一点( , )
(2)面的法线 应力圆的半径
(3)两面夹角 两半径夹角2 ;且转向一致。
(1)stress( , )in planea point( , )on the stress circumference
(2)normal line of planeradius of the stress circle(3)angle between two sectionsangle 2 between two radiuses;And the direction of rotation is the same.§7–10强度理论概述
§7–10Concepts of Strength Theories1.材料的破坏形式:⑴ 屈服 ⑵ 断裂 :types of failure of materials:⑴ yield⑵ rupture
2.强度理论:是关于“构件发生强度失效起因”的假说。
theories of strength:some assumptions about the cause of the strength failure of materials.§7–11四种常用强度理论
§7–11 Four Common Used Strength Theories 1.最大拉应力(第一强度)理论:
认为构件的断裂是由最大拉应力引起的。当最大拉应力达到单向拉伸的强度极限时,构件就断了。
theory of the maximum tensile stress(the first strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum tensile stress.The member will rupture as the maximum tensile stress reaches the strength limit in axial tension.2.最大伸长线应变(第二强度)理论:
认为构件的断裂是由最大伸长线应变引起的。当最大伸长线应变达到单向拉伸试验下的极限应变时,构件就断了
Theory of the maximum tensile strain(the second strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum tensile strain.The member will rupture as the maximum tensile strain reaches the limit strain in axial tension3.最大剪应力(第三强度)理论:
认为构件的屈服是由最大剪应力引起的。当最大剪应力达到单向拉伸试验的极限剪应力时,构件就破坏了。
Theory of the maximum shearing stress(the third strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum shearing stress.The member will rupture as the maximum shearing stress reaches the limit shearing stress in axial tension.4.畸变能密度(第四强度)理论:
认为构件的屈服是由形状改变比能引起的。当形状改变比能达到单向拉伸试验屈服时的形状改变比能时,构件就破坏了。
Theory of the distortionalenergy density(the fourth strength theory):
This theory considers the main cause of yield to be the distortional strain energy.The member will rupture as the distortional strain energy reaches the distortional strain energy of yield in axial tension
5.相当应力:equivalentstress 6.断裂准则:criterionof rupture屈服准则:criterion of yield
第八章组合变形
Chapter Eight Composite Deformation
§8–1组合变形和叠加原理 §8–1Composite Deformation and
Superposition Principle
1.叠加原理的步骤:
The steps for principle of superposition
①外力分析:外力向形心简化并沿形心主惯性轴分解
Analysis of external forces:External forces are reduced along the centroidof section and resolved along principal axes of inertia.②内力分析:求每个外力分量对应的内力方程和内力图,确定危险面。
Analysis of internal forces:Determine the internal force equation and its diagram corresponding to each external force component and the critical section.③应力分析:画危险面应力分布图,叠加,建立危险点的强度条件。Analysis of stresses:Plot the distribution diagram of the stress in the critical section,do the superposition of the stresses and establish the strength condition of the critical point.平均应力。
Critical stress : average stress in the cross section §8–2拉伸(或压缩)与弯曲的组合of the compressive column in the critical state.§8–2Composite Deformation of Tension
(or Compression)and Bending 2.柔度(或长细比):flexibility
(or slenderness ratio)§8–4扭转与弯曲的组合§8–4 Combination of Torsion and Bending大柔度杆的临界应力由欧拉公式来求;小 柔度杆的临界应力就是它的屈服极限;中柔度
杆的临界应力由经验公式来求第九章压杆稳定
The critical stress of the large flexibility column Chapter NineStabilization
is calculated by Euler’s formula.of Compressive Columns
The critical stress of small flexibility column is
its yield limit.§9–1压杆稳定性的概念
The critical stress of the middle flexibility §9–1 Concepts of Stability of
column may be determined by the empirical Compressed Columns
formula.1.失稳:loss of stability
2.稳定与不稳定平衡:
stable and instable equilibrium§9–5压杆的稳定校核3.临界压力: critical pressure§9–5Stability Check of Compressed Column1.稳定安全因数:safety coefficient of stability §9–2两端铰支细长压杆的临界压力 2.稳定条件:stability condition§9–2 Critical Pressure of The SlenderCompressed Column With Two Hinged Ends §9–6提高压杆稳定性的措施1.欧拉公式:Euler’s formula §9–6 Method to Improve Stability of 2.理想压杆:材料绝对理想;轴线绝对直;压Compressed Column力绝对沿轴线作用。1.选择合理的截面形状:choose reasonable Ideal compressive column: the material is section of the column: absolutelyideal;the axis is 2.改变压杆的约束条件:change constraint
condition of the column absolutely straight;the compressive force is
absolutely along the axis of the column.3.合理选择材料: choose reasonable material.§9–3其它支座条件下细长压杆的临界压力 第十章 动载荷 §9–3Critical Pressure of The Slender Compressed Chapter TenDynamic Load
Column With Other End Conditions
§10–1 概述 1.长度系数(约束系数):length coefficient
(or constraint coefficient)§10–1Introduction
2.两端铰支: two hinged ends 1.静载荷:static loads
The loads don’t change with time(or change 3.一端固定另端自由:
one fixed end and one free end very stably and slowly)and acceleration of each
member is zero or may be neglected4.两端固定: two fixed ends
5.一端固定另端铰支:2.动载荷:dynamic loadsone fixed end and one hinged end The loads change sharply with time and thevelocity of the member changes obviously
§9–4欧拉公式的适用范围经验公式
§9–4Application Range of Euler’s Formula §9–2动静法的应用Empirical Formula§9–2 Application of The Method of 1.临界应力: 压杆处于临界状态时横截面上的Kinetic Statics
1.惯性力:inertiaforce
2.动荷系数:dynamic load coefficient
3.达朗伯原理:处于不平衡状态的物体,存在惯性力,惯性力的方向与加速度方向相反,惯性力的数值等于加速度与质量的乘积。只要在物体上加上惯性力,就可以把动力学问题在形式上作为静力学问题来处理,这就是动静法。D’Alembert’s principle: There is inertial force on the body in unequilibrium.The direction of the inertial force is opposite to the acceleration of the body and the magnitude of the inertial force is the product of the mass and the acceleration of the body.After the inertial force is applied on the body the dynamic problem may be dealt with the static problem in form, which is called the method of kinetic statics.Exercise 1: The state of stress at a point as shown.(unit:Mpa),try to determine the three principal stresses.(either by analytical method or by graphical method).And compute the
equivalent stress of the fourth strength theory.Exercise 4:A hollow circular shaft is shown in the figure.Its inside diameter is d=24mm and its outside diameter is D=30mm.The diameters of pulley B and D are respectively D1=400mm and D2=600mm,P1=600N,[]=100MPa.Try to check the strength of the shaft with the third strength theory.Exercise 5: A compressed rod produces the bending deformation due to the loss of stability.A beam produces the bending deformation due to the action of transverse forces.What are the differences of the two in nature?
Exercise 2: A circular rod made of cast iron is subjected to the loads T=7kNm, P=50kN as shown in the figure.Its diameter is d=0.1m, []=40MPa.Try to check the strength of the rod according to the theory of the first strength.Exercise 3: The cross-section area of the
square-section rod is reduced half at the section mn.Try to determine the maximum tensile stress at the section mn due to the axial force P.
第二篇:双语学习资料
双语学习每周一句内容
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第三篇:双语教学辅助资料
《免疫学导论》(于善谦等编,高等教育出版社)
双语教学辅助资料
Auxiliary Material of Bilingual Teaching
for Introduction to Immunology
蚌埠医学院免疫学教研室
Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College
Feb.to Jun.2006
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology
CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN 2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens
CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES 3-1 Structures and classes of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins
CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-2 Complement activation 4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements 4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency
CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM 5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-2 The cells in immune system
CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibilty complex 6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC
CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATION 7-1 Antibody preparations
7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis
CHAPTER EITHT CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity
CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION 9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the
immune response
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in
immune response
9-3 Interleukins and Immune regulation 9-4 Immune tolerance
CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic
Hypersensitivity)
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex
hypersensitivity)
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type
Hypersensitivity)
CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE
RESPONSES
11-1 Auto immune response 11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-4 Immunologic deficiency
CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF
IMMUNE SYSTEM
12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION(绪言)
1-1
Origination and development of 1-2
Essential points of concepts of Immunology immunology 1-1-1 Infection and immunity of 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired diseases immunity
1-1-2 Foundation and development of 1-2-2 Immune response the discipline of Immunology 1-2-3 Immunology and practically 1-1-3 Recent development of applications Immunology 1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
The term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and might still be considered by people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, the modern concept of immunity is conferring the host the specific function to recognize and neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self tissue components)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity includes innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and
1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;killed millions of peoples in this globe before nineteenth century.From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接种法)to prevent children from smallpox
1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接种法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(伤寒),anthrax 鼠疫 鼠疫,疟疾malaria 1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology
(1)1.Foundation of immunology
(1)Louis Pasteur, was a famous biochemist in France in 19th century, contributed his lots of effort to immunization to prevent animal and human from several serious diseases(cholera霍乱, anthrax炭疽, rabies(狂犬病)---vaccination---active immunization
(2).Development of experimental immunology
1-1-3 Recent development of I mmunology(1).Humoral immunology,(2).Cellular immunology
1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity
1-2-2 immune response
1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications
1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
Basic concept or definition for the term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and usually still be considered by common people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, at present, the modern concept of immunity, is conferring the host specific functions to recognize and final neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity include innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and
1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases
Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接种法)to prevent children from smallpox
1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接种法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(伤寒)霍乱,anthrax炭疽 鼠疫 鼠疫,疟疾malaria
1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology
1-1-3 Recent development of Immunology
1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity
1-2-2 immune response
1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications
1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development
CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN(抗原)
2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen 2-1-2 classes/types of antigen
2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen 2-2-2 antigen determinants
2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen 2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity
2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen
2-1-2 classes/types of antigen
2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen
2-2-2 antigen determinants
to individual and immunization manner
2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and
immuno-predominance of antigen
2-3-4 The immunologic feature of
hapten
2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria 2-4-2 Fungi 2-4-3 virus
2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen
2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity to individual and immunization manner
2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and immuno-predominance of antigen
2-3-4 The immunologic feature of hapten
2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria
2-4-2 Fungi
2-4-3 Virus CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES(抗体)
3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies 3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins 3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression
of immunoglobulin genes
3-2-3 The diversity of
immunoglobulin genes
3-3 Synthesis and secretion of
immunoglobulin
3-3-1 Humoral immune response and
the production of antibodies
3-3-2 Expression, assemble and
secretion of immunoglobulin 3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies
3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins
3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins
3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin genes
3-2-3 The diversity of immunoglobulin genes
3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin 3-3-1 Humoral immune response and the production of antibodies
3-3-2 Expression, assemble and secretion of immunoglobulin CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM(补体系统)
4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components 4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components 4-2
Complement activation 4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation 4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation 4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation 4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways
in complement activation
4-3 The control of complement
reaction and biological effect of complements
4-3-1 Regulating protein of
complement activation in serum
4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface
of cell membrane
4-3-3 Complement receptors 4-3-4 The biological function of
complement protein
4-4
Biosynthesis of complement and
complement deficiency
4-4-1 The gene of complements
4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement 4-4-3 Complement deficiency and
complement deficient diseases 4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components
4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components
4-2 Complement activation
4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation
4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation
4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation
4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways in complement activation
4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements
4-3-1 Regulating protein of complement activation in serum
4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface of cell membrane
4-3-3 Complement receptors
4-3-4 The biological function of complement protein
4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency 4-4-1 The gene of complements
4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement
4-4-3 Complement deficiency and complement deficient diseases
CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
(免疫系统的细胞、组织和器官)
5-1 The structure and functions of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation
5-2
The cells in immune system 5-2-1 B cells 5-2-2 T cells
5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural
suppressor cells
5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and
mast cells
5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic
cells
5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs
5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs
5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation
5-2 The cells in immune system
5-2-1 B cells
5-2-2 T cells
5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural suppressor cells
5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and mast cells
5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic cells
CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
(主要组织相容性复合体)
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules 6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules 6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule
6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC 6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)
6-2-3 The gene structure of human
MHC(HLA complex)
6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of
HLA
6-3 The Principle and application of
detection for MHC
6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA
antigen
6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA
antigen
6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene 6-3-4 Applications of detection of
HLA
6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules
6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules
6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule
6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC
6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)
6-2-3 The gene structure of human MHC(HLA complex)
6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of HLA
6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC 6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA antigen
6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA antigen
6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene
6-3-4 Applications of detection of HLA
CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS
(抗原-抗体反应及其应用)
7-1 Antibody preparations 7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation mono valent antigen 7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal 7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to antibody polyvalent antigen 7-1-3 The preparation of gene
engineering antibody 7-3 Common techniques in 7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic immune-analysis antibody 7-3-1 immune precipitation 7-3-2 immune labeling 7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody 7-3-3 In site immune-analysis reaction 7-3-4 Other applications for 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics antigen-antibody reaction of antigen-antibody reaction
7-1 Antibody preparations 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation
7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal antibody
7-1-3 The preparation of gene engineering antibody
7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic antibody
7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics of antigen-antibody reaction
7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to monovalent antigen
7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to polyvalent antigen
7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis 7-3-1 immunoprecipitation
7-3-2 immune labeling
7-3-3 In site immuno-analysis
7-3-4 Other applications for antigen-antibody reaction
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
(细胞介导的免疫应答)
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response 8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity 8-1-3 Anergy
8-2
The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells
8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response
8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity
8-1-3 Anergy
8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells
8-2-2 T cell activation
8-2-2 T cell activation
8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced
immune response
8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced
immune response
8-3
Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis 8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis 8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the
immune response
8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced immune response
8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced immune response
8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis
8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis
8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the immune response
CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION(免疫调节)
9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation 9-1-2 The antibody regulation 9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype-anti-idiotype antibodies
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells 9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells
9-3 Interleukins and Immune
regulation
9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines 9-3-2 Interleukins
9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T
cells
9-4
Immune tolerance
9-4-1 Discovery of the immune
tolerance
9-4-2 Foundation requirement and
induction pathway of immune tolerance
9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune
tolerance
9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation
9-1-2 The antibody regulation
9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype anti-idiotype antibodies
9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells
9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells
9-3 Interleukins and Immunoregulation 9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines
9-3-2 Interleukins
9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T cells
9-4
Immune tolerance
9-4-1 Discovery of the immune tolerance
9-4-2 Foundation requirement and induction pathway of immune tolerance
9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune tolerance
CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY(超敏反应)
10-1
Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity 10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity 10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE 10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity 10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity
10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity
10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE
10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity
10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
(Immune complex hypersensitivity)
10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type
III hypersensitivity
10-3-2 Common immune complex
diseases
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity
(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)
10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed
type hypersensitivity
10-4-3
Common Type IV
hypersensitivity diseases
10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity
10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases
10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex hypersensitivity)10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type III hypersensitivity
10-3-2 Common immune complex diseases
10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed type hypersensitivity
10-4-3 Common Type IV hypersensitivity diseases
CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES
(异常免疫应答)
11-1 Auto immune response
11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response 11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases
11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft 11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity 11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant
11-1 Auto immune response
11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response
11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases
11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft
11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity
11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant
11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen
11-3-2 Host immune response to
tumor
11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape
from immunity to tumor
11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in
immunity to tumor
11-4
Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency 11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen
11-3-2 Host immune response to tumor
11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape from immunity to tumor
11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in immunity to tumor
11-4 Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency
11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
(免疫系统的进化)
12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals
12-1-1 Immune cells and their
defense ability 12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid 12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions
12-2
The immune evolution of
vertebrate animals
12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in
primary vertebrate animals
12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue
evolution between
invertebrates and vertebrates
12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes
and immune molecules in vertebrates 12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-1-1 Immune cells and their defense ability
12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid
12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions
12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals 12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in primary vertebrate animals
12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue evolution between invertebrates and vertebrates
12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes and immune molecules in vertebrates
第四篇:《建筑力学》课程学习指导资料
《建筑力学》课程学习指导资料
本课程学习指导资料根据该课程教学大纲的要求,参照现行采用教材《建筑力学》(李前程 安学敏 李彤主编,高等教育出版社,2004年)以及课程学习光盘,并结合远程网络业余教育的教学特点和教学规律进行编写。第一部分 课程的学习目的及总体要求
一、课程的学习目的
建筑力学是将理论力学中的静力学、材料力学、结构力学等课程中的主要内容,依据知识自身的内在连续性和相关性,重新组织形成的建筑力学知识体系。研究土木工程结构中的杆件和杆系的受力分析、强度、刚度及稳定性问题。它是力学结合工程应用的桥梁,同时为后续相关课程提供分析和计算的基础。
二、课程的总体要求
通过该课程的学习,学生应掌握以下内容 1.掌握静力学的基本概念及构件受力分析的方法;2.了解平面力系的简化,能较熟练地应用平面力系的平衡方程;3.能正确地计算在平面荷载作用下的杆件的内力,并作出内力图;4.掌握杆件在基本变形时的强度和刚度计算;5.了解压杆失稳的概念,能够进行临界压力计算;6.熟练掌握几何不变体系的简单组成规则及其应用;7.熟练掌握静定结构指定位移计算的积分法,叠加法和单位载荷法;8.弄懂力法原理,能熟练地应用力法计算超静定结构;9.弄懂位移法原理,能应用位移法计算连续梁和刚架。第二部分 课程学习的基本要求及重点难点内容分析 第一章 绪论
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容 建筑力学的任务,内容和教学计划安排;建筑力学教材和参考书;任课老师的联系方式(email)(2)应掌握的内容
结构与构件的概念;构件的分类:杆,板和壳,块体;刚体、变形固体及其基本假设;弹性变形和塑性变形(构件在外力作用下发生变形,如果外力去掉后能够恢复原状,变形完全消失,这种变形就是弹性变形;如果外力去掉后不能够恢复原状,有残余变形存在,这种变形就是塑性变形);载荷的分类:集中力和分布力。真实的力都是分布力,集中力是一种简化形式。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
材料力学的三大任务:强度,刚度,稳定性;杆件变形的4种基本形式:拉伸,扭转,剪切和弯曲。
2、本章重点难点分析
①拉伸,扭转,剪切和弯曲变形的方式和特点
②强度,刚度,稳定性的定义。强度和杆件的破坏有关,刚度和变形有关,没有达到强度和刚度破坏条件而产生的失效可能和稳定性有关。
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答):无
4、本章作业:无 第二章 静力学基础
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
刚体静力学的定义及其研究的基本问题;平衡-平衡力系-平衡条件;力系-等效力系-合力-平面力系;力-力偶-力偶矩的概念,力-力矩-力偶矩的单位;约束和约束反力的概念;分离体和受力图的概念。(2)应掌握的内容
力的三要素(大小、方向和作用点)决定了力是矢量;二力平衡原理:注意是一个物体上的两个力;加减平衡力系原理-力的可传性定理;力在坐标轴上的投影是代数量,注意正负符号;力偶的符号及其等效变换性质;内力和外力的概念,内力的相对性;二力杆和二力构件的概念。(3)应熟练掌握的内容 力的合成-力的平行四边形法则和三角形法则;力的分解-正交分解;作用力与反作用力;根据坐标轴上的投影分量求力的大小和方向;力矩-力臂-矩心-力矩的方向(正负);8种约束类型(柔索,光滑接触面,光滑圆柱铰链,固定铰,滑动铰,链杆,固定端,定向支座)及其对应的约束力;熟练掌握画受力图的方法、步骤。
2、本章重点难点分析
①力的合成与分解,力偶的合成
②力或力系对某点取矩的计算方法,重点是力臂的计算和符号,力臂是矩心到力的作用线的垂直距离。
③柔索约束力必然是拉力,光滑接触面必然是压力
④二力杆是一个力,不能把二力杆两端的铰各画2个力;定向支座与此类似。⑤画受力图时外力不能简化,要一体一图,三力平衡汇交定理可用,可不用 ⑥画受力图时要注意作用力与反作用力,同时要注意不同受力图中,力的符号的一致性和相关性
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)
例.试分别作出AB, CE(加滑 轮), CE,以及整体的受力图。
解:本题的关键是(1)A点是固定铰,B点与地面相接的是滑动铰;(2)ADB是一个杆,CDE是一个杆,由于在D点受力,因此ADB和CDE均不是二力杆,杆件BC是二力杆;(3)与墙壁相连的还有一个柔索约束。根据以上说明,最后的结果如下所示:
4、本章作业
2-2,3,4,5,6,8,10,12;3-9,3-10 第三章 力系的简化
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
力系简化的定义;平面汇交力系的定义;力系的主矢和主矩的概念主矢是一个自由矢量,不是一个力;线载荷与载荷集度的概念。(2)应掌握的内容
平面汇交力系简化的几何方法-力多边形法则;平面汇交力系简化的解析方法-合力投影定理;平面力偶系的简化;力系等效原理,平行力系的简化方法。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
合力投影定理:合力在任一轴上的投影等于各分力在同一轴上的投影的代数和;合力矩定理,力线平移定理;平面任意力系简化的4种结果;平衡定理:力系平衡的充分必要条件是该力系的主矢及对于某一点的主矩同时等于零;形心计算公式。
2、本章重点难点分析 ①主矢是一个自由矢量(只有大小和方向,没有作用点),不是一个力 ②力线平移定理是可逆的,即反过来也是成立的
③力系向某一点简化一般是主矢和主矩均不为零,但通过适当的平移后,可以去掉力矩,而变成一个合力,但此时合力的作用点不在简化中心 ④形心计算的面积分割法和负面积方法要熟练掌握,灵活应用
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例 如图所示,求作用于悬臂梁AB的线分布荷载对A点的矩。解:根据合力矩定理,合力对A点的矩,等于分力对A点矩的代数和。
而矩心A到Q1的矩离为L/2, 到Q2的矩离为2L/3, 故
故:
4、本章作业 4-1,4-2 第四章 力系的平衡
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容平面一般力系有3个独立的平衡方程,平面汇交力系和平面平行力系均有2个独立的平衡方程,而平面力偶系只有1个独立的平衡方程;系统和局部的概念,系统平衡局部必然平衡;静定和超静定问题;平面桁架的定义;零力杆的定义。(2)应掌握的内容
平面任意力系的平衡方程有三种等价形式,其中二力矩形式和三力矩形式是有限制条件的;平面汇交力系,平面平行力系和平面力偶系的平衡方程;刚体系统平衡问题的特点是:仅仅考察系统整体平衡,无法求得全部未知力。因此,要取局部或子系统建立另外的平衡方程,才能最后解出全部未知力;由n个刚体组成的受平面力系作用的系统,其独立平衡方程数 £ 3n;平面桁架节点受力图的画法:所有杆件的内力均按正向假设,箭头向外,外力照实际方向画出。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
平面任意力系中的二力矩平衡方程和三力矩平衡方程,用好了可以简化计算;正确认识结构中的约束类型,尤其是二力杆和二力结构,并正确的画出受力图是至关重要的;取分离体时,应该使得平衡方程中的未知力越少越好,最好是1个,以便于迅速求出未知力;计算平面桁架内力的节点法;计算平面桁架内力的截面法;必须熟练掌握约束力或支座反力的计算方法。
2、本章重点难点分析
①平面任意力系中,对于每个分析对象最多只能列出3个独立的平衡方程,不能列出3个以上的方程,否则其中的某些方程必然是不独立的。
②求解物系平衡问题时,列平衡方程应结合求解的问题,以最简单的受力图,最简单的平衡方程,最快的速度迅速求解出未知力,对于没做要求的力可以不必求出。
③零力杆的判别方法
④在平面桁架内力计算时,尽管我们在截面方法中规定,最好不要超过3根杆,但有时由于结构复杂或者解题的需要,可能要截取3根以上的杆。
⑤平面桁架内力计算时,有时候节点法和截面法要综合运用,才能达到事半功倍的效果。
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例.求图示结构A点的约束力。
解:A点位固定端,假设A点约束力分别为
4-3,5,6,7,8,11,13,14,16,20 6-16 第五章平面体系的几何组成分析
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
几何不变体系与几何可变体系的概念;几何组成分析的目的;自由度,刚片和约束的概念;复铰的概念。(2)应掌握的内容
常见约束类型及其作用;刚片和铰的计算方法;二元体的定义及其判别;几何瞬变体系及其三种基本类型。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
一个由n个刚片所组成的复铰相当于n-1个单铰,减少2(n-1)个自由度;自由度的计算公式:W=3n-3r1-2r2-r3;几何不变体系的组成规则:两刚片规则,三刚片规则和二元体规则;几何组成分析的方法、步骤及最后结论
2、本章重点难点分析
①自由度的计算中,刚性连接的多个刚片只能看作一个刚片
②结构中任何一个二力杆均可看作一个约束,无论是外部约束还是内部约束 ③二元体的任意一端必须是固定铰或光滑圆柱铰链连接,不能是滑动铰或支链杆 ④不要忘记大地或支座是一个刚片
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例,计算下列各体系自由度,并进行几何组成分析。
解:自由度W=3x4-2x5-3=-1 分析:杆AB,杆BC和杆AC通过不在一条线上的三个单铰A、B、C相连,根据3钢片规则ABC组成一个几何不变结构,支链杆CD为其内部多余约束。又ABC与大地通过3个既不互相平行又不相交于一点的支链杆连接,按两钢片规则,他们组成几何不变结构。故原结构为几何不变结构,且有一个多余约束。
4、本章作业 5-1 第六章 杆件的内力 应力与应变
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容 内力的概念,截面法的目的;轴力,剪力和弯矩的定义;应力与应变的概念及单位;复习高等数学中直线、抛物线,斜率、导数,极大值、极小值等有关概念;刚节点和平面刚架的定义(2)应掌握的内容
内力分量:轴力,剪力,弯矩,还包括后面的扭矩;正应力与剪应力,剪应力互等定理;线应变与剪应变;内力方程与内力图;最大弯矩的计算方法;刚架的内力图包括轴力图,剪力图和弯矩图。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
轴力,剪力和弯矩的符号规定;轴力,剪力和弯矩的计算步骤和注意事项;根据内力方程绘内力图的方法、步骤;应用微分关系绘制剪力图和弯矩图的步骤;没有载荷,就是载荷集度q=0,此时,剪力图必然是水平向右,弯矩图是一条斜直线或水平方向的线;载荷集度q为常数时,剪力图必然是一条斜直线,弯矩图是一个抛物线;在集中力作用点,剪力发生突变,弯矩图发生转折;在集中力偶矩作用点,剪力图不变,弯矩图发生突变;绘制平面刚架内力图的方法、步骤;要特别注意,刚节点处弯矩图“同侧”,“相等”这两个特点
2、本章重点难点分析
①线应变代表相对伸长,无量纲,变形量代表绝对伸长,单位mm或m ②截面法中的正向假设,是按照材料力学的定义的正向进行的,但在列平衡方程时必须回到理论力学的规定来区别正负符号,这点很容易混淆,初学者必须搞清楚。
③在轴力图和剪力图中,通常规定横坐标轴的上方为正。但在土建工程中,弯矩图通常是画在梁的受拉一侧。当梁的凹面向上时,M 为正,梁的下侧受拉,故正弯矩应画在横坐标的下方;而当梁的凹面向下时,M 为负,梁的上侧受拉,负弯矩则画在横坐标的上方。
④弯矩、剪力与载荷集度之间的微分关系,要和数学上的斜率、直线、抛物线等有关概念联系起来,同时要注意弯矩图是向下为正
⑤在集中力、集中力偶矩作用点和剪力为零的点,弯矩出现极值
⑥对于复杂的平面刚架,弯矩图建议画在受拉侧,简单刚架画在受拉侧或按正负符号标出均可。
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例1,求图示简支梁的内力方程,并画出剪力图,弯矩图
例2,试作悬臂梁的剪力图和弯矩图, 并标明关键点之值。
4、本章作业
6-1,2,3,4,5,10(c,e,f),12,13 第七章 轴向拉伸与压缩
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
应力集中的概念;强度极限,容许应力和安全系数;纵向变形和纵向应变的概念;弹性极限,比例极限,屈服极限和强度极限的概念;延伸率和断面收缩率的概念。(2)应掌握的内容
拉压条件下的平面假设;材料的拉伸和压缩强度可能不同;材料拉伸时的力-位移曲线和应力-应变曲线;低碳钢材料拉伸曲线中的4个阶段及其变形特点;塑性材料拉压曲线的异同。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
拉压正应力公式及其适用范围;拉压杆强度条件及其三方面的作用:强度校核,截面尺寸设计和确定容许载荷;虎克定律;拉压杆变形计算公式;在应力-应变曲线中,如何确定弹性模量,强度极限和弹性极限。
2、本章重点难点分析
①拉压杆应力或变形计算公式要求轴向拉(压)力是一个常数,当轴向力是分段均匀时,应力和变形要分段计算,总变形量是各段变形量的叠加。
②对于一个结构而言,有些杆可能受拉,而另一些杆可能受压,要先算出各杆内力,判断其是受拉还是受压,然后再应用强度条件。
③脆性材料在拉伸和压缩时力学特性差异明显,不仅强调极限和变形量大小不同,断口破坏形式也不相同。
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)
4、本章作业 7-5,6,7,10 第八章 剪切和扭转
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
剪切的概念;名义应力的含义,近似计算;扭转的概念,扭矩的符号规定,扭矩图;抗扭截面模量,抗扭刚度的概念及计算。(2)应掌握的内容
工程中的受剪构件;单剪切与双剪切,剪切面上的剪力计算;圆轴扭转的平截面假设,非圆轴扭转时发生翘曲现象,不满足平截面假设;极惯性矩的定义及计算方法;薄壁圆管的定义及其扭转时横截面上的剪应力。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
剪切虎克定律;名义剪应力及强度条件,名义挤压应力及挤压强度条件,连接板的强度条件;挤压面面积计算,板的净面积计算;电动机功率、转速与输出扭矩之间的关系;圆轴扭转变形时的3个基本公式及其适用条件;圆形截面和圆环形截面的极惯性矩计算公式
2、本章重点难点分析
①铆钉均匀受力,单个铆钉所受的力为总的拉力的1/n(n为铆钉数目),如果是单剪切,这个力即为剪切面上的剪力,如果是双剪切面,则每个剪切面的力为其1/2。
②板的拉应力,名义剪应力和名义挤压应力均是近似计算,没有考虑应力集中,剪切面和挤压面上的应力均按均布处理。
③圆轴扭转时横截面上剪应力公式的推导方法:几何方面,物理方面和静力学方面
④圆轴扭转的强度条件,也具有强度校核、截面尺寸设计和确定容许载荷的功能。⑤圆轴扭转变形时扭转角的计算公式及其对应的刚度条件
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例,图示两实心圆轴由法兰上的4个螺栓连接。已知轴传递扭矩Mn=40kN?m,法兰平均直径D=300mm,厚t=20mm。轴的[τ]=40MPa,G=80GPa;螺栓的[τ1]=120MPa。求轴的直径d和螺栓的直径d1
求解方法参考课件有关例题。
4、本章作业
8-2,3,4,5,6,7,8 第九章 梁的弯曲
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
弯曲,对称弯曲和纯弯曲的概念;静矩(面积矩),惯性矩的定义;横截面,纵向对称面,中性层,中性轴的定义;抗弯刚度和抗弯截面模量的概念。(2)应掌握的内容
静定梁,简支梁,悬臂梁,简支外伸梁的定义;纯弯曲时的平面假设和单向受力假设;对称弯曲时弯曲正应力的推导方法,仍然是从几何、物理、力学三方面进行;矩形截面梁弯曲剪应力的推导方法,及弯曲剪应力的一般公式;弯曲剪应力的强度条件;提高梁的弯曲强度的若干措施。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
组合图形的静矩和惯性矩的计算方法,仍然是面积分割法和负面积法;平行移轴定理;矩形截面,圆形截面和圆环形截面的惯性矩;纯弯曲时所得到的曲率、弯曲正应力,最大弯曲正应力公式;弯曲正应力强度条件极其对应的三个主要功能;矩形截面,圆形截面和圆环形截面,最大弯曲剪应力和平均剪应力的关系。
2、本章重点难点分析 ①当计算截面的形心与坐标轴原点不重合时,惯性矩的计算要使用平行移轴定理 ②对于任意给定的图形,要能根据所给几何尺寸,计算出截面的形心,截面的面积矩和惯性矩;对于一些复杂的图形,有时候负面积方法可能较简单。③对于脆性材料,要分别计算最大拉伸正应力和最大压缩正应力,然后分别建立强度条件。
④对于对称截面,最大拉应力和最大压应力必然同一个截面,即最大弯矩对应的局面;而对于不对称截面,最大拉应力和最大压应力可能是不同的截面。⑤熟练的求出支座反力,熟练的画出剪力图、弯矩图是计算梁弯曲应力的基本要求。
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例,图示矩形截面简支梁,已知P1=50kN,P2=100kN,b=120mm,h=180mm。试求梁的横截面上的最大正应力和最大剪应力。
解:先求支座反力。算得 FA=61.9kN,FB=88.1kN 作剪力图、弯矩图如下:
4、本章作业
9-2,3,4,6,8,10,11,13,14 第十章 压杆的稳定
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
稳定失效的概念;屈曲与失稳的概念;惯性半径和柔度的定义。(2)应掌握的内容
临界载荷的概念;哪些条件下,压杆容易失稳;临界应力总图;提高压杆承载能力的若干措施
(3)应熟练掌握的内容
欧拉公式及其对应的四种约束条件的长度系数;临界应力及其计算公式;欧拉公式的适用范围:大柔度杆;小柔度杆和中柔度杆的临界应力计算公式。
2、本章重点难点分析
①当两端是球铰或其它类似支承连接,两端截面在任何方向都可以转动时,欧拉公式中的惯性矩J 应取Jmin ②一个截面的最大刚度平面和最小刚度平面中的刚度指的是抗弯刚度 ③杆两端约束不同时,刚度可能不同,有效长度也可能不同
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)
例,图示的细长压杆均为圆形截面的木杆,长6m,其横截面直径d = 160mm,材质相同,E=10GPa。其中:图a为两端球铰支承;图b为一端固定,一端铰支。试求各杆的临界载荷及临界应力。解:(a)两端铰支
μ = 1,i = d / 4,得到λ = μl / i = 150 σcr = π2E/ λ2= 4.39 MPa,Pcr= σcr A = 88.2 kN(b)一端固定,一端铰支
μ =0.7,i = d / 4,得到λ = μl / i = 105 σcr = π2E/ λ2= 8.95 MPa,Pcr= σcr A = 180 kN
4、本章作业 15-1,2,3,4 第十一章 梁和结构的位移
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容 广义力和广义位移的概念,绝对位移和相对位移的概念;计算结构位移的目的;挠度曲线-挠度-转角的概念;虚功和实功的概念,虚位移和虚力的概念;功的互等定理,位移互等定理,反力互等定理。(2)应掌握的内容
计算位移的有关假定;中性层曲率与弯矩之间的关系,数学上曲率的计算公式;挠度曲线形状的粗略判别方法;提高梁的刚度的若干措施;虚功原理:外力在虚位移上所做的虚功=外力产生的内力在微段虚位移上所做的虚功之和。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
挠曲线微分方程,挠度各阶导数的意义;积分法求梁的挠度、转角的方法步骤,及其适用条件;叠加方法原理及其使用条件;单位载荷法求位移的方法、原理及其注意事项。刚架和梁使用单位载荷法时通常只考虑弯矩引起的位移,平面桁架只有轴力;图乘法原理及其使用条件、注意事项;三角形的面积与形心,两种类型抛物线的面积和形心。
2、本章重点难点分析
①对于弯矩方程分段连续的梁和结构,积分方法求挠度和位移时也必须分段进行,在分段点上存在光滑连续条件。
②叠加方法的两个技巧:逐段刚化求解,载荷的分解与重组。其中逐段刚化求解时,要始终记着只能留一段变形体,其余都是刚体。因为叠加方法所使用的基本结构是简支梁和悬臂梁,只有一段。对于复杂的结构,载荷的分解与重组和逐段刚化求解两种技巧可能要联合使用。
③本章计算位移,一般情况下不考虑轴向位移,但是如果题目中给出了结构中某段的拉压刚度EA,则意味着这一段要考虑轴向位移。
④使用单位载荷法时,在求线位移的地方加集中力,在求转角的地方加集中力偶矩,计算位移为正,表示实际位移与所加力(力偶矩)的方向相同,否则相反。⑤对于面积和形心难以计算的图形,可以对图形进行分解。图形分解的理论基础实际上就是把复杂的载荷共同作用下的弯矩,变成单个载荷分别作用下弯矩的叠加,也就是使用了叠加原理。
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例,已知各杆EI为常数。求C点的垂直位移、水平位移和转角。、本章作业
11-1,4,6,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,21 第十二章 用力法计算超静定结构
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
静定结构的定义、特点;原结构,基本结构的概念;力法方程中的主系数,付系数和自由项的概念;对称结构,对称载荷,反对称载荷。(2)应掌握的内容
超静定次数的判定,及确定超静定次数时应注意的问题;力法典型方程。一次力法方程,二次力法方程,三次力法方程„„;对称结构在对称荷载作用下的内力及变形特点;对称结构在反对称荷载作用下的内力及变形特点。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
力法原理:将多余约束去掉,代之相应的约束力,利用等效原理将这个(些)约束力求解出来;力法原理与解题步骤;求解力法方程中的各个系数,主要使用上一章介绍的图乘法;用立法求解超静定梁、刚架、平面桁架和排架。
2、本章重点难点分析
①多余约束的位置不是唯一的,但选取不同的基本结构,求解的难易程度不同 ②建立多次力法方程时引用了叠加原理。同时,力法方程中应用了力与位移成正比的关系。
③用力法解超静定问题时,应首先判断其超静定次数 ④利用对称性可以简化计算
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)例,作图示超静定刚架的内力图。
解:取基本结构如右图。分别做出M1图、M2图、MP图。
4、本章作业
12-2(b,c,e),12-3(c),12-4(a)第十三章 用位移法计算连续梁和刚架
1、本章学习要求(1)应熟悉的内容
固端弯矩、固端剪力的概念;力法与位移法的特点,力法与位移法的区别;位移法中基本结构,基本体系的概念;位移法中的基本未知量和基本假设。(2)应掌握的内容
杆端力的表示方法和正负号的规定;力法、位移法求解超静定问题的一般步骤;如何确定基本未知量。(3)应熟练掌握的内容
两端固定梁的转角位移方程,一端固定、另一端铰支梁的转角位移方程,一端固定、另一端定向支承梁的转角位移方程;位移法解题的基本思路;位移法典型方程和解题步骤。位移法典型方程的物理意义是:基本结构在荷载和结点位移共同作用下,与原结构的受力和变形状态相同。
2、本章重点难点分析
①力法方程的建立是原结构与基本结构在除去约束地方的位移等效,而位移法是原结构与基本结构在附加约束的地方力等效或力矩等效。②要注意杆端力与节点力符号的差异
3、本章典型例题(案例)分析(解答)无
4、本章作业 无
第三部分 综合练习题
1.组合梁如图所示,试分别作出梁AB、BC和整体的受力图。
2.试分别作出AC, DEBH, DE,以及BH的受力图。
3.已知: FP、l、r, 求: A、D 二处约束力。4.已知q、l,试求下列各图中杆件所受的约束力。
5.已知: P = 40 kN, Q = 10 kN。求: 杆4 – 9 的内力。
6.作图示简支外伸梁和简支梁的剪力图和弯矩图, 并标明关键点之值。
7.某传动轴,转速n =400rpm,传递功率Np=47kW,设G =80Gpa,[τ]=80Mpa,[θ]=1.5o/m。横截面为空心圆截面,α=d/D=0.8,试求轴的截面尺寸。
8.求图示截面的形心位置,及该截面对形心轴的惯性矩Jx0。
9.设 AB、CD 均为刚体, F =39kN , ①、②两杆[s ] = 160MPa , 试求两杆所需直径。
10.图示矩形截面简支梁,已知P1=50kN,P2=100kN,[σ]=100Mpa,[τ]=20Mpa,h=2b。试选择截面尺寸。
11.有一30mm×50mm的矩形截面压杆,两端为球形铰支。已知材料的弹性模量E=200GPa,比例极限σP=300MPa。试求可用欧拉公式计算临界力的最小长度。12.计算下列各体系自由度,并进行几何组成分析。
13.求图示结构A点的垂直位移。14.求图示结构D点的垂直位移和转角。
15.求图示悬臂刚架A点的水平位移、垂直位移和转角。
16.做图示刚架的内力图 17.做图示超静定结构的内力图 已知图示桁架中各杆EA相同,试用力法求桁架中各杆的轴力。
18.
第五篇:双语理论力学常用词汇表 words
Sc-Te Words and Expressions used in
Theoretical Mechanics
ⅠAlphabet Index
A
acceleration-due-to-gravity重力加速度
acceleration加速度 accommodate调和,调整 addition合成aerodynamics空气动力学 aerodynamic空气阻力 algebra代数学 align成一行 amplitude振幅 analytically解析法 angular-impulse角冲量 angular-momentum角动量 angular-velocity角速度 application应用 apply施加,使用
approach途径,趋近,方法 arc-coordinates弧坐标 axis轴 B
bearing轴承,支撑面 bit钻头 bolt螺栓 C
cam 凸轮
cancel抵消,中和 cantilever悬臂
Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系 cast-iron铸铁
center-of-gravity重心 center-of-mass质心 central-force向心力 centroid形心
chain-rule-of-differentiation链导法则
circular-frequency圆频率 clockwise(CW)顺时针 clutch离合器 coefficient系数 collar套筒
collect提取(公因式)collinear共线
combine motion复合运动 combine合并同类项,联立 complementary-solution通解 component分量,构成元件 composite-body组合体 composite-motion复合运动 concept概念
concurrent汇交的cone圆锥
conic-section圆锥曲线
conservation-of-momentum动量守恒
conservation守恒
conservative-force保守力
consistent with….与…保持一致 constants(const.)常数 contour等高线,参照线 constraint 约束
conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的 convert-conversion转化 coplanar共面的Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度 corresponding相应的Coulomb's-law-of-friction库仑摩擦定律
counterclockwise(CCW)逆时针 couple(s)力偶 crank曲柄
cross-product叉乘法 curvature曲率
curved-surface曲面 cycloid摆线
cylinder圆柱,汽缸 D
d'Alembert's-principle达朗贝尔原理
damped-vibration衰减振动 damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的 dashed虚线的deduce推演,证明 deformation形变
degrees-of-freedom自由度 density密度 derivate求导 derivative导数 determinant行列式 detrimental有害的 diagonal对角线
differential-differentiation微分 dimension量纲,度量单位,维 direction-cosine方向余弦 direction方向 displacement位移
distributed-load分布载荷 dot-product点乘法 dynamics动力学 E
eccentricity 偏心距,离心率
ellipse椭圆
elongation(弹簧等)伸长量 equal-sign等号
equation-of-motion运动方程 equilibrium平衡
equipotential-surfaces等势面 equivalence等价 equivalent等同的expand(多项式)展开 exponent指数 F
finite限定的,有限的finite element method有限元方法formula公式
Fourier-series傅立叶级数 frequency频率 friction摩擦 G
gradient梯度
graphically图解法 gravitation引力 gravity重力 H
hard-steel高碳钢
harmonic-motion谐运动 helix-helical螺旋 hinge门绞,铰链
homogeneous均匀的,齐次的horizontal水平的 hub轮毂
humidity湿度 hyperbola双曲线 I
identity恒等式 illustrate举例说明 impact碰撞
impending临界的 impulse冲量 incline倾斜
indicate=locate标明
Inertial-Reference-Frame惯性系 inertia惯性,惯量 infinitesimal无穷小 infinite无穷的initial-initially初始的 initial-condition初始条件 instant瞬时
integral-integration积分 interchangeability可交换的 interval间隔 inverse倒数
invert反解
investigate研究 invoke调用 J
jack千斤顶
joint=node结合,节 joule焦耳 K
key键,键槽 kinematics运动学 kinetic-energy动能
kinetics=dynamics动力学 L
Law-of-cosine余弦定理 Law-of-sine正弦定理 linear-vibration线振动 line-segment线段
load-intensity载荷强度 load载荷 lubricate润滑 M
magnitude量值大小 mass质量 matrix矩阵
mean-radius中径
mechanical-energy机械能 mechanics力学 mild-steel低碳钢 misalignment未对准 moment-arm矩臂 moment-of-momentum(angular momentum)动量矩 momentum
(linear momentum)动量
moment矩 multiply乘法 mutually相互的 N
natural-frequency固有频率 negative负的negotiate=pass通过,越过 non-collinear不共线的 non-coplanar不共面的 non-homogeneous非齐次
non-inertial-reference-frame非惯性系
normal法向的 numerical数值的 nut螺母 O
obtain解得 omitting忽略
operator计算符,算子
ordinary-differentiation常微分 orthogonal-component正交分量 outcome(最终)结果 P
parabolic抛物线
parallel-axis-theorem平行轴定理 parallelogram-law平四法则 parallel平行 parameter参数
partial-differentiation偏微分 particle质点
particular-solution特解 path-coordinate自然坐标系 pedal踏板 pendulum摆 period周期
perpendicular垂直的 phase相位 pitch螺距 plane平面 plank铺板 plot图像
plus加上,正的polar-coordinate极坐标 position-vector位矢 positive正的postulate=assume假设 potential-energy势能 preceding先前的preclude=exclude排除 preliminary 预备的principle-of-change-of-momentum动量定理
principle-of-work-and-energy动能定理
principle原理
procedure=step步骤 projectile抛体projection投影 property性质
proportional成比例的 pulley滑轮 R
radian弧度制 radii= radius半径
radius-of-gyration回转半径 rate-of-change变化率
rectangular-component正交分量 rectangular矩形 rectilinear直线运动 reduce-reduction化简 repel排斥 resistance阻力
resolve-resolution分解 resonance共振 resonance共振
respectively =separately各自的 restoring-force回复力 restrict-restriction约束 resultant合力
resultant moment 合力矩 right-angle直角 rigid body 刚体
rim 轮缘,沿轮缘(滚动)rotate-rotation旋转 S
sample示例 scalar标量 scale天平,磅秤 screwdriver螺丝刀 screw螺丝
second-order-differentiation二阶微分
section部件,截面 sector扇形 self lock自锁 shaft连杆,轴
simple-pendulum单摆 simultaneously同时地
solve the equations simultaneously 联立求解方程式 skid=brake制动 slack松弛,缝隙 slope斜度,斜率 slot滑槽
socket插槽,嵌槽 speed速率(s)spool线框,线轴 stability稳定性 statics静力学
steer=drive操纵,驾驶 stiffness劲度系数 subscript下标
substantially充分的substitute-substituting取代 subtract=subtraction减法
sufficient-and-necessary-condition充要条件
summation求和 superposition叠加 survey测量,调查 suspend悬挂 symmetry对称 T
tangent-tangential切向(的)Taylor-series泰勒级数 tendency倾向 term术语
theorem定理法则 thread螺纹 thrust插入 tip尖端,翻倒 tire=tyre轮胎 torque扭矩 traction牵引
trajectory=path轨迹 transfer-couple附加力偶 translate平动 transport牵连的 triangle三角
triple矢量混合积 tripod三脚架 truss桁架 U
uniform=homogeneous均匀的 universal-joint万向节
unwind绷紧的,伸直的 V
validate验证(有效)vector矢量 velocity速度(v)versus对,比 weld焊接 winch绞盘 vertex-angle顶角 vertical垂直 virtual-work虚功 vise虎钳 W
warrant=guarantee保证 wrench扳手,力螺旋 Y
watt瓦特 wear磨损 wedge楔
yield服从(定律)
ⅡClassified Index
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Algebra
Algebra代数学
Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系 approach途径,趋近,方法 polar-coordinate极坐标 equal-sign等号 path-coordinate自然坐标系 equivalence等价
equivalent等同的 cross-product叉乘法 formula公式 dot-product点乘法 identity恒等式
triple矢量混合积 operator计算符,算子 matrix矩阵
positive正的 determinant行列式
negative负的 dimension维,量纲,度量单位plus加上,正的minus减去,负的 rate-of-change变化率 coefficient系数 derivative导数 constants常数 derivate求导
parameter参数 chain-rule-of-differentiation链导法exponent指数 则
inverse倒数
integral-integration积分
multiply=time乘法
differential-differentiation微分 subtract=subtraction减法 ordinary-differentiation常微分
partial-differentiation偏微分
arc-coordinates弧坐标
second-order-differentiation二阶微
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Geometry
cone圆锥 cycloid摆线
cylinder圆柱 eccentricity 偏心距,离心率 rectangular矩形 helix-helical螺旋 triangle三角
sector扇形 line-segment线段
projection投影 conic-section圆锥曲线 radii= radius半径 ellipse椭圆
right-angle直角 hyperbola双曲线 vertex-angle顶角 parabolic抛物线 plane平面
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Basic Concepts & Terms
concept概念
系
aerodynamics空气动力学 inertia惯性,惯量 mechanics力学 mass质量 statics静力学 particle质点 kinematics运动学
rigid刚体
kinetics=dynamics动力学 center-of-gravity重心
center-of-mass质心 Inertial-Reference-Frame惯性系 restriction约束 non-inertial-reference-frame非惯性
couple(s)力偶
分
differential-equation微分方程 homogeneous齐次的non-homogeneous非齐次的 complementary-solution通解 particular-solution特解 initial-condition初始条件
Fourier-series傅立叶级数 Taylor-series泰勒级数 gradient梯度
direction-cosine方向余弦 infinitesimal无穷小 numerical数值的 plot图像
proportional成比例的 slope斜度,斜率
section截面 diagonal对角线 centroid形心 symmetry对称 curvature曲率
curved-surface曲面 Law-of-cosine余弦定理 Law-of-sine正弦定理
transfer-couple附加力偶 wrench力螺旋
aerodynamic空气阻力 central-force向心力 friction摩擦力 resistance阻力 gravitation引力 gravity重力 resultant合力
conservative-force保守力 trajectory=path轨迹 moment矩
moment-arm矩臂
composite-body组合体 orthogonal-component正交分量 projectile抛体rectangular-component正交分量 deformation形变
density密度 stiffness劲度系数
equilibrium平衡 elongation(弹簧等)伸长量 load载荷
torque扭矩 distributed-load分布载荷
load-intensity载荷强度 scalar标量 stability稳定性 vector矢量
self lock自锁 position-vector位矢 velocity速度(v)direction方向
displacement位移 angular-impulse角冲量 acceleration加速度
angular-momentum角动量 acceleration-due-to-gravity重力加angular-velocity角速度 速度
circular-frequency圆频率 Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度
combine motion复合运动 impulse冲量 composite-motion复合运动 momentum动量
degrees-of-freedom自由度 moment-of-momentum动量矩equation-of-motion运动方程 kinetic-energy动能 rectilinear直线运动 potential-energy势能
translate平动
mechanical-energy机械能
rotate-rotation转动
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Common Mechanism & Structure axis轴
key键,键槽 bearing轴承,支撑面 mean-radius中径 bit钻头 nut螺母 bolt螺栓 pedal踏板 cam 凸轮
pitch螺距 cantilever悬臂 plank铺板 clutch离合器 pulley滑轮 collar套筒 rim 轮缘
crank曲柄
scale天平,磅秤 cylinder汽缸,液压柱 screwdriver螺丝刀 hinge门绞,铰链 screw螺丝 hub轮毂 shaft连杆,轴
jack千斤顶
simple-pendulum单摆 joint=node结合,节 slack松弛,缝隙
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Keywords in Solutions
accommodate调和,调整 property性质
according to依据(定理)procedure=step步骤 analytically解析法的 deduce推演,证明 graphically图解法的 illustrate举例说明 application应用 indicate=locate标明 sample示例 validate验证(有效)apply施加,使用 warrant=guarantee保证 invoke调用
yield服从(定律)postulate=assume假设 reduce-reduction化简 preclude=exclude排除 resolve-resolution分解 approach途径 addition合成principle原理 superposition叠加 theorem定理法则
projection投影
parallel-axis-theorem平行轴定理 parallelogram-law平四法则
principle-of-change-of-momentum动量定理
principle-of-work-and-energy动能定理
conservation守恒
conservation-of-momentum动量守恒
equipotential-surfaces等势面 radius-of-gyration回转半径 virtual-work虚功
amplitude振幅
damped-vibration衰减振动 damp潮湿的,阻尼,衰减的 frequency频率
harmonic-motion谐运动 linear-vibration线振动 natural-frequency固有频率 pendulum摆 period周期 phase相位
restoring-force回复力 resonance共振
slot滑槽
socket插槽,嵌槽 spool线框,线轴 thread螺纹 tip尖端
tire=tyre轮胎 tripod三脚架 truss桁架
universal-joint万向节 vise虎钳 wedge楔 winch绞盘 wrench扳手
cancel抵消,中和
collect提取(公因式)combine合并同类项,联立 expand(多项式)展开 summation求和 invert反解
substitute-substituting取代 convert-conversion转化 obtain解得
outcome(最终)结果 initial=initially初始的 conventional惯例的convention约定,惯例的corresponding相应的 preliminary 预备的finite限定的 simultaneously同时地,联立 infinite无穷的substantially充分的respectively =separately各自的,分interchangeability可交换的别的 sufficient-and-necessary-condition
▉
State Description
align成一行
perpendicular垂直的 misalignment未对准 parallel平行 clockwise(CW)顺时针
normal法向的counterclockwise(CCW)逆时针 tangent-tangential切向(的)collinear共线 concurrent汇交的 coplanar共面的initial=initially初始的 noncollinear不共线的 final末态的 noncoplanar不共面的 instant瞬时
component分量,构成元件 impending临界的 resultant合力,合成量 interval间隔
horizontal水平的 magnitude量值大小 incline倾斜 direction方向 vertical铅垂的sense 方向
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Interchangeable Words
apply =invoke调用,使用 preclude=exclude排除 indicate=locate标明 procedure=step步骤 joint=node结合,节
radii= radius半径 kinetics=dynamics动力学 rectangular-component
negotiate=pass通过,越过 =orthogonal-component正交分量 postulate=assume假设 respectively =separately各自地
▉
Abbreviation
CCW=counterclockwise逆时针 rev=revolution 转数 CW=clockwise顺时针 deg=degree度数
FBD=Free-body-diagram
A.M.=absolute-motion MAD=Force-acceleration-diagram R.M.=relative-motion const=constant常数,恒量
T.M.=transport-motion
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Others
axiom 公理 formula, formulas / formulae theorem 定理 公式
law 定律
formulation(集合名词)公式principle 原理
assumption 假设
sequence, inference, deduction significant digit 有效数字 推论
integral 整数 definition 定义 fraction 分数 conclusion 结论 decimal 小数 convention 约定
hypothesis 假设 cast-iron铸铁 equation 方程 hard-steel高碳钢 equality 等式 mild-steel低碳钢 inequality 不等式
aluminum 铝
充要条件 omitting忽略 subscript下标
mutually相互的uniform=homogeneous均匀的 unwind绷紧的,伸直的 contour等高线,参照线 negotiate=pass通过,越过 repel排斥
skid=brake制动 suspend悬挂 tendency倾向 thrust插入 wear磨损 weld焊接
steer=drive操纵,驾驶 tire=tyre轮胎
uniform=homogeneous均匀的 warrant=guarantee保证
DOF=degree-of-freedom自由度数 IRF= Inertial-Reference-Frame惯性系
humidity湿度 joule焦耳 watt瓦特
Newton’s law牛顿运动定律
D'Alembert's-principle达朗贝尔原理
Cartesian-coordinate笛卡儿坐标系 Coriolis-acceleration科氏加速度 Coulomb's-law-of-friction库仑摩擦定律
Taylor-series泰勒级数 Fourier-series傅立叶级数
Ⅲ read the expression correctly
2a half /(one)half 1
3a third5five twelfth 21
two and a half 0.1 point one
2.35 two point three five
4.9
four point nine recurring plus /positive / and
- minus /negative /subtract
times /(be)multiplied by
(be)divided by
=is equal to /equals
is approximately equal tois identically equal to
xn the nth power of x/ x to the power n
x2 x squarex3 x cube
1xn
the nth root of x
x the square root of x
ab a is greater than b ab a is less than b
ab a is much(far)greater than b
xlimfxx the limitation of fx when x
approaches(tends)to x sub one
y y primey y double prime
y y triple primea quarter/ one(a)fourth 3
three fourth /three over four xx dotx
x double dots / x two dots delta
b
a
fxdx integral between limits a and b
infinity
dy
dx
the first derivative of y with respect to x 2y
2x
the second derivative of y with respect to x u
x
the partial derivative of u with respective to x