教学论文4—参考文献（五篇范例）

第一篇：教学论文4—参考文献

1.浅析大学生考试作弊的原因及对策

2.加强考试管理 促进学风建设

3.改革考试模式促进学风建设

4.以考试为中心，改善管理，改进学风，提高质量

5.基于考试管理视角的独立学院学风建设

6.大学生考试作弊情况调查分析及其遏制对策探讨

7.大学生考试作弊成因及防止对策（西南农业大学学报(社会科学版)）8.大学生考试作弊以后的心理活动分析及对策

9.考试改革促进学风建设的探索与实践

10.新形势下加强考试建设的重要性及措施

11.新时期大学生考试舞弊方式及对策研究

12.透过《公关与交际艺术》课程考试改革看高职教育中考风、学风建设 13.新形势下加强考试管理的基本措施

14.一位大学教师的忧虑——析大学生考试作弊现象

15.现行教育考试作弊成因及对策研究（硕士论文）

16.大学物理期末考试成绩的特点与思考

17.提高考试管理水平促进学风根本好转

18.更新考试形式 提高教育学教学质量

19.《高等数学》考试结果影响因素的实证分析

20.大学高等数学考试分数成因之我见

21.情感在教学过程中的作用

第二篇：4毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译范文

黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

模糊控制理论

摘自 维基百科 2011年11月20日

概述

模糊逻辑广泛适用于机械控制。这个词本身激发一个一定的怀疑,试探相当于“仓促的逻辑”或“虚假的逻辑”,但“模糊”不是指一个部分缺乏严格性的方法,而这样的事实,即逻辑涉及能处理的概念,不能被表达为“对”或“否”,而是因为“部分真实”。虽然遗传算法和神经网络可以执行一样模糊逻辑在很多情况下,模糊逻辑的优点是解决这个问题的方法,能够被铸造方面接线员能了解,以便他们的经验,可用于设计的控制器。这让它更容易完成机械化已成功由人执行。

历史以及应用

模糊逻辑首先被提出是有Lotfi在加州大学伯克利分校在1965年的一篇论文。他阐述了他的观点在1973年的一篇论文的概念,介绍了语言变量”,在这篇文章中相当于一个变量定义为一个模糊集合。其他研究打乱了,第二次工业应用中,水泥窑建在丹麦,即将到来的在线1975。

模糊系统在很大程度上在美国被忽略了,因为他们更多关注的是人工智能，一个被过分吹嘘的领域，尤其是在1980年中期年代,导致在诚信缺失的商业领域。

然而日本人对这个却没有偏见和忽略，模糊系统引发日立的Seiji Yasunobu和Soji Yasunobu Miyamoto的兴趣。,他于1985年的模拟,证明了模糊控制系统对仙台铁路的控制的优越性。他们的想法是被接受了,并将模糊系统用来控制加速、制动、和停车，当线于1987年开业。

1987年另一项促进模糊系统的兴趣。在一个国际会议在东京的模糊研究那一年,Yamakawa论证<使用模糊控制,通过一系列简单的专用模糊逻辑芯片,在一个“倒立摆“实验。这是一个经典的控制问题,在这一过程中,车辆努力保持杆安装在顶部用铰链正直来回移动。

这次展示给观察者家们留下了深刻的印象,以及后来的实验,他登上一Yamakawa酒杯包含水或甚至一只活老鼠的顶部的钟摆。该系统在两种情况下,保持稳定。Yamakawa最终继续组织自己的fuzzy-systems研究实验室帮助利用自己的专利在田地里的时候。

黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

展示之后,日本工程师开发出了大范围的模糊系统用于工业领域和消费领域的应用。1988年,日本建立了国际模糊工程实验室,建立合作安排48公司进行模糊控制的研究。

松下吸尘器使用微控制器运行模糊算法去控制传感器和调整吸尘力。日立洗衣机用模糊控制器Load-Weight,Fabric-Mix和尘土传感器及自动设定洗涤周期来最佳利用电能、水和洗涤剂。

佳能研制出的一种上相机使用电荷耦合器件(CCD)测量中的图像清晰的六个区域其视野和使用提供的信息来决定是否这个影像在焦点上(清晰)。它也可以追踪变化的速率在镜头运动的重点,以及它的速度以防止控制超调。相机的模糊控制系统采用12输入,6个输入了解解现行清晰所提供的数据和其他6个输入测量CCD镜头的变化率的运动。输出的位置是镜头。模糊控制系统应用13条规则,需要1.1 千字节记忆信息。

另外一个例子是,三菱工业空调设计采用25加热规则和25冷却规则。温度传感器提供输入,输出一个控制逆变器,一个压缩机气阀,风扇电机。和以前的设计相比,新设计的模糊控制器增加五次加热冷却速度,降低能耗24%,增加温度稳定性的一个因素两个,使用较少的传感器。

日本人对模糊逻辑的人情是反映在很广泛的应用范围上,他们一直在研究或实现:例如个性和笔迹识别光学模糊系统,机器人,声控机器人直升飞机。

模糊系统的相关研究工作也在美国和欧洲进行着。美国环境保护署分析了模糊控制节能电动机,美国国家航空和宇宙航行局研究了模糊控制自动太空对接。仿真结果表明,模糊控制系统可大大降低燃料消耗。如波音公司、通用汽车、艾伦-布拉德利、克莱斯勒、伊顿,和漩涡了模糊逻辑用于低功率冰箱、改善汽车变速箱。在1995年美泰克公司推出的一个“聪明” 基于模糊控制器洗碗机，“一站式感应模块”包括热敏电阻器,用来温度测量;电导率传感器,用来测量离子洗涤剂水平存在于洗;分散和浊度传感器用来检测透射光测量失禁的洗涤,以及一个磁致伸缩传感器来读取旋转速率。这个系统确定最优洗周期任何载荷,获得最佳的结果用最少的能源、洗涤剂、和水。

研究和开发还继续模糊应用软件,作为反对固件设计,包括模糊专家系统模糊逻辑与整合神经网络和所谓的自适应遗传软件系统,其最终目的是建立“自主学习”模糊控制系统。

黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

模糊集

输入变量在一个模糊控制系统是集映射到一般由类似的隶属度函数,称为“模糊集”。转换的过程中,一个干脆利落的输入值模糊值称为“模糊化”。

一个控制系统也有各种不同的类型开关或“开关”,连同它的模拟输入输入,而这样的开关输入当然总有一个真实的价值等于要么1或0,但该方案能对付他们,简单的模糊函数,要么发生一个值或另一个。

赋予了“映射输入变量的隶属函数和进入真理价值,单片机然后做出决定为采取何种行动基于一套“规则”,每一组的形式。

在一个例子里,有两个输入变量是“刹车温度”和“速度”,定义为模糊集值。输出变量,“制动压力” ,也定义为一个模糊集,有价值观像“静”、“稍微增大” “略微下降”,等等。

这条规则本身很莫名其妙,因为它看起来好像可以使用，会干扰到与模糊,但要记住,这个决定是基于一套规则。

所有的规则都调用申请,使用模糊隶属度函数和诚实得到输入值,确定结果的规则。这个结果将被映射成一个隶属函数和控制输出变量的真值。

这些结果相结合,给出了具体的(“脆”)的答案,实际的制动压力,一个过程被称为解模糊化，结合了模糊操作规则 “推理“描述”模糊专家系统”。

传统的控制系统是基于数学模型的控制系统,描述了使用一个或更多微分方程确定系统回应其输入。这类系统通常被作为“PID控制器”他们是产品的数十年的发展建设和理论分析,是非常有效的。

如果PID和其他传统的控制系统是如此的先进,何必还要模糊控制吗?它有一些优点。在许多情况下,数学模型的控制过程可能不存在,或太“贵”的认识论的计算机处理能力和内存,与系统的基于经验规则可能更有效。

此外,模糊逻辑都适合低成本实现基于廉价的传感器、低分辨率模拟/数字转换器,或8位单片机芯片one-chip 4比特。这种系统可以很容易地通过增加新的规则升级来提高性能或添加新功能。在许多情况下,模糊控制可以用来改善现有的传统控制器系统通过增加了额外的情报电流控制方法。

模糊控的细节

模糊控制器是很简单的理念上。它们是由一个输入阶段,一个处理阶段,一个输

黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

出阶段。地图传感器输入级或其他输入,比如开关等等,到合适的隶属函数和真理的价值。每一个适当的加工阶段调用规则和产生的结果对每个人来说,然后结合结果的规则。最后,将结果输出阶段相结合的具体控制输出回他的价值。

最常见的形状是三角形的隶属度函数,尽管梯形和贝尔曲线也使用,但其形状通常比数量更重要曲线及其位置。从三人至七人通常是适当的覆盖曲线所需要的范围的一个输入值,或“宇宙的话语“在模糊术语。

作为讨论之前,加工阶段是基于规则的集合的形式逻辑IFThen规则。作为一个例子,解释一个规则,因为如果(温度是“冷”),那么(加热器是“高”)由第一阶表达式冷(x)→高(y)和假设r是一个输入这样冷(r)是假的。然后公式冷(r)→高(t)是适用于任何一个师,因此任何不正确的控制提供了一种给r。很明显,如果我们考虑系统的先例的规则类定义一个分区这样一个自相矛盾的现象不会出现。在任何情况下它有时是不考虑两个变量x和y在一条规则没有某种功能的依赖。严谨的逻辑正当化中给出的模糊控制Hajek的书,被描绘成一个模糊控制理论的基本Hajek逻辑。在2005 Gerla模糊控制逻辑方法,提出了一种基于以下的想法。f模糊函数表示的系统与模糊控制相结合,即:给定输入r,s(y)f(r,y)是模糊集合可能的输出。然后给出一个可能的输出的t,我们把f(r,t)为真理程度的表示。更多的是任何系统的If-Then规则可转化为一个模糊的程序,在这种情况下模糊函数f模糊谓词的解释很好(x,y)在相关的最小模糊Herbrand

模型。以这样一种方式成为一个章模糊控制的模糊逻辑编程。学习过程成为一个问题属于归纳逻辑理论。

黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

Fuzzy Control From Wikipedia November 2011

Overview

Fuzzy logic is widely used in machine control.The term itself inspires a certain skepticism, sounding equivalent to ”half-baked logic“ or ”bogus logic“, but the ”fuzzy“ part does not refer to a lack of rigour in the method, rather to the fact that the logic involved can deal with concepts that cannot be expressed as ”true“ or ”false“ but rather as ”partially true“.Although genetic algorithms and neural networks can perform just as well as fuzzy logic in many cases, fuzzy logic has the advantage that the solution to the problem can be cast in terms that human operators can understand, so that their experience can be used in the design of the controller.This makes it easier to mechanize tasks that are already successfully performed by humans.History and applications

Fuzzy logic was first proposed by Lotfi A.Zadeh of the University of California at Berkeley in a 1965 paper.He elaborated on his ideas in a 1973 paper that introduced the concept of ”linguistic variables“, which in this article equates to a variable defined as a fuzzy set.Other research followed, with the first industrial application, a cement kiln built in Denmark, coming on line in 1975.Fuzzy systems were largely ignored in the U.S.because they were associated with artificial intelligence, a field that periodically oversells itself, especially in the mid-1980s, resulting in a lack of credibility within the commercial domain.The Japanese did not have this prejudice.Interest in fuzzy systems was sparked by Seiji Yasunobu and Soji Miyamoto of Hitachi, who in 1985 provided simulations that demonstrated the superiority of fuzzy control systems for the Sendai railway.Their ideas were adopted, and fuzzy systems were used to control accelerating, braking, and stopping when the line opened in 1987.Another event in 1987 helped promote interest in fuzzy systems.During an international meeting of fuzzy researchers in Tokyo that year, Takeshi Yamakawa demonstrated the use of fuzzy control, through a set of simple dedicated fuzzy logic chips, in an ”inverted pendulum“ experiment.This is a classic control problem, in which a vehicle tries to keep a pole mounted on its top by a hinge upright by moving back and forth.Observers were impressed with this demonstration, as well as later experiments by Yamakawa in which he mounted a wine glass containing water or even a live mouse to the top of the pendulum.The system maintained stability in both cases.Yamakawa eventually went on to organize his own fuzzy-systems research lab to help exploit his patents in the field.Following such demonstrations, Japanese engineers developed a wide range of fuzzy systems for both industrial and consumer applications.In 1988 Japan established

黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

the Laboratory for International Fuzzy Engineering(LIFE), a cooperative arrangement between 48 companies to pursue fuzzy research.Matsushita vacuum cleaners use micro controllers running fuzzy algorithms to interrogate dust sensors and adjust suction power accordingly.Hitachi washing machines use fuzzy controllers to load-weight, fabric-mix, and dirt sensors and automatically set the wash cycle for the best use of power, water, and detergent.Canon developed an autofocusing camera that uses a charge-coupled device(CCD)to measure the clarity of the image in six regions of its field of view and use the information provided to determine if the image is in focus.It also tracks the rate of change of lens movement during focusing, and controls its speed to prevent overshoot.The camera's fuzzy control system uses 12 inputs: 6 to obtain the current clarity data provided by the CCD and 6 to measure the rate of change of lens movement.The output is the position of the lens.The fuzzy control system uses 13 rules and requires 1.1 kilobytes of memory.As another example of a practical system, an industrial air conditioner designed by Mitsubishi uses 25 heating rules and 25 cooling rules.A temperature sensor provides input, with control outputs fed to an inverter, a compressor valve, and a fan motor.Compared to the previous design, the fuzzy controller heats and cools five times faster, reduces power consumption by 24%, increases temperature stability by a factor of two, and uses fewer sensors.The enthusiasm of the Japanese for fuzzy logic is reflected in the wide range of other applications they have investigated or implemented: character and handwriting recognition;optical fuzzy systems;robots, voice-controlled robot helicopters Work on fuzzy systems is also proceeding in the US and Europe.The US Environmental Protection Agency has investigated fuzzy control for energy-efficient motors, and NASA has studied fuzzy control for automated space docking: simulations show that a fuzzy control system can greatly reduce fuel consumption.Firms such as Boeing, General Motors, Allen-Bradley, Chrysler, Eaton, and Whirlpool have worked on fuzzy logic for use in low-power refrigerators, improved automotive transmissions, and energy-efficient electric motors.In 1995 Maytag introduced an ”intelligent“ dishwasher based on a fuzzy controller and a ”one-stop sensing module“ that combines a thermistor, for temperature measurement;a conductivity sensor, to measure detergent level from the ions present in the wash;a turbidity sensor that measures scattered and transmitted light to measure the soiling of the wash;and a magnetostrictive sensor to read spin rate.The system determines the optimum wash cycle for any load to obtain the best results with the least amount of energy, detergent, and water.Research and development is also continuing on fuzzy applications in software, as opposed to firmware, design, including fuzzy expert systems and integration of fuzzy logic with neural-network and so-called adaptive ”genetic“ software systems, with the ultimate goal of building ”self-learning“ fuzzy control systems.黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

Fuzzy sets

The input variables in a fuzzy control system are in general mapped into by sets of membership functions similar to this, known as ”fuzzy sets“.The process of converting a crisp input value to a fuzzy value is called ”fuzzification“.A control system may also have various types of switch, or ”ON-OFF“, inputs along with its analog inputs, and such switch inputs of course will always have a truth value equal to either 1 or 0, but the scheme can deal with them as simplified fuzzy functions that happen to be either one value or another.Given ”mappings“ of input variables into membership functions and truth values, the microcontroller then makes decisions for what action to take based on a set of ”rules“, each of the form.In one example, the two input variables are ”brake temperature“ and ”speed“ that have values defined as fuzzy sets.The output variable, ”brake pressure“, is also defined by a fuzzy set that can have values like ”static“, ”slightly increased“, ”slightly decreased“, and so on.This rule by itself is very puzzling since it looks like it could be used without bothering with fuzzy logic, but remember that the decision is based on a set of rules:

All the rules that apply are invoked, using the membership functions and truth values obtained from the inputs, to determine the result of the rule.This result in turn will be mapped into a membership function and truth value controlling the output variable.These results are combined to give a specific(”crisp“)answer, the actual brake pressure, a procedure known as ”defuzzification“.This combination of fuzzy operations and rule-based ”inference“ describes a ”fuzzy expert system“.Traditional control systems are based on mathematical models in which the control system is described using one or more differential equations that define the system response to its inputs.Such systems are often implemented as ”PID controllers“(proportional-integral-derivative controllers).They are the products of decades of development and theoretical analysis, and are highly effective.If PID and other traditional control systems are so well-developed, why bother with fuzzy control? It has some advantages.In many cases, the mathematical model of the control process may not exist, or may be too ”expensive“ in terms of computer processing power and memory, and a system based on empirical rules may be more effective.Furthermore, fuzzy logic is well suited to low-cost implementations based on cheap sensors, low-resolution analog-to-digital converters, and 4-bit or 8-bit one-chip microcontroller chips.Such systems can be easily upgraded by adding new rules to improve performance or add new features.In many cases, fuzzy control can be used to improve existing traditional controller systems by adding an extra layer of intelligence to the current control method.黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

Fuzzy control in detail

Fuzzy controllers are very simple conceptually.They consist of an input stage, a processing stage, and an output stage.The input stage maps sensor or other inputs, such as switches, thumbwheels, and so on, to the appropriate membership functions and truth values.The processing stage invokes each appropriate rule and generates a result for each, then combines the results of the rules.Finally, the output stage converts the combined result back into a specific control output value.The most common shape of membership functions is triangular, although trapezoidal and bell curves are also used, but the shape is generally less important than the number of curves and their placement.From three to seven curves are generally appropriate to cover the required range of an input value, or the ”universe of discourse“ in fuzzy jargon.As discussed earlier, the processing stage is based on a collection of logic rules in the form of IF-THEN statements, where the IF part is called the ”antecedent“ and the THEN part is called the ”consequent“.This rule uses the truth value of the ”temperature“ input, which is some truth value of ”cold“, to generate a result in the fuzzy set for the ”heater“ output, which is some value of ”high“.This result is used with the results of other rules to finally generate the crisp composite output.Obviously, the greater the truth value of ”cold“, the higher the truth value of ”high“, though this does not necessarily mean that the output itself will be set to ”high“ since this is only one rule among many.In some cases, the membership functions can be modified by ”hedges“ that are equivalent to adjectives.Common hedges include ”about“, ”near“, ”close to“, ”approximately“, ”very“, ”slightly“, ”too“, ”extremely“, and ”somewhat“.These operations may have precise definitions, though the definitions can vary considerably between different implementations.”Very“, for one example, squares membership functions;since the membership values are always less than 1, this narrows the membership function.”Extremely“ cubes the values to give greater narrowing, while ”somewhat“ broadens the function by taking the square root.In practice, the fuzzy rule sets usually have several antecedents that are combined using fuzzy operators, such as AND, OR, and NOT, though again the definitions tend to vary: AND, in one popular definition, simply uses the minimum weight of all the antecedents, while OR uses the maximum value.There is also a NOT operator that subtracts a membership function from 1 to give the ”complementary“ function.There are several ways to define the result of a rule, but one of the most common and simplest is the ”max-min“ inference method, in which the output membership function is given the truth value generated by the premise.Rules can be solved in parallel in hardware, or sequentially in software.The results of all the rules that have fired are ”defuzzified“ to a crisp value by one of several methods.There are dozens in theory, each with various advantages and drawbacks.The ”centroid“ method is very popular, in which the ”center of mass“ of the result provides the crisp value.Another approach is the ”height“ method, which takes the value of the biggest contributor.The centroid method favors the rule with the output of

黄石理工学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

greatest area, while the height method obviously favors the rule with the greatest output value.The diagram below demonstrates max-min inferring and centroid defuzzification for a system with input variables ”x“, ”y“, and ”z“ and an output variable ”n“.Note that ”mu“ is standard fuzzy-logic nomenclature for ”truth value“:

Fuzzy control system design is based on empirical methods, basically a methodical approach to trial-and-error.The general process is as follows:

1.Document the system's operational specifications and inputs and outputs.2.Document the fuzzy sets for the inputs.3.Document the rule set.4.Determine the defuzzification method.5.Run through test suite to validate system, adjust details as required.6.Complete document and release to production.Logical interpretation of fuzzy control In spite of the appearance there are several difficulties to give a rigorous logical interpretation of the IF-THEN rules.As an example, interpret a rule as IF(temperature is ”cold“)THEN(heater is ”high“)by the first order formula Cold(x)→High(y)and assume that r is an input such that Cold(r)is false.Then the formula Cold(r)→High(t)is true for any t and therefore any t gives a correct control given r.Obviously, if we consider systems of rules in which the class antecedent define a partition such a paradoxical phenomenon does not arise.In any case it is sometimes unsatisfactory to consider two variables x and y in a rule without some kind of functional dependence.A rigorous logical justification of fuzzy control is given in Hájek's book ,where fuzzy control is represented as a theory of Hájek's basic logic.Also in Gerla 2005 a logical approach to fuzzy control is proposed based on the following idea.Denote by f the fuzzy function associated with the fuzzy control system, i.e., given the input r, s(y)= f(r,y)is the fuzzy set of possible outputs.Then given a possible output 't', we interpret f(r,t)as the truth degree of the claim ”t is a good answer given r".More formally, any system of IF-THEN rules can be translate into a fuzzy program in such a way that the fuzzy function f is the interpretation of a vague predicate Good(x,y)in the associated least fuzzy Herbrand model.In such a way fuzzy control becomes a chapter of fuzzy logic programming.The learning process becomes a question belonging to inductive logic theory.

第三篇：4毕业设计(论文)中英文文献翻译

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

外文文献原稿和译文

Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to fire detection and monitoring system

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

Indexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoring Abstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants.The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line.The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed.A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure.The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations.It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g.by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Introduction Regulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building.Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc.A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :(a)The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b)An extra path of communication between the central station and all local controllers(c)Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d)Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e)Availability of emergency power supply.The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire.The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions.These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture.When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes.In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate.First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS.Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level.At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two.These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM, IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip.At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible.The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control.The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance.In terms of fire detection and

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements.A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation.This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design.This implementation was not possible with old technology.Most of fire detection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology.In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel.Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devices A basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation.An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detecting the byproduct of a combustion.Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly used detector devices.When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increases from the pA to the mA range(say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA)in the active mode.Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as those

given in Table 1.The more sensitive the detector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T.The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected;smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems.In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants.Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labour Our control philosophy is implemented hierarchically.Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making.There is no communication between equipment on the same level.Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands.This is shown in Fig.1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker(when not in manual mode).At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations.At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers.Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer.Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards.Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level.This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a)When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b)The decisions have uncertainty(c)It will isolate local decisions(e.g.locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardware I :Fig.2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms.The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel.This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible.However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling.In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking different

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

routes throughout the system may be connected in parallel.Fig.3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus.This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3.1 Central control task

A central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the system

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

activities.In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i)It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii)It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii)It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu)It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u)It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stations The local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs.In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g.the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level;the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented.The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer.This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations.The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a)It is CMOS technology;this reduces power consumption.(b)It has a UART on board;this facilitates serial communication.(e)It has an a/d converter on board;this eliminates an external A/D.(d)It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer;this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 System implementation The local station: Fig.3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig.4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form.It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller.The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator.In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open-and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions.More information can be found in Reference 9.Main loop

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 Conclusion This paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers.The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making.This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making.Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so.It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations.A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10].The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor(MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

monitor called Tutor.The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor.The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References 1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng., ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

译

文

基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统

A.J.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD D.AI-Khalili, MSc, PhD M.S.Khassem, MSc

关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测

摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。该系统采用多个单芯片架构到一条主线上。该控制算法是基于两级决策层次，因此分配了复杂性。一个完整的电路原理图，给出了主、分控制器所需的软件的结构要求。设计延续一般形式，这样可以适应于多种系统的配置。尤其显示出新的技术发展，特别是CMOS单芯片器件，在系统设计中的使用，以减少整体硬件的复杂性，例如，通过分解系统，这样的层次较低水平的控制器能够有一些决策自主权，用简单的分布式的方法解决了复杂的决策。

1、引言

大多数高风险地区和建筑物的管理要求安装火灾探测报警系统。多数国家消防规范的要求监测和控制具体的是危险场合或建筑物，如化工厂，石油类，核电厂，住宅高楼等这些场合的一般性质可以指定为下列要求 ：

（一）所有探测器信号源信号能被主处理器准确识别。

（二）主从控制器有另外的沟通路径。

（三）检测报警和主控制设备由控制中心控制。

（四）火灾现场和控制中心的通讯。

（五）提供的应急电源。

它也被用来应对特殊情况和进行深被检测。

火灾探测及报警系统是一个旨在信号，在一旦发生火警报警装置的组合。该系统也可实现风扇控制，防火门关闭或释放，电梯锁定，应急照明控制和其他

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

紧急任务。这些额外的功能补充由检测和报警装置和中央控制单元组成。

技术对系统结构有很深的影响。当技术的变革，该架构必须修订，以利用这些新的功能变化。近年来，超大规模集成电路技术已经大大进步。第一，NMOS在过去的一年或两年，CMOS芯片以相同的堆积密度拥有更多的门和更低的功耗。当然这种技术的变化必然影响在芯片和系统级我们的硬件设计。在芯片级，单芯片现在正在制作的是只相当于上一年或两年的水平。这些芯片有微处理器，RAM和ROM，IO端口存储器串行和并行，A / D转换定时器，和其他功能的芯片。在系统级，新的芯片做出新的结构成为可能。本文的目的是体现技术如何影响消防控制领域的系统结构。新的高密度的单芯片微控制器纳入一个大系统的设计，但我们可以得到了更好的性能，更小的系统。在火灾探测和报警监控系统中，这是直接反映在分控制站的硬件，因为地处偏远和电源的要求。一个完整的分控制站可以围绕着一个带电源的CMOS芯片设计。这种方法降低了成本和设计复杂性，方便实施和维护，并提供易于扩展和便携式设计。这是旧技术不可能实现的。大部分火灾检测/监测系统提供特定的应用程序，缺乏对CMOS超大规模集成电路技术的应用。在这项研究中，我们开发了火灾检测/监测系统，常规设计，易于执行的早期发现火警。在这里，我们提出一个中央控制和分发控制/检测/充分的沟通，如果使用的单芯片微控制器在分控制站，从而提高可控性和可观性的监测过程。

2、检测和报警装置

一个基本的火灾探测系统由两部分组成，检测和报警。自动检测设备有比如热，烟雾或火焰检测器，紫外线或红外线探测器或火焰闪烁，是基于检测 一个燃烧的副产品。烟雾探测器都电离和光类型，是最常用的检测设备。当这种类型的典型探测器进入报警状态产生的电流信号会从PA变成MA（比如，从单纯的15pA在休眠模式下为60毫安）在主动模式。在许多探测器的检测器输出电压明确在各种运行条件，例如见表1。越是敏感的检测器，它更容易受到虚假警报。为了控制探测器的精确，可使用下列方法：过滤技术，这样的逻辑电路成为活跃仅当x警报的时间内检测周期T。检测技术在很大程度上取决于地点和植物受到保护，烟雾探测器是睡觉的地方，红外线和紫外线辐射探

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

测器，检测易燃液体燃烧，热探测器用于灭火和灭火系统。一般来说，生命和财产保护有不同的做法。报警装置，从通常的声响或视觉报警外，还可以采用固态的声音再现和紧急话音通信或打印机，记录时间，日期，地点和其他资料。Heavisid [4] 拥有一支优秀的审查探测器和灭火器的各种制度。

2.1控制理念和分工

我们的理念是实施控制等级。三个层次的系统级的实施，两个级别的决策。之间没有设备，在同一层次的沟通。交互各级之间发生了向上的信息传输有关的子系统和向下状态转移的命令。这是图所示。1，其中第1级是中央控制站，是微机最终（在不手动模式）决策者。第2级是当地控制器，建立在当地的站。第3级是实际检测器和驱动器。在各级提供手操作模式。所有探测器的数据和分处理器是当地控制的基础。他们将信息浓缩，并转交中央处理器。信息传递的地位始终是单向及以上。命令传输是单向的总是向下，并在扩大局部控制的水平。这种方法保留了层次的准确监测检测和严格的规则高风险的核电站警报系统。两个控制层的分类是基于决策层。

（一）在届时的决定，提出和决定的执行情况不能再拖延

（二）决定的不确定性

（三）将隔离当地的决定（例如，我们可能会在当地报警，但有可能有故障系统）

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3、硬件

图.2描绘了我们的设计最简单的形式。这个系统采用四个导体开放的路线，在所有远程共享一个循环电缆设备和控制面板。这种方法简单，经济上可行。但是，一个主要缺点是对一个单一的电力和信号电缆的依赖。在重要环境下，可靠性是极其重要的。固可采用两个甚至三个电缆采取不同的线路连接，可并行连接。图.3是驱动电路必须得一个扩展总线。采用这种设计在单片机技术的最新发展优势减少与中央控制站和地方控制站的接口。

3.1中央控制任务

中央站点提供了一个集中点，以监测和控制系统的活动。在该系统介绍了中央控制单元的目的（一）它得到了分控制站的信息和控制警钟及其他输出设备。

（二）它提示在系统出现故障时的操作。

（三）它提供了一个全面系统的手动和自动控制。

（四），它提供了中央和分站的系统测试点。

（五）它提供了一个中心点观察，学习和适应。

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

3.2 分控制站

分控制站的决定可以控制处理当地的信息。这种技术我们就依靠负载型协调下级单位，承认在同一水平上的其他决定单位的存在;中央或高层提供了一个较低的单位模型之间的行动和系统响应的关系。很明显，一个强大的机器，需要在这个阶段，使所有需要的功能得到有效执行。该芯片的新一代供应使得该体系结构的解决变得可行。

单片机被选中了离散的数字和模拟设备接口，到外地设备和中央微机。这是最主要的原因，以前这种做法是不可行的。该芯片的选择的，包含要求的模拟和数字接口所需的端口和CMOS技术的运用，由于地处偏僻的分控制站最一体化。这个选择是摩托罗拉68HC11A4，理由如下：

（1）它是CMOS技术，这可减少电力消耗。

（2）它有一个UART，这有利于串行通信。

（3）它有一个A / D转换器上，这消除了外部A / D转换

（4）它有一个4K的ROM，256 K内存，512K EERROM字节40个I/O端口的线路和一个16位定时器;符合分控制站所有的内存和1 / 0的要求。

4、系统实施

分控制站：图.3 是用于一个远程火灾报警MC68HCllA4电路框图

检测电路：图.4这是前一个电路的扩展形式。可以看出单片机可用于监控多个探测器，从而降低了系统成本。

回路电源，通常在26到28V之间，通常五伏一百毫安单片低功耗电压调节器供电的微控制器。板载振荡器，是一个2.4576 MHz的外部晶体结合，提供时间信号，它被分为4个内部收益率为614.4千赫，这是一个更多的RS 232 [7]波特率发生器的处理器频率微控制器。

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

5、主循环

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

6、结论

本文描述了一个大规模的火灾探测及报警系统，使用多的发展，单芯片微型计算机。该架构是采用两个层次的决策层次。这种架构是可以用到的新的CMOS微控制器，低功耗，并在数据处理功能强大的高堆积密度和决策。每个地方控制站可以自主作出的决定如果上级机构，允许它这样做。一般格式化系统设计，因此它可以适应不同的情况。所描述的系统原型已经建成并测试。中央控制站的控制部分是基于MC 68000微处理器（墨西哥68KECB摩托罗拉），它有一个内置的显示器称为导师。该应用程序都是使用这个显示器提供的特性。本地基站控制器的设计采用了MC68705R3单片机。

7、参考文献 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.120 2 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 1982 3 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea.Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp.353-363 4 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’.Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings,4, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp.509-522 5 CELLENTANI，E.N.，and

HUMPHREY，W.Y.:

‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specif: Eng., 6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’(Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’(EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical

湖北理工学院 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

multilevel systems’(Academic Press, 1970)KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc.thesis, Dept.of Elec.& Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1985 10 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept.of Elec.and Comp.Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986

第四篇：教学论文例4

教学论文例文

体育教学论文

体育课堂教学几种常用教学手段

定安思源实验学校 廖至松

一.游戏教学法

运动游戏，也称为体育游戏，是由基础运动动作组成的、具有情节的体育手段。是一项古老的、至今仍充满活力的活动。运动游戏具有基础性、简易性、情节性、趣味性、教育性、适应性、开放性、娱乐性等。孩子在幼儿园接受过的体育教育也恰恰正是这种运动游戏，为了使小、幼体育教育自然过渡，使孩子能很快适应正规的体育，在一年级第一学期仍应多采用这种游戏教学方法。虽然教学以游戏为主，但是游戏目的应更加明确，这一阶段主要是培养学生的课堂常规，因此游戏的设计要有很强的针对性。

1.课堂常规方面的游戏设计。常规教学中的队列训练，学生不仅会感到特别枯燥而且不容易作对、作好。站队时，应给每人编上号，然后通过“找找火车头”“找找小伙伴”和“快快集合”的游戏，帮助学生很快记住自己在队伍里所处的位置，井能很迅速站好队。

六、七岁孩子的空间知觉很差，对事物的形状、大小、特别是方位认识模糊。但可以通过“咕噜，咕噜捶”“请你向我这样做”“吹泡泡”“图形跑”和“无声操”等游戏，使学生的空间知觉得到较快提高。

2.教材部分的游戏设计。小学体育教材与幼儿园的体育教材不同，它不单纯是由游戏构成，它还包括走、跑、跳、投、技巧、攀爬等技术性项目。在教学时这些技术不仅要教会学生，而且还要让他们兴趣十足。因此游戏要设计的巧妙，既不能喧宾夺主又不能使学生感到枯燥乏味，如走步教材，它主要是培养学生走步能力，是跑步教材的过渡性教材。在教学中，有些教师把这一教材单纯理解为“齐步走”，只片面的强调整齐，而忽略了走步教材的真正目的。成人化、军事化的训练更是使孩子产生了畏难情绪。这类教材应多采用学生喜闻乐见的游戏，如“月月花”、“击响走”“模仿人物走、模仿动物走”“蚂蚁搬家”、“两人三足走”“穿大板鞋走”“滑雪橇走”等等。跑步是孩子喜欢的项目，但教学的组织形式毫无变化，孩子也会很快失去兴趣。在教学中加一些游戏，如“老狼老狼几点了”、“邮递员送信”、“抓尾巴”、“小动物赛跑——圆周跑”、“迎面接力”等，这样孩子们就会自发的在教师的引导下玩着、奔跑着，欢笑着。

3.放松部分的游戏设计。放松的方法多种多样，但其目的都是一样，都是使身心放松、愉悦。游戏方法较其它方法更加简便易行。如游戏“抓舌头”、“给球打气”、“参观自然保护区——模仿各种小动物”、“风吹雪花飘”等，这些游戏具有简单，有趣，运动量小的特点。能够起到很好的放松作用。

4.过渡性游戏的设计。游戏不仅可以作为主要教材出现，它还可以作为过渡性教材出现。其目的是使课中所有教材衔接紧凑，过渡自然。如在篮球和实心球教材中，拿球、放球的小游戏就要精心设计。“头上胯下传球”、“腰部左右传球”、“传地滚球”、“双脚夹球跳去跳回”等等。通过这些游戏，不仅使孩子人手一球，更重要的是活跃了课堂气氛。

二.情境教学法

情境法是融言、行、情为一体的教学方法，它是利用创设情境来激发学生参与的情绪，引导学生对知识技能的理解和掌握，启发学生思维的积极性，培养情感意识，达到师生信息交流的方法。情境法的运用，通常体现在以下方面：

1.作为处理教材的手段。可以根据一堂课的几项（通常为两项）基本教材，创设一个连贯的情境；如创设以“劳动教育”为主题的情境，整节课以田间劳动（劳动模仿操）为主题如打害虫——捡麦穗，颗粒归仓（游戏）——庆丰收（放松小舞蹈）用一条劳动的主线贯穿起来。这样的教育内容更加现实化、形象化，学生易于接受。

2.作为课堂导入的一种手段。如学习立定跳远，可以从童话故事“小蝌蚪找妈妈”导入课堂。教师用语言描绘法描述故事情节的同时，师生共同进入角色，模仿小蝌蚪寻找妈妈时遇见的各种小动物，如小猫、大公鸡、小鸭子、大象、小猴子、小兔子、最后找到了青蛙妈妈。于是引出青蛙妈妈教本领，这个本领就是立定跳远。

3.作为开始准备、整理活动的手段。通过模仿各种动物形态、各种人物状态，以及各种事物如小汽车、大火车、马车、大气球等等，达到身体由相对安静状态向运动状态过渡或由运动状态向相对安静状态过渡的目的。如将四队学生分别模仿开四辆不同的大汽车，然后做搭桥、钻桥的游戏，最后四队接成一列长长的火车。这个情境的设计，主要目的是进行主要教材之前的热身运动，通过改变慢跑形式提高学生的兴趣。

4.作为组织教学的手段。要求学生（小组或个人）以最快速度，到达指定的场地位置，或站成规定的队形，或完成布置场地、器材的任务而创设的情境活动。如将梯形队调成半圆形队时，可以让学生模仿小燕子飞过去、蚂蚁搬家的游戏走过去、或者是四队可分别模仿开大汽车、开拖拉机、赶马车、推着小推车，跑到教师指定的地点。

5.作为渗透思想教学的重要任务之一。在设制模仿人物形象的情境时，应引导学生从人物形象的模仿逐步转化到人物行为的学习上来。如一位教师设计了“红军不怕远征难”的模仿红军叔叔的情境，在模仿红军爬雪山、过草地、过铁索桥的过程中，不失时机地向学生进行了爱国主义、集体主义教育，以及学习解放军叔叔那种听从指挥、遵守纪律、在困难面前顽强、勇敢、不屈不挠的精神。

三.唱游教学法

唱游教学法是低年级学生喜闻乐见的一种教学方法。它通过形象的模仿活动和具有简单情节的表现活动，培养学生节奏感、协调性以及审美能力。运用唱游教学法的时机分别为：

1.一年级新生入学前两周的学前教育期间。一年级新生在入学前，通常要经过两周的常规教育，体育也不例外。如果一上来就教学生稍息、立正、队列等课堂常规，学生会感到枯燥且不适应。通过唱游教学法，可以引起学生对体育的兴趣，使学生觉得“上学、上课”并不是一件可怕的事情，打消学生对老师的恐惧心理，促使师生情感和谐融洽。

2.经常作为准备活动的手段。准备活动总是做一种徒手操，学生会感到很枯燥很厌烦。如果结合教材经常变换一些新操，如“小动物模仿操”、“劳动模仿操”、“垫上操”、“圈操”、“球操”、“绳操”等，学生在优美的乐声中即锻炼了身体又陶冶了情操。

3.作为整理活动的手段。整理活动是体育教学过程中的一个重要环节，也是巩固教学质量与教学效果的重要途径。运用唱游教学法，可以克服整理活动中教学呆板、单调的现象，增加娱乐性、实效性，提高学生参与练习的兴趣，消除学生的心理及生理疲劳。唱游教学法，切实可行地为学生创造了良好的教学环境，使学生在身心负荷较宽松的欢乐气氛中，接受体育的启蒙教育。

四.儿歌教学法

教师的语言修养，是体育教育艺术的体现之一。体育运动生活气息很浓，从客观上给体育教学的讲解提供了内容丰富、生动形象的语言环境，以简练的语言讲清动作的概念和要领，起到画龙点睛的作用。儿歌教学法正是如此。它语言简练、通俗易懂、便于理解记忆，深受学生喜爱。如齐步走的儿歌：挺胸抬头，摆臂有力，横排对齐，竖行对正，自视前方，先迈左脚。前滚翻儿歌：下蹲低头手撑垫，蹬地提臀向前翻，肩背着垫抱小腿，蹬地团身是关键。

第五篇：论文 文献综述

广告英语语言特色探析

摘要：广告英语作文一种应用语言，已经逐渐从普通英语语言中独立出来，发展为一种具有创新、精炼、生动、活泼等风格的非规范化的专用语言，它不仅在词语的运用‘句型的谋划上巧妙精细，在修辞的运用上也颇为讲究，从而产生独特的宣传效果，有效地影响受众对产品的态度，以达到推销产品的目的。关键词：广告英语；词汇特色；句法特征；修辞手法

广告即“广而告之”，它是广告主有计划的通过各种形式的媒体向公众传播信息，以推销商品、劳务、宣传各种启事或观念的信息传播手段。广告除了有帮助消费者认识商品的作用外，还有诱发消费者感情，引起购买欲望、促进消费行动的心理功能，并能给消费者以美感享受的美学功能。

中国加入WTO后，中西方贸易的日益频繁，大量的外国商品涌入中国市场，同时大量的中国商品也出口到国外市场，市场的竞争使广告的使用更加频繁，广告大战几乎趋于白热化，忧郁英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言，因而成了许多国家推销商品的广告语言，形成了广告英语这一比较特殊的英语文体，它也成为一种具有很高商业价值的实用文体。广告英语作为这种应用语言，受多门学科的诸多影响，使其具有独特的语言特征，从英语语言学角度究其原因则是因为它在选词撒会难过具有独特的特点，主要表现在词汇、句法和修辞手法三个方面，这些语言特点使广告词丰富多彩，引人入胜，说服力强。修辞手法的运用也别具一格，如语意双关、文字游戏等，使人感到幽默中见智慧，平淡中显新奇。广告语言在形式上极具鲜明特点，或行文平整，对仗押韵，或节奏感强，朗朗上口，或一鸣惊人、耳目一新，有耐人寻味、久久不忘之效。广告是一门浓缩的、综合的、商业性的艺术。做为一种应用语言，广告英语已成为一种独立的语体，广告英语作为一个独立体系已成为一个语言表达的重要方面，引起人们越来越多的关注。因此，研究广告英语的语言特色具有十分重要的意义。

本人通过收集大量的有关广告英语方面的文献资料，在探析英语语言在广告词中的有关资料中，通过本人的总结得出：多数资料主要从广告英语的词汇特色，句法特征和修辞手法的运用这三个方面阐述了广告英语作为一种应用语言与普通英语的区别，并慎重对待英汉广告语在遣词造句方面存在的差别。对此问题的研究是具有现实意义的：首先，一则绝妙的广告是设计者匠心独运，精心雕琢的心血之作，它简明扼要，通俗易懂，一字传神。它在有限的空间、时间、篇幅内

传播信息，建立形象，刺激消费。因此，阅读和欣赏精彩的广告，了解其语言特色，对我们提高语言的能力，拓宽知识面，培养对英语语言的审美意识。其次一则成功的广告可以吸引人们对商品的兴趣，便于消费者根据广告提供的信息及时找到自己需要购买的商品，丰富、活跃人们的精神文化生活，改变人们的消费观念，引导人们的消费潮流。最后，广告作为争夺市场的策略，能够帮助企业拓宽国内、国际市场，有效地宣传企业的产品，增加厂商的利润。

正是在这种背景和研究意义之下，本人在数据搜索中，主要在中国知网期刊全文数据库，在搜索过程中，本人主要采取输入“题名”为主要的搜索方式，如需要广告英语方面相关的文献、论文及观点，本人就会在“检索词”里输入“boby language”，通过网络搜索和图书馆查阅者两种途径，本人就可以获得756篇有关文献资料，但实际上课提供本人实际需要的可能最多只有50篇。

在所借鉴参考的文献几书目中，本人根据需要方面对它们进行了细分，对此主要将它们分为以下几方面分别进行简述：

<一> 论证广告英语语言的词汇特色方面的文献、论文及相关观点简介 这一部分涉及的文献主要是为了研究广告用语的词汇方面具有的特征，为了寻求强有力的实例支持，相关主要文献有：

1.Leech.Geoffrey N.：《Advertising in English》

在本书中英国语言学家G.H.Leech（1966）对广告英语中的形容词和动词分别做了研究，其中动词按其频率高低依次排列，前二十个分别是：make, get, give, have, see, buy, come, go, know,keep, look, need, love, use, feel, like, choose, take, start, taste。这些高频动词均为单音节词（monosyllable）。这些单音节动词在人们的日常生活中经常使用，可以说是英语中的核心词汇，易读易懂、意义明确。易于为人接受。同时让受众一目了然、印象深刻，很容易引起受众的注意合兴趣，又有助于强调广告的主题

2.陈贇贇： 《广告英语的高频动词及其词组的研究》

作者指出，动词是增加广告语言表现力的一种有效手段。该文试图探究广告英语中高频动词的特点以及动词词组的相关特征。该项研究结果试图为两个问题提供实证依据：（1）广告英语中最常见的动词有何特点？（2）为什么广告英语中的动词词组多以一般现在时和主动语态出现？这一分析结果不仅可以给英语广告的创作者以及英语学习者增进知识水平，而且也有助于增强对语言的认知和运

用能力。

3.郭贵龙 ：广告英语中造新词的时效、方法及汉译

笔者对如何体现现代广告英语中生造新词的时效性；如何生造新词，翻译生造新词要注意哪些问题等提出了自己的见解，作者概况了广告英语模拟新造词的几种方法：简化拼写创造广告英语新词、巧用错拼创造英语新词、使用前缀和后缀生造广告英语新词、合理组合创新广告英语新词组、虚构复合前置修饰语创新词、借用外来语创造生词。拼凑广告生造词增强了广告的“记性价值”、“审美价值”及“情感价值”。

<二> 论证广告英语语言的句法特色方面的文献、论文及相关观点简介

1.韩礼德，哈桑 ：：《英语的衔接》

广告英语语篇的构成机制不同于其他语篇的构成机制广告的形式和内容必须引人注目,通俗易懂,并且要使人读后印象深刻。正是这些需要使广告语篇的衔接机制不完全等同于一般语篇的衔接机制,而是形成了自己的衔接风格。礼德把衔接分为语法衔接(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)两种。语法衔接又分为四种:照应(reference)、省略(ellipsis)、替代(substitution)和连接(conjunction)。词汇衔接也分四种:重复(repetition)、同义P反义(synonymyPantonymy)、上下义P局部—整体关系(hyponymy meronymy)和搭配(collocation)。,王小芳 ：《广告英语标题的句法探析》

本文旨在从句法层次方面对英语广告标题的特征作出分析探讨，在句型方面作者具体表现在简单句、主动态、祈使句、陈述句、省略句及感叹句等运用，使广告英语具有文字简洁别致、措辞独特新颖，句式精彩纷呈。

3.古玉芳、雷云 ：《广告英语主题句的简约原则》

作者认为广告主需要承担广告费用，因而简约就成为经济原则在广告业中具体体现，经济原则是人类行为的一条根本性原则，对于语言而言，主要是尽量使用较少的、省力的语言单位来尽可能多的传递信息在此原则的指导下，广告语言的常用手段之一就是省略。本文从词汇、句法及文化语境方面进行了省略句式的分析，在简约原则指导下的省略，是英语广告主题句中非常常见且值得重视的现象。

<三> 论证广告英语语言的修辞手法方面的文献、论文及相关观点简介

1.布占廷 ：《广告英语口号中头韵修辞探微》

作者指出，为达到最佳宣传效果，广告口号中大量运用头韵的修辞手法。文中把头韵修辞细分为词首辅音的重复、词首辅音连缀的重复、词首元音的重复、词首音节的重复、词首字母的重复、词首字母重复但是发音不同、相近发音的重复、非重读音节中或音节的中间或末尾。同时还阐述了构成头韵多用力量强的爆破音、摩擦音等，具有一定的语音象征性。本文结合大量的语料，就广告英语口号中头韵的种类几押韵辅音的分布特点展开讨论。

2.刘晓霞 ：《论广告英语双关语语用功能与技巧》

作者认为在众多修辞手法中, 最受欢迎并且引起广大学者与研究者注意的的是双关语，作者把双关分为一词多义双关、同音异义双关、仿拟双关、语法双关等。双关语的运用, 能打动人心, 激发人们的购买欲望。但从语用学的角度去分析双关语,它违背了Grice提出的合作原则中的第四种, 即说话人公然不执行某一准则。运用恰当的双关语能产生幽默、风趣、经济和警告的作用, 使人享受语言的美。

3.周结：《广告英语中的修辞特色》

广告英语中修辞手法运用频繁，本文着重探讨了广告英语中比喻、仿拟、双关押韵夸张排比设问等修辞手法的特色。广告英语的词法和句法以多种不同形式表现，构成了广告英语语言浓缩精炼简洁扼要创意新颖生动别致富于幽默韵律优美等他的，使广告语言成为人类社会展现语言艺术的重要方面。

以上是本论文作者研究撰写论文时一些参阅借鉴的书籍专著、相关文章及学术期刊，这些资料主要是与广告英语相关的一些知识，与本论文研究广告英语语言特色的内容密切相关，而且这些资料大部分涉及到具体的广告英语并提供了许多的实例。本人对广告英语语言特色不得不参阅和综合这些专业大家的文献资料，需要指出的是这些资料多是专业人士或行业权威的成功论著，也是众多相关课题研究的主要参阅借鉴对象，其权威性不容置疑。在这些资料中，相关到广告英语细致而深入的研究，包括词汇特色、句法特征和修辞手法都对本论文以后极大的参阅价值。广告英语作为传播信息的手段，其研究范围和角度都很宽。就目前来说，无论是专业人士或行业权威对广告英语的研究都全面且深刻，但是广告英语复杂且多变，对其研究空间还是相当大。

参考文献

[ 1] 陈贇贇.广告英语的高频动词及其词组的研究[J].安徽。安徽文学。2009

[ 2] Leech G N.Advertising in English [ M].Lond on: Longman ,1966.[ 3]郭贵龙.告英语中造新词的时效、方法及汉译[J]培正商学院报.2004

[ 4] 赵静.广告英语[ M ] 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 1993.[ 5]韩礼德，哈桑英语的衔接[M]外遇教学与研究出版社2007

[ 6] 布占廷 广告英语口号中头韵修辞探微[J]东方论坛 2010

[ 7]古玉芳、雷云 广告英语标题句的简约原则[J]网络财富 2010

[8]周结 广告英语中的修辞特色[J]咸宁学院学报 2010

[9]刘晓霞 论广告英语双关语用功能与技巧[J]山东理工大学学报 2010

[10]王小芳 广告英语标题的句法探析[J]牡丹江教育学院学报 2007

[11]孙晓丽 广告英语与实例[M]中国广播电视出版社 1995