美国标准中的地震动参数概念(中英文对照)

第一篇：美国标准中的地震动参数概念(中英文对照)

Design earthquakes.The design earthquakes for hydraulic structures are the OBE and the MDE.设计地震：

水工结构的设计地震有OBE和MDE，即运行基准地震和最大设计地震。

The actual levels of ground motions for these earthquakes depend on the type of hydraulic structure under consideration, and are specified in the seismic design guidance provided for a particular structure in conjunction with ER 1110-2-1806.地震动参数的实际取值跟水工建筑物的类型有关，具体可参照ER 1110-2-1806。

(1)Operating basis earthquake(OBE).The OBE is an earthquake that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project, that is, with a 50 percent probability of exceedance during the service life.The associated performance requirement is that the project function with little or no damage, and without interruption of function.运行基准地震（OBE）：OBE是指在工程的服务生命周期中可能合理预期发生的地震，即在工程生命周期中超过50%的发生概率，在该地震作用下，工程的相关性能要求几乎没有或没有破坏，工程的相关功能没有中断。

(2)Maximum design earthquake(MDE).The MDE is the maximum level of ground motion for which the structure is designed or evaluated.The associated performance requirement is that the project performs without catastrophic failure, such as uncontrolled release of a reservoir, although severe damage or economic loss may be tolerated.The MDE is set equal to the maximum credible earthquake(MCE)or to a lesser earthquake, depending on the critical nature of the structure(see ER 1110-2-1806 and paragraph 2-4b).最大设计地震（MDE）：MDE是结构设计或评估的最大地震动水平。在该地震作用下，虽然引发严重的经济损失和破坏，但是水工结构的相关性能要求不至于遭到毁灭性的破坏，比如，水库库水不至于不受控制地下泄。依据结构的关键特性，MDE等于或小于MCE（最大可信地震），参见ER 1110-2-1806的2-4b段。

(3)The MCE is defined as the greatest earthquake that can reasonably be expected to be generated by a specific source on the basis of seismological and geological evidence.最大可信地震（MCE）：MCE是基于地震和地质证据，某个震源合理预期可能发生的最大地震。

e.Earthquake ground motion(s).The ground motions for the design earthquakes are defined in terms of smoothed elastic response spectra and, if required, also in terms of acceleration time-histories.Standard ground motions selected from published ground motion maps can be used in

preliminary and screening studies, and for final design or evaluation in areas of low to moderate seismicity where the earthquake loading does not control the design.Site-specific ground motions, as described in Chapter 3, are required for projects with high to significant hazard potential in case of failure and located in areas of high seismicity, and in areas of moderate seismicity where the earthquake loading controls the design(ER 1110-2-1806).地震动参数：设计地震的地震动参数可以是光滑后的弹性反应谱，如果有需要，也可以示加速度-时间历程曲线。对初步的或者方案比选阶段的研究，标准地震动参数可以从已出版的地震动参数图上面获取。在较低或中等地震强度区域的最终设计和评估，地震产生的荷载并不是控制因素。第三章所讲述的特定场地的地震动参数针对的是处于高地震地区的工程、地震是其失事的高影响因素的工程，或者虽然位于中等地震地区，但地震荷载是设计的控制因素的工程。

Design Earthquakes and Ground Motions 设计地震和地震动

a.Maximum credible earthquake(MCE).This earthquake is defined as the greatest earthquake that can reasonably be expected to be generated by a specific source on the basis of seismological and geological evidence.Since a project site may be affected by earthquakes generated by various sources, each with its own fault mechanism, maximum earthquake magnitude, and distance from the site, multiple MCE’s may be defined for the site, each with characteristic ground motion parameters and spectral shape.The MCE is determined by a DSHA.1、最大可信地震（MCE）

MCE定义为基于地震学理论和地质证据某个震源合理预期产生的最大地震。一个工程可能同时被几个震源产生的地震所影响，每个震源有它自己的震源机制、最大地震强度，距离工程场地的距离也不同，因此，一个场地对应多个MCE，对应各自的地震动参数和反应谱。MCE由确定性地震危险性分析（DSHA）确定。

b.Maximum design earthquake(MDE).The MDE is the maximum level of ground motion for which a structure is designed or evaluated.The associated performance requirement is that the project perform without catastrophic failure, such as uncontrolled release of a reservoir, although severe damage or economic loss may be tolerated.For critical features, the MDE is the same as the MCE.For all other features, the MDE shall be selected as a lesser earthquake than the MCE which provides

economical designs meeting appropriate safety standards.The MDE can be characterized as a deterministic or probabilistic event.2、最大设计地震（MDE）

MDE是设计或评估某结构所遭受的最大地震动水平。相应的性能要求是即使因为地震破坏产生了严重的破坏和经济损失，但结构功能不发生灾难性失效，比如水库的不受控泄水。对关键结构，MDE等于MCE，对其他结构，在考虑合适的安全标准下，也考虑经济的因素，MDE相应的小于MCE。MDE可分为确定性和概率性结果。c.Operating basis earthquake(OBE).The OBE is an earthquake that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project, that is, with a 50-percent probability of exceedence during the service life.(This corresponds to a return period of 144 years for a project with a service life of 100 years.)The associated performance requirement is that the project function with little or no damage, and without interruption of function.The purpose of the OBE is to protect against economic losses from damage or loss of service, and therefore alternative choices of return period for the OBE may be based on economic considerations.The OBE is determined by a PSHA.3、运行基准地震（OBE）

OBE是指在工程的使用寿命周期中可能合理预期发生的地震，即在工程生命周期中超过50%的发生概率（如果一个工程的使用寿命是100年，那么需研究的重现期是144年），在该地震作用下，工程的相关

性能要求几乎没有或没有破坏，工程的相关功能没有中断。设定OBE的目的是避免工程因为性能破坏或丢失而产生经济损失，因此OBE的重现期选择可基于经济性考虑。OBE通过概率性地震风险性评估决定。

d.Estimating OBE and MDE ground motions.Estimates are usually made in two phases.The first estimates are used as a starting point for the study and are obtained from the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program(NEHRP)spectral acceleration maps(Appendix D).Site-specific studies in accordance with paragraph 5h(2)are often required for selecting the final estimates of OBE and MDE ground motions.Both DSHA and PSHA approaches are appropriate.Combining the results of deterministic and probabilistic analyses is often an effective approach for selecting MDE ground motions.4、OBE和MDE地震动的评估

OBE和MDE地震动的评估通常划分为两个阶段。第一个阶段的评估是研究的起点，可通过国家地震减灾计划（NEHRP）提供的加速度图（附录D）获得相应的基础资料。5h(2)段中的特定场地研究常常要求选取一个最终的OBE和MDE地震动参数。DSHA和PSHA方法均为建议的方法。综合确定的和概率的分析方法常常是选择MDE的有效途径。

Typical results of a probabilistic analysis are a hazard curve and an equal

hazard spectrum which relate the level of ground motion to an annual frequency of exceedance or return period.This information can be used to complement the deterministic analysis by removing from consideration seismic sources that appear unreasonable because of low frequencies of occurrence, by justifying mean or mean-plus-standard deviation estimates of deterministic ground motion, or by ensuring consistency of MDE ground motions with some performance goal.概率分析的典型结果是与地震动水平的年超越频率或重现期相关的风险曲线和等风险谱。这些信息可作为确定性分析的补充，通过剔除已考虑的震源发震概率很低的不合理震源，或者通过判断确定地震动参数的平均偏差或分位值偏差（mean-plus-standard deviation），或者通过确保一些性能目标和MDE地震动参数的一致性。

第二篇：齿轮参数 中英文对照

EXTERNAL SPUR GEAR DATA（外圆柱齿轮参数）manufacturing data（制造参数）part number（零件号）tooth form（齿面）gear type（齿轮类型）number of teeth（齿数）normal module（法向模数）

normal pressure angle(at ref circle)法向压力角（在分度圆上）helix angle(at ref circle)螺旋角（在分度圆上）helical lead（螺旋导程）hand of helix（旋向）

reference face width（参考齿宽）outside diameter（齿顶圆直径）chamfer diameter（倒圆直径）

reference(pitch)circle diameter（分度圆直径）或节圆 start of active profile diameter有效渐开线起始圆直径 form diameter 展成直径 root diameter齿根圆直径 base circle diameter基圆直径 whole depth全齿高

normal circular tooth thickness(at reference circle)法向弧齿厚（在分度圆上）root type齿根形式

root fillet radius 齿根圆角半径 lead crown齿向鼓形 HOB DATA滚刀参数 pressure angle压力角

tooth thickness at reference line分圆齿厚 protuberance凸角 tip radius齿顶圆半径

reference part number 零件号 INSPECTION DATA检验数据

profile tolerance and modifications齿形公差和修形 profile hollow齿形中凹

refernce pitch circle runout节圆跳动 pitch variation齿距偏差 lead variation齿向偏差 lead hollow齿向中凹

profile surface finish渐开线齿面精加工 ball diameter量球直径

dimension over two balls in same plane跨棒距

REFERENCE DATA-MATING GEAR对啮齿的参考参数

normal center distance 中心距

mating gear part number对啮齿轮零件号 mumber of teeth on mating gear对啮轮齿数

backlash(nominal CD ,ROOM TEMP)侧隙(法线方向，室温)general notes(通用技术要求)1.DO not scale drawing(不要在图上量取尺寸)2.all surfaces corners and edges must be free from burrs

and sharp edges-break 0.075 MM MAX(所有面,角和边不能有毛刺,锐边倒钝不超过0.075mm)3.unless otherwise stated(除非特别注明,否则)

A.all dimensions and tolerance are in millimeters per

Chinese standard(所有以毫米为单位的尺寸和公差均按中国标准)

B.all surface finishes to be 3.2 micrometer or better(所有表面粗糙度不应低于3.2)

C.all dimension are finished dimensions;no allowance has been

made for any change in maximum or least material condition

due to heat treatment(所有尺寸均为最终尺寸;热处理导致的最大或最小实体条件的变化不应超出允差)

D linear dimensions to be +/-0.25 MM(线性尺寸偏差为+/-0.25 MM)

E angular dimensions to be +/-0.5º(角度尺寸偏差为+/-0.5º)4.mark part number as shown(如图作零件号)5.mark serial number as shown(如图作系列号)6.heat treatment to be applied to all surfaces(整体热处理)

gear notes(齿轮技术要求)1.do not grind roots and fillets after heat treatment(热处理后不得磨及齿根和圆角)2.no steps or grooves permissible in root and fillet region after

honing or grinding(珩磨后,齿根和圆角区域不允许有台阶或凹痕)3.profile tolerance based upon floating band fit(齿形误差应以公差带为计)4.gear must be free from grind burns and tempering(齿面不得烧伤)5.pitch line runout and other tooth tolerances are with respect to

datum A(节圆跳动和其它齿轮公差均以基准A为测量基准)6.profile tolerance to be measured between form and chamfer(齿形误差应由渐开线起始(或终止)圆测量至齿顶倒角)7.min hardness must be achieved in tooth root and fillet region(齿根和圆角处的硬度不得低于硬度下差)8.root radius tangent to profile not to extend above form diameter(齿根圆角要与齿面相切,而且不能超过渐开线起始(或终止)圆直径。

9.do not thru harden tooth tips(齿尖不得淬透)

行星齿轮系

Planetary gear train

齿轮基本术语 工作齿面

Working flank

齿轮

Toothed gear；Gear

球面渐开线

Spherical involute 齿面

Tooth flank

齿轮传动

Gear drive；Gear transmission

长幅内摆线

Prolate hypocycloid 非工作齿面

Non-working flank

齿轮副

Gear pair

渐开螺旋面

Involute helicoid 右侧齿面

Right flank

配对齿轮

Mating gears

短幅内摆线

Curtate hypocycloid 相啮齿面

Mating flank

平行轴齿轮副

Gear pair with parallel axes

阿基米德螺旋面

Screw helicoid 左侧齿面

Left flank

小齿轮

Pinion

渐开线

Involute；Involute to a circle 共轭齿面

Conjugate flank

相交轴齿轮副

Gear pair with intersecting axes

球面渐开螺旋面

Spherical involute helicoid 同侧齿面

Corresponding flank

大齿轮

Wheel；Gear

延伸渐开线

Prolate involute 可用齿面

Usable flank

齿轮系

Train of gears

圆环面

Toroid 异侧齿面

Opposite flank

主动齿轮

Driving gear

缩短渐开线

Curtate involute 有效齿面

Active flank

圆环面的母圈

Generant of the toroit 从动齿轮

Driven gear

上齿面

Addendum flank

圆环面的中性圈

Middle circle of the toroid 行星齿轮

Planet gear

下齿面

Dedendum flank

圆环面的中间平面

Middle-plane of the toroid 行星架

Planet carrier

齿根过渡曲面

Fillet

圆环面的内圈

Inner circle of the toroid 太阳轮

Sun gear

齿顶

Crest；Top land

啮合干涉

Meshing interference 内齿圈

Ring gear；Annulus gear

槽底

Bottom land

切齿干涉

Cutter interference 外齿轮

External gear

齿廓

Tooth profile

齿廓修型

Profile modification； Profile correction 内齿轮

Internal gear

端面齿廓

Transverse profile

修缘

Tip relief 中心距

Centre distance

法向齿廓

Normal profile

修根

Root relief 轴交角

Shaft angle

轴向齿廓

Axial profile

齿向修形

Axial modification； Longitudinal correction 连心线

Line of centres

背锥齿廓

Back cone tooth profile

齿端修薄

End relief 减速齿轮副

Speed reducing gear pair

齿线

Tooth trace

鼓形修整

Crowning 增速齿轮副

Speed increasing gear pair

齿棱

Tip；Tooth tip

鼓形齿

Crowned teeth 齿数比

Gear ratio

模数

Module

挖根

Undercut 传动比

Transmission ratio

端面模数

Transverse module

瞬时轴

Instantaneous axis 轴平面

Axial plane

法向模数

Normal module

瞬时接触点

Point of contact 基准平面

Datum plane

轴向模数

Axial module

瞬时接触线

Line of contact 节平面

Pitch plane

径节

Diametral pitch

端面啮合线

Transverse path of contact 端平面

Transverse plane

齿数

Number of teeth

啮合曲面

Surface of action 法平面

Normal plane

当量齿数

Virtual number of teeth

啮合平面

Plane of action

分度曲面

Reference surface

头数

Number of starts；Number of threads 啮合区域

Zone of action 节曲面

Pitch surface

螺旋线

Helix；Circular helix

总作用弧

Total arc of transmission 齿顶曲面

Tip surface

圆锥螺旋线

Conical spiral

端面作用弧

Transverse arc of transmission 齿根曲面

Root surface

螺旋角

Helix angle； Spiral angle

纵向作用弧

Overlap arc

基本齿廓

Basic tooth profile

导程

Lead

总作用角

Total angle of transmission 基本齿条

Basic rack

导程角

Lead angle

端面作用角

Transverse angle of transmission 产形齿条

Counterpart rack

阿基米德螺旋线

Archimedes spiral

纵向作用角

Overlap angle

产形齿轮

Generating gear of a gear

外摆线

Epicycloid

总重合度

Total contact ratio 产形齿面

Generating flank

长幅外摆线

Prolate epoicycloid

端面重合度

Transverse ratio 基准线

Datum line

短幅外摆线

Curtate epoicycloid

纵向重合度

Overlap ratio 轮齿

Gear teeth；Tooth

摆线

Cycloid

标准齿轮

Standard gears 齿槽

Tooth space

长幅摆线

Prolate cycloid

非变位齿轮

X-gero gear

右旋齿

Right-hand teeth

短幅摆线

Curtate cycloid

标准中心距

Referencr centre distance 左旋齿

Left-hand teeth

内摆线

Hypocycloid

名义中心距

Nominal centre distance 变位齿轮

Gears with addendum modification； X-gears

直齿轮

Spur gear

分度圆柱面

Reference cylinder 高度变位圆柱齿轮副

X-gear pair with reference centre distance

斜齿轮

Helical gear；Single-helical gear

节圆柱面

Pitch cylinder 角度变位圆柱齿轮副

X-gear pair with modified centre distance

直齿条

Spur rack

基圆柱面

Basic cylinder 高度变位锥齿轮副

X-gear pair without shaft angle modification

斜齿条

Helical rack

齿顶圆柱面

Tip cylinder 角度变位圆柱齿轮副

X-gear pair with shaft angle modification

人字齿轮

Double-helical gear

齿根圆柱面

Root cylinder 变位系数

Modification coefficient

渐开线齿轮

Involute cylindrical gear

节点

Pitch point 变位量

Addendum modification

摆线齿轮

Cycloidal gear

节线

Pitch line 径向变位系数

Addendum modification coefficient

圆弧齿轮

Circular-arc gear；W-N gear

分度圆

Reference circle 中心距变位系数

Centre distance modification coefficient

双圆弧齿轮

Double-circular-arc gear

节圆

Pitch circle 圆柱齿轮

Cylindrical gear

假想曲面

Imaginary surfance

基圆

Basic circle 顶圆

Tip circle

任意点法向压力角

Normal pressure angle at a point 定位面

Locating face 根圆

Root circle

任意点端面压力角

Transverse pressure angle at a point

外锥距

Outer cone distance 齿距

Pitch

啮合角

Working pressure angle

内锥距

Inner cone distance 齿距角

Angular pitch

顶隙

Bottom clearance

中点锥距

Mean cone distance

公法线长度

Base tangent length

圆周侧隙

Circumferential blacklash

背锥距

Back cone distance

分度圆直径

Reference diameter

法向侧隙

Normal blacklash

安装距

Locating distance 节圆直径

Pitch diameter

径向侧隙

Radial blacklash

轮冠距

Tip distance；crown to back 基圆直径

Base diameter

锥齿轮

Bevel gear

冠顶距

Apex to crown

顶圆直径

Tip diameter

锥齿轮副

Bevel gear pair

偏置距

Offset

根圆直径

Root diameter

准双曲面齿轮副

Hypoid gear pair

齿线偏移量

Offset of tooth trace 齿根圆角半径

Fillet radius

准双曲面齿轮

Hypoid gear

分锥角

Reference cone angle 齿高

Tooth depth

冠轮

Crown gear

节锥角

Pitch cone angle

工作高度

Working depth

端面齿轮

Contrate gear

顶锥角

Tip angle

齿顶高

Addendum

直齿锥齿轮

Straight bevel gear

根锥角

Root angle

齿根高

Dedendum

斜齿锥齿轮

Skew bevel gear； Helical bevel gear

背锥角

Back cone angle 弦齿高

Chordal height

曲面齿锥齿轮

Curved tooth bevel gear 齿顶角

Addendum angel

固定弦齿高

Constant chord height

弧齿锥齿轮

Spiral bevel gear

齿根角Dedendum angle

齿宽

Facewidth

摆线齿锥齿轮

Enicycloid bevel gear

任意点压力角

Pressure angle at a point 有效齿宽

Effective facewidth

零度齿锥齿轮

Zero T bevel gear

任意点螺旋角

Spiral angle at a point 端面齿厚

Transverse tooth thickness

圆柱齿轮端面齿轮副

Contrate gear pair

中点螺旋角

Mean spiral angle 法向齿厚

Normal tooth thickness

锥齿轮的当量圆柱齿轮

Virtual cylindrical gear of bevel gear

大端螺旋角

Outer spiral angle 端面基圆齿厚

Transverse base thickness

8字啮合锥齿轮

Octoid gear

小端螺旋角

Inner spiral angle 法向基圆齿厚

Normal base thickness

圆柱齿弧锥齿轮

Spiral bevel gear with circle arc tooth profile

蜗杆

Worm 端面弦齿厚

Transverse chordal tooth thickness

分度圆锥面

Reference cone

蜗轮

Worm wheel 固定弦齿厚

Constant chord

节圆锥面

Pitch cone

蜗杆副

Worm gear pair 端面齿顶厚

Crest width

齿顶圆锥面

Face cone；tip cone

圆柱蜗杆

Cylindrical worm 法向齿顶厚

Normal crest width

齿根圆锥面

Root cone

圆柱蜗杆副

Cylindrical worm pair 端面齿槽宽

Transverse spacewidth

背锥面

Back cone

环面蜗杆

Enveloping worm 法向齿槽宽

Normal spacewidth

前锥面

Front cone

环面蜗杆副

Enveloping worm pair 齿厚半角

Tooth thickness half angle

中锥面

Middle cone

阿基米德蜗杆

Straight sided axial worm；ZA-worm 槽宽半角

Spacewidth half angle

分锥顶点

Reference cone apex

渐开线蜗杆

Involute helicoid worm； 压力角

Pressure angle

轴线交点

Crossing point of axes

法向直廓蜗杆

Straight sided normal worm； 齿形角

Nominal pressure angle

齿根圆环面

Root tosoid

椭圆齿轮

Elliptical gear

咽喉面

Gorge

非圆齿轮副

Non-circular gear pair平面蜗杆

Planar worm wheel；P-worm wheel

喉平面

Gorge plane

圆柱针轮副

Cylindsical lantern pinion and wheel

平面包络环面蜗杆

Planar double enveloping worm；TP-worm

喉圆

Gorge circle

针轮

Cylindsical tan tein gear ；pin-wheel

平面二次包络蜗杆

Planar double-enveloping worm wheel；TP-worm wheel

分度圆蜗旋线

Reference helix

谐波齿轮副

Harmoric gear drive

锥面包络环面蜗杆

Toroid enveloping worm wheel；TK-worm wheel

螺纹

Thread

波发生器

Wave generator

蜗杆齿宽

Worm facewidth

柔性齿轮

Flexspine 锥蜗杆

Spiroid

蜗轮齿宽

Worm wheel facewidth

刚性齿轮

Circular spline 锥蜗轮

Spiroid gear

直径系数

Diametral quotient

非圆齿轮

Non-circular gear 锥蜗杆副

Spiroid gear pair

咽喉半径

Gorge radius

分度圆环面

Reference tosoid 中平面

Mid-plane

齿宽角

Width angle

第三篇：美国钢铁协会标准AISI1(中英文对照)

美国钢铁协会标准，AISI标准

About AISI

For over a century, North American steel producers have left their day-to-day rivalries behind to work as partners and members of the American Iron and Steel Institute in furthering its mission to promote steel as the material of choice and to enhance the competitiveness of the North American steel industry and its member companies.AISI's overall mission centers around common goals and a clear vision for the future: To provide high-quality, value-added products to a wide array of customers;

lead the world in innovation and technology in the production of steel;

produce steel in a safe and environmentally friendly manner;andincrease the market for North American Steel in both traditional and innovative applications.近一个世纪以来，北美钢铁商已经将在他们背后工作的对手作为美国钢铁协会的伙伴和成员了。在将来，其目的是促使钢铁成为材料首选，并增强北美钢铁业和其成员公司的竞争力。AISI的总体任务都围绕着一个共同目标并对未来有比较清晰的视野：

向大范围客户提供高品质，物超所值的产品；

带领世界创新，提高钢材生产技术；

在安全，环境友好的状态下生产钢材；

在传统和创新应用下拓宽北美钢铁市场。

1AISI 153-1985Steel Pile Load Test Data

钢桩荷载试验测试数据

2AISI 156-1981Handbook of Corrosion Protection for Steel Pile Structures in Marine Environments

在海洋环境下，钢管桩结构腐蚀防护手册

3AISI 157-1982Steel Pile;Pile Cap Connection

钢桩，桩帽连接

4AISI A-1-1991Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes

过去地震中钢结构建筑的性能表现

5AISI A-2-1991Steel;An Investment in Seismic Safety

钢材，地震安全中的投资

6AISI AU-101-1987Sheet Steel Thickness Tolerances as Frequently Specified for Automotive Applications Hot Rolled Sheet Steels

钢板厚度公差作为汽车应用热卷钢板的常用规定

7AISI AU-230-1990Automotive Steels Critical Issues: Weight Cost Safety Recycling Manufacturing

汽车钢关键问题：重量，成本，安全性，回收性，制造性

8AISI AU-603C-1990Coatings for Automotive Sheet Steels

汽车钢板涂料

9AISI AU-603D-1990High Strength Sheet Steel Source Guide

高强度钢板源指南

10AISI AU89-1-1989Automotive Sheet Metal Formability

汽车金属薄板成型性能

11AISI BR-901-1990Capabilities of the Following North American Steel Bar Producers: Companies Bethlehem Steel Co.Bar, Rod & Wire Div.Inland Bar and Structural Republic Engineered Steels Sidbec-Dosco, Inc.Stelco Steel Co.USS/Kobe Steel Co.北美钢筋生产能力：伯利恒钢铁有限公司，共和国工程钢结构联合公司，美国钢铁公司，神户钢铁公司

12AISI CF-91-1-1991Preliminary Design Guide for Cold-Formed C-and Z-Members 冷成型C系和Z系钢初步设计指南

13AISI CF-93-1-1992Tensile Strength of Welded Connections

焊接连接的抗压强度

14AISI CF87-1-1987Development of a Unified Approach to the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Members

冷成型钢系列统一设计的发展

15AISI CF92-1-1992Test Methods for Mechanically Fastened Cold-Formed Steel Connections

机械连接冷成型钢连接件的测试方法

16AISI CF92-2-1992Shear Resistance of Walls with Steel Studs

带有钢螺栓墙的抗剪强度

17AISI E-1-1992Steel Tanks for Liquid Storage Steel Plate Engineering DataVolume 2

册2——钢板工程设计时有用信息的数据

19AISI E-3-1989Welded Steel Pipe Steel Plate Engineering DataPart I

冷成型钢设计手册第一部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型钢构件设计说明书以及1989年11月11日版附录

30AISI SG-673 PART II-1986Commentary on the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members August 19, 1986 Edition with December 11, 1989 Addendum Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart III

冷成型钢设计手册第三部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型钢构件设计说明附加信息

32AISI SG-673 PART IV-1986Illustrative Examples Based on the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart V

冷成型钢设计手册第五部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型钢构件设计说明中图表的使用

34AISI SG-673 PART VI-1986Computer Aids for Use with the August 19, 1986, Edition of the Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart VII

冷成型钢设计手册第三部分——1986年8月19日版冷成型钢构件设计说明中测试程序的使用 36AISI SG-731-1991Cracking down on Corrosion Cooperative Efforts Toward Vehicle Durability

保证车辆耐久性的防腐工作

37AISI SG-787-1980Fastening of Lightweight Steel Framing

紧固轻钢框架

38AISI SG-836-1981Sheet Steel Properties and Fatigue Design for Ground Transportation Engineers

钢板性能和疲劳设计对地面交通运输工程影响

39AISI SG-861-1993Handbook of Steel Drainage & Highway Construction Products 钢排水和公路建筑产品手册

40AISI SG-862-1990Modern Sewer Design

现代污水管设计

41AISI SG-910-1991Cold-Formed Steel Design Computer Programs

冷成型钢设计的电脑程式

42AISI SG-913-1991LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design Manual

冷成型钢钢结构负载抗阻因素设计规范手册

43AISI SG-913 PART I-1991Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members March 16, 1991 Edition LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart II

冷成型钢钢结构负载抗阻因素设计规范手册第二部分——冷成型钢构件负载抗阻因素设计说明评论

45AISI SG-913 PART III-1991Supplementary Information on the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart V

冷成型钢钢结构负载抗阻因素设计规范手册第五部分——1991年3月16日版冷成型钢构件负载抗阻因素设计说明中图表的使用

48AISI SG-913 PART VI-1991Computer Aids for Use with the March 16, 1991 Edition of the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members LRFD Cold-Formed Steel Design ManualPart VII

冷成型钢钢结构负载抗阻因素设计规范手册第七部分——1991年3月16日版冷成型钢构件负载抗阻因素设计说明中测试程序的使用

50AISI SG-936-1986Spot Welding Sheet Steel Cost-Effective Strength for Automotive Applications

汽车工业中钢板电焊的最优强度

51AISI SG-937-1982Automotive Steels: They Still Do It Better Cost Savings/Corrosion Protection/Weight Reductions in Components Seen at the 1982 AISI/SAE Exhibit

汽车钢材：1982版AISI/SAE展览上尽量节约成本、防腐保护、部件重量减轻

52AISI SG02-2-2001Commentary on North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members

北美冷成型钢构件设计的评论

53AISI SG81-5-1981Welding in the Automotive Industry

汽车工业中的焊接

54AISI SG83-1-1983Review of Testing Methods and Existing Data on Corrosion Fatigue 回顾腐蚀疲劳的测试方法和现有数据

55AISI SG84-1-1984Effect of Type and Magnitude of Forming Strains on Fatigue Behavior of Two Hot-Rolled Sheet Steels

类型和大小对两块热轧板钢压力疲劳形成的影响

56AISI SG85-2-1985Solutions to Manufacturing Problems Using Galvanized Steel 使用镀锌钢时，生产问题的解决方法

57AISI SG86-7-1986How to Achieve Quality Sheet Metal Automotive Stampings 如何获得高质量汽车冲压件金属板

58AISI SG503-1976Design and Fabrication of Cold-Formed Steel Structures

冷成型钢结构设计和制造

59AISI SG538-1985Sheet Steel Thickness Tolerances as Frequently Specified for Automotive Applications Cold Rolled and Coated Sheet Steels One-Half ASTM Standard Thickness Tolerances with ISO Minimum Edge Distance

钢板厚度公差经常用于汽车工业冷轧和涂层钢板上（ASTM标准厚度 和ISO最小边缘距离）60AISI SG631R-1977Cost-Effective Weight Reduction with Sheet Steel

薄钢板低成本减重法

61AISI STAINLESSStainless Steel Cold-Formed Structural Design Manual 1974 1974版不锈钢冷成型设计手册

62AISI Z-5-1979Fire-Safe Structural Steel

防火钢结构

63AISI Z-6-1981Fire Protection Through Modern Building Codes

现代建筑防火规范

第四篇：美国简历中英文对照

美国签证需要用到的个人简历模板（中英文）

Nonimmigrant Visa Resume Template

Name:

Date and country of birth:

Gender:

Name and date of birth of spouse:(if applicable)

Names and dates of birth of children:(if applicable)

Address and Contact information:

Education

List here all universities and higher education institutions you have attended, starting with the most recent.You should include the following information:

Name of university

Dates of study

Degree level

Degree major and minors

Area of research

Title of thesis

Work experience

List here all paid and voluntary work you have performed and positions held, starting with the most recent.You should include the following information:

Name of company, organization or institutions

Job titles

Dates of jobs

Detailed area of responsibility, research interests, project descriptions and applications of research

Expertise in special software, machinery op equipment

Awards and patents

Have you received/won any awards related to your research or work at university or at work? Please list these.Do you hold any patents? List name, patent number and year registered.List of publications

List here all your publications you have published in China and overseas.Include the title of the published article, the date it was published and the name of the magazine, newspaper, book, etc it was published in.Other outside interests/experience List here any clubs you belong to, any memberships you hold, your interests and hobbies

Other skills

For example computer skills, languages you speak, driver's license or other permits, etc

Travel

Have you ever traveled overseas? List countries, purpose and dates of travel

Statement of Intent

For students and exchange scholars:

Proposed Study

Give a brief but detailed description of proposed area of study, including research methods and applications of the research

State supervisor's/professor's name and his/her area of expertise

State institution and department where this research is to be done

For business-related travel:

Proposed schedule

State names of contacts in the US, including the name of the company, their job title and area of expertise/business

Include an itinerary of travel detailing dates, cities to be visited, companies and people to be visited in each city

Detailed content, site and length of any training to be attended as well as applications of this training

Details of conferences, meetings, exhibitions with dates, contact info and purpose of attending

美国签证需要用到的个人简历模板（中文）

非移民签证简历模板

姓名：

出生日期和国家：

性别：

名称及配偶出生日期：（如适用）

姓名和孩子的出生日期：（如适用）

地址及联系方式：

教育经历

（列举你参加过的学校学习的情况，按照时间的倒叙记录，内容应包括以下：）

大学名称

在校时间

学位

专业

研究领域

论文题目

工作经验

你参加过的工作或者志愿工作，你的表现和所担任的职位，首先是最新的。你应包括下列资料：

公司名称，组织或机构

职称

工作的日期

详细领域的责任，研究方向，项目说明和研究中的应用

在特殊软件技术，机械设备运

奖和专利

你收到/获得有关你的研究奖励或在大学工作或在工作？请列出这些。

你是否拥有任何专利？列表名称，专利号和73030。

出版物列表

在此列出所有你在中国及海外出版的出版物。

包括标题，发表文章，这是出版的杂志，报纸，书籍等，将其命名为日发表英寸

其他外部利益/经验，任何俱乐部名单这里属于你，你持有的任何成员，你的兴趣和爱好

其他技能

例如电脑技能，语言你说，驾驶执照或其他许可证等

旅行

你有没有出国旅游？名单的国家，目的和旅行日期

学习意向声明

学生和交流学者：

拟议的研究

给出了建议的领域的研究，包括研究方法和研究中的应用简短但详细描述

国家主管的/教授的名字和他/她的专长领域

国家机构和部门在这项研究提出的解决办法

对于商务或旅游签证申请者：

拟议时间表

国名在美国的接触，包括公司名称，他们的职位和专业领域/业务

包括详细的行程日期，要访问的城市，企业和市民，在每个城市访问

详细的内容，网站和任何培训的长度将出席的，以及这种培训申请

详细的会议，会议的日期，联系信息和参加展览的目的

第五篇：美国宪法中英文对照..

Constitution of the United States

美国宪法中英文版

导言

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.序言

我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。

Section 1House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative.Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned.Enumeration.Vacancies to be filled.Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.1.The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。

2.Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.(The previous sentence was superceded by Amendment XIV，前面语句已由宪法修正案XIV替代).The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct.The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.众议员人数及直接税税额，应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配，此项人口数目的计算法，应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役，但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。实际人口调查，应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行，并于其后每十年举行一次，其调查方法另以法律规定之。众议员的数目，不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人，但每州至少应有众议员一人，在举行人囗调查以前，各州得按照下列数目选举众议员 : 新罕布什尔三人、马萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。

3.When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.任何一州的众议员有缺额时，该州的行政长官应颁选举令，选出众议员以补充缺额。4.The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers;and shall have the sole power of impeachment.众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员，只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。

Section 3Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed.One session in each year.1.The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof;but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.各州州议会应规定本州参议员及众议员之选举时间、地点及程序，但国会得随时以法律制定或变更此种规定，惟有选举议员的地点不在此例。

2.The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,(The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XX，宪法修正案对此有修改)unless they by law appoint a different day.国会应至少每年集会一次，开会日期应为十二月的第一个星期一，除非他们通过法律来指定另一个日期。

Section 5Compensation, Privileges, Disqualification in certain cases.1.The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same;and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.参议员与众议员得因其服务而获报酬，报酬的多寡由法律定之，并由合众国国库支付。两院议员除犯叛国罪、重罪以及扰乱治安罪外，在出席各该院会议及往返各该院途中，有不受逮捕之特权，两院议员在议院内所发表之演说及辩论，在其它场合不受质询。2.No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have increased during such time;and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office.参议员或众议员不得在其当选任期内担任合众国政府任何新添设的职位，或在其任期内支取因新职位而增添的俸禄，在合众国政府供职的人，不得在其任职期间担任国会议员。Section 7Powers of Congress The Congress shall have the power

1.To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States;but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States: 国会有权规定并征收税金、捐税、关税和其它赋税，用以偿付国债并为合众国的共同防御和全民福利提供经费，但是各种捐税、关税和其它赋税，在合众国内应划一征收

2.To borrow money on the credit of the United States: 以合众国的信用举债

3.To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states,and with the Indian tribes: 管理与外国的、州与州间的，以及对印第安部落的贸易

4.To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States: 制定在合众国内一致适用的归化条例，和有关破产的一致适用的法律

5.To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures: 铸造货币，调议其价值，并确定外币价值，以及制定度量衡的标准

6.To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States: 制定对伪造合众国证券和货币的惩罚条例 7.To establish post-offices and post-roads: 设立邮政局及建设驿路

8.To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries: 为促进科学和实用技艺的进步，对作家和发明家的著作和发明，在一定期限内给予专利权的保障

9.To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court: 设置最高法院以下的各级法院

10.To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations: 界定并惩罚海盗罪、在公海所犯的重罪和违背国际公法的罪行

11.To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water: 宣战，对民用船舶颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动的特许证，制定在陆地和海面虏获战利品的规则

12.To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years: 募集和维持陆军，但每次拨充该项费用的款项，其有效期不得超过两年 13.To provide and maintain a navy: 配备和保持海军

14.To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces: 制定管理和控制陆海军队的各种条例

15.To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions: 制定召集民兵的条例，以便执行联邦法律，镇压叛乱和击退侵略

16.To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress: 规定民兵的组织、装备和训练，以及民兵为合众国服务时的管理办法，但各州保留其军官任命权，和依照国会规定的条例训练其民兵的权力

17.To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district(not exceeding ten miles square)as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings: And, 对于由某州让与而由国会承受，用以充当合众国政府所在地的地区(不超过10平方英里)，握有对其一切事务的全部立法权，对于经州议会同意，向州政府购得，用以建筑要塞、弹药库、兵工厂、船坞和其它必要建筑物的地方，也握有同样的权力并且

18.To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.为了行使上述各项权力，以及行使本宪法赋予合众国政府或其各部门或其官员的种种权力，制定一切必要的和适当的法律

Section 9States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers.1.No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation;grant letters of marque and reprisal;coin money;emit bills of credit;make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts;pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.各州不得缔结任何条约、结盟或组织邦联，不得对民用船舶颁发捕押敌船及采取报复行动之特许证，不得铸造货币，不得发行纸币，不得指定金银币以外的物品作为偿还债务的法定货币，不得通过任何剥夺公民权的法案、追溯既往的法律和损害契约义务的法律，也不得颁发任何贵族头衔。

2.No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws;and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States;and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.未经国会同意，各州不得对进口货物或出口货物征收任何税款，但为了执行该州的检查法律而有绝对的必要时，不在此限，任何州对于进出囗货物所征的税，其净收益应归合众国国库使用，所有这一类的检查法律，国会对之有修正和监督之权。

3.No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in a war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.未经国会同意，各州不得征收船舶吨位税，不得在和平时期保持军队和军舰，不得和另外一州或国缔结任何协定或契约，除非实际遭受入侵，或者遇到刻不容缓的危急情形时，不得从事战争。Article II Section 1-President: his term of office.Electors of President;number and how appointed.Electors to vote on same day.Qualification of President.On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc.President's compensation.His oath of office.1.The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.He shall hold office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: 行政权力赋予美利坚合众国总统。总统任期四年，总统和具有同样任期的副总统，应照下列手续选举

2.Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves.And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for each;which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate.The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed;and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President;and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President.But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote;a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice.In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President.But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.(The clause in italics was superceded by Amendment XII)每州应依照该州州议会所规定之手续，指定选举人若干名，其人数应与该州在国会之参议员及众议员之总数相等，但参讥员、众议员及任何在合众国政府担任有责任及有俸禄之职务的人，均不得被指定为选举人。各选举人应于其本身所属的州内集会，每人投票选举二人，其中至少应有一人不属本州居民。选举人应开列全体被选人名单，注明每人所得票数，他们还应签名作证明，并将封印后的名单送至合众国政府所在地交与参议院议长。参议院议长应于参众两院全体议员之前，开拆所有来件，然后计算票数。得票最多者，如其所得票数超过全体选举人的半数，即当选为总统，如同时不止一人得票过半数，旦又得同等票数，则众议院应立即投票表决，选毕其中一人为总统，如无人得票过半数，则众议院应自得票最多之前五名中用同样方法选举总统。但依此法选举总统时，应以州为单位，每州之代表共有一票，如全国三分之二的州各有一名或多名众议员出席，即构成选举总统的法定人数，当选总统者需获全部州的过半数票。在每次这样的选举中，于总统选出后，其获得选举人所投票数最多者，即为副总统。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等时，则应由参议院投票表决，选学其中一人为副总统。（宪法修正案XII已经替代本条款）

3.The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes;which day shall be the same throughout the United States.国会得决定各州选出选举人的时期以及他们投票的日子，投票日期全国一律。

4.No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.只有出生时为合众国公民，或在本宪法实施时已为合众国公民者，可被选为总统，凡年龄未满三十五岁，或居住合众国境内未满十四年者，不得被选为总统。.In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.(This clause has been modified by Amendment XX and Amendment XXV)如遇总统被免职，或因死亡、辞职或丧失能力而不能执行其权力及职务时，总统职权应由副总统执行之。国会得以法律规定，在总统及副总统均被免职，或死亡、辞职或丧失能力时，由何人代理总统职务，该人应即遵此视事，至总统能力恢复，或新总统被选出时为止（宪法修正案XX和XXV对本条款作了修改）。

6.The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them.总统得因其服务而在规定的时间内接受俸禄，在其任期之内，俸金数额不得增加或减低，他亦不得在此任期内，自合众国政府和任何州政府接受其它报酬

7.Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: 在他就职之前，他应宣誓或誓愿如下:

“I do solemnly swear(or affirm)that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” 「我郑重宣誓(或 矢言)我必忠诚地执行合众国总统的职务，并尽我最大的能力，维持、保护和捍卫合众国宪法。

Section 2President shall communicate to Congress.He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc.Shall receive ambassadors, execute laws, and commission officers.He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;he may receive ambassadors, and other public ministers;he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.总统应经常向国会报告联邦的情况，并向国会提出他认为必要和适当的措施，供其考虑，在特殊情况下，他得召集两院或其中一院开会，并得于两院对于休会时间意见不一致时，命令两院休会到他认为适当的时期为止，他应接见大使和公使，他应注意使法律切实执行，并任命所有合众国的军官。

4Judicial power;to what cases it extends.Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court Appellate.Trial by Jury, etc.Trial, where 1.The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority;to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls;to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;to controversies between two or more states, between a state and Citizens of another state, between Citizens of different states, between Citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign states, Citizens or subjects.(This section modified by Amendment XI)司法权适用的范围，应包括在本宪法、合众国法律、和合众国已订的及将订的条约之下发生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件，一切有关大使、公使及领事的案件，一切有关海上裁判权及海事裁判权的案件，合众国为当事一方的诉讼;州与州之间的诉讼，州与另一州的公民之间的诉讼，一州公民与另一州公民之间的诉讼，同州公民之间为不同之州所让与之土地而争执的诉讼，以及一州或其公民与外国政府、公民或其属民之间的诉讼。

2.In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction.In all the other cases before-mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.在一切有关大使、公使、领事以及州为当事一方的案件中，最高法院有最初审理权。在上述所有其它案件中，最高法院有关于法律和事实的受理上诉权，但由国会规定为例外及另有处理条例者，不在此限。

3.The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury;and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed;but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.对一切罪行的审判，除了弹劫案以外，均应由陪审团裁定，并且该审判应在罪案发生的州内举行，但如罪案发生地点并不在任何一州之内，该项审判应在国会按法律指定之地点或几个地点学行。

Section 3Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc.of every other State.Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state.And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.各州对其它各州的公共法案、记录、和司法程序，应给予完全的信赖和尊重。国会得制定一般法律，用以规定这种法案、记录、和司法程序如何证明以及具有何等效力。Section 2Admission of new States.Power of Congress over territory and other property.1.New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union;but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.国会得准许新州加入联邦，如无有关各州之州议会及国会之同意，不得于任何州之管辖区域内建立新州，亦不得合并两州或数州、或数州之一部分而成立新州。

2.The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States;and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular state.国会有权处置合众国之属地及其它产业，并制定有关这些属地及产业的一切必要的法规和章则，本宪法中任何条文，不得作有损于合众国或任何一州之权利的解释。Section 4-Republican form of government guaranteed.Each State to be protected.The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion;and on application of the legislature, or of the executive(when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.合众国保证联邦中的每一州皆为共和政体，保障它们不受外来的侵略，并且根据各州州议会或行政部门(当州议会不能召集时)的请求，平定其内部的**。Article V

Constitution: how amended;proviso.The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which，in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress: Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 1808, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.举凡两院议员各以三分之二的多数认为必要时，国会应提出对本宪法的修正案，或者，当现有诸州三分之二的州议会提出请求时，国会应召集修宪大会，以上两种修正案，如经诸州四分之三的州议会或四分之三的州修宪大会批准时，即成为本宪法之一部分而发生全部效力，至于采用那一种批准方式，则由国会议决，但一八零八年以前可能制定之修正案，在任何情形下，不得影响本宪法第一条第九款之第一、第四两项，任何一州，没有它的同意，不得被剥夺它在参议院中的平等投票权。Article VI

Certain debts, ect.declared valid, Supremacy of Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States, Oath to support Constitution, by whom taken.No religious test.1.All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation.合众国政府于本宪法被批准之前所积欠之债务及所签订之条约，于本宪法通过后，具有和在邦联政府时同等的效力。

2.This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof;and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land;and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.本宪法及依本宪法所制定之合众国法律;以及合众国已经缔结及将要缔结的一切条约，皆为全国之最高法律，每个州的法官都应受其约束，任何一州宪法或法律中的任何内容与之抵触时，均不得有违这一规定。

3.The senators and representatives before-mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution;but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.前述之参议员及众议员，各州州议会议员，合众国政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官员，均应宣誓或誓愿拥护本宪法，但合众国政府之任何职位或公职，皆不得以任何宗教标准作为任职的必要条件。Article VII What ratification shall establish constitution.The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so ratifying the same.第七条

本宪法经过九个州的制宪大会批准后，即在批准本宪法的各州之间开始生效。