学术英语1200论文

第一篇：学术英语1200论文

My understanding of Taoism

刘冬明103001700053思想政治教育

I have been interested in Taoism for a long time.I feel that it is so fantastic, abstruse and mysterious.Every time when I read Tao Te Ching, I feel that I am enlightened.Taoism is our local philosophy and it has a longer history than Confucianism.Taoism was set up by Lao Tzu and carried forward by Chuang Tzu.Different to western philosophy, traditional Chinese philosophy, like Taoism, is not predominantly concerned with finding out the truth about reality, but is more practical as it is the concern about how to live one’s life.I think that as far as we put more effort into learning Taoism, we can get great inspiration in our lives.And I am fascinated into the thought of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu.There are two main schools of thought as to the origin of Taoism.One sticks to the point that Taoism is a development of early animism and magical practices.And to support this theory there is the legend of yellow emperor, who was regarded as our earliest ancestor and reputed to have been instructed in magic and mysticism.The other thought maintain that classic Taoism began with Lao Tzu though the doctrine of Tao existed earlier.Taoism was not so prosperous after Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu and the element of magic was so prominent in later decadent Taoism.But in the teachings of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu, the element of magic and mystery was expunged.Nowadays, as classic Taoism is mainly based on Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching, the Book of Chuang Tzu and only a few

fragments before them, the Taoism that was developed by Chuang Tzu as a rarefied metaphysical teaching and a protest against magic and popular superstitions is more easier to be accepted by scholars.Similar to Confucianism, Taoism is the philosophy of the art of living and relationships;it deals with the whole of nature and Man’s place in it.But Taoism has a different attitude to life as to Confucianism.Taoists advocate that we should lead a life under the path of Tao and not to painstakingly fight for those plenty of things we want.What we thirstily need is to learn from the nature and let all the things go just like it wants to.Different to Taoists’ attitude that seems negative, Confucianism has a more positive manner to life.Confucianists want to build a moral society with strict manner and indiscriminate love.To achieve this goal, one should first cultivate one’s moral character and then establish a harmonious family, only after which can one rule a country and finally pacify the whole world.It is really easy to identify this difference when we return to history.For most part of Confucius’s life, he travelled round all the countries at his age and hoped that some of the emperors would hire him and accept his idea about how to rule a country.Unfortunately, he failed and determined to devote his life to teaching and pass down his thought.On the contrary, Lao Tzu just lived his commonplace life and didn’t even want to be a bureaucrat or let someone know and understand his thought.What he had passed down is only a five

thousand words book—The Tao Te Ching.As far as Jean Campbell Cooper, a scholar major in philosophy, can see, Taoism is the philosophy of the rhythm of life and simplicity of mind and spirit together with the absence of the calculated activities, as expressed in the doctrine of the wu-wei, and the presence of spontaneity, balance and harmony.The main topic of this idea is to rely on the power that everything have inside and not to try to have a hand in it.The more we do, the more worthless our effort is.In Cooper’s opinion, the basic aim of the Taoism is the attaining of the balance and harmony between the yin and yang, know as the Two Great Powers, the two poles between which all manifestation takes place.In the eyes of Taoists, everything consists of yin and yang.When yin and yang are resolved into one, they created everything.In Taoism, the primordial One becomes Two in creation and the Two becomes Three and so on in an ever-increasing multiplicity in the realm of phenomena and manifestation.The harmony between yin and yang is not easy to gain.It is useless to try to impose this on the world from outside.The only thing we can do is to reform ourselves and achieve total harmlessness, both to self and others.Although one or two may have achieved the balance, they can’t help others, they can offer nothing worthwhile to the world.If they, or we can say the sages, try to help, they will break the equilibrium.The essential part of Taoism is “Tao”.Then, what is “Tao”? Tao

exists by itself and has no shape.Tao is permanent and metaphysical.It is the principle inside.With the influence of Tao, everything is born and goes under the path of it.There is a sentence in Tao Te Ching, human learns from the earth, the earth learns from the heaven, the heaven learns from Tao and Tao learns from the nature.So for the Taoist, virtue lies not in morality but in an inward quality of obedience to the Nature, in simplicity and spontaneity.Sages have no pursuit of anything;they just go under the path or the way.As Lao Tzu had said, the Tao is the most simple.Simplicity is required to deal with the complexities of life in human nature and in one’s self.But simplicity is rather difficult.We are easy to complicate things and involved in endless thinking, analysis, imagining and project, what is so-called monkey-mind.A large part of the problems of life are self-created by this monkey-mind.Wu-wei or motivelessness can enable us to calm down and cease the futility of contrived action which leads only to separation, hardness, ethics, self-righteousness, and ultimate strife.For Taoism man is not the measure of the university but the mediator between the Two Great Powers, Heaven and Earth, and he should maintain the balance between them, physically, mentally, and spiritually.To achieve this, human should be positioned in the Middle Way, a position which enables man to communicate with both powers and avoid extremes.In Taoism, the primordial One becomes Two in creation and the Two becomes Three and so on in an ever-increasing multiplicity in the realm of phenomena and manifestation.So, the Tao is both the one and the All.It comprises both the unique and the commonplace in the world.It is the changeless source of endless change and transformation in nature and the manifest world;it is the passive source of activity.With the cooperation of the One and the Many, yin and yang, Tao creates the whole universe.The ideal country in Lao Tzu’s mind is a small country with a small population.And the philosophy of Lao Tzu is the pioneer dialectical thought in china.I think the thought of Taoism is of great use and importance in our present life.Since we have always tried our best to complete with others, the moral degeneration of the world is getting worse day by day.To obtain a better life, we have spared no effort in changing the nature and extorting resources from it.We may be the most prosperous generation than ever before.But what we are doing is to destroy the whole nature, the whole world and the whole earth.If we continue our action to the nature, we may have killed ourselves one day.So what we should do now is to obey the nature and obtain harmony and balance between the nature and the manifest world.Only when we have achieved balance between yin and yang can we live a better life.Foot notion

Some sentences in my text are quoted from An Illustrated Introduction to Taoism: The Wisdom of the Sages

第二篇：英语论文

农村的中学英语课堂教学

如何实施目标教学, 优化教学过程, 推进素质教育并在课堂教学中融进素质教育，就农村的中学英语教学而言, 我认为最好的方法就是让课堂教学活起来。那么, 在中学英语教学中, 怎样才能让课堂教学活起来呢?

一、利用各种教学媒体, 激活教科书, 让学生更易理解接受。

.在教学中, 我们应想方设法, 利用电教器材如TV、VCD、电脑、收音机等, 让教科书活起来、动起来、形象起来、发出声来, 让活的教科书震撼学生的心灵、开发学生的智力, 培养学生的创新能力。如我在讲Shopping 这一课时, 就利用共享中的教学软件, 将各种商品的图片展现在电脑上,让学生充当购物者, 运用所学过的句型进行现场模拟练习, 使课堂变得有声有色、生动有趣。学生则充满激情, 很好地理解和掌握了教学内容, 并能模仿自编自演对话, 达到了活学活用的效果。

二、重视学生的主体地位, 发扬教学民主, 创设和谐气氛, 增强学生的参与意识, 让学生在课堂中活起来

2.树立学生的自信心与勇气, 增强学生的参与意识。英语学科的教学特色是充分发挥其语言功能, 讲究对话的艺术。这就要求教师引导学生全体主动参与, 使其克服羞于开口的毛病, 积极参与语言交际活动。在英语教学中, 我常常用表扬和鼓励的话语激励学生, 让学生能够大胆地表现自己, 每一课都尽量创设大量情境并提供广泛的语言材料, 让学生进行听说读写训练。如Unit 8 My family 和Unit 9 A birthday party 的教学, 我先让学生看图听录音跟读, 然后口述,并运用句型进行家庭及人物的介绍, 再自编自演对话。这样, 本来只有几句话的内容, 经过处理, 就成为一个生动有趣的说话练习了。长期的训练, 使学生由克服了说英语的胆怯心理, 变得自然大方, 而且不时有出色的表现。

三、教师转变观念, 让教学方法与教学手段活起来

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一、呆板的教学方法与手段, 只能让课堂变得枯燥乏味。新课程背景下的英语课堂教学应是快节奏的、灵活多样的、丰富多彩的, 而不是黑白无声的。教师上课节奏要快, 以训练学生的反应、思维。学生的有意注意时间大多不超过20 分钟, 注意力易分散, 一旦教学方法呆板、节奏慢, 就会出现学生做小动作或小声讲话等不良习惯。因此, 教师应抓住学生注意力集中的短暂时刻, 用学生能接受的节奏组织形式多样的课堂活动, 如游戏、唱歌、做动作、抢答竞赛等, 使学生既紧张又活泼, 在轻松愉快而又紧张刺激的氛围中学习。这样, 学生的学习积极性高, 不会感到厌倦, 对知识记忆得也特别牢固, 教学效果自然较好。

四、优化合理的课堂结构:

(l)灵活运用“五步教学法”。(2)对好单词关。培养兴趣，激发求知欲;直观教学，增强感官印象;总结规律，记忆单词。(3)过好导课关。“温故而知新”，在复习基础上，巧设情景，引出新语言项目，再启发学生观察、分析、归纳。由学生尝试去总结悟出新语言的规律，并让学生在练中学、学中练。

五、发扬民主, 营造和谐气氛, 注重培养学生学习英语的兴趣激发学生的学习兴趣，帮助学生形成学习动机让学生动起来

（1）诱发学习动机、激发学习兴趣。学生的学习活动总是由一定的学习动机引起的, 只有当学生喜欢学、要求学, 有迫切的学习愿望时, 他们才能自觉积极地投入到学习活动中去。那么, 学生的这种学习动机从何而来呢? 这就要靠教师的教学艺术, 要靠教师组织富有成效的学习活动去诱发学生的学习动机、激发学习兴趣、活跃学生的思维, 如设置悬念、创设情境等, 将学生置于心求通而未达, 口欲言而不能的心理状态。如组织课前活动时, 我通常以听说训练为重点,利用课前的几分钟, 开展Free talk 活动, 其中内容包括日常生活中常用的问候句型、自我介绍句型, 以及日期、天气的正确表达方法, 让学生以轻松、愉快的心情迎来即将开始的英语课。

（2）.心理学家告诉我们, 爱动是孩子的天性。在英语教学中, 教师应将“动中学、学中动”有机结合, 使学生动脑、动口、动眼、动耳、动手, 以最佳心理状态投入到学习中去。如在教学Unit 3 In my schoolbag 时, 我一边教学新单词、一边让学生运用句型猜测老师的提包和笔盒中分别有什么。这样, 学生学得趣味盎然, 教师也教得轻松自如。兴趣是一种学习的动力，学习英语的兴趣越浓，学习的积极性就越高，学习的效果就越好。课堂教学是教师激发学生学习兴趣，提高学生参与行为的重要场所之一，教师应尽力使自己的课生动有趣。学生在课堂教学过程中发挥出的主体作用反过来又促进了教师的课堂教学质量的提高，教与学真正进人良性循环。著名心理学家布鲁纳说过“学习最好的刺激是对所学教材的兴趣”，对学生来说，“兴趣”将直接影响学习效果。新教材内容贴近学生的生活，在教学的过程中，应充分挖掘其趣味性，唤起情感共鸣，引起学生兴趣。教师应做到备学生、备教材，设计每一节课，都使其有趣味性。创造和谐的课堂气氛，充分调动学生的主动性和积极性，应尽量多扬少抑，哪怕这个学生仅仅取得一点进步。孔子曰:“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。”激活学生学习动机，增强他们的学习积极性，变被动应付为主动探求知识，使之成为乐之者

六、培养竞争意识，增强学习自觉性现代社会充满了机遇，也充满了竞争，充满了走上台来推销自己的时机。

这种竞争应该在日常学习和生活中进行，成为习惯性意识，随时准备抓住机遇，去迎接挑战。教师在教学中，要纠正学生的保守态度和嫉妒心理，向学生灌输正确的人生观念、高尚的思想意识，并身体力行地发动学生，促成他们充满活力、积极向上、勇于表现、不怕竞争的人生观，以适应现代生活的需求。具体可以分小组竞赛、男女生之间竞赛、自由组合竞赛、个人挑战竞赛等。如教单词可竞争谁读得又快又好又准;教会话时，可竞赛谁对话正确、流利;竞赛哪个组，哪个学生先背出来。这样竞赛项目一出来，学生们的热情立刻高涨起来，学习自觉性增强，学习效率就大大提高了。

综上所述，课堂教学十分重要。英语素质教育的教学中，优化课堂教学模式是重点，也是实施素质教育主渠道，这就要求我们教师应做到优化教学目标的制定，优化课堂教学的设计，优化教学方法的组合等，通过优化课堂教学模式，以达到实施素质教育的目的。

第三篇：英语论文

如何提高英语阅读能力

第三初中

张艳萍

多年以来，英语教育一直把学生的阅读能力放在首位，因为阅读是获取信息的一个极其重要的途径。在英语教学大纲中也有明确的规定，英语教育的目的是培养学生具有较强的阅读能力、初步的写和说的能力，使学生能以英语为工具获取专业所需的信息，并为进一步提高英语水平打下较好的基础。那么，英语学习者应该怎样提高英语阅读能力呢？

上海对外贸易学院的黄源深教授大声呼吁：“外语是读出来的，不是做练习做出来的。”读出来的外语才是自然的、地道的，因为那是从语境中悟出来的；靠练习做出来的外语是生硬的，常常也是不地道的，因为缺少语感，是依靠规则在拼凑。因此，在英语阅读教学中，要有意识地扩大学生的阅读量，增加语言输入的数量和频率；不仅让学生学会语言知识，获取文章所提供的信息，领悟文章的文化内涵，更为重要的是要采取适当的阅读教学策略，使学生掌握阅读的方法和技能，逐步培养用英语获得信息、处理信息的能力，学会用英语进行思维和表达、分析问题和解决问题。

一、明确读什么

阅读能力的训练总是离不开阅读材料，如果在文章选材上不下工夫，所读内容干巴巴、思想陈旧、表达生硬不地道，会使读者阅读兴趣大减，甚至失去信心，达不到提高阅读能力的目的。因此，应该选择时代气息浓、难易适中的、可读性强的文章。

二、明确怎样读

阅读的训练在提高阅读速度和阅读理解质量。然而，阅读速度和理解能力不是与生俱来，也不是一时半会就能提高的。如果盲目“加载提速”，则会欲速则不达。因此，掌握一套有效的训练方法很重要。1.注意精读与泛读的结合

1）做精读训练时，要注意培养理解能力和表达能力，注意对所学内容的理解和归纳，注意对语法知识的总结和积累；明确概括能力（尤其是逻辑思维能力）、背景知识以及加工策略（词汇、句型、语法知识和语篇分析理解能力）在阅读理解中的相互作用，逐步掌握如何抓住话题，利用自己已有知识对所读文章进行预测、推断、验证和修改。通过精读了解文章的结构特点、表达习惯，明确词汇、句型、语法等语言基础知识在形成阅读理解能力中所起的作用，为进行广泛和快速的阅读打下坚实的基础。

2）泛读就是学生选择适当的材料进行大量的阅读。泛读是提高阅读速度、增强背景知识的有效途径。做泛读训练要逐步达到以下三级理解层次：①理解文章的字面意思。②理解文章的深层含义。通过分析、判断、推理等方法理解字里行间的言外之意——引申义，发展分析、综合和概括的能力。③通过阅读查阅读相关资料，扩展自己的知识面。这样在文章中出现而又没有阐述的人文知识，立刻会跃入你的脑海，使本来模糊的语句清晰无比，可谓如鱼得水。2.注重语言基础知识和语篇能力相结合

所谓语篇能力是指学习和掌握所学语言的风格和表达习惯。词汇、句型、语法都是语篇衔接的重要手段。在学习语言基础知识的过程中，着眼培养和提高语言能力，同时注意在阅读、完形填空、短文改错、写作等语篇训练中激活、巩固、升华语言基础知识，才能促进知识与能力之间的转化和迁移。在做阅读训练时，如何将“知识”与“能力”相结合，提高英语阅读能力呢？

（1）注意词汇在语篇中的衔接作用。在词汇的学习中除了要结合阅读语篇等来扩大词汇量外，还要养成归纳同义词、近义词、上下义词、反义词和固定搭配的好习惯，把词汇学习与语篇能力有机结合起来。（2）注意语法和句式在语篇衔接中的作用。语法好似语言的编码系统，在语篇衔接中自然起着重要作用。

我通常的做法是：根据英语报刊的写作版，指导学生采用扩写、仿写、续写、改写、缩写、写读后感及内容梗概等方式完成写作练习，一周一篇，通过互批、展示和面批，及时反馈、检测学生的阅读情况，并据此对学生提出新的、有针对性的阅读要求。

在这种循序渐进的自主式阅读训练中，学生拓展了视野，积累了大量的词汇。更重要的是，学生不再将英语阅读视为被动的、外在式的行为方式，而是一种主动的、内需式的自主学习活动。

二、立足课堂优化，培养阅读策略

自主式阅读以课外为主，采取自学的方式，但这并不表示要摒弃课堂，相反，在有限的课堂教学时间里，教师更要静心指导，让学生可以借鉴他人的成功经验，切实提高阅读效率和阅读能力。在每周一节的阅读辅导课上，我从以下几个方面指导学生阅读：

（一）有针对性地介绍阅读技巧

阅读技巧是学生顺利阅读的关键因素之一。在学生积存了一定阅读量的基础上，教师根据教学目标，精选一到两篇文章，设计阅读任务，向学生介绍跳读和略读（skimming）、细读（scanning）等阅读技巧。

1.跳读是一种有选择的阅读。跳读所选的内容往往是文章中某些具体的事实和信息，直接以某个细节的关键词（如时间、地名、人名等）为寻找对象。在跳读训练的初期，应设置一些

特定的细节问题，帮助学生快速地锁定跳读目标。比如，阅读Teens Junior 3Arm strong passes away一文时，我给学生设计了如下提示性问题：

1）When did Armstrong become the firstman to walk on the moon? 2）What did Armstrong do on the moon?.3）Who did he walk with on the moon? 2.略读也是一种选择性阅读，但其侧重点是对整体内容的把握。当我们要确定文章的主题、作者的观点、作者的风格或明确文章的结构时，就应选择略读的方式。略读时，应引导学生抓住文章的一些标志性词句，如文章的标题、段首与段尾、主题句以及文章结尾带有观点性的陈述句。比如，阅读TeensJunior 3中的Thereal United Stated一文时，我出示了以下两个问题引导学生略读：

（二）适当精讲部分文章

结合学生的需求、兴趣和语言程度选择阅读材料后，应先要求学生限时阅读，随后教师对文章重点（如体裁、中心思想、背景知识和写作意图等）作适当讲解，帮助学生更深刻地理解和领悟文章内容。比如，2014年青奥会将在南京举办，体育明星是学生追捧的对象，我们便集中一节课介绍了青奥会的相关知识，还有一些常见体育项目的英文名（如swimming，boxing，weightlifting，tennls等）以及这些项目的比赛规则等；“汶川”地震后，我向学生介绍了一些国际和国内的慈善机构，为加深对9A Unit 6Reading Earthquake in Taiwan一课内容的理解，我还请学生摘录并在课堂上朗诵了这样一首诗：

（三）适时检测阅读质量

初中生处于青春波动期，自律能力相对欠缺，学习自觉性有时还不够，若完全放手，有的学生会因为惰性而不能及时完成阅读任务，使课后的自主阅读流于形式。通过一定的课堂检测，可以起到督促学生的作用。一般我以周为时间单位，事先准备好一些题目，内容涉及学生所阅读的英语报刊的所有版面。学生以小组为单位，抽取老师事先准备好的题目。我会根据作答情况，对小组给予奖励。为了更好地掌握学生阅读英语报刊的情况和阅读辅导课的效果，我还把报刊阅读测试与课本教学测试相结合，从英语报刊上选取两到三个内容放入测试题中，进一步督促学生认真阅读。

第四篇：英语论文

本科毕业论文

Noticing in SLA（小二号Times New Roman加粗居中顶页眉）

(空一行)Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition.It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research.The aim of this paper is twofold: a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.This paper concludes that 1)empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2)an alternative view offered by Truscott(1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3)future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition.（小四；不分段；顶格）

(空一行)Key words: noticing;metalinguistic knowledge;linguistic forms（小四）(空三行)（摘要、文章、参考文献均先在默认状态下输入，然后第二稿时再按照要求进行字体、字符大小、加粗等的编辑。如果中、英文摘要在一页里放不下，则将中文摘要另换页。）

二语习得中的注意（小二号宋体加粗居中）

（空一行）

摘要：本文着重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用，指出这一概念受到广泛重视是出于直觉和假设,而不是基于广泛的实证研究.本文旨在:1)探讨“注意”这一概念的理论构建；2）评估“注意”强化语言习得假设的有效性。本文得出结论如下：1)通过实证研究，证明了“注意”在语言习得中的作用；2）特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新观点是值得研究的，他认为“注意”只同元语言知识的习得有联系；3）如果能对学习者所受的注意语言形式训练和元语言知识的习得之间的关系作进一步研究，会帮助我们更好的理解二语习得中的“注意”。（五号）

（空一行）

关键词：注意；元语言知识；语言形式（五号）

i

本科毕业论文

（空一行）

Contents（四号加粗居中顶页眉、）

1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................I 2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing...................................................I 2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing...................................................................................I 2.2 Noticing and language acquisition.....................................................................................I 3.Influences on noticing..............................................................................................................I 3.1 Task demands....................................................................................................................II 3.2 Frequency..........................................................................................................................II 3.3 Perceptual salience................................................................................................................................................II 4.Conclusion.............................................................................................................................II References................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................iv

（目录用电脑自动生成的格式，把行距改成1.5倍行距

二级标题与第一级标题首字母对应

三级标题与第二级标题首字母对应

不设置四级标题）

ii

本科毕业论文

Noticing in SLA（小二加粗居中顶页眉，每个实词首字母大写）

（空一行）

1.Introduction（一级标题，四号加粗顶格；所有标题后均不加逗点或句点）

The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language(L2)development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology.One proposal is that put forward by Burka(1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing”(Deleuze, 1986，p.48)（这是参考文献出处文中注的格式，p用小写）.The purpose of this paper is to a)consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.[一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行。所有标题均顶格、并只有第一个单词首字母大写（除专有名词外）。]

2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing（一级标题）

2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing（二级标题，小四加粗）

The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language(Fee and Fox., 1988).However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features.（每段第一行退进4个空格）2.2 Noticing and language acquisition

Geertz(1973)identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge.Johnstone(1993)states that a)whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake.To help clarify Schmidt’s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.(一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行)3.Influences on noticing Jones(1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness”(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)provided by short-term memory is

i

本科毕业论文

triggered by different influences on noticing.Schmidt(1990)claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input: 3.1 Task demands

Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features(Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976).3.2 Frequency

A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk.As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood 3.3 Perceptual salience

The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed(Skehan, 1998).It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to

(一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行)4.Conclusion

It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition.An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this

ii

本科毕业论文

References（四号居中加粗顶页眉）

(空一行)Burka, Lauren P.A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.Retrieved August 18, 2009, from http://www.xiexiebang.com/talent/ lpb/muddex/essay..Deleuze, Giles.Foucault.(Sean Hand, Trans.& Ed.).Minneapolis: U M P, 1986.Fee, Elizabeth & Daniel M.Fox.(Eds.).AIDS: The Burdens of History.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Geertz, Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures.New York: Basic Books.1973.Johnstone, Sue.Feminism and Pornography: Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture.Doctoral Dissertation.Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1993.Jones, James.Daydreaming.In Lorence Smith(Ed.), Fictions.New York: Yale UP, 1978: 127-35.Magistrale, Tony.Wild Child: Jim Morrison’s Poetic Journeys.Journal of Popular Culture, 1992, 3: 133-44.Pikarsky, M.& Christensen, D.Urban Transportation Policy and Management.Boston: D.C.Heath, 1976.盖淑华.英语专业学生词汇附带习得实证研究.外语教学与研究, 2003, 4: 282-286.梁正溜.英语教学.上海: 外语教育出版社, 1999.(注意事项：

1.英语为小四，中文为五号；行距1.5倍，条目先列英语后列中文, 英文作者先写姓氏，加逗号后，再写名字，名字后用句点, 英文和中文条目分别按作者姓氏英语首字母和汉语拼音首字母顺序排列；中英文书名均不用书名号且英语书名为斜体；网址要需标注网上查阅资料日期；每一个条目如需占用两行，第二行则退进四个空格；条目中的每项不同内容（包括结尾）均用句点分隔，出版社前有地点就标注地点，并用冒号隔开，出版社与年代之间用句点。相关内容参考“论文格式要求”中实例部分 2．文章中参考文献文中注的引用出处格式：（作者姓，年代，页码）或（作者姓，年代）如：(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)(Pikarsky & Christensen, 1976))

iii

本科毕业论文

Acknowledgments(四号加粗居中顶页眉)

(空一行)I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work.I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions during the research and writing of this thesis.I would also like to thank DDDD for taking the time to be my external examiner.Many other people have helped and contributed their time to the research of this thesis.My thanks to EEEE, and FFFF for their invaluable comments and suggestions.I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude toward everyone in the English Department of AAA University, especially GGGG, HHHH, for their valuable suggestions and help in these two years of study as well as their friendship.Thanks to all the other friends I have made at AAA University for making my stay at AAA an enjoyable period of time.I will always be indebted to my family, especially my parents IIII and JJJJ.I would like to thank them for their support and confidence in me.My gratitude goes to everyone at home.This thesis would not have been possible without all their kindness and encouragement.(注意: 此文本仅供参考,各位同学应该依据实际情况写出致谢！!如果仿写,请注意红色字体部分).iv

本科毕业论文

Noticing in SLA（小二号Times New Roman加粗居中顶页眉）

(空一行)Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition.It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research.The aim of this paper is twofold: a)to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.This paper concludes that 1)empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2)an alternative view offered by Truscott(1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3)future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition.（小四；不分段；顶格）

(空一行)Key words: noticing;metalinguistic knowledge;linguistic forms（小四）(空三行)（摘要、文章、参考文献均先在默认状态下输入，然后第二稿时再按照要求进行字体、字符大小、加粗等的编辑。如果中、英文摘要在一页里放不下，则将中文摘要另换页。）

二语习得中的注意（小二号宋体加粗居中）

（空一行）

摘要：本文着重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用，指出这一概念受到广泛重视是出于直觉和假设,而不是基于广泛的实证研究.本文旨在:1)探讨“注意”这一概念的理论构建；2）评估“注意”强化语言习得假设的有效性。本文得出结论如下：1)通过实证研究，证明了“注意”在语言习得中的作用；2）特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新观点是值得研究的，他认为“注意”只同元语言知识的习得有联系；3）如果能对学习者所受的注意语言形式训练和元语言知识的习得之间的关系作进一步研究，会帮助我们更好的理解二语习得中的“注意”。（五号）

（空一行）

v

本科毕业论文

关键词：注意；元语言知识；语言形式（五号）

vi

本科毕业论文

（空一行）

Contents（四号加粗居中顶页眉、）

1.Introduction..............................................................................................................................I 2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing...................................................I 2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing...................................................................................I 2.2 Noticing and language acquisition.....................................................................................I 3.Influences on noticing..............................................................................................................I 3.1 Task demands....................................................................................................................II 3.2 Frequency..........................................................................................................................II 3.3 Perceptual salience................................................................................................................................................II 4.Conclusion.............................................................................................................................II References................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................................................................iv

（目录用电脑自动生成的格式，把行距改成1.5倍行距

二级标题与第一级标题首字母对应

三级标题与第二级标题首字母对应

不设置四级标题）

vii

本科毕业论文

Noticing in SLA（小二加粗居中顶页眉，每个实词首字母大写）

（空一行）

1.Introduction（一级标题，四号加粗顶格；所有标题后均不加逗点或句点）

The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language(L2)development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology.One proposal is that put forward by Burka(1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing”(Deleuze, 1986，p.48)（这是参考文献出处文中注的格式，p用小写）.The purpose of this paper is to a)consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b)assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition.[一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行。所有标题均顶格、并只有第一个单词首字母大写（除专有名词外）。]

2.The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing（一级标题）

2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing（二级标题，小四加粗）

The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language(Fee and Fox., 1988).However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features.（每段第一行退进4个空格）2.2 Noticing and language acquisition

Geertz(1973)identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge.Johnstone(1993)states that a)whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake.To help clarify Schmidt’s hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.(一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行)3.Influences on noticing Jones(1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness”(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)provided by short-term memory is

本科毕业论文

triggered by different influences on noticing.Schmidt(1990)claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input: 3.1 Task demands

Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features(Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976).3.2 Frequency

A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk.As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood 3.3 Perceptual salience

The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed(Skehan, 1998).It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to

(一级标题与一级标题之间空一行，一级标题和二、三级标题之间都不空行)4.Conclusion

It can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition.An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this

本科毕业论文

References（四号居中加粗顶页眉）

(空一行)Burka, Lauren P.A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.Retrieved August 18, 2009, from http://www.xiexiebang.com/talent/ lpb/muddex/essay..Deleuze, Giles.Foucault.(Sean Hand, Trans.& Ed.).Minneapolis: U M P, 1986.Fee, Elizabeth & Daniel M.Fox.(Eds.).AIDS: The Burdens of History.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Geertz, Clifford.The Interpretation of Cultures.New York: Basic Books.1973.Johnstone, Sue.Feminism and Pornography: Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture.Doctoral Dissertation.Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1993.Jones, James.Daydreaming.In Lorence Smith(Ed.), Fictions.New York: Yale UP, 1978: 127-35.Magistrale, Tony.Wild Child: Jim Morrison’s Poetic Journeys.Journal of Popular Culture, 1992, 3: 133-44.Pikarsky, M.& Christensen, D.Urban Transportation Policy and Management.Boston: D.C.Heath, 1976.盖淑华.英语专业学生词汇附带习得实证研究.外语教学与研究, 2003, 4: 282-286.梁正溜.英语教学.上海: 外语教育出版社, 1999.(注意事项：

1.英语为小四，中文为五号；行距1.5倍，条目先列英语后列中文, 英文作者先写姓氏，加逗号后，再写名字，名字后用句点, 英文和中文条目分别按作者姓氏英语首字母和汉语拼音首字母顺序排列；中英文书名均不用书名号且英语书名为斜体；网址要需标注网上查阅资料日期；每一个条目如需占用两行，第二行则退进四个空格；条目中的每项不同内容（包括结尾）均用句点分隔，出版社前有地点就标注地点，并用冒号隔开，出版社与年代之间用句点。相关内容参考“论文格式要求”中实例部分 2．文章中参考文献文中注的引用出处格式：（作者姓，年代，页码）或（作者姓，年代）如：(Magistrale, 1992, p.142)(Pikarsky & Christensen, 1976))

本科毕业论文

Acknowledgments(四号加粗居中顶页眉)

(空一行)I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work.I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions during the research and writing of this thesis.I would also like to thank DDDD for taking the time to be my external examiner.Many other people have helped and contributed their time to the research of this thesis.My thanks to EEEE, and FFFF for their invaluable comments and suggestions.I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude toward everyone in the English Department of AAA University, especially GGGG, HHHH, for their valuable suggestions and help in these two years of study as well as their friendship.Thanks to all the other friends I have made at AAA University for making my stay at AAA an enjoyable period of time.I will always be indebted to my family, especially my parents IIII and JJJJ.I would like to thank them for their support and confidence in me.My gratitude goes to everyone at home.This thesis would not have been possible without all their kindness and encouragement.(注意: 此文本仅供参考,各位同学应该依据实际情况写出致谢！!如果仿写,请注意红色字体部分).

第五篇：英语论文

让英语“火”起来

——浅谈农村英语教学

李

苗

长清区孝里镇下巴中心小学

摘要：英语现已成为小学教育中的一门主学科。各地方、各部门对英语教学也是尤为重视。我是一名小学教师，我的主教学科是语文，但学校师资有限，我也带着英语课。我觉得在我们农村地区的英语教学中，特别是英语口语教学的效果很差。我们应该教师积极地去探索改变教学方法，运用激励机制，努力营造语言环境，培养学生大胆开口说英语，从而提高农村小学生的英语口语水平。关键词： 农村小学英语

现状

对策

一、农村小学教学现状

英语教学也要从娃娃抓起，这已成为当今教育界的共识。目前我国的英语教学基本上已普及到小学阶段，然而农村小学英语教学状况令人堪忧，具体表现在以下几个方面：

（一）农村小学英语师资力量薄弱。

农村学校教师师资力量薄弱，教师本身英语水平就有限，尤其是英语口语。担任英语教学的大部分教师是兼职教师，而且不是英语专业毕业的，英语知识水平有限。对于这一点，我深有感触啊。哪一个学校若有一个专业的英语老师，肯定要教三四个班的英语，“大班教学”、“多班教学”、“跨级教学”的现象是再平常不过的事了，这样的教学必然影响备课的质量和教法的改进。其次农村小学英语教学方法与评价手段单一，基本上都是采取“满堂惯，英译汉”的教学方法，无法满足学生的学习兴趣，导致学生产生厌倦心理，不愿意继续学习英语。

（二）农村孩子比较胆小，羞于说英语。

农村小学的学生从小受特定环境与家庭教育的影响，往往做事比较拘谨、不善言谈，在课堂上有许多学生不愿意开口说话，担心自己会说错，会遭人耻笑，所以羞于说英语。这些不说的学生始终处于被动地位。学习一门语言，如果不开口说，那一定不能达到最佳效果。

（三）缺乏学英语的环境氛围。

我们学生的家长大都忙于农活，闲暇时间就外出打工。根本没时间管孩子的学习，再说他们那一代学历也不高，甚至还有的小学都没毕业，更不可能辅导孩子学习。这样一来农村没有用英语进行交流的环境，农村小学学生几乎都是在英语课上才接触英语。

二、农村小学英语口语教学的对策

农村小学英语口语教学存在着问题，那么如何才能有效改变农村小学英语口语教学的现状呢？我觉得应从以下几方面着手：

（一）加强师资队伍建设是搞好农村小学英语教学的关键。

小学英语师资缺乏是制约农村小学进行英语教学的瓶颈。因此，当前农村小学英语教学的关键是加强师资队伍建设，提升师资水平。分析农村小学师资队伍现状，总结农村小学英语课程开设的实践，我认为立足于现有师资力量的培养、提高，不是学好了再干，而是干起来再学习。边教边学，在实践中打造农村小学英语教师队伍，才是解决农村小学英语课程师资问题的有效方法。

（二）学校要重视农村小学的英语教学工作。

学校要根据学生实际，在教学内容的安排上为英语教学创造良好的环境，特别要重视学生发音准确性的教学，让学生初步掌握一些简单英语知识，为以后进一步学习英语打下良好的基础。

（三）教师要根据农村小学生的特点认真研究和实施教学方法。

1、教师不仅让学生背单词、学音标、记语法，还要让学生多听、多说、多玩、多演，在活动中接触语言信息。教师可根据不同的教学内容，精心设计，把每一课导演成学生喜闻乐见的形式：时而朗读，时而重述，时而提问，创造语言情境，启发学生思维，促使他们积极主动地进行创造性的学习，从而提高小学生学习英语的效率。营造语言环境的教学方法有以下几种：（1）起英文名

给学生起一个通俗易懂，而又别致的英文名字。可根据学生自己名字的特色起，例如：名字中有叫„月‟的女生起名叫„Moon‟；名字有„雪‟的女生起名叫„Snow‟ ；还可根据谐音起名，例如：有„婕‟的女生可叫„jesse‟；有„涛‟的男生可叫„Thomas‟或„Tom‟。这些名字对于小学生很有新鲜感，所以从一个名字就很有可能引起学生对英语的兴趣，而不再排斥。老师可让学生每人只做一张写有自己英文名字的卡片，上课前摆放在桌子上，上课时老师叫学生，学生叫学生都只叫其英文名字，这样学生潜移默化地掌握了常用的英文人名的读法和写法，同时也锻炼了口语表达能力。（2）视听模拟口语练习培养语感

在英语课堂教学中模拟表演创设的情境，往往受时空限制无法全部做到。而农村小学设备落后，在这种情况下，可运用录音手段来移植情景，形象生动地再现有关对话的时空。例如：下雨的情境课堂上难以再现，又无多媒体设备来展示图片或录像，老师可让学生听预先录下的下雨声，打雷声，也可展示预先画好的有关下雨的图片（在有限的设备资料情况下，可取得美术老师的帮助），让学生先体会下雨的情境，再学习有关下雨的对话内容，这样学生在情景中深入角色，自觉主动学习，又在表演中充分展露自己的才华，在相互评价中体现自我。

（4）唱英文歌，形成轻松愉快的气氛

心理学研究证明，儿童的注意力易分散，唯有对感兴趣的东西才会集中注意并能持久。不少小学英语学习内容可以用歌曲形式表达，这有助于激发兴趣和分散难点。学生在唱歌时，随着旋律的起伏变化，在感到松弛、愉快、满足的同时，产生兴奋情绪。凡是教材上有的歌曲我们都学唱，学生在没有掌握多少英语的情况下，就能唱出一句句有难度的英语歌，这无疑给学生增添了无限乐趣和成就感，增强了求知欲。因此，在英语教学中融音乐与英语为一体，能帮助学生理解对话，表现情景内容，创设有声语言环境，使学生自然投入。在唱歌过程中，可以根据歌曲内容进行问答或分角色对话，体现歌曲中的交际情景。唱歌不仅可以激发学生学习的兴趣，还可以增强记忆力。让学生从机械、呆板、单调、紧张的学习环境中解脱出来，消除学习疲劳，并感受到学习的乐趣，提高学习效率。因此可以说唱歌也是在课堂上不可缺少的“调和剂”和“兴奋剂”。（5）设计游戏情景，复习巩固对话内容

在对话复习教学中设计适合儿童口味的游戏情景，是寓教于乐的好方法，能帮助教师把单调乏味的复习工作变得生动活泼，为学生在轻松自然的气氛中进行语言操练创造了条件，使学生乐而好学。学生在游戏情景中深入角色、踊跃表演，在玩中复习巩固，既符合孩子们乐于模仿与好玩的天性，又充分发挥了主观能动性与创造性，还调节了学习节奏。尤其是农村小学生，天性活泼好动，不易管理，但在课堂上设计游戏活动，绝对是孩子们乐于做的事情。而目前农村小学英语教学中引入游戏教学做得还不够。当然既要注意质，又要有良好的量的把握，不要把课堂变成游戏天地，让孩子们在游戏中体会到快乐轻松，却没学到任何知识。那样即使课堂气氛多么活跃，孩子多么“喜欢”上英语课，这都不是一堂成功的课，因为没能完成知识技能的教学目标。因此，教师在将游戏引入课堂时，要注意把握好度。（7）扮演角色，进行对话训练

对话是在一定情境下的习惯性语言，脱离了情景，对话也就失去了意义。在教学中，教师可设计具体的题目范围让学生练习听说，如自我介绍、结识新友或看医生、借东西、问路、新年等可以启发学生想像出他们喜欢谈的题目一起练习听说。这种方法比较适合小学高年级的学生。而对于低中年级的学生，教师可根据课文人物制作头像，让学生扮演文中人物，练习课文对话内容。这些对话表演，可以帮助学生了解对话内容，逼真地再现对话，使学生有身临其境的感觉，大大激发了他们内在的表达欲望，从而积极地参与对话活动，加深了对对话内容的理解。

2、教师要把教学重点放在学生知识形成的过程上，善于设计问题，引导、帮助学生形成自主思考、发现问题、分析和解决问题的思路和习惯，让学生通过“感知—概括—应用”的思维过程去发现并掌握语言运用的规律。

3、英语教师应根据农村小学的实际，灵活运用教材，整合教材和其他的教学资源，作教学资源的设计者和组织者。

4、在英语教学过程中，教师应充分将课内英语教学与学生实际生活联系起来，鼓励学生把课内学到的英语用到学校、家庭生活中，还可以布置一些与英语有关的实践活动，提高学生学习英语的兴趣。

总之，教师要想方设法尽量启发、诱导、激励学生产生说的欲望。除了为他们创造各种条件让他们有机会„说‟，还要具体帮助、指导，为他们创设各种情景，出些具体题目或范围，并指导学生该说什么，怎么说。真正带动农村小学生说英语的气氛，营造良好环境。如若农村的小学英语教师能做到以上几点，农村的小学英语教学水平必定会上一个台阶！参考文献：

（1）《浅谈如何促进小学英语口语教学》英语联盟（2）《创设情景教学 提高教学效率》作者：饶剑（3）《浅谈农村小学英语口语教学》作者：李红霖

（4）《新课程理念下如何恰当地创设教学情境 》人民大学附属小学特级教师 钱守旺