第一篇：职称综合推荐材料
彬县煤炭有限责任公司
对池琛同志申报助理工程师资格的综合推荐意见 池琛同志，自2010年参加工作以来，在工作岗位上勤勤恳恳，兢兢业业，能全面熟练的履行职务职责，表现出了良好的职业道德和工作作风，显示了很高的业务水平管理能力，工作成果突出，目前已成为公司一线的主要业务骨干。
一、政治方面
该同志政治立场坚定，组织观念强。平时自觉学习马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和三个代表重要思想，理论素养很高，能认真贯彻执行党的的政策方针，思想上与党中央保持高度一致，具备一定辨别是非能力。同时，能以科学发展观武装头脑，牢固树立以人为本的理念，深刻领会构筑和谐社会的要求，努力为实现中国梦而奋斗。
二、能力方面
该同志主要负责煤矿生产管理工作、地测防治水工作，任职以来，由于基础好，业务能力强，能很快的适应熟悉并掌握工作实际情况，善于处理工作中碰到的各类问题并具有个人见解，同时具有很强的文字处理能力，是一个会想事、能办事、办成事、办好事的好员工。进入公司以来，均能圆满的完成各项工作任务。
三、工作方面
该同志主在工作中脚踏实地、求真务实、作风细致、谦虚谨慎，待人热情诚恳。在公司业务繁忙的情况下，工作主动、不畏困难，任劳任怨，经常加班加点；在与同事交流过程中获得较好的评价。同时，在工作中始终坚持理论联系实际的原则，将实践中的观点经验加以总结，应用所学的理论知识，撰写文章，将自己的观点予以升华，曾多次发表论文阐述自己的观点，并多次获奖。
四、廉政方面
该同志能注重自身的修养，团结同志，积极参与党内的各种学习和活动，坚持廉洁自律，至今没有发现违纪行为。
综上所述，该同志在任职期间能认真学习，有较强的工作责任感。参加工作以来，始终从事本专业工作，已积累了丰富的专业理论及建设管理的实践经验；同时，还认真钻研业务，不断自我更新，自我积累，从而打下了系统坚实的专业基础理论和专业技术知识。在实际工作中，能独立开展各项管理工作，能结合工程实际需要，积极协调相关方面，具有很强的独立分析问题和解决问题的能力，能解决本专业专业性的技术问题，勇于创新，具有较强的业务技术管理能力。
同意推荐池琛同志机电助理工程师职称任职资格。
二〇一七年八月十日
第二篇：职称聘任综合材料
尊敬的职称考核评审领导：
一、该同志在政治思想上坚持四项基本原则，能认真学习党的十四届三中全会以来的路线、方针、政策、邓小平理论，党和国家的教育政策方针、教育法律法规。努力提高本人的政治觉悟和政策理论水平，端正自己的思想和工作态度，无论何时何地都是以大局为重，服从组织的安排，干一行爱一行钻一行，工作从不讲价钱，任劳任怨，从各方面都能严格要求自己。尽管自己是工人，但以自己的实际行动、工作态度维护教育行政主管部门的形象。
二、在工作上担任食堂主管。负责局机关食堂烹调工作，供应全局干部职工饮水和饭菜。工作认真负责，以满腔工作热情，起早贪黑投入食堂管理工作中。食堂工作是机关后勤工作的重要组成部分，事关全局干部的切身利益，也是确保机关工作正常运转的重要环节。因此，该同志开动脑筋，积极有效地开展自己的工作，首先，该同志努力提高自己的烹调水平。工作中，不断探索，根据湘南地域的饮食习惯，又临近广东，苦练自己的刀功技法、烹饪技巧，配制几套有特色的菜谱，让全局干部职工能吃上香甜可口的饭菜，切实解决了干部职工特别是双职工，单身汉及干部子弟的实际生活困难。第二，该同志在食堂管理上狠抓下面几个环节，把好食堂原料进货关，不惜多花时间，多走路，进市场，选购食品原料，保证物美价廉、新鲜，并注重花色品种的多样化，营养的丰富性，同时严把食堂食品原料保管关，保证食品及原料不腐烂，不霉变，不浪费，节约食堂开支。近几年为教育局节约招待费20多万元。该同志根据食堂工作的特点，严把时间关，为了保证食堂按时开餐，保证机关开水正常供应，几乎天天起早贪黑，甚至星期天不休息，作好下星期的准备工作，自1992年以来，机关食堂承办了如每教育行政工作会议、每月教育系统行政例会会议宴席；1993年、1997年、2000年教育系统篮球运动会，局机关球队及有关工作人员饮食服务工作及其他局机关中心工作的会务餐饮接待工作，其他对外接待工作。由于食堂工作很有特色，深受市、县领导及其他部门的好评，为保证局机关正常运转，为全县教育工作作出了一定的贡献。该同志在1999年、2001年考核评比中，被教育局评为优秀，局机关先进工作者。
该同志在搞好本职工作的同时，积极参加县教育局各项中心工作，历年的高考、成招、中考、自考的考务工作，局机关公益事业，特殊时期的保卫值夜班工作，如“五·一”、“十·一”、春节长假期间，今年“非典”期间，并不辞劳苦，经常被抽调安排值夜班，工作认真深受同志们的好评。
三、业余时间，加强学习，提高自己的政治素质与业务水平，该同志平时注重学习，养成了读书看报的良好习惯，在政治理论上主要学习党的政策、方针、教育法律法规，以提高自己的政治觉悟与素质，以局机关干部的标准来约束衡量自己，同时又注重本人的业务学习，阅读有关的烹调书籍，到其他餐馆向他人学习，以提高自己的烹饪水平。
四、遵守劳动纪律，不缺勤，不旷工，多年来该同志都是出满勤，甚至超满勤，遵守劳动纪律。
总之，近几年来，该同志工作认真负责，任劳任怨，工作扎实有效，为教育事业作出了自己应有的贡献。
第三篇：职称评审综合推荐材料
关于推荐李杰同志参加工程师 任职资格评审的综合材料
中国二十冶集团有限公司
2014年5月20日
关于推荐李杰同志
参加工程师任职资格评审的综合材料
一、个人自然状况
李杰，男，现年29岁（1984年5月生），中共党员，1984年5月参加工作。河北工业大学毕业，大学本科学历，土木工程专业，助理工程师，一级建造师执业资格。现任天津二十冶日照分公司工程管理科科长。
二、政治思想表现
李杰同志热爱党，认真学习马列主义、毛泽东思想，邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想，拥护党的各项路线、方针、政策，注重自身政治素质的提高，并能够将自己掌握的业务知识和新的管理理念运用在工作中并服务于企业。
该同志为人正派，团结同志，遵纪守法，工作中坚持原则，认真负责，深入实际，刻苦钻研业务，能出色完成各项工作任务。
三、基础理论和业务水平
李杰同志从事工程技术、质量等相关管理工作多年，并通过大学本科、硕士研究生课程，系统的学习了土木工程专业的理论知识。在工作期间能够结合实际，刻苦钻研施工工艺、质量控制等理论和经营管理方面的业务，注重学习和掌握业务技能。目前。已经成为一名既有现代工程管理理念和管理才能，又有专业技术知识的综合性人才。
李杰同志非常注重在工作中锻炼自己的业务水平，多年来奋斗在施工生产第一线，参加过多项大中型工程建设项目，在施工、技术、质量管理等方面有较强的工作能力。在技术上，能结合现场实际情况，制定切实可行的施工方案和技术措施。在质量上，严格要求、一丝不苟，多次主持确立质量目标、确定质量预控方案；在项目管理方面精益求精，既满足了业主的需求，又能够按照公司要求完成各项管理目标。鉴于其以上表现，该同志已经具备了处理施工中技术质量管理等方面问题的能力，成为一名具有很高业务水平的专业管理人员。
四、承担过的主要技术业务工作及取得的成绩
李杰同志2008年参加工作，从事工程、技术、质量管理五年，先后参加的主要业务工作有：日钢2150mm热轧带钢工程，东丽无瑕还迁工程，青岛年产80万吨高线工程，五矿营钢2×2300m³高炉工程，日钢铁合金厂房工程。目前担任天津二十冶日照分公司工程管理科科长。
李杰同志工作踏实，事业心强，爱岗敬业，为人正直，作风正派，忠诚企业，严于律己。
五、外语水平
该同志具有较好的外语水平，并通过了2010年3月由国家人才考评中心组织的职称英语理工A级考试，取得了合格证书。
六、计算机水平
该同志通过了2010年2月由天津市职称工作办公室组织的职称计算机应用能力考试，并取得了职称计算机Windows Xp、Word 2003、Excel2003、计算机网络应用基础、AutoCAD2004五个模块考试合格证书。
七、推荐意见
李杰同志的现实政治思想表现、理论知识、技术业务水平以及学历、资历和工作能力等均符合申报工程师任职资格评审条件，同意推荐该同志参加工程师任职资格评审。
第四篇：中石化2011职称英语教材(综合)
1.How to be Happy如何获得幸福
In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make).Next, we'll look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。H(幸福)=S(个人生理幸福感受的固定指数)+C(个人生活状态)+V(个人主观选择)。接下来我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
Step 1: Peace and quiet第一步：平和宁静
Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, 'The Happiness Hypothesis', notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution.乔纳森海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。
Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses(the other is the fear of falling)and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.巨大噪声会引起我们某种面对恐惧本能反映(另一种是对于坠落的恐惧)，如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。
Noisy neighbours are one of the most emotive causes of domestic upset for a very good reason.这样看来，吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和起到很大影响。
It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day.If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council.每日保持平和宁静事关重要。如果你的生活环境不幸比较吵，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。
Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to give you some respite.If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.另外，试试实用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你一定要大声看电视、听收音机放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机。别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。
Step 2: Relationships第二步：人际关系
This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient.这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的内部条件。
Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others.A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。如果一个在职同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言语的抑郁情绪。
A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned.与拍档或者爱人的关系陷入残酷竞争之中，会让我们感到背叛和背弃。
A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery.We never fully adapt to hostile relationships, they invidiously contaminate our wellbeing, squatting inside our minds as unresolved, destructive ruminations.与父母孩子之间的关系缺乏同情心和无私关心，那么这会造成隔阂生产痛苦。我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康，长久留存在我们心里，会让人陷入无以解决的恶性心理困境。
When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法，就是直面难题，挽救关系，或者学着继续前进。
Step 3: Share第三步：分享
If I have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved my wellbeing, I would like to share them with you.如果我发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有极大帮助的话，我很想说出来同你们一起分享。
Passing on what works is essential to improve our own and the wellbeing of others.将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1.What's the happiness formula according to the passage? The formula refer to H(happiness)= S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+ C(the conditions of your life)+ V(the voluntary choices you make)2.Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution? Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.3.How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good? If we need our TV, radio or music up loud，wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors．
4.Where does the unhappiness come from? Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others． 5.What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship? What you call do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness．
3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships，which inevitably damage our wellbeing.4．如果这种坏情绪长时问留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind，it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression．
5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.B．英译汉
There are many benefits to being happy．Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more．They also tend to volunteer more，be better at relationships and smile more of what psychologists call “Duchenne” or genuine smiles．What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious．幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。
According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis，authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends，family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future．More specifically，they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life．全球畅销书《关联》饷作者詹姆斯•福勒和尼古拉斯•克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25％。
Similar effects are seen in co—resident spouses(8 per cent happier)；siblings who live within a-mile of each other(14 per cent)；and next-door neighbours(34 per cent)．What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact(due to physical proximity)than on deep social connections．Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace．具有同样效果的还有同居配偶(幸福感提升8％)、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14％)和邻居(34％)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度(与地域邻近相关)，而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。
So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family(for example，by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous)．Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them．Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious．那么，为什么幸福能够传染?一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气(例如，提供实际的帮助。或在经济上慷慨解囊)。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
2.City Design城市设计
When I'm being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center, I couldn't help but note the overwhelming presence of cars and parking lots.当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。
The world's cities are in trouble.In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating.Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day.全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正继不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。
The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。
In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergence of a new urbanism.针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。
In just a few years, many cities banned the parking of cars on sidewalks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-based rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees, and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods.在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。
The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。
Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars.现在，各地政府的规划者们都在尝试寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。
Cars promise mobility.But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city.汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。
After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。
Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increasing urban mobility by moving away from the car.基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。
Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars.让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。
A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human.In order to avoid this disaster, we'd better start designing sustainable cities.挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的—全是机械没有人性。为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1.What means of transportation does the author take to the conference center?(He takes)a bus． 2.According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there are more cars? Cars not only do harm to people's health but also cause heavy traffic jam．
3.What does the last sentence “the vision of a city designed for people” in paragraph 2 mean? Design cities for people not(for)cars．
4.Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in urban areas? Because people depend largely on cars．
5.How would a city look like if cars were everywhere? There would be all Cars(mechanism)no human． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1.随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。The demand for Cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.2.生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.3.预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车（fuel-cell vehicles）投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10,000 by 2012.4.如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.5.全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world's population is now city-dwellers(is now living in cities).B．英译汉．
Once at a supermarket，I read a thought-provoking sign at the check—out counter.It said the store was using only plastic bags．The supermarket claimed that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn't biodegradable：Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport，SO the store．Believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic．It got me thinking further．Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times，or until they start falling apart，you have really done a good thing．You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets．Instead of purchasing plastic trash bags．有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。
3.Population人口
A very important world problem is the increasing number of people who actually inhabit this planet.在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。
The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地及土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。
So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as “Death Control”.那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢?这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的“死亡控制”的结果。
You have no doubt heard of the term “Birth Control”its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades.但是，我们并没有这样做!反而我们正在消耗它的“本钱”——其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。
We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share earth with us.我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What can be learnt about the population growth at present? It continues to increase／grow at its present rate．
2．According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? Death Control 3．What is the doctors' job according to paragraph 2? They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive．
4．Why isn't there enough land to support human beings? Because the world's land has already been taken up occupied by the ever-increasing population．
5．In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as_____.nonrenewable 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1.亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29％。Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world's land area． 2.人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain．
3.我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.4.我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds．
5.中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。The development of modem industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational(mobility)and population mobility．
B．英译汉 A report，based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations，suggests that by mid-century, humanity's demand on nature will be twice the biosphere's productive capacity．At this level of ecological deficit，exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real．一份以联合国所作的经济和火口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示。到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态“赤字”水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。
Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now．Population size changes slowly, and human-made capitalvibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she's reached a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a touch-screen keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard.其它开发人员正在研究“触觉”反馈的升级技术，它们不但可用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，也可以用来进行感情交流，并且有可能很快就能使触摸屏具有真空键盘的触觉。
And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands.对于那些更喜欢使用手机键盘的人来说，即便传统的键盘也将能发挥与触摸指令相对应的功能。
Software developers set to work on multi-touch applications.Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on the phone.But multi-touch developers have largely focused on games.软件开发人员开始研发多触摸应用软件。例如，有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹奏虚拟乐器。但是，多触点开发人员主要以开发游戏为主。
Haptic technology already has many non-mobile applications.In videogames, for instance, it can give gamers the sensation of actually steering a car they're controlling on the screen.触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到了广泛应用。例如，在视频游戏当中，它可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真的在驾驶他们所控制的荧屏赛车。
In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them.在医疗培训中，它可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异常真实，从而使医疗人员能更自如地操作这些仪器。
The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy, but the wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will open the door to new applications.触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，但是触觉技术手机的广泛运用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。
For now, at least, many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen.目前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并不十分感兴趣。
A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands.开发人员正在设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．Why do we say Apple's iPhone is a revolution? Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen．
2．What is the advantage of multi-touch screen? The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger．
3．What is the haptic feedback technology? It is vibrations and physical sensations．
4．What do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames? The garners feel that they have the actual sensation when they play games．
5．Why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays? Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英 1．这项技术使移动通讯行业产生了突破性变革。This technology revolutionized mobile communication.2．多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一(eye-catching feature)。The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features.3．戴尔是一家跨国技术公司，总部设在德克萨斯州。Dell Inc.based in Texas, is a multinational company.4．制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.5．很多多点触控界面(interfaces)的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛地应用。Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied.B．英译汉 The keyboard，being developed by the researchers，responds normally when a letter or number is pressed．But a user could scroll down a Web page by running a finger lightly across the key board；Pressing a little harder might be the command to scroll faster or zoom in on a Page．The technology is expected to start being employed in mobile phones in 2010 or 2011．研究人员在研制这样一种键盘，当用户按下一个字母或者数字的时候，它可以作出正确的反应。用户可以通过手指轻轻地上下触摸键盘来滑动网页；如果用力稍重一点，则表明滑动得更快或者放大页面的指令。这项技术有望于2010年或者2011年运用在手机上。
9.Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活
Oil and natural gas are an important part of everyday life.Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity.石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。它们不仅使我们出行方便,它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。
Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成的，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服装、化妆品等等。
In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector(cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc.)comes from fuels made from oil.在美国，交通运输系统(私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等)的运行所依赖的能源中有97％来自石油炼制的燃料。
Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternative fuels such as electricity, hydrogen and ethanol.However, the electric batteries need to be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用像电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是，汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。
The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products.燃料电池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。
Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for foreseeable future.所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。
In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products.在全世界的发展中地区，不论企业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。
World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations.据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加至2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。
Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand.同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。
Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57% of total world oil consumption by 2020.在可预测的将来，石油仍将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57％。
World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020.目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会增至约76亿。
That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.这将意味着人们对石油和天燃气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．According to the text, how important is oil to our life? Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity．They can also be made into many products that we use every day．
2．What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles? They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas． 3．Can alternate energy completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future? Why? No．it can't．Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future．
4．Where in the world can we see the big increase in car ownership? In the developing world．
5．What will the increase of world population indicate? That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还是可再生的。Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air, they are renewable as well.2．许多生活日用品都是由石油制成的。Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.3．尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，在未来很长的一段时间化石燃料仍将是占据主导地位的能源。Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alternative energy, fossil fuels will remain crucially important for a long time in future.4．专家预计北京的汽车占有量将超过每千人200辆。It is estimated(projected)that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.5．在未来几十年，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需求将进一步增加。World population will continue to grow in the next few decades.This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.B．英译汉
Energy is available in many forms．Some are renewable such as gravity, which can be converted to hydroelectricity．Another renewable，such as solar energy, can be used directly to heat water and dwellings or be converted into electricity by photovoltaic methods(direct conversion)or by the production of steam using a system of mirror.Solar energy can also be employed indirectly through the force of the wind and waves(an example is the tidal-power station on the Rance in France)or by utilizing the difference in temperature between the surface and bottom of the oceans or between any two points on the Earth's crust.The latter is known as geothermal energy.能源的形式多种多样。有些能源可再生，如重力势能可转化为水电。另一种可再生能源，如太阳能可直接用于加热水和给住房供暖，也可通过光电方法（直接转化）或者利用一组反射镜系统产生蒸汽而转化成电力。太阳能也可借助风和波浪（例如法国兰斯的潮汐发电站），或者利用海底和海面或者地壳任意两点之间的温差而被间接利用。后者又被称作地热能。
Other forms of energy are nonrenewable.These include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, oil sand, oil shale and natural gas.These fuels can in fact be considered to be the product of the work of solar energy during millions of years and represent a kind of stored solar energy.其它形式的能源是不可再生的。包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油沙、油页岩和天然气。这些燃料其实可看作是经过几百万年太阳能作用的产物，是一种储存的太阳能。
10.Carbon Emissions碳排放
The taskis challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal, which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural gas.将燃料燃烧排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。
Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas, the second most common fuel used for electricity generation.在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。
In the developing world, where even new coal plants use lower grade coal and less efficient machinery, the equation is even worse.在发展中国家，情况则更糕，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。
Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green.But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment, which no one country or company seems inclined to spend.如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。
There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the United States, most in the early stages.But progress has not been promising.虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。
The European Union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe.Many have likened carbon capture's road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to putting a man on the moon.欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设l2个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。
Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its “moon landing.”挪威正在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为“月球登陆计划”。
Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at some level an inherently local issue.碳捕获之后面临的问题就是碳封存。碳封存从某种程度上来说则属于地域问题。
Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable underground site, calculate how much carbon dioxide it can hold and then equip it in a way that prevents leaks and ensures safety.地质学家们需要确定地下是否有合适的地点，计算其对二氧化碳的存储量，然后再配备设施防止二氧化碳的泄漏以确保安全。
A large leak of underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.地下二氧化碳一旦发生大量泄漏，就如同核燃料泄漏一样危险。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．In paragraph 1, what does the underlined word “so” refer to? The word “so” refers to “challenging”.2．What can be learned about carbon emission in the coal plants in developing countries? The coal used in the coal plants is low grade and the machineries there are less efficient．As a result，produce much more carbon dioxide per unit of electricity.3．How can the use of coal become “green”? Coal can become ‘green’ through carbon capture and storage． 4．According to the text, what has Norway been doing? Norway has been investing heavily in developing carbon capture technology.5．What is the biggest concern of storing carbon at an underground site? The carbon stored at an underground site could leak，and a large leak underground carbon dioxide could be as dangerous as a leak of nuclear fuel.【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．在很多以煤为主要能源的发展中国家，减少碳排放是一件极具挑战的工作。Reducing carbon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy.2．20世纪末的世界人口是20世纪六十年代的两倍。The world population by the end of the 20 century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.3．如果没有先进的技术，环境污染无法得以改善。Without advanced technology, environmental pollution could not be improved.4．过量饮食对人体带来的危害与过量饮酒带给人体的伤害一样严重。Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking.5．该公司正在就如何有效减少二氧化碳排放做一项实验性研究。The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.B．英译汉
Many chemical compounds found in the Earth's atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.”These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely．When sunlight strikes the Earth's surface，some of it is reflected back towards space as infrared radiation(heat)．Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heal the atmosphere．Over time，the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth's surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth's surface roughly constant．地球大气中的很多化合物都具有“温室气体”效果。这些气体可使太阳的光线没有任何阻碍地进入到大气中。阳光到达地球表面时，其中的一部分会变为红外线辐射（即热量）被反射回太空。温室气体吸收这些红外辐射能量并把热量圈在大气当中。日复一日，从太阳发射到地球表面的能量与反射回太空的能量应是相等的，这样即可使地球表面的温度基本保持恒定。
Many gases exhibit these“greenhouse”properties．Some of them occur in nature(water vapor, carbon dioxide，methane，and nitrous oxide)，while others are exclusively human-made．许多气体都具备这些“温室气体”的特性。这种气体就存在于自然界中，如水蒸气、二氧化碳、甲烷和氮氧化物，而其它的“温室气体”则完全是人类制造的。
Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around l50 years ago．During the past 20 years，about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels．150年前开始的大规模工业化使主要温室气体的数量增加了25%。在过去的20年中，由人类活动排放的二氧化碳约75%都是由燃烧化石燃料造成的。
World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by l.9 percent annually between 2001 and 2025．Much of the increase in these emissions expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies，such China and India．fuel their economic development with fossil energy．Developing countries' emissions are expected to grow above the world average at 2.7 percent annually between 2001 and 2025．人们预测2010年至2025年全球二氧化碳排放将会以1.9%的年增长率增加。这其中大部分的增长将会发生在以燃烧化石能源促进经济发展的新兴经济体中，例如中国和印度。2001年至2025年这些发展中国家的碳排放将会以平均每年2.7%的比例增长，这个数字大大超过了世界的年平均增长率。
th11.Marine Pollution海洋污染
By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 9 billion.到2050年，估计世界人口可能会增加到l20亿。
Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60km of the sea.The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas.其中大约有60％的人口居住在距离海洋60公里的范围内。为养活这些人口而进行的农业和工业活动将会加大富饶的沿海地区已面临的巨大压力。
One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution.The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea.人类活动产生的一个重大影响是海洋污染。最显而易见和为人熟知的是油轮事故和在海洋里清洗油箱所造成的油污染。
Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources(including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges).虽然这些影响有一定的规模、且显而易见，但是，与其它直接和间接的海洋污染源(包括民用污水、工业排放物、废料堆泄漏、都市和工业污染排放物、事故、泄漏、爆炸、向海洋倾泄垃圾的行为、石油生产、采矿、依业肥料和杀虫剂、热源废料和放射性排放物)相比，一系列油轮发生灾难性油泄漏而造成的海洋污染物质总量还是显得很少。
Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous “blooms” of algae in coastal waters.污水排放物和农业生产所造成的肥料污染使海岸水域里的藻类开出难看而且可能危险的花朵。
As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water.This led, in some areas, to “creeping dead zones”.这些花朵死亡和腐烂将耗尽水里的氧气，使这些地区变成了“逐渐蔓延的死亡区”。
Radioactive pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations.放射性污染有很多原因，包括正常运转的核电站。
Radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast.远在格陵兰岛西部海岸的海草里都能发现核燃料再处理所产生的放射性元索。
Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some sea foods unfit for human consumption.金属采矿、生产和加工所造成的微量金属污染会损害海洋植物和动物的健康，使一些海产品不再适合人类食用。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．Why is it difficult to support the population on fertile coastal areas by the year 2050? Because 60％ of the World's population will live within 60km of the sea．
2．How many kinds of sea pollutions are mentioned in the passage? What are they? There are four：marine pollution，nutrient pollution，radioactive pollution, trace metal pollution．
3．What is mentioned as the most visible and familiar marine pollution? Oil pollution． 4．Marine life dies in creeping dead zones because of the lack of ___.Oxygen． 5．The West Greenland Coast has been polluted by ____.Radioactive elements． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
1．一些污染源已经通过立法得到控制。Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation．
2．用电动车来取代汽油和柴油车可减少城市污染。Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars can free our cities from pollution.3．要从源头(at source)来规范危险化学品的生产和使用。The production and use of dangerous chemicals could be regulated at source.4．最近所发生的一切除了会造成明显可见的短期影响外，也会导致严重的长期问题。In addition to the visible short-term impacts, what has happened recently can also cause/result longer-term problems.5．污染的海岸水域引发的死亡和疾病每年要耗费全球经济128亿美元。Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US$12.8 billion a year.B．英译汉
In addition to the sewage，cities produce many tons of trash and junk each day．Bottles，garbage，plastic bags，waste paper, Cans and even junked cars make up much of this waste．Solid waste is an increasing problem．If it is dumped on land，it breeds rats，flies and mosquitoes and produces odors．One way to handle it is to make sanitary landfills．Here the trash is crushed and covered with soil．除了污水外，城市每天还要产生很多吨的垃圾及废弃物。垃圾堆里大部分东西是瓶子、残羹剩饭、塑料袋、废纸、罐头盒，甚至还有报废的汽车。固体垃圾的问题越来越大。随地倒垃圾会滋生老鼠、苍蝇和蚊子并产生臭味。有一种处理垃圾的方法就是进行卫生填埋，将垃圾压碎之后用土盖上。
12.China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术
China's unprecedented growth in recent years has come at a terrible price.中国近年来史无前例的经济增长是以可怕的代价换来的。
Two-thirds of its rivers and lakes are too polluted for industrial use, let alone agriculture or drinking.中国2/3的河流湖泊污染严重，无法用于工业，更别说农业或饮用了。
Just 1 in 100 of China's nearly 600 million city dwellers breathes air that would be considered safe in Europe.中国近6亿城市人口中只有1％的人呼吸着按欧洲标准堪称安全的空气。
At a time when arable land is in short supply, poisoned floodwaters have ruined many productive fields.在可耕地紧缺之际，受到污染的洪水又毁坏了大量良田。
The immensity of these troubles has produced a result that may surprise many outside China: The nation has emerged as an incubator for clean technology, vaulting to the forefront in several categories.诸如此类的众多问题却产生了一个令很多国外人士感到惊讶的结果：中国逐渐成为清洁技术的培育基地，在若干领域走到了前列。
Among all countries, China is now the largest producer of photovoltaic solar panels, thanks to such homegrown manufacturers as Suntech Power.凭借尚德太阳能电力有限公司等本土厂商，中国现在是世界上最大的光电太阳能电池板生产国。
The country is the world's second-largest market for wind turbines.中国也是全球第二大风电机组市场。In car-making, China's BYD Auto has leapfrogged global giants, launching the first mass-produced hybrid that plugs into an electrical outlet.在汽车制造方面，中国的比亚迪汽车有限公司已超过全球汽车巨头，推出了第一款可大批量生产的充电式混合动力车。
Understanding they are in a global race, China's leaders are supporting businesses with policies and incentives.中国领导人认识到了他们正处于一场全球竞赛中，于是以各种政策和激励措施对企业予以扶持。
Beijing recently hiked China's auto mileage standards to a level the U.S.is not expected to reach until 2020.北京前不久将中国的汽车里程标准大幅提高到美国估计要到2020年才能达到的水平。
Beijing also says it will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23% by 2020, from 16% today, on par with similar targets in Europe.Beijing's green intentions will soon be put to the test.北京还表示，到2020年，中国的可再生性资源发电量所占比例将从目前的16％上升到23％，与欧洲的类似指标不相上下。北京的绿色环保意向很快将受到考验。
China is in the midst of the biggest building boom in history.A study estimates that over 350 million people will migrate from the countryside into cities by 2025.中国正处于有史以来最大的建筑热潮中。一项研究估计，到2025年，中国将有超过3.5亿人从农村迁入城市。
Five million buildings will be added, including 50,000 skyscrapers—equal to 10 New York Cities.中国将新增500万幢建筑，包括5万幢摩天大楼，相当于10座纽约市的规模。
And as new offices and houses multiply, they are filled with energy-hungry computers, TVs, air conditioners, and the like, sharply increasing demand for electricity, which comes mainly from coal-powered plants.随着新建办公室和房屋的成倍增长，那些耗费能源的计算机、电视、空调等设备也要装备到这些建筑中，这就大量增加了电力的需求，而大部分电力是来自以煤做燃料的发电厂。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】 1．What are some of the downsides to China's growth? Rivers, 1akes and air are seriously polluted．Water and agricultural land have been poisoned．
2．According to the passage，how many people in China breathe safe air? 6 million．
3．What can be learned about Suntech Power? It is a domestic(homegrown)manufacturer of photovoltaic solar panels．
4．What are Beijing's green intentions? Beijing will boost the country's share of electricity created from renewable sources to 23％ by 2020．
5．What will be increased sharply by the year 2025 in China? City population． 【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英 1．环境污染和自然灾害是经济发展应付出的代价。Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.2．化石能源的紧缺促使很多能源公司去开发替代能源。The shortage of fossil fuels has made many energy companies develop alternative energy sources.3．丰田汽车公司已经开始大规模生产其混合动力车Prius，这在很大程度上超过了其它汽车制造大企业。Toyota Auto has begun to mass-producing its hybrid model Prius, which has leapfrogged other auto giants.4．政府通过政策激励来促使国有企业节能减排。Governments are boosting(promoting)energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.5．随着人口的成倍增长(multiply)，世界将会对能源有如饥似渴般的需求。As population multiplies, the world will become energy-hungry.B．英译汉
China's investments in renewable energy in 2009 exceeded those made by the United States for the first time．With its investments growing 50 percent in 2009，China committed $34.6 billion to wind power，solar energy and other forms of renewable energy，making it the world's biggest investor in such projects．China invested nearly double the United States' $18.6 billion，while the United Kingdom, which has a much smaller population，was the third largest investor with $11.2 billion in 2009．The study of investments by G-20 nations also found that China's installed renewable energy capacity surged to 52.5 gigawatts，putting it just behind the United States，which had 53.4 gigawatts of capacity in 2009．2009年中国在可再生能源上的投资首次超过美国。2009年中国政府为开发风电、太阳能和其它可再生资源共投资346亿美元，同比增长了50%，这也使得中国成为世界上最大的可再生能源的投资者。中国的这项投资几乎相当于美国186亿美元投资的两倍，而英国，虽然人口数量要比中国和美国小很多，但在可再生能源上的投资却排在世界第三位，他们2009年投资额为112亿。20国集团（G-20）对可再生能源投资所做的研究还表明，目前中国已安装完善的可再生能源发电总量已飞速发展到525亿瓦特，仅次于美国2009年的534亿瓦特发电总量。
China is emerging as the world's clean energy powerhouse．Having built a strong manufacturing base and export markets，China is working now to meet domestic demand by installing substantial new clean energy-generating capacity to meet ambitious renewable energy targets．Over the past six months alone，China has signed deals with American solar companies to build solar power plants that would generate 4,000 megawatts of electricity．中国已成为世界新兴的清洁能源发电站。拥有强大的生产基地和庞大的出口市场，中国目前正致力于大批安装清洁能源发电设施以满足国内对可再生能源不断增加的需求。仅仅在过去的六个月中，中国就已经和一些美国的太阳能公司签署了建造拥有4000兆瓦发电能力的太阳能发电站的协议。
13.Market Economy市场经济
There are pros and cons for command and market economies.计划经济和市场经济各有利弊。
Let's look at the command economy first.The foundation of it is that it is directed and controlled by a centralize government.首先我们来看一下计划经济。计划经济的基础是由中央集权的政府指导和控制。
A command economy means that the government is involved in every step.There are other downsides to a command economy.计划经济意味着政府涉足经济生活的每一步。计划经济还有其它的负面影响。
Often factories don't meet quotas, needs are underestimated, and a product could sell too quickly, and so on.工厂经常会达不到配额，市场的需求会被低估，一种产品可能会很快销售一空等等。
Basically things have to be adjusted.Production and prices might have to be increased or decreased;there might be restrictions on the number of items a person could buy.总的来说必须做出调整：产品和价格可能不得不或升或降；也可能会限制人们购买产品的数量等等。
Now let's look at the market economy.That means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions.现在我们来看一下市场经济。这意味着企业私有制而政府并不能为它们做任何决定。
Here's how it works.We'll use the example of clothing.Maybe somebody – say Jack – decides to open a company making clothes.He designs and makes them fashionable so people will want to buy and wear them.If the clothes become popular then Jack can increase the price and keep increasing it.我们用服装行业的例子来说明它的运行方式。假如某人，我们就叫他杰克，决定开一家服装制造公司。他设计和制造时尚的服装，使人们愿意购买和穿着。如果服装受欢迎，杰克会提高价格，并维持价格的攀升。
By doing this Jack can make more profit and or expand his business to make even more money.At the same time other people will have noticed how well he is doing and will start up new businesses in competition.通过这种方式，杰克可获取更大的利滑。或者通过扩展业务，创造更多的财富。与此同时，别人将注意到他做的很优秀，于是这些人将创办新的企业与杰克竞争。
This way prices will level off or even come down because people will buy the thing costing less.这样价格将稳定下来，甚至可能降低，因为人们都愿意买更便宜的衣服。
The companies will have to cut costs, and perhaps do with less profit to stay in business.In this case the market economy is the way to go.各家公司将不得不降低成本、减少利润，使自己在行业内得以生存。在这种情况下，市场经济才是正确的方向。
With a command economy the government runs everything and everybody, but with a market economy the government supposedly provides assistance only to correct problems that can't be solved by the market.在计划经济下，政府掌管每件事和每个人；而在市场经济下，政府提供帮助来解决市场不能解决的问题。
With a command economy come chronic shortages, inefficiencies.On the other hand, the market economy offers greater opportunities for economic growth, technological progress and prosperity.计划经济逐渐导致长期物质短缺和效率低下。另一方面，市场经济能够更大程度地带来经济增长、技术进步和社会繁荣的良机。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What is the role of government in the command economy? The economy is directed，controlled by the centralized government．
2．What might be restricted in the command economy? How much of an item a person can buy．
3．What is the market economy? Market economy means private enterprise with the government not making the decisions．
4．Who is Jack according to the text? Jack is a virtual person who owns a company that makes clothes． 5．What does the market economy provide? The market economy provides／offers greater opportunities for economic growth，technological progress and prosperity．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
当今，经济学在商业方面起着越来越大的作用。商人们清楚地认识到研究工作的重要性，他们需要通过研究来发现什么样的条件有助予出售他们的商品，对他们的商品有什么需求，以及能够得到什么样的国际市场等等。Economics play an increasingly important part in business today.Businessmen see clearly the necessity for research.They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods, what demand there will be for their goods, what foreign markets will be available and so on.B．英译汉
Globalization is a fact of life．But we have underestimated its fragility．The problem is this．The spread of markets grow faster than the ability of societies and their political systems to adjust to them．Let alone to guide the course they take.History teaches us that such an imbalance between the economic, social and political realms can never be sustained for very long．全球化已成为无法回避的事实。但是我们低估了它的脆弱。问题就在于此，市场的快速扩展已超出了社会及其政治制度适应其发展的能力，更谈不上引导市场发展的进程。历史的经验告诉我们：这种经济、社会和政治领域的不平衡绝不会持续很久。
The industrialized countries learned that lesson in their bitter and costly encounter with the Great Depression．In order to restore social harmony and political stability, they adopted social safety nets and other measures．That insured possible successive moves towards globalization，which brought about the long-period of expansion．工业化国家在遭遇经济大萧条时付出了惨重、昂贵的代价，因此而吸取了教训。为了恢复社会和谐、政治稳定，他们采用了社会安全体系和其它一些措施，确保了不断迈向经济全球化而带来的长期市场扩张。
14.CPI消费者物价指数
If the CPI, Consumer Price Index was 2.1% in a country, what does that mean? In a nutshell, it means that consumers in that country paid 2.1% more than in the previous year for the goods and services included in the CPI basket.如果某个国家的消费者物价指数为2.l％，那意味着什么?简单地说，这意味着这个国家的消费者为消费者物价指数篮子里的商品及服务的支出比上一年多了2.1％。
Although prices of goods and services rise and fall over time, when prices change too dramatically, they can have negative effects on an economy.虽然商品和服务的价格随时间而上下波动，但是如果价格变动幅度过大，则会给经济带来负面影响。
In order to tell if an economy is experiencing inflation, deflation or stagflation, we use the CPI as a gauge of the price of goods and services.为了说明经济是否正在经历通货膨胀、通货紧缩或者是滞胀，我们把CPI作为衡量商品及服务价格的尺度。
When the Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistic releases the CPI date monthly, the CPI's result are widely anticipated and watched.劳工部劳动数据统计局每月公布CPI数据的时候，很多人都期待并关注CPI结果。
Who would eagerly await the results, you might ask? Well, the CPI plays an important role for many key financial decision makers, including individual investors, the Central Banks and the Federal Reserve in the U.S.你或许会问什么人会热切地等待着这些结果?CPI对许多重要的财政决策者来说起着重要的作用，其中包括个人投资者、中央银行和美国联邦贮备银行。
The CPI helps central banks forecast the interest-rate policy and other decisions of major banks and corporations.CPI帮助中央银行预测主要银行和企业的利息政策和其它决策。
I mentioned the CPI basket before and now I want to expand on what this basket is and how we get the information.前面提到过CPI篮子，现在我想进一步说明一下这个篮子是什么，以及我们如何获取信息。
The base-year market basket, which makes up the CPI, comes from detailed expenditure information collected from surveys of thousands of families.组成CPI的基本市场篮子是在调查了成千上万户家庭的详细支出信息之后得出的。
The information is not randomly collected, instead, the information is gathered through interviews and diaries kept by participants who have agreed to disclose their buying habits.这些信息不是随机搜集来的，而是通过对那些愿意公开自己购买习惯的消费者所进行采访和记录中得到的信息。
The basket is divided into eight groups: food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication, and other goods and services, and includes more than 200 categories.基本篮子可分为8个组，包括了200多个种类，食品和饮料、住宅、服装、交通工具、医疗、休闲、教育和通讯以及其它商品的服务。
Finally, the prices of 80,000 items in the market basket are collected monthly from thousands of retail stores, service establishments, rental units, and doctors' offices.最后，市场篮子中的8万件物品的价格是从成千上万个零售商店、服务部门、租赁店、诊所等的每个月汇总中得来的。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What is CPI short for? Consumer Price Index．
2．What does that indicate if CPI is 3.3% in a country this year? Consumers in a country have to pay 3.3％ more than in the previous year for the goods and services．
3．What will happen if prices change a lot? They can have negative effects on an economy．
4．Who are eager to await the results of the CPI? Why? Many key financial decision makers．Because the CPI plays an important role for them．
5．How is the information of the CPI basket collected? The information is collected through interviews and diaries kept by the participants．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
20世纪30年代的大萧条(Great Depression)对大部分的美国人产生了巨大的影响。工厂倒闭，工人失业，公司和银行破产，农民不能偿付贷款并失去了他们的农场，他们中的许多人只能离开家乡去寻找工作。20世纪30年代的大萧条不仅影响了美国，它把整个世界都搅乱了。The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound(serious)effect on most of the population of the United States.Factories closed and workers were out of work;businesses and banks collapsed;farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms.Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs(look for jobs).The Great Depression of 1930s didn't only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.B．英译汉
Social assistance is considered a job，which is correct．This sector, accounting for 6 percent of all jobs in this country, is made up of firms and organizations that have goals that go beyond making money．Their goal is to improve the quality and accessibility of their products in addition to increasing the quality of life of their members and employees，by educating and training them．社会援助被看作是一个职业，这是正确的。这个领域占该国所有就业机会的6%，是由一些不以盈利为目的的公司和组织构成的。他们的主要目标是通过教育和培训的方式提高他们的成员或雇员的生活质量。此外，还要提升他们的产品质量和可获性。
Many of these companies focus more specifically on helping build basic job skills in the most needy peopleand is making it possible to unleash supercomputing power on everyday tasks：analyzing a city's traffic patterns，for example，to predict where jams will crop up． 我们需要从两个方面来理解这一平台。第一个方面与处理能力及数据存储有关——这部分功能已经从个人电脑转移到了大型的中央集成数据中心。它将使数据处理形成产业化规模并使超级计算机能力可以被用于日常工作：比如，分析某个城市的交通模式，以便预测哪个地点会发生交通堵塞。
The second part lies in the billions of intelligent personal devicescapable of plugging into this centralized computing resource via the internet．That means individuals(and not just companies or governments)will be able to take advantage of these information“clouds”．第二个方面是，数十亿台智能个人设备——如智能手机、上网本——能够通过互联网接入这一集中化计算资源。这意味着，个人（而不仅仅是企业或政府）将能够利用这些信息“云”。
So where does this lead us? Two broad predictions spring to mind．0ne is that making so much information and processing power available at very low cost will produce new breakthroughs．Science，for instance，could be revolutionized，as researchers gain access to previously unimaginable amounts of data and develop ways to cross-refer between disciplines．那么，它将带领我们走向何方？我脑海中闪现了两个宽泛的预测。一个是，使人们能以非常低的成本获得如此多的信息与处理能力，将会带来新的突破。例如，科学领域可能会发生彻底的变革，因为研究人员能够获取之前难以想象的海量数据，并且研发出在各学科之间相互指引参照的方法。
The second prediction is that personal computing devices will become super smart as they are able to draw on the intelligence of the “cloud”．Already，Google is talking about adding instantaneous voice translation to its phones．第二个预测是，个人计算设备将变得超级智能，因为它们可以利用“云”的智能。谷歌已经开始讨论在其手机中加入同步语音翻译功能。
The big changes represented by these computing shifts may not be complete by the end of this decadewe won't do much about it.全球变暖或许是也或许不是21世纪的环境大危机。但不管是与否，我们都不会采取什么措施。
We will argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it.我们会对其争论不休，甚至作为一个国家发表一些听起来庄重的誓言来避免全球变暖。
But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed.但这些誓言听起来越激动人心、越意味深长，实现它们的可能性却越小。
A1 Gore, former US Vice President, calls global warming an “inconvenient truth,” as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution.美国前副总统戈尔将全球变暖称作“令人不快的真相”，似乎只要我们认识到这个真相就可以找到解决这一问题的途径。
But the real truth is that we don't know enough to relieve global warming, andwe can't do much about it.但是实际的真相是我们并没有足够的能力消除全球变暖；若没有重大的科技突破，我们根本无能为力。
From 2003 to 2050, the world's population is projected to grow from 6.4 billion to 9.1 billion, a 42% increase.2003年至2050年世界人口预计将增长42％，即从64亿增长至91亿。
if energy use per person and technology remain the same, total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions(mainly,CO2)will be 42% higher in 2050.如果人均消耗能源和科技水平不变，到2050年，能源消耗总量和温室气体排放将增加42％。
But that's too low, because societies that grow richer use more energy.但是这只是一个保守数字，因为社会的进步和富足意味着更多的能源消耗。
We need economic growth unless we condemn the world's poor to their present poverty and freeze everyone else's living standards.经济发展是必需的，除非不再提高人们的生活水准，让世界上的贫困人口永远过贫穷的生活。
With modest growth, energy use and greenhouse emissions more than double by 2050.但即使经济保守地发展，到2050年，能源消耗及温室气体排放也会增加一倍多。
No government will adopt rigid restrictions on economic growth and personal freedom(limits on electricity usage, driving and travel)that might cut back global warming.任何政府都不会采取刚性的措施限制经济发展和个人自由(如：限制用电量、开车出行、外出旅行等)，尽管这样的措施会减缓全球变暖。
Still, politicians want to show they're “doing something” Consider the Kyoto Protocol.It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn't.But it hasn't reduced CO2 emissions, and many signatories didn't adopt tough enough policies to hit their 2008-2012 targets.但是政治家们依然想证明他们没有对全球变暖“置之不理”。“京都议定书”就是个实例。其中规定所有签约国家有权利惩罚那些非签约国。但是“京都议定书”并没有使二氧化碳的排放有所减少，况且很多签约国也并没有采取足够严厉的措施以实现2008—2010年碳排放目标。
The practical conclusion is that if global warming is a potential disaster, the only solution is new technology.Only an aggressive research and development program might find ways of breaking our dependence on fossil fuels or dealing with it.我们得出的现实的结论就是如果全球变暖是一场潜在的灾难，解决全球变暖的唯一办法是新技术。只有靠我们大力的研究和技术开发才能使我们打破对化石燃料的依赖或找到应对全球变暖的方法。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What is said about global warming in the first paragraph? Human being will not do much about global warming．
2．According to the author’s understanding, what is A1 Gore’s view on global warming? A1 Gore calls global warming an“inconvenient truth,”as if merely recognizing it could put us on a path to a solution．
3．Why will greenhouse emissions double by the year 2050? Because the world population will grow by 42％ by 2050，and as economy will grow, and so will the energy consumption and greenhouse emission． 4．In paragraph 4, the sentence “It allowed countries that joined to punish those that didn’t.” What does the word “didn’t” refer to? “Those that didn't” here refers to“those countries that didn't join the Kyoto Protocol.5．What message does the author try to convey in the last paragraph? We must develop breakthrough technology in order to deal with the problem of global warming.【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
全球气候变暖主要是由于人们焚烧化石矿物以生成能量时所产生的二氧化碳等多种温室气体导致。全球平均气温总体看为上升趋势。进入20世纪八十年代后，全球气温明显上升。全球变暖的后果，会使全球降水量重新分配（reallocation），冰川消融，海平面上升，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。Global warming is primarily caused by the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels for energy by humans.The global average temperature is generally on a rise.We’ve seen a significant rise in global temperature since the 1980s.Global warming will result in the reallocation of global rainfall, the melting of glaciers, and the rise of see level.This will damage the balance of the ecosystem and threaten food supply and the living condition for human beings.B．英译汉
As the biggest environmental meeting in history opens in Copenhagen, the scientific case for a global agreement to fight man-made climate change remains overwhelming.The furor over alleged data manipulation, following the theft of e-mails from the University of East Anglia, has stirred up the skeptics(and shaken some scientists)but Climategate does not alter the real issue – that, despite many uncertainties, the risks of catastrophic change justify decisive global action to cut carbon emissions.在有史以来规模最大的环境会议在哥本哈根开幕之际，以科学为依据，达成一项以应对人为造成的气候变化的全球协议势在必行。英国东英吉利大学的电子邮件被盗后，引发所谓数据操纵的轰动，让怀疑者振奋，也动摇了某些科学家的观点，但“气候门”并未改变真正的议题，即尽管存在众多不确定性，但地球气候发生灾难性变化的种种风险，意味着有必要采取果断的全球行动，减少碳排放。
While political realities will not allow the negotiators to conclude a full-scale treaty in Copenhagen, they need to put in place the mechanisms to agree a binding deal next year.The conference must achieve a spirit of genuine progress – over and above the inevitable horse-trading and political fudging – which will convince not only politicians but also billions of individuals around the world that the fight against global warming is worth joining.Business planning, too, requires a predictable path to a decarbonized global economy.尽管政治现实不允许谈判者在哥本哈根达成一项全面条约，但他们需要落实相关机制，以便在明年达成一个有约束力的协定。本次会议必须超越不可避免的讨价还价和政治作势并获得实质性进展，让世界各地的政界人士乃至数十亿人相信：抗击全球变暖是一项值得投入的事业。就商业规划而言，也需要一条通向全球低碳经济的可预测的路径。
Copenhagen has to make progress on several complex issues: emissions targets for developing and developed countries;financing adaptation and mitigation in poorer nations;technology transfer arrangements;and a governance structure to ensure compliance with agreed carbon targets.It would make sense to decant the more successful outcomes of Kyoto, such as its monitoring mechanism, into a new agreement – carefully relabelled, of course, for US consumption.哥本哈根会议必须在多个复杂的问题上取得进展：针对发展中国家和发达国家的排放指标；资助较贫穷国家的适应与缓解措施；技术转让安排；以及一个管治架构，确保商定的碳排放指标得到遵守。应当传承《京都协议书》比较成功的成果，比如其监督机制，使之成为一份新的协定，当然还要经过精心的考虑措施，让美国能够接受。
20.Alternate Energies替代能源
There is a lot of energy that we can harness if we only seek to research and develop the technologies needed to do so.We can get away from the fossil fuels and the old electrical grids by turning to alternatives to these energy sources.只要我们努力去研究和开发所需技术，有很多能源都可供我们利用。我们完全可以远离化石能源和老式电网，去使用这些替代能源。
One of these alternative energy resources is wind power.Wind turbines continue to be developed that are progressively more energy efficient and less costly.这些替代能源之一就是风能。人们不断开发改进风力涡轮发电机使其更加节能也越来越便宜。
“Wind farms” have been springing up in many nations, and they have even become more strategically placed over time so that they are not jeopardizing birds as former wind turbines did.在很多国家建立起越来越多的“风电厂”。而且，考虑到以前的风力涡轮对鸟类造成了危害，人们在设置这些新的风力发电机时也更加注意了策略性。
Another alternative energy resource is the one that is most well known: solar energy.This involves the manufacturing of solar cells which gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun, and translate it into electricity or, in some cases, hot water.As with wind energy, solar energy creates absolutely zero pollution.另外一种替代能源是为大家广泛熟知的太阳能。太阳能技术需要生产太阳能电池来聚集并收集太阳光发出的能量，并将其转变成电能或有时提取热水。和风能一样，太阳能是零污染能源。
Ocean wave energy is seen by governments and investors as having enormous energy generating potential.海洋潮汐能是被很多国家和投资商看好的拥有巨大潜力的能源。
A generator in France has been in operation for many years now and is considered to be a great success, and the Irish and Scots are running experimental facilities.在法国已经有一个潮汐发电设施在运行发电，几年的运行使用证明这项技术是成功的。爱尔兰和苏格兰目前也正在测试他们的潮汐能发电设施。
Hydroelectric power has been with us for a while and where it is set up, it is a powerful generator of electricity and cleaner than a grid.水力发电已经为人类使用了相当一段时间了，水力发电厂可以产生很多电能，比电网发电要更加清洁。
However, there are certain limitations to the availability of the right places to set up a large dam.Many run-of-the-river, or small and localized, hydroelectric generators have been set up in recent times due to this limitation.但是水力发电存在一定的制约一一不是每个地方都能建造大坝，因此水力发电并不能被广泛使用。鉴于这些制约，最近，很多河床式发电厂，或者小型的水利发电设施已在兴建。
Geothermal energy is extremely abundant, since it lies directly beneath our feet, just a few miles below the earth's surface.This energy is produced by the heating of water through the actions of earth's fantastically hot molten core.地热能的储量极其丰富，因为地热能就在我们脚下，离地面只有几英里的地下。地热能是通过地球内部的高温熔岩活动将地下水加热而形成的能量。
The water turns to steam, which can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which in turn generate electricity.Great amounts of research and development should be put into geothermal energy tapping.这些被熔岩加热的水变为蒸汽，这些蒸汽可用来驱动涡轮机最终发电。我们应该对地热能的开发利用做大量的研究。
Ethanol is a gasoline substitute and is created from such things as wheat, sugarcane, grapes, strawberries, corn, and even wood chips and wood cellulose.乙醇是汽油的替代品，它是由麦予、甘蔗、葡萄、草莓、玉米、木屑和木纤维这些物质制成的。
There is controversy over this fuel with regards to its ever becoming truly economical or practical except in very localized areas, but technologies for its extraction and admixturing are continuously being refined.对于乙醇是否能成为既经济又实用而且没有地域局限性的能源仍存在很多争议，而乙醇的提取和混合的技术也正在不断地改进。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
l.What are some of the advantages of wind power? Wind power is energy-efficient and less costly and it is clean．
2.How do the solar cells work? Solar cells gather and focus the energy given off directly by the sun，and translate it into electricity or hot water.3.Where in the world is ocean wave energy applied? Currently, it is used in France，Ireland and Scotland.4.How is geothermal power converted into electricity? The steam underground can be harnessed and used to drive turbine engines which can generate electricity.5.What is the controversy over the use of ethanol as a source of energy? The controversy is whether ethanol as a source of energy can be truly economical or practical except in very localized areas.【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
清洁能源是不排放污染物的能源，它包括核能和“可再生能源”。可再生能源是指可以通过自然现象补充的能源，如水力发电、风力发电、太阳能、生物能、海潮能这些能源。可再生能源不存在能源耗竭的可能，因此日益受到许多国家的重视，尤其是能源短缺的国家。Clean energy refers to energy sources that release zero pollutants.This includes nuclear energy and renewable energies.Renewable energy comes from natural processes that are replenished constantly, hydroelectric power, wind power, solar power, biofuels, tidal power are all renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and therefore have attracted the attention of many countries, especially those with a great shortage of energy sources.B．英译汉 The term “biomass” refers to organic matter that has stored energy through the process of photosynthesis.It exists in one form as plants and may be transferred through the food chain to animals' bodies and their wastes, all of which can be converted for everyday human use through processes such as combustion, which releases the carbon dioxide stored in the plant material.Many of the biomass fuels used today come in the form of wood products, dried vegetation, crop residues, and aquatic plants.Biomass has become one of the most commonly used renewable sources of energy in the last two decades, second only to hydropower in the generation of electricity.It is such a widely utilized source of energy, probably due to its low cost and indigenous nature, that it accounts for almost 15% of the world's total energy supply and as much as 35% in developing countries, mostly for cooking and heating.“生物质”是指通过光合作用储藏能量的有机物质。它既能以植物的形式存在，也可以通过食物链转化到动物的身体和粪便中，通过燃烧提供人们每日所需的能量同时释放出存在于这些物质中的二氧化碳，许多我们现在使用的生物能都来自树木、干蔬菜、庄稼残留物以及水生植物。在过去的20年中，生物能是人们最常使用的可再生能源之一，在发电方面的作用，仅次于水力发电。生物能的应用之所以如此广泛，主要是因为成本低和其自然属性。正因如此，在整个世界能源总供给中生物能就占了将近15%，而在发展中国家这一比例高达35%，主要用于烹饪（煮饭）和取暖。
There are two issues that affect the evaluation of biomass as a viable solution to our energy problem: the effects of the farming and production of biomass and the effects of the factory conversion of biomass into usable energy or electricity.There are as many environmental and economic benefits as there are detriments to each issue, which presents a difficult challenge in evaluating the potential success of biomass as an alternative fuel.For instance, the replacement of coal by biomass could result in “a considerable reduction in net carbon dioxide emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect.” On the other hand, the use of wood and other plant material for fuel may mean deforestation.We are all aware of the problems associated with denuding forests, and widespread clear cutting can lead to groundwater contamination and irreversible erosion patterns that could literally change the structure of the world ecology.有两大因素影响着生物能是否能成为解决能源问题的切实可行的最终方案：有农耕和生物质产量的因素，还有将生物能转化成可用能源或电力的工厂的因素。就每一个因素而言都存在着许多对环境和经济带来的利益和危害。这就使人们很难将生物能作为最具潜力的替代能源。例如，生物质替代煤会大大减少导致温室效应的碳排放，但另一方面，由于使用木材和其它植物材料又会出现采伐森林现象。我们都清楚伐光树木和植物会带来什么样的问题：地下水污染、不可逆转的土壤侵蚀，这些还会导致整个世界生态系统结构的彻底改变。
21.Biofuels生物燃料
In order to understand the role of biofuels going forward, we need to look at where we are in the evolution of energy – where Edwin Drake's discovery has taken us over 150 years.为了了解生物燃料的未来走向，我们需要搞清楚我们现在正处于能源发展过程中的哪个阶段—150年前埃德温•德雷克的发现将我们带到了这个位置上。
The fact is that our world has become reliant on plentiful supplies of energy and current forecasts put us on course for a rise of anything up to 45% in demand for energy by the year 2030.事实上我们这个世界已经变得非常依赖于丰富的能源供应；目前的预测显示，到2030年我们对能量的需求将增加45％。
Meeting this demand will be tough and it will require investment of at least $1 trillion a year.满足这个需求将是很艰难的，这将需要每年至少l万亿美元的投资。
So in terms of new fuels, biofuels are the primary means of bringing secure, sustainable, low-carbon fuel to vehicles in the next two decades.因此，就新的燃料而言，生物燃料是在未来20年实现为车辆提供安全、可持续发展和低碳排放的主要手段。
Crude oil is proving to be remarkably difficult to substitute.Biofuels are the only viable contender so far.Our projections suggest biofuels should account for up to 20% of the market by 2030the “resource curse.”这样的实例极其常见，以至于人们给这种现象起了个“资源诅咒”的名字。
Resource curse applies specifically to poor countries that don't have a lot of sources of wealth to begin with, then there's a discovery of a major resourcethat suddenly becomes a major source of wealth for that country.资源诅咒这个说法尤其适合于一开始就没有什么财富的贫困国家，石油或铜或金矿等重要资源的发现使得这些资源突然成了这个国家的主要财富来源。
Theoretically the development of that resource could produce great wealth for that nation, but historically it leads to the concentration of wealth in the hands of a fewand the exclusion of the majority from any benefit.理论上讲这些资源的开发会给拥有这一资源的国家带来巨大的财富，但是历史证明这些财富却集中到了一小部分人的手中——这些人垄断着收取矿藏和石油的开采费，使得大多数人不能从这些财富中得到任何利益。
The result is repressive governments that cling to power, so they can monopolize the collection of resource wealth, and an impoverished populationoil or copper or goldnot only dripping from rusty platforms atop the delta waters, but in the water itself, in the air, which smelled of petroleum, and in the gas flares that are a scalding feature of the injured landscape.Because of a host of political and economic ills triggered by the drilling, the Niger Delta is alive not with marine life but with violencecountries with a lot of oil are lucky and rich, right?-a succession of studies show that countries dependent on natural-resource exports experience lower growth rates than countries that have nonresource economies, and they suffer greater amounts of repression and conflict too.The reasons are complex, but in general, a reliance on oil discourages investment in other industries, makes governments less responsive to the desires of citizens and fosters corruption by officials seeking and receiving funds that are not their due.An oil state is, almost by definition, a dysfunctional state.上述国家（还有其它许多国家）所遭受的损害，乃人们称为“资源诅咒”的种种症状。虽然这看起来违反直觉——拥有大量石油的国家是幸运和富裕的，不是吗？——但一系列研究表明，那些依赖自然资源出口的国家，其经济增长率低于非资源经济型的国家，同时它们也遭受更大量的镇压与冲突。造成这一切的原因很复杂，但总的来说，对石油的依赖阻碍了对其它产业的投资，使政府较少顾及国民的需求，而助长了官员中寻求并接受不正当资金的腐败行为。一个石油出产国几乎可以界定为一个功能失常的国家。
24.Company Management公司管理
Management in an organization can be in different levels.The larger the organization the more levels of management will be needed.公司管理层可以分为不同级别，公司越大，所需要的管理层级也越多。
In general, first-line managers are directly responsible for the production of goods or services.一般来说，第一线经理对商品的生产和服务直接负责。
They may be called sales managers, section heads or production supervisors, depending on the organization.根据企业的不同情况，他们可能被叫做销售经理、部门负责人或者生产监督。
Employees who report to them do the organization's basic production work–whether of goods or of services.他们的下级雇员直接进行企业中的基础的商品生产或服务工作。
This level of management is the link between the operations of each department and the rest of the organization.这一层的管理是连接部门的经营和企业的其它部门之间的环节。
First-line managers in most organizations spend little time with higher management or with people from other organizations.大多数公司的第一线经理极少花时间和高层管理人员或其他企业的人在一起。
Most of their time is spent with the people they supervise and with other first-line managers.First-line managers usually need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.他们的大部分时间都花在与他们所监督的人和其他的一线经理身上。第一线经理通常需要丰富的专业技术来指导下属并监督他们的日常工作。
As an organization grows, however, so do its problems.Some managers at larger organizations must focus on coordinating employee activities, determining which products or services to provide, and deciding how to market these products or services to customers.随着企业的不断成长，管理上就相应出现一些难题。有些大企业的经理必须集中精力来协调雇员的活动，确定生产什么产品或提供什么服务，决定如何向顾客推销这些产品和服务。
These are the problems of middle managers, who receive broad, general strategies and policies from top managers, and translate them into specific goals and plans for first-line managers to implement.这些是中层经理们所面临的问题。中层经理从高层经理那儿接受总体的和一般的规划和政策，然后把它们分解成具体的目标和计划，交给第一线经理们去实施。
Middle managers typically have titles such as department head, plant manager, and director of finance.They are responsible for directing and coordinating the activities of first-line managers.中层经理通常有这样一些头衔：比如部门主任，工厂经理和财务主任等。他们负责指导和协调第一线经理的活动。
Middle managers spend much of their time planning, organizing and leading to enable first-line managers and their subordinates to work as efficiently as possible.中层经理用大部分的时间来计划、组织、领导，以便使第一线的经理和他们的部下能够尽可能高效率地工作。
The overall direction of an organization is the responsibilities of top managers.Typical titles of top managers are chief executive officer, president, executive vice-president and so on.Top managers develop goals, policies, and strategies for the entire organization.高层经理的责任是决定一个企业的总体方向。高层经理的典型头衔是首席执行官、总裁和执行副总裁等，高层经理为整个企业制定目标、政策和战略。
They set the goals that are handed down through the hierarchy, eventually reaching each worker.他们确定企业奋斗目标，然后通过逐级下传，最终到达每个工人。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】 1.What is the main idea of this passage? The main idea of this text is the different levels of management in a company．
2.What are required of first-line managers? First-line managers need strong technical expertise to teach subordinates and supervise their day-to-day tasks.3.Who are the first-line managers responsible to? First-line managers are responsible to the middle managers．
4.In the sentence “These are the problems of middle managers, who receive broad, general strategies and policies from top managers and translate them into specific goals and plans for first-line managers to implement.” How do you understand the word “translate”? “Translate”here means“转化为”、“变为”。
5.At an organization, people with what titles are regarded as top managers? Chief executive officer，president，executive vice-president．
【练习题目及参考答案】 A．汉译英
每个企业都倾尽其力来对付如何组织企业这一问题。组织结构经常需要反映出新的战略、变化的市场条件以及创新的生产技术方面的影响。全世界的公司都在重新构造自己，以便在当今高度竞争的全球环境中更精干、更有效、更灵活。Every firm wrestles with the problem of how to organize.Reorganization often is necessary to reflect a new strategy, changing market conditions, or innovative production technology.Companies throughout the world are restructuring to become leaner, more efficient and more flexible in today’s highly competitive global environment.B．英译汉
There are many types of managers and many ways in which managerial jobs differ from each other.One difference is the scope of the activities being managed.The scope of activities performed by general managers is quite broad.经理的种类有很多,管理工作之间同样存在很大差别。其中的一个差别就是管理工作所包含的范围，公司总经理从事的管理工作的范围涉及面非常广。
Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area, such as accounting, human resources, sales, finance, marketing, or production.For example, the head of a payroll department is a functional manager.That person doesn’t determine employee salaries, as a general manager might, but makes sure that payroll checks are issued on time and in the correct amounts.Usually, functional managers have a great deal of experience and technical expertise in the detailed knowledge they have about the work being done by the people they supervise, the problems those people are likely to face, and the resources they need to perform well.职能部门经理通常管理某一专业领域的员工，如财务、人力资源、销售、金融、市场或生产等。薪酬管理部门的主任就是职能部门经理。职能部门经理不像公司总经理那样有决定员工工资多少的权利，但是他们必须确保工资准时准确发放。通常而言，职能部门经理对所管理部门的工作领域都具有丰富的经验和具体的相关知识，并且能够熟知部门员工可能会遇到的问题以及如何把本部门工作做好所需的必要资源。
General Managers are responsible for the operations of a more complex unit, such as a company.Usually they oversee the work of functional managers.General Managers must have a broad range of well-developed competencies to do their jobs well.These competencies can be learned through a combination of formal training and various job assignments, or they can be learned simply in the course of trying to adapt and survive in a chosen area.总经理负责经营一个更加复杂的实体，比如公司。通常他们监督职能部门经理的工作。总经理们必须具备多种良好的能力才能把公司管理好。这些能力可以在正规培训和不同工作实践中获取，也可以简单地在某一领域的实际拼搏中获得。
25.Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool建立多元化人才库
Widening the pool from which top employers hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go round smacks of poor timing.在工作岗位不够分配的当下，扩充人才库，以便让顶尖雇主从中招聘毕业生，颇有些不合时宜的味道。
But that is the goal that Leading London, an initiative launched by London First, the employers group, and a recruitment consultants, has set itself.但这正是雇主团体伦敦发展局与一家招聘咨询公司联合发起的“Leading London”项目为自己设定的目标。
The program aims to talent-spot students from diverse backgrounds studying at post-1992 universities(former polytechnics), and introduce them to City employers and blue-chip corporations.该项目旨在物色来自1992后大学（即过去的技术学院）不同专业的学生，再把他们介绍给伦敦金融城的雇主和一流企业。
Advocates of the program say action to promote social mobility has never been more necessary.该项目的倡导者表示，增进社会流动性的需求从未如此迫切。
When the economy was booming, employers saw under-represented groups, such as ethnic minorities, lower social income groups and women, as “hidden talent pools”.Now, however, many diversity programs are being squeezed.在经济繁荣时期，雇主将少数族裔、社会收入较低的人群、以及女性等弱势群体视为“隐藏的人才库”。而如今，许多人才多元化项目都受到挤压。
Leading London, which has been piloted by London Metropolitan University, uses a novel method to bring potential stars to the attention of the initiative's corporate sponsors.It asks tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.Leading London项目先在伦敦城市大学试点，邀请导师和在校大学生推荐那些表现出事业心和卓越领导力的大四学生，用这种新颖的方式，让潜在的杰出人才引起项目的企业赞助商的关注。
Supporters argue that diversity is about more than social justice.赞助商们认为，多元化的意义不仅仅在于社会公平。
They say companies need diversity of thought to innovate, and employing people with varied life-experiences can help businesses relate to their clients.他们表示，企业要创新，就需要多元化的思维，而雇用生活经历各不相同的员工，能帮助企业与客户良好地沟通。
“If we have a diverse client base, we should also have a diverse workforce,” says Fatimah Gilliam, director of diversity recruitment at Citigroup in New York.花旗集团纽约多元化招聘主管法蒂玛•吉列姆表示：“如果我们的客户群十分多元化，那我们也应该拥有多元化的员工队伍。”
How can businesses maximize the payback from diversity initiatives? One answer is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.企业怎样才能将多元化项目的回报最大化呢？一种办法是进行合作，分摊招聘推介活动的费用。
This arguably does more to make target groups aware of career opportunities than fragmented initiatives funded by individual employers.相对于由单个雇主资助的独立项目，这更容易让目标群发现工作机会。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1．What’s the goal of “Leading London”? The goal of “Leading London” is to widen the pool from which top employers hire graduates when there are not enough jobs to go around.2．Who are seen as “hidden talent pools”? It refers to the under-represented groups, such as ethnic minorities, lower social income groups and women.3．What is the “novel method to bring potential stars to the attention of the initiative’s corporate sponsors”? The novel method is to ask tutors and undergraduates to nominate final year students who have shown enterprise and exceptional leadership.4．Why do companies need diversity? Diversity can help businesses relate to their clients since companies have diversified client base.5．How could the employers make target groups aware of career opportunities? One of the methods is by collaborating and spreading the cost of recruitment marketing.【练习参考答案】 A．汉译英 1.企业像拧水龙头一样启动和停止项目，这种做法是错误的，因为只有持久的投资，才能建立起多元化的人才库。Businesses that turn programs on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool call only be built through sustained investment．
2.她的公司最近就发起了一项开放周（access week）活动，让伦敦一些贫困地区(deprived boroughs)的公立学校学生前来感受办公室的生活。Her firm recently launched an access week to bring state school students from deprived London boroughs into its offices．
3.一个23岁的学生16岁初到英国时，还是一个不懂英语的避难者(asylum seeker)。后来他成为了一名社区志愿者，学习会计和金融学，并荣获一等学位(first class degree)。One 23-year-old student who arrived in Britain as a 16-year-old asylum seeker and was unable to speak English，went on to become a community volunteer，studied accounting and finance，and earned himself a first class degree B．英译汉
HR policy and diversity manager at Allen & Overy, the law firm, says businesses that turn programmes on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool can only be built through sustained investment.“Coming out of the recession, we need to make sure we have the best people,” she says.安理国际律师事务所人力资源政策及多元化经理表示,那些像拧水龙头一样启动和停止项目的企业，其做法是错误的，因为只有持久的投资，才能建立起多元化的人才库。她表示：“摆脱衰退后，我们需要确保自己拥有最优秀的人才”。
Head of graduate recruitment at KPMG, a sponsor of Leading London, says finding people who excel “both on and off campus” is an important part of the scheme.Overcoming setbacks is a great “transferable skill”.毕马威(KPMG)是Leading London项目赞助商之一。该公司毕业生招聘主管表示，物色“校园内外”都表现出色的人才，是该计划的一个重要组成部分。战胜挫折是一项重要的“通用技能”
Graduate recruitment partner at Herbert Smith, the law firm, says the onus is on companies to push for high standards by asking organisers of programmes such as Leading London: “Out of every hundred candidates who enrol with you, how many are hired by target employers?”密夫律师事务所毕业生招聘合伙人表示，企业有责任高标准要求，询问Leading London之类的项目组织者：“你登记的求职者中，有百分之几被目标雇主雇用了?”
Sponsors for Educational Opportunity, a non-profit organisation that operates in the US, London and Hong Kong, works to develop interns' interpersonal skills and technical understanding to the point where they outperform their peers.非营利组织“教育的机会”的发起者们努力培养实习生的人际关系能力和技术理解力，使他们超越自己的同龄人。该组织在美国、伦敦和香港都设有分支机构。
“An internship is effectively a 10-week interview,” says executive director of SEO London.“When our interns start their internships, their industry knowledge is far higher than you would normally expect.” SEO London执行董事表示：“实习实际上就是一次为期10周的面试。我们的实习生开始实习生活时，他们的行业知识要远远高出你通常的预期”。
Last year, SEO London's partner banks, which include Goldman Sachs, Citi, JPMorgan Chase and Morgan Stanley, each took an average of 18 SEO interns(16 this year)and more than 80 per cent were offered permanent positions.去年，高盛、花旗、摩根大通和摩根士丹利等SEO London的银行合作伙伴，平均各接收了l8名SE0的实习生(今年为16名)，其中八成以上最后都得到了永久性的职位。
Employers have yet to figure out how best to co-ordinate diversity policies globally, given that different governments vary in their support for such schemes.鉴于各国政府对待此类计划的态度相去甚远，雇主们仍必须弄清楚，如何才能在全球范围内最有效地协调多元化政策。
Professor of ageing and ethnicity at the University of Central Lancashire, says some governments “don't even require firms to monitor the ethnic mix of staff”.英国中央兰开夏大学研究老龄化及种族问题教授表示，一些国家政府“甚至不要求公司调整员工的种族比例”。
The law firm Freshfields, Bruckhaus Deringer, a Leading London sponsor, has appointed a global diversity committee to attract ethnic minorities and women.“There is a need for co-ordination,” says a partner in Rome.“But, we cannot have a master plan that is implemented everywhere.”律师事务所Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer也是Leading London项目的赞助商之一。该公司已指定一家全球多元化委员会，来吸引少数族裔和女性。该公司驻罗马的合伙人表示：“企业有必要进行协作。不过，我们无法制定一项放之四海皆准的总体规划”。
26.Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀
You're in-between jobs and you want to be productive in the meantime.Here are seven ways to keep yourself busy.如果你目前正处在找工作阶段而且期望在此期间有所收获的话，下面就是一些可以让你忙碌起来的方法。
Get a short-term continuing education.Enroll in academic modules or attend seminars related to your field.参加一些短期继续教育培训。你可以报名参加模块式学术培训或与你的领域相关的学术研讨会。
For example, if you're into sales, be on the lookout for seminars that teach you how to negotiate or how to handle sales objections.You don't always have to spend just to build your skills.比如，如果你是做销售的，你就可以找一些有关如何谈判或怎样实现销售目标这样的研讨会。要知道提升技能并不一定要花钱。
Search the net for free study modules.Be on the look out for free workshops in the newspapers.Check bulletin boards and announcements.你可以在网上找到免费的学习模块，也可以在报纸上找到不收费的研讨会学习信息。布告栏和广播都是你发现这些学习信息的来源。
You'll be surprised at the wealth of educational events you can attend without having to compromise your financial situation.只要你去找，你就会发现你可以不花一分钱就能找到丰富的学习资源和机会。
Freelance.You don't need to be employed to earn a living especially if you are in the service business like writing, graphic designing, interior decorating, etc.做一名自由职业者。谋生并不一定非要找个老板，这种情况尤其适合那些从事服务行业的人群，比如：作家、绘画设计、室内装修等等。
Freelancing is also one of the best ways to market yourself.When you do projects for a lot of people, you'll widen your network of clients and possible future employers.从事自由职业还是一个推销自己的最好方式。在你为很多人做项目的同时，你也拓宽了你的客户网，说不定这些客户当中会有你将来的老板呢。
Before advertising vacancies, people usually tend to hire people whom they are already acquainted with.在发布招聘广告前，人们一般会先考虑聘用他们熟悉的人。
If you are well-liked by the people you work with and you give good value for their money, you'll be certain to get an interesting job offer when the right time comes.如果你被客户所欣赏，合作时又让他们物有所值，当合适的时机到来时，你肯定会收到一份满意的工作邀请。
Learn a new skill.Explore your talents and get into new interests.Play with your creativity.学一门新手艺。可以去开发一下你的天赋和全新的兴趣。施展你的创造力。
Learn how to make scented candles, teddy bears or do floral arrangements.The important thing is to spend your time productively and to have fun.你可以学学如何去制作香烛、泰迪熊，或学学插花。不论你做什么，重要的是把时间花得有成效、有意义。
Then, explore the possibility of going into business with your new skills.Some of the most successful ventures started out as hobbies.掌握了这门新技术之后，你就可以考虑在这一行找份工作了。要知道有一些最成功的企业就是从业余爱好开始起步的。
People who enjoy what they're doing, or those who treat work like play tend to be good at what they do.Even if you find a job later on, you can still moonlight your new skills.享受工作或把工作当成乐趣的人一般都会把工作做好。即使在将来找到了新工作，你也可以把这门新手艺当做第三职业去做。
Keep up a proactive job search.These days, it's hard to find a job.More often, you might find yourself sending a lot of applications than you are receiving replies.要不断主动地寻找工作机会。现在找工作不是一件容易的事。大多数时候你寄出去的求职信要远远多于你所收到的回复。
If that happens, don't despair.The best opportunities usually come to those who make the biggest effort.不要因此灰心，因为最好的机会永远惠顾做好最充分准备的人。
Don't tire in regularly sending applications and searching various mediums for job opportunities.也不要因不断地寄求职信和在媒体上搜索工作空缺职位而烦恼。
Search online recruitment sites.Build your portfolio and knock on company doors.You'll never know when you'll hit the mark.尝试一下招聘网站。设计自己的求职宣传册并亲自到不同的公司做一下自我推销，说不定哪一天你想要的工作就在那儿等着你呢。
阅读理解【题目及参考答案】
1.What does “in-between jobs” in the first paragraph possible mean? It possibly means you quit your old job and are now looking for a new job．
第五篇：单位综合推荐材料(职称需要)
关于XX晋升水利助理工程师的综合推荐意见
该同志参加工作三年来，在这三年中通过领导及同事们的帮助指导下，并经过他自身努力钻研，在敬业精神、政治思想境界、业务工作能力上都得到了较大提高，并取得了一定的成绩。并在以下几点做得较好：
1、通过杂志报刊，电脑网络和电视新闻等媒体，认真学习贯彻了党的路线、方针、政策，深入学习领会了党的十七大重要精神，在工作中努力践行“三个代表”重要思想。
2、认真学习了土建、水利工程、廉政等方面的各项知识和规定，认真按各项规定政策办事。
3、努力钻研业务知识，积极参加相关部门组织的各种业务技能培训，严格按照胡锦涛同志提出的“勤于学习、善于创造、乐于奉献”的要求，坚持“讲学习，讲政治，讲正气”。始终把增强服务意识，作为一切工作的基础，始终把工作放在严谨、细致、扎实、求实上，脚踏实地的工作。
4、不断改进学习方法，讲求学习效果。“在工作中学习，在学习中工作”。坚持学以致用，注重融会贯通，理论联系实际，用新的指示，新的思维和启示，巩固和丰富综合知识，使他的综合能力不断得到提高。
5、作为一名工程管理单位工作者，在工作中能认真履行岗位职责，坚守工作岗位，遵守工作制度和职业道德，乐于接受领导安排的各项工作任务。
三年来，他以高度的责任感和事业心，勤勤恳恳做好各项工作，并较好的完成了各项工作任务。
由于我处是水利工程管理事业单位，对水利工程方面专业技术人 1
员的需求量大，该同志在我处应对06年夏秋旱、07年春旱、07年7月特大洪灾等应急工作及每春灌工作中都起到了应有的积极作用。对我处工程业务的正常开展做出了应有的贡献。
该同志已具备水利助理工程师的任职条件，经研究同一推荐晋升水利助理工程师任职资格。
2008年3月18日
点击咨询 