中国大学能打败美国大学吗？(中英文对照)

第一篇：中国大学能打败美国大学吗？(中英文对照)

中国大学能打败美国大学吗？（中英文对照）

2012-10-16 来源:WSJ

Can US Universities Stay On Top?

在印度最好的工程学府之一印度理工学院(Indian Institute of Technology)的德里分校，我们见到了21岁的施拉姆(Shriram)。他在48.5万名参加了该校入学考试的考生中，排名第十九位。我们管他叫第十九先生。这所学院的入学考试对考生要求极高。

施拉姆能告诉你他得知自己考试结果的具体日期和时间。这个考试，以及为之所做的准备，几乎是他青少年时期生活的全部内容。他在很小时就因为在数学和科学方面独具天赋而作为“大天才”被挑选出来。为了备考印度理工学院的入学考试，他报名参加了一个私人培训机构，这家机构专为学生进行备考前的强化训练，训练内容包括物理、化学和数学这些主要的考试科目。按照施拉姆自己的估算，那两年里，他每周学习90个小时。

来到印度理工学院后，施拉姆发现班里都是学习尖子。老师们则对学生寄予着厚望。在第一次数学考试中，他这个一年级班级同学的平均成绩是30%。施拉姆也考得很差，不过很快成绩就升上去了，为此他牺牲掉了部分睡眠，以便能够多些时间用来学习。他说，“长这么大，我最大的愿望就是到这里来。我知道如果我能够进入印度理工学院，学习工程学专业，努力工作，努力学习，那么我们的一生将会完美无憾。我将娶一个漂亮的女孩儿，开一家公司，帮助我的国家发展，实现家族的希望和梦想。”

印度和中国都有竞争激烈的全国统考制度，通过考试帮助国内的顶尖大学选出最聪明的学生。其竞争之激烈、准备过程之艰苦、举国上下对考试结果之焦虑，无不让美国的大学本科入学考试SAT看起来如同儿戏一般。在中国和印度，押在考试成败之上的筹码要沉重得多。那些考入前1%的幸运儿们有机会进入自己选择的大学，未来职业之路从此被引入了快车道，将有更高的收入，并将开始享受中上层阶层的生活。对于剩下的99%考生而言，统考制度带来的结果并不怎么样。在中国和印度有近4,000万名大学生。大多数人就读的学校只是在以低成本大批量地制造着毕业生而已。学生们抱怨他们所接受的教育如同工厂炮制一般，枯燥乏味。用人单位也是叫苦连天，称许多毕业生需要先重新参加培训，之后方能完全胜任自己的工作。

目前来看，美国的大学体制仍是远远领先。不过再过十年，全球在下一代的教育方面，将有一争，中国和印度有潜力改变当前的力量均衡。随着大量适龄学生即将进入大学求学阶段，这两个国家已经将改革本国大学列为重中之重的首要任务。

中国和印度还有多长的路要走？在波士顿咨询公司(Boston Consulting Group，简称BCG)，我们开发了一套新的排名系统，对各国的教育竞争力进行比较，我们称之为BCG E4指数。这套排名基于四个E：Expenditure（开支，即政府和家庭用于教育方面的投入水平）；enrollment（人数，即在校就读的学生人数）；engineers（工程设计人才，即进入就业大军的合格工程设计人才数量）；eliteinstitution（精英学府，即在全球高等教育院校中名列前茅的学校数量）。

美国和英国分列第一和第二位，主要因其教育开支较高，且在全球排名靠前的大学以及工程类院校数量多。中国排名第三，印度是第五，主要是因在校就读人数多（排在第四位的是德国）。美国独占鳌头的原因很明显：其一，美国用在教育上的花费最高，每年的教育开支达9,800亿美元，是中国的两倍，印度的五倍。

美国还是生产工程设计人才密度最大的国家，每一百万名居民中就有981个工程专业毕业生，而中国和印度分别是553个和197个。

目前整体而言，美国大学在给学生提供就业准备方面，做得最好。世界经济论坛(WorldEconomic Forum)预计，美国81%的工程专业毕业生可以立刻胜任工作，而只有25%的印度毕业生做得到这一点，中国的这个比例是10%。中国某大学的系主任对我们说,“中国学生能够照猫画虎地解决一个问题，但一旦需要独创的思维和自己的发明创造时，我们就没辙了。我们正在非常努力地弥补这个不足，我们正努力让我们的理工科教育成为解决问题的基础。”

在中国，成立于1898年的北京大学(PekingUniversity)整体实力在国内名列前茅。一位北大的学生以极其严肃的口吻告诉我们，“要能在图书馆占到位子那你运气够好。哪怕是凌晨三点，你在那里都找不到空位。” 目前，北京大学是中国的九校联盟之一，九校联盟是中国借鉴美国常青藤盟校模式、于2009年建立的学校联盟。其目的在于通过九大资金雄厚之院校的合作，吸引到最好的学生和教师。最近，这些院校每家从政府那里得到了2.7亿美元的资金，他们还在吸引“海归”（即那些在海外拿到博士学位的中国学子）回来领导这场中国的文艺复兴，给海归的回迁红包高达15万美元。

尽管这九大院校最有实力闯入全球精英院校之列，不过中国政府还选出了一百家主要大学院校作为第二梯队，政府为这批院校投入了总计28亿美元的资金。

这两批院校在校生之间的差距通常并不十分明显。每年参加中国教育系统全国性高考的高中学生有1,000万人，高考决定了他们的排名以及能够进入哪所大学。高考状元们都成了全国皆知的明星。不过，批评者们认为，高考过于强调记忆能力，依靠对事实的死记硬背以及考生的反应速度就能决定是否可以被大学录取，这未免过于武断。有个最近高中毕业的考生告诉我们，“高考那天我感觉不太舒服，结果我的排名在前10%，不是很好，进不去九校联盟。我感觉好像生命就此完结了似的。”

与中国相比，印度未来要走的路更长。印度理工学院德里分校一位资深系主任说，他每天要面对的事情就是去处理设备短缺、教师的薪酬过低以及学生指标问题，有些时候一些不会说英文或是读懂英文的学生会凭借指标进入大学（这个指标旨在弥补印度种姓制度所造成的后果）。他在自己那间敞着门的酷热办公室里抱怨道，“我们资金不足，教师队伍中拿博士学位的人太少，而我们的入学人数有五分之一被指标生占据了，对此也没有任何补救措施。”

印度大学资金不足的一个原因在于，印度中央政府拿出来的教育经费相对较少，只占教育总开支的15%。印度28个邦的教育开支则因富庶程度和基础设施情况而异，悬殊很大。不过，同中国不一样，印度的私立教育系统很发达，私立学校有近20万家，还有1.7万所私立大学。世界银行(World Bank)和私人投资者正源源不断地将数十亿美元投入印度的教育领域，而印度政府也计划进一步发展壮大印度最知名的综合性大学以及社区院校。当前这个五年计划中建议将教育领域的投资提高到180多亿美元。

不过，即便是加上目前所做的这些努力，中国和印度用于高等教育的资源合在一起也不过是勉强达到了320亿美元──这是哈佛大学(Harvard)一所学校就能筹集到的资金水平。不过在中国和印度这些国家，就成功的基础而言，重要的不只是资金，还有态度。印度理工学院那位第十九先生代表了发愤图强、天资聪慧且有意改善自己生活状态的一代学生。在北京大学一间学生宿舍，贴着的励志箴言反映出了这一代学子上进的决心：“只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。”

At the Indian Institute of Technology in Delhi--one of thebest engineering academies in the country--we metShriram, a 21-year-old man who ranked 19 out of485,000 on the school's very demanding entranceexam.We call him Mr.Number 19.Shriram can tell you the date and time when he found outhis test results.The exam--and the preparation for it--dominated his teenage years.He was singled out as a'big talent' at an early age, with an aptitude formathematics and science.To get ready for the IITentrance exam, he enrolled at a private coachinginstitute that prepares students with aggressive drilling inthe major testing areas--physics, chemistry and math.Over those two years, Shriram estimates that he studied90 hours every week.When Shriram arrived at the IIT, he found a class filledwith academic superstars.The faculty has highexpectations.On the first math exam, his freshman classreceived an average grade of 30%.Shriram did poorlytoo but soon bounced back, sacrificing sleep so that hecould study.'All my life I wanted to be here,' he says.'Iknew that if I could go to IIT, major in engineering, workand study hard, my life would be perfect.I would marry abeautiful girl, start a company, help my country advanceand deliver on my family's hopes and dreams.'

Both India and China have intense national testingprograms to find the brightest students for their eliteuniversities.The competition, the preparation and thenational anxiety about the outcomes make the SATtesting programs in the U.S.seem like the minor leagues.The stakes are higher in China and India.The 'chosenones'--those who rank in the top 1%

--get their choiceof university, putting them on a path to fast-track careers,higher incomes and all the benefits of an upper-middle-class life.The system doesn't work so well for the other 99%.There are nearly 40 million university students in Chinaand India.Most attend institutions that churn out studentsat low cost.Students complain that their education is'factory style' and 'uninspired.' Employers complain thatmany graduates need remedial training before they arefully employable.For now, the U.S.university system is still far ahead.Butover the next decade, there will be a global competitionto educate the next generation, and China and India havethe potential to change the balance of power.With largepools of qualified students coming of age, the twocountries have made reforming their universities a toppriority.How far do they have to go? At the Boston ConsultingGroup, we have developed a new ranking to determinethe educational competitiveness of countries: the BCGE4 Index.It is based on four Es: Expenditure(the level ofinvestment in education by government and privatehouseholds);enrollment(the number of students in theeducational system);engineers(the number of qualifiedengineers entering the workforce), and elite institutions(the number of top global higher-education institutions).The U.S.and the U.K.are ranked first and second,driven by raw spending, their dominance in globallyranked universities and engineering graduation rates.China ranks third and India fifth, largely on enrollment(Germany is fourth).The reasons for U.S.supremacy areclear: For one, it spends the most money on education,disbursing $980 billion annually, or twice as much asChina and five times as much as India.It is also the mostengineer-intensive country, with 981 engineering degreesper million citizens, compared with 553 for China and 197for India.American universities currently do a better job overall atpreparing students for the workforce.The WorldEconomic Forum estimates that 81% of U.S.engineeringgraduates are immediately 'employable,' while only 25%of Indian graduates and 10% of Chinese graduates areequally well prepared.'Chinese students can swarm aproblem,' a dean at a major Chinese university told us.'But when it comes to original thought and invention, westumble.We are trying hard to make that up.We aretrying to make technical education the grounding fromwhich we solve problems.'

In China, Peking University, founded in 1898, is generallyranked as the country's top school.One student theretold us in a very serious tone:

'Good luck finding a placein the library.You can't find a seat even at three in themorning.' Peking University is now part of an effort launched in2009 to create a Chinese counterpart to the Ivies--calledthe C9 League.The objective is to attract the bestgraduates and faculty with an array of super-fundedinstitutions.The schools recently received $270 millioneach in government funding, and they are also drawingback 'sea turtles'

--Chinese Ph.D.s from abroad--to leadthe renaissance, with relocation bonuses as high as$150,000.Though the C9 schools have the greatest potential tobreak into the global elite, Chinese officials also identified100 key universities at the next level, where they haveinvested a total of $2.8 billion.The difference in student quality between these tiers isoften insignificant.The Gaokao is China's nationaleducational test, given to 10 million secondary studentsto determine their rank and placement at university.Thetop scorers become national celebrities.But critics saythat the test's emphasis on memorization, fact recall andprocessing speed can determine college admissions tooarbitrarily.'I did not feel well the day of the test,' onerecent graduate told us.'As a result I placed in the top10%, not good enough to get into the C9.I felt like mylife was over.'

Compared with China, India has farther to go.A seniordean at IIT Delhi said that he deals daily with shortagesof equipment, poor pay for teachers and quotas thatsometimes put students who can't read or speak Englishin the classroom.(The quotas are meant as a remedy forthe caste system.)

'We are underfunded, we have toofew Ph.D.s on faculty, and we have a fifth of ourenrollment taken by quota with no remedial programs,'he lamented in his hot, open office.One of the reasons for the underfunding is the relativeweakness of India's central government, which accountsfor only 15% of total expenditure on education.The 28states that account for the balance vary greatly by wealthand infrastructure.But unlike China, India has significantprivate education, with nearly 200,000 private schoolsand 17,000 private colleges.The World Bank and privateinvestors are pouring billions of dollars into educationthere, and the government plans to expand its best-known universities, as well as community colleges.Thecurrent five-year plan proposes higher-educationinvestments of more than $18 billion.Even with the current push, the combinedhigher-education resources of India and China will justbegin to match the $32 billion endowment of Harvardalone.But success in these countries is based as much onattitude as on funds.The IIT's Mr.Number 19 representsa generation of driven, talented students who are intenton improving their lives.In one student's room at PekingUniversity, the commitment to advancement is summedup with a phrase on a poster board: 'If you work hardenough, you can grind an iron rod into a needle.

第二篇：大学中英文对照

《大学》（中英文）

The Great Learning

By Confucius Written ca.500 B.C.E

总纲(右经一章，盖孔子之言，而曾子述之；其传十章，则曾子之意，而门人记之也。旧本颇有错简，今因程子所定，而更考经文，别为序次如左。)(凡传十章：前四章统论纲领指趣；後六章细论条目工夫。其第五章乃明善之要。第六章乃诚身之本，在初学；尤为当务之急。读者不可以其近而忽之也)

『１』大学之道在明明德，在亲民，在止於至善。

What the great learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtue;to renovate the people;and to rest in the highest excellence.『２』知止而後有定；定而後能静；静而後能安；安而後能虑；虑而後能得。The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is thendetermined;and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to.To that calmness there will succeed a tranquil repose.In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end.『３』物有本末；事有终始。知所先後则近道矣。

Things have their root and their branches.Affairs have their endand their beginning.To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning.『４』古之欲明明德於天下者先治其国。欲治其国者先齐其家。欲齐其家者先修其身。欲修其身者先正其心。欲正其心者先诚其意。欲诚其意者先致其知。致知在格物。

The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughoutthe kingdom, first ordered well their own states.Wishing to order welltheir states, they first regulated their families.Wishing to regulatetheir families, they first cultivated their persons.Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts.Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts.Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge.Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things.『５』物格而後知至。知至而後意诚。意诚而後心正。心正而後身修。身修 而後家齐。家齐而後国治。国治而後天下平。

Things being investigated, knowledge became complete.Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere.Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectified.Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated.Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated.Their families being regulated, their

states were rightly governed.Their states being rightly governed, the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy.『６』自天子以至於庶人台是皆以修身为本。

From the Son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all mustconsider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides.『７』其本乱而末治者，否矣。其所厚者薄而其所薄者厚，未之有也。It cannot be, when the root is neglected, that what should springfrom it will be well ordered.It never has been the case that what wasof great importance has been slightly cared for, and, at the same time,that what was of slight importance has been greatly cared for.第一章(右传之首章，释明明德。)『１』康诰曰，「克明德。」

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, “He was able to make his virtue illustrious.”

『２』大甲曰，「顾 天之明命。」

In the Tai Chia, it is said, “He contemplated and studied the illustrious decrees of Heaven.”

『３』帝典曰：「克明峻德。」

In the Canon of the emperor(Yao), it is said, “He was able tomake illustrious his lofty virtue.”

『４』皆自明也。

These passages all show how those sovereigns made themselvesillustrious.第二章(右传之二章，释新民。)

『１』汤之盘铭曰：「苟日新，日日新，又日新。」

On the bathing tub of T'ang, the following words were engraved: “If you can one day renovate yourself, do so from day to day.Yea, letthere be daily renovation.”

『２』康诰曰，「作新民。」

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, “To stir up the newpeople.” 『３』诗曰：「周虽旧邦，其命维新。」

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “Although Chau was an ancientstate the ordinance which lighted on it was new.”

『４』是故君子无所不用其极。

Therefore, the superior man in everything uses his utmostendeavors.第三章(右传之三章，释止於至善。)『１』诗云，「邦畿千里，惟民所止。」

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “The royal domain of a thousandli is where the people rest.”

『２』诗云，「缗蛮黄鸟，止於丘隅。」子曰：「於止，知其所止，可以人而不如鸟乎？」

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “The twittering yellow birdrests on a corner of the mound.” The Master said, “When it rests, it knows where to rest.Is it possible that a man should not be equal to this bird?” 『３』诗云，「穆穆文王，於缉熙敬止。」为人君，止於仁；为人臣，止於敬；为人子，止於孝；为人父，止於慈；与国人交，止於信。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “Profound was King Wan.With how bright and unceasing a feeling of reverence did he regard his restingplaces!” As a sovereign, he rested in benevolence.As a minister, he rested in reverence.As a son, he rested in filial piety.As a father, he rested in kindness.In communication with his subjects, he rested in good faith.『４』诗云，「瞻彼淇澳，绿竹猗猗。有斐君子。如切如磋，如琢如磨。瑟兮兮，赫兮喧兮。有斐君子，终不可喧兮。」「如切如磋」者，道学也；「如琢如磨」者，自修也；「瑟兮 兮」者，恂栗也；「赫兮喧兮」者，威仪也；「有斐君子，终不可喧兮」者，道盛德至善，民之不能忘也。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, “Look at that winding course of the Ch'i, with the green bamboos so luxuriant!Here is our elegant andaccomplished prince!As we cut and then file;as we chisel and then grind: so has he cultivated himself.How grave is he and dignified!How majestic and distinguished!Our elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten.” That expression-“As we cut and then file,” the work of learning.“As we chisel and then grind,” indicates that of self-culture.“How grave is he and dignified!” indicates the feeling of cautious reverence.“How commanding and distinguished!indicates an awe-inspiring deportment.”Our elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten,“ indicates how, when virtue is complete and excellence extreme, the people cannot forget them.『５』诗云，「於戏前王不忘！」君子贤其贤，而亲其亲。小人乐其乐，而利其利。此以没世不忘也。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”Ah!the former kings are notforgotten.“ Future princes deem worthy what they deemed worthy, and love what they loved.The common people delight in what delighted them, and are benefited by their beneficial arrangements.It is on this account that the former kings, after they have quitted the world, are not forgotten.第四章(右传之四章，释本末。)

子曰：「听讼，吾犹人也。必也，使无讼乎？」无情者，不得尽其辞，大畏民志。此谓知本。

The Master said, ”In hearing litigations, I am like any other body.What is necessary is to cause the people to have no litigations.“ So, those who are devoid of principle find it impossible to carry out their speeches, and a great awe would be struck into men's minds;-this is called knowing the root.第五章(右传之五章，盖释格物致知之义，而今亡矣。闲尝窃取程子之意，以补之曰：「所谓致知在格物者：言欲至吾之知，在即物而穷其理也，盖人心之灵，莫不有知，而天下之物，莫不有理。惟於理有未穷，故其知有不尽也。是以大学始教，必使学者即凡天下之物。莫不因其已知之理，而益穷之，以求至乎其极。至於用力之久，而一旦豁然贯通焉。则众物之表里精粗无不到，而吾心之全体大用，无不明矣。此谓物格。此谓知之至也。)

『１』此谓知本。『２』此谓知之至也。

This is called knowing the root.This is called the perfecting of knowledge.第六章(右传之六章，释诚意。)

『１』所谓诚其意者：毋自欺也，如恶恶臭，如好好色。此之谓自谦。故君子必慎其独也。

What is meant by ”making the thoughts sincere.“ is the allowing no self-deception, as when we hate a bad smell, and as when we love whatis beautiful.This is called self-enjoyment.Therefore, the superior man must be watchful over himself when he is alone.『２』小人闲居为不善，无所不至，见君子，而後厌然。其不善，而著其善。人之视己，如见其肺肝然，则何益矣。此谓诚於中，形於外。故君子必慎其独也。There is no evil to which the mean man, dwelling retired, will not proceed, but when he sees a superior man, he instantly tries to disguise himself, concealing his evil, and displaying what is good.The other beholds him, as if he saw his heart and reins;-of what use is his disguise? This is an instance of the saying-”What truly is within will be manifested without.“ Therefore, the superior man must be watchful over himself when he is alone.『３』曾子曰，「十目所视，十手所指，其严乎。」

The disciple Tsang said, ”What ten eyes behold, what ten handspoint to, is to be regarded with reverence!“

『４』富润屋，德润身。心广体胖。故君子必诚其意。

Riches adorn a house, and virtue adorns the person.The mind isexpanded, and the body is at ease.Therefore, the superior man must make his thoughts sincere.第七章(右传之七章，释正心修身。)

『１』所谓修身在正其心者：身有所忿，则不得其正。有所恐惧，则不得其正。有所好乐，则不得其正。有所忧患，则不得其正。

What is meant by, ”The cultivation of the person depends on rectifying the mind may be thus illustrated:-If a man be under the influence of passion he will be incorrect in his conduct.He will be the same, if he is under the influence of terror, or under the influence of fond regard, or under that of sorrow and distress.『２』心不在焉，视而不见，听而不闻，食而不知其味。

When the mind is not present, we look and do not see;we hear anddo not understand;we eat and do not know the taste of what we eat.『３』此谓修身在正其心。

This is what is meant by saying that the cultivation of the persondepends on the rectifying of the mind.第八章(右传之八章，释修身齐家。)

『１』所谓齐其家在修其身者：人之其所亲爱而辟焉。之其所贱恶而辟焉。之其所畏敬而辟焉。之其所哀矜而辟焉。之其所敖惰而辟焉。故好而知其恶，恶而知其美者，天下鲜矣。

What is meant by “The regulation of one's family depends on thecultivation of his person is this:-men are partial where they feel affection and love;partial where they despise and dislike;partial where they stand in awe and reverence;partial where they feel sorrow and compassion;partial where they are arrogant and rude.Thus it is that there are few men in the world who love and at the same time know the bad qualities of the object of their love, or who hate and yet know the excellences of the object of their hatred.『２』故谚有之曰，「人莫知其子之恶，莫知其苗之硕。」

Hence it is said, in the common adage,”A man does not know thewickedness of his son;he does not know the richness of his growingcorn.“

『３』此谓身不修，不可以齐其家。

This is what is meant by saying that if the person be not cultivated, a man cannot regulate his family.第九章(右传之九章，释齐家治国。)

『１』所谓治国必先齐其家者：其家不可教，而能教人者，无之。故君子不出家，而成教於国。孝者，所以事君也；弟者，所以事长也；慈者，所以使众也。What is meant by ”In order rightly to govern the state, it is necessary first to regulate the family,“ is this:-It is not possible for one to teach others, while he cannot teach his own family.Therefore, the ruler, without going beyond his family, completes the lessons for the state.There is filial piety:-therewith the.sovereign should be served.There is fraternal submission:-therewith elders and superiors should be served.There is kindness:-therewith the multitude should be treated.『２』康诰曰，「如保赤子，心诚求之。」虽不中、不远矣，未有学养子，而後嫁者也。

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, ”Act as if you were watching over an infant.“ If a mother is really anxious about it, though she may not hit exactly the wants of her infant, she will not be far from doing so.There never has been a girl who learned to bring up a child, that she might afterwards marry.『３』一家仁，一国兴仁；一家让，一国兴让；一人贪戾，一国作乱。其机如此，此谓一言偾事，一人定国。

From the loving example of one family a whole state becomes loving,and from its courtesies the whole state becomes courteous while, from the ambition and perverseness of the One man, the whole state may be led to rebellious disorder;-such is the nature of the influence.This verifies the saying, ”Affairs may be ruined by a single sentence;a kingdom may be settled by its One man.“

『４』尧舜帅天下以仁，而民从之。桀纣帅天下以暴，而民从之。其所令反其所好，而民不从。是故君子，有诸己，而後求诸人。无诸己，而後非诸人。所藏乎身不恕而能喻诸人者，未之有也。

Yao and Shun led on the kingdom with benevolence and the peoplefollowed them.Chieh and Chau led on the kingdom with violence, and people followed them.The orders which these issued were contrary to the practices which they loved, and so the people did not follow them.On this account, the ruler must himself be possessed of the good qualities, and then he may require them in the people.He must not have the bad qualities in himself, and then he may require that they shall not be in the people.Never has there been a man, who, not having reference to his own character and wishes in dealing with others, was able effectually to instruct them.『５』故治国在齐其家。

Thus we see how the government of the state depends on the regulation of the family.『６』诗云，「桃之夭夭，其叶蓁蓁，之子於归，宜其家人。」宜其家人，而後可以教国人。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”That peach tree, so delicateand elegant!How luxuriant is its foliage!This girl is going to her husband's house.She will rightly order her household.“ Let the household be rightly ordered, and then the people of the state may be taught.『７』诗云，「宜兄宜弟。」宜兄宜弟，而後可以教国人。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”They can discharge their dutiesto their elder brothers.They can discharge their duties to their younger brothers.“ Let the ruler discharge his duties to his elder and younger brothers, and then he may teach the people of the state.『８』诗云，「其仪不忒，正是四国。」其为父子兄弟足法，而後民法之也。In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”In his deportment there isnothing wrong;he rectifies all the people of the state.“ Yes;when theruler, as a father, a son, and a brother, is a model, then the people imitate him.『９』此谓治国，在齐其家。

This is what is meant by saying, ”The government of his kingdomdepends on his regulation of the family.“

第十章（右传之十章，释治国平天下）

『１』所谓平天下在治其国者：上老老，而民兴孝；上长长，而民兴弟；上恤孤，而民不倍。是以君子有榘之道也。

What is meant by ”The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happydepends on the government of his state,“ this:-When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become final;when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission;when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same.Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.『２』所恶於上，毋以使下。所恶於下，毋以事上。所恶於前，毋以先後。所恶於後，毋以从前。所恶於右，毋以交於左。所恶於左，毋以交於右。此之谓榘之道。

What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in thetreatment of his inferiors;what he dislikes in inferiors, let him notdisplay in the service of his superiors;what he hates in those who arebefore him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him;what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left;what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called ”The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct.“

『３』诗云：「 乐只君子，民之父母。」民之所好好之；民之所恶恶之。此之谓民之父母。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!“ When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is calledthe parent of the people.『４』诗云：「节彼南山，维石岩岩。赫赫师尹，民具尔瞻。」有国者不可以不慎。辟则为天下矣。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”Lofty is that southern hill,with its rugged masses of rocks!Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you.“Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful.If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.『５』诗云，「殷之未丧师，克配上帝。仪监於殷，峻命不易。」道得众，则得国；失众，则失国。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, ”Before the sovereigns of theYin dynasty had lost the hearts of the people, they could appear beforeGod.Take warning from the house of Yin.The great decree is not easilypreserved.“ This shows that, by gaining the people, the kingdom is gained, and, by losing the people, the kingdom is lost.『６』是故君子先慎乎德。有德，此有人；有人，此有土；有土，此有财；有财，此有用。

On this account, the ruler will first take pains about his ownvirtue.Possessing virtue will give him the people.Possessing the people will give the territory.Possessing the territory will give him its wealth.Possessing the wealth, he will have resources for expenditure.『７』德者本也。财者末也。

Virtue is the root;wealth is the result.『８』外本内末，争民施夺。

If he make the root his secondary object, and the result his primary, he will only wrangle with his people, and teach them rapine.『９』是故财聚，则民散。财散，则民聚。

Hence, the accumulation of wealth is the way to scatter the people;and the letting it be scattered among them is the way to collect thepeople.『１０』是故言悖而出者亦悖而入；货悖而入者亦悖而出。

And hence, the ruler's words going forth contrary to right, willcome back to him in the same way, and wealth, gotten by improper ways,will take its departure by the same.『１１』康诰曰，「惟命不於常。」道善则得之，不善则失之矣。

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, ”The decree indeed maynot always rest on us“;that is, goodness obtains the decree, and the want of goodness loses it.『１２』楚书曰，「楚国无以为宝；惟善以为宝。」

In the Book of Ch'u, it is said, ”The kingdom of Ch'u does notconsider that to be valuable.It values, instead, its good men.“

『１３』舅犯曰，「亡人，无以为宝；仁亲以为宝。」

Duke Wan's uncle, Fan, said, ”Our fugitive does not account that to be precious.What he considers precious is the affection due to hisparent.“

『１４』秦誓曰，「若有一介臣，断断兮，无他技，其心休休焉，其如有容焉，人之有技，若己有之，人之彦圣，其心好之，不啻若自其口出，实能容之：以能保我子孙黎民，尚亦有利哉。人之有技，疾以恶之，人之彦圣而违之，俾不通，不能容：以不能保我子孙黎民，亦曰殆哉。

In the Declaration of the Duke of Ch'in, it is said, ”Let me havebut one minister, plain and sincere, not pretending to other abilities,but with a simple, upright, mind;and possessed of generosity, regarding the talents of others as though he himself possessed them, and, where he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, loving them in his heart more than his mouth expresses, and really showing himself able to bear them and employ them:-such a minister will be able to preserve my sons and grandsons and black-haired people, and benefits likewise to the kingdom may well be looked for from him.But if it be his character, when he finds men of ability, to be jealous and hate them;and, when he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, to oppose them and not allow their advancement, showing himself really not able to bear them: such a minister will not be able to protect my sons and grandsons and people;and may he not also be pronounced dangerous to the state?“

『１５』唯仁人，放流之，迸诸四夷，不与同中国。此谓唯仁人，为能爱人，能恶人。

It is only the truly virtuous man who can send away such a man and banish him, driving him out among the barbarous tribes around, determined not to dwell along with him in the Auddle Kingdom.This is in accordance with the saying, ”It is only the truly virtuous man who can love or who can hate others.“

『１６』见贤而不能举，举而不能先，命也。见不善而不能退，退而不能远，过也。

To see men of worth and not be able to raise them to office;toraise them to office, but not to do so quickly:-this is disrespectful.To see bad men and not be able to remove them;to remove them, but notto do so to a distance:-this is weakness.『１７』好人之所恶，恶人之所好：是谓拂人之性。必逮夫身。

To love those whom men hate, and to hate those whom men love;-thisis to outrage the natural feeling of men.Calamities cannot fail to come down on him who does so.『１８』是故君子，有大道必忠信以得之；骄泰以失之。

Thus we see that the sovereign has a great course to pursue.Hemust show entire self-devotion and sincerity to attain it, and by prideand extravagance he will fail of it.『１９』生财有大道，生之者众，食之者寡。为之者疾，用之者舒。则财恒足矣。

There is a great course also for the production of wealth.Let the producers be many and the consumers few.Let there be activity in theproduction, and economy in the expenditure.Then the wealth will alwaysbe sufficient.『２０』仁者，以财发身。不仁者，以身发财。

The virtuous ruler, by means of his wealth, makes himself moredistinguished.The vicious ruler accumulates wealth, at the expense ofhis life.『２１』未有上好仁，而下不好义者也。未有好义，其事不终者也。未有府库财非其财者也。

Never has there been a case of the sovereign loving benevolence,and the people not loving righteousness.Never has there been a case where the people have loved righteousness, and the affairs of the sovereign have not been carried to completion.And never has there been a case where the wealth in such a state, collected in the treasuries and arsenals, did not continue in the sovereign's possession.『２２』孟献子曰，「畜马乘，不察於鸡豚。伐冰之家不畜牛羊。百乘之家不畜聚敛之臣，与其有聚敛之臣。宁有盗臣。此谓国不以利为利，以义为利也。The officer Mang Hsien said, ”He who keeps horses and a carriagedoes not look after fowls and pigs.The family which keeps its stores of ice does not rear cattle or sheep.So, the house which possesses a hundred chariots should not keep a minister to look out for imposts that he may lay them on the people.Than to have such a minister, it were better for that house to have one who should rob it of its revenues.“ This is in accordance with the saying:-”In a state, pecuniary gain is not to be considered to be prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness.“

『２３』长国家而务财用者，必自小人矣，彼为善之。小人之使为国家，害并至，虽有善者，亦无如之何矣。此谓国不以利为利，以义为利也。

When he who presides over a state or a family makes his revenueshis chief business, he must be under the influence of some small, meanman.He may consider this man to be good;but when such a person is employed in the administration of a state or family, calamities from Heaven, and injuries from men, will befall it together, and, though a good man may take his place, he will not be able to remedy the evil.This illustrates again the saying, ”In a state, gain is not to be considered prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness."

THE END

第三篇：美国大学十佳毕业典礼演讲精选(中英文对照)

Top 10 Commencement Speeches Quotes in American Universities

美国大学十佳毕业典礼演讲精选

阅读难度☆☆☆

每年的五六月，是美国大学举行毕业典礼的季节。按照惯例，各界名流都会受邀到各大名校去作激动人心的演讲。本文精选了近年来美国最有影响力的十佳毕业典礼演讲，与已经或即将毕业的读者朋友们共勉。

1.Steve Jobs

史蒂芬·乔布斯

CEO of Apple Computers 苹果电脑CEO

Stanford University斯坦福大学

June 12, 20052005年6月12日

Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.You are already naked.There is no reason not to follow your heart.Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking.Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.They somehow already know what you truly want to become.Everything else is secondary.记着你总会死去，这是我知道的防止患得患失的最佳办法。赤条条来去无牵挂，还有什么理由不随你的心？！

你的时间是有限的，因此不要把时间浪费在过别人的生活上。不要被教条所困——使自己的生活受限于他人的思想成果。不要让他人的意见淹没了你自己内心的声音。最重要的是，要有勇气跟随你的内心与直觉，它们好歹已经知道你真正想让自己成为什么。其他的，都是次要的。

2.David Foster Wallace

大卫·福斯特·华莱士

Novelist小说家

Kenyon College肯尼恩学院

May 21, 20052005年5月21日

There are these two young fish swimming along and they happen to meet an older fish swimming the other way, who nods at them and says, “Morning, boys.How's the water?” And the two young fish swim on for a bit, and then eventually one of them looks over at the other and goes, “What the hell is water?”

...simple awareness;awareness of what is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, all the time, that we have to keep reminding ourselves over and over:

“This is water.”

“This is water.”

It is unimaginably hard to do this, to stay conscious and alive in the adult world day in and day out.有两条小鱼一起在水里游，碰到一条老鱼迎面游过来。老鱼向他们点点头，并说：“早上好，孩子们。水怎么样？”这两条小鱼继续往前游了一会儿后，其中一条小鱼实在忍不住了，看了一下另一条小鱼，问道：“水到底是什么东西？”

„„简单的意识；对我们生活中如此真实、如此必不可少、无处不在、无时不在的事物的意识，需要我们一遍一遍地提醒自己：

“这是水。”

“这是水。”

天天都保持意识清醒而鲜活，在成人世界中做到这点，是不可想象地难。

3.Michael Uslan

迈克尔·奥斯兰

Movie Producer电影制片人

Indiana University 印第安纳大学

May 06, 20062006年5月6日

You must believe in yourself and in your work.When our first Batman movie broke all those box-office records, I received a phone call from that United Artists exec who, years before, had told me I was out of my mind.Now he said, “Michael, I'm just calling to congratulate you on the success of Batman.I always said you were a visionary.” You see the point here — don't believe them when they tell you how bad you are or how terrible your ideas are, but also, don't believe them when they tell you how wonderful you are and how great your ideas are.Just believe in yourself and you'll do just fine.And, oh yes, don't then forget to market yourself and your ideas.Use both sides of your brain.You must have a high threshold for frustration.Take it from the guy who was turned down by every studio in Hollywood.You must knock on doors until your knuckles bleed.Doors will slam in your face.You must pick yourself up, dust yourself off, and knock again.It's the only way to achieve your goals in life.你必须相信你自己，对自己的工作充满信心。当我们的第一部电影《蝙蝠侠》创下史无前例的票房纪录时，我接到了艺术家联合会会长的电话，他在数年之前曾说我疯了。如今他说：“迈克尔，我给你打电话祝贺《蝙蝠侠》的成功。我总说你是一位有远见的人。”你看，关键在这里，当他们说你有多差，你的想法有多糟的时候，不要信他们的话，同时，当他们告诉你你有多么了不起，你的想法多美妙时，也不要相信他们。你就只相信你自己，这样你就能做好。还有，那就是，不要忘记推销你自己和你的想法。左右大脑你都得用。

要能经受得住挫败。这是被好莱坞每一家制片厂拒绝过的人的经验。你必须去敲一扇扇的门，直到指关节流血。大门会在你面前砰然关上，你必须重振旗鼓，弹去身上的灰尘，再敲下一扇门。这是实现你人生目标的唯一办法。

4.Woody Hayes

伍迪·海耶斯

College Fooball Coach大学橄榄球教练

Ohio State University俄亥俄州立大学

May 14, 19861986年5月14日

In football we always said that the other team couldn't beat us.We had to be sure that we didn't beat ourselves.And that’s what people have to do, too — make sure they don't beat themselves....you'll find out that nothing that comes easy is worth a dime.As a matter of fact, I never saw a football player make a tackle with a smile on his face.Never.在橄榄球场上，我们总是说其他队战胜不了我们。我们必须做到不把自己打垮。所有人也都必须这么做，确保自己不要被自己打垮。

„„你会发现，来得容易的东西总是一文不值。事实上，我从来没有看到哪位橄榄球运动员是带着微笑完成阻截的。

5.Bradley Whitford

布兰德利·惠特福德

Actor演员

University Wisconsin-Madison威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校

May 17, 20062006年5月17日

Number One: Fall in love with the process and the results will follow.Number Two: Do your work.Number Three: Once you're prepared, throw your preparation in the trash.Number Four: You are capable of more than you think.Number Five: Listen.Number Six: Take action.You have a choice.You can either be a passive victim of circumstance or you can be the active hero of your own life.Action is the antidote to apathy and cynicism and despair.第一，爱上过程，结果自然会来。

第二，做你的事。

第三，一旦准备好，就付诸行动。

第四，你能做的，超出了你的想象。

第五，聆听。

第六，采取行动。

你有一个选择。要么你成为环境的被动受害者，要么你主动成为自己生活的英雄。行动可以消除冷漠、玩世不恭与绝望。

6.Jerry Zucker

杰瑞·朱克

Director, movie producer 导演、电影制片人

University of Wisconsin威斯康辛大学

May 17, 20032003年5月17日

It doesn't matter whether your dream came true if you spent your whole life sleeping.Ask yourself one question: If I didn't have to do it perfectly, what would I try?

Nobody else is paying as much attention to your failures as you are.You're the only one who is obsessed with the importance of your own life.To everyone else, it's just a blip on the radar screen, so just move on.如果你一生都在睡觉，你的梦想是否实现就无关紧要了。

问你自己一个问题：如果我不是必须做得完美，那我还努力什么呢？

没有人会像你自己那样对自己的失败那么在意。你是唯一一个能追求自己的生活意义的人。对于其他所有人来说，你只是雷达荧光屏上的一个光点。所以，只管前行吧。

7.Earl Bakken

厄尔·巴肯

Businessman商人

University of Hawaii 夏威夷大学

By all reckoning, the bumblebee is aerodynamically unsound and shouldn't be able to fly.Yet, the little bee gets those wings going like a turbo-jet and flies to every plant its chubby little body can land on to collect all the nectar it can hold.Bumblebees are the most persistent creatures.They don't know they can't fly, so they just keep buzzing around.Never give in to pessimism.Don't know that you can't fly, and you will soar like an eagle.Don't end up regretting what you did not do because you were too lazy or too frightened to soar.Be a bumblebee!And soar to the heavens.You can do it.无论怎么考量，大黄蜂从空气动力学上讲是不健全、不应该会飞的。但是，这种小蜜蜂却像涡轮喷气飞机一样地展翅飞行，飞到它圆乎乎的身体能够降落的任何植物上去采蜜。

大黄蜂最坚韧的生灵，它们不知道自己不能飞，因此它们只管到处嗡嗡地飞个不停。

千万不要悲观。不知道你不会飞，你会像鹰一样高高飞翔。不要到头来后悔自己因为太懒或太怕高飞而无所作为。做一只大黄蜂。飞到天上去。你能做到的。

8.John Walsh

约翰·沃尔什

Author and art historian作家和艺术历史学家

Wheaton College惠顿学院

20002000年

Do one thing at a time.Give each experience all your attention.Try to resist being distracted by other sights and sounds, other thoughts and tasks, and when it is, guide your mind back to what you're doing.I'm not warning against learning many things on many subjects.My warning is against distraction, whether you invite it or just let it happen.In baseball, high-percentage hitters know better: it's “focus” they talk about, and they prize it as much as strength.Psychologists describe skilled rock climbers and tennis players and pianists as going beyond focus, to what they have called a “flow” experience, a sense of absorption with the rock or the ball or the music in which the “me versus it” disappears and there's a kind of oneness with the task that brings a joyful higher awareness, as well as successful performance.I've had these experiences, too little but not too late, and probably you have, too.They are a supreme kind of pleasure.You will have more of them if you do one thing at a time.一次做一件事情。全力关注你每一次的经历。决不要被别的声色之物和其他想法、任务分心。一旦分心了，引导你的注意力重新回到你做的事情上。

我不是在反对学习多个学科的众多知识。我所警告的是分心与干扰，无论是你主动招惹的，还是让它发生的。在棒球场上，得分高的击球员对此有更深体会：他们谈的是“专注”，他们把它看得跟力量一样重要。在心理学家的描述中，高技能的攀岩者、网球运动员、钢琴家已经超越了专注，达到了他们所称的经验之“流”，那是一种跟岩石、网球或音乐融为一体的感觉，“我与它”已然消失，跟任务合二为一，给人以更高水平的愉悦体验，而不仅仅是成功地完成了任务。我有这种体验，虽然很少，但来得还不算迟，或许你也有这种体验。这是一种最高形式的快乐。如果你一次专注于一件事情，你就会有更多这样的体验。

9.David L.Calhoun

大卫·卡尔霍恩

Businessman商人

Virginia Tech弗吉尼亚理工大学

May 13, 20052005年5月13日

to isolate the subject he spoke most passionately to me about, over all those years, it is that SELF CONFIDENCE is the most important, the indispensable characteristic of success, the common characteristic shared by great leaders whose talents may have varied widely in most other respects.So, how do you get it? What is the secret to developing your own brand of self-confidence?

First, you must resolve to grow intellectually, morally, technically, and professionally every day through your entire work and family life.You need to ask yourself every day: Am I really up to speed or falling behind? Am I still learning? Or am I just doing the same stuff on a different day or as Otis Redding sings, “Sitting on the dock of the bay...watching the tide roll away?”

The lust for learning is age-independent.Another important way to build your confidence is to seek out the toughest jobs, the most daunting scientific, engineering or management challenges.我在通用公司为一个名叫杰克·韦尔奇的家伙工作了20年。他既是一位伟大的领导者，也是一位伟大的导师，过去是，现在也是。如果我必须找出那些年里他充满激情地对我说的最主要的话，那就是：自信是最重要的，它是成功必不可少的，是所有在其他多数方面才能也许大相径庭的伟大领导者的共同特征。

如何获得自信？培养你特有的自信的秘诀是什么？

首先，你必须下决心每天都通过你的工作和家庭生活去获得智力、道德、技术与专业上的提高。你需要每天问自己：我是在加速前进还是在后退？我还在学习吗？我是在每天重复做同样的事情或就像奥蒂斯·瑞汀所唱的那样，“坐在海湾的码头上，看潮起潮落”？

对学习的渴望是不受年龄限制的。

培养自信的另一个重要途径是寻找最难做的工作，最棘手的科学、工程或管理方面的难题。

10.Marc S.Lewis

马克·刘易斯

Clinical psychology professor临床心理学教授

University of Texas at Austin得克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校

May 19, 20002000年5月19日

There are times when you are going to do well, and times when you're going to fail.But neither the doing well, nor the failure is the measure of success.The measure of success is what you think about what you've done.Let me put that another way: The way to be happy is to like yourself and the way to like yourself is to do only things that make you proud.There's that old joke, not very funny, that goes, “No matter where you go, there you are.” That's true.The person who you're with most in life is yourself and if you don't like yourself you're always with somebody you don't like.有时候你会干得很漂亮，有时候你会失败，但二者都不是衡量成功的标准。衡量成功的标准是你自己对你的所为怎么看。让我换一句话说：让自己幸福的办法是喜欢你自己，喜欢自己的办法是只做让你自己感到骄傲的事情。

有一个老笑话，不是很好笑，它是这么说的：“无论你走到哪里，你都在那里。”这是真的。你一生中跟你在一起最多的人是你自己，如果你不喜欢你自己，那你就会总是跟你不喜欢的人在一起。

第四篇：大学课程中英文对照

会计学

accountancy 美国研究

American studies 解剖与生物结构学

anatomy &structural biology 古代史

ancient history 动物行为学

animal behaviour 动物认知学

animal cognition 动物科学与心理

animal science & physiology 南极研究

Antarctic studies 人类学

anthropology 应用行为分析

applied behaviour analysis 应用经济/金融学

applied economics/ finance 应用科学

applied science 建筑研究/技术

architecture studies/ technology 艺术策展

art curatorship 艺术史与理论

art history & theory 艺术与语言教育

arts & languages education 艺术（应用型）arts(applied)亚洲语言

Asian languages 亚洲研究

Asian studies

天文学与天体物理学

astronomy & astrophysics 听觉学

audiology 行为分析

behaviour analysis 生化工程

biochemical engineering 生物化学

biochemistry 生物工程/生物加工工程

bioengineering/ bioprocess engineering 生物信息学

bioinformatics 生物科学

biological sciences 生物数学

biomathematics 生物医学科学/工程

biomedical science/ engineering 生物安全

biosecurity/ bioprotection 生物技术

biotechnology 广播

broadcasting 建筑科学/技术

building science/ technology 工商管理

business administration 商业电脑

business computing 商业管理

business management 商务

business/ commerce 细胞与分子生物科学/生物科技

cell & molecular 化学工程/技术

chemical engineering/ technology 化学物理

chemical physics 化学

chemistry 儿童与家庭心理学

child & family psychology 儿童权益

child advocacy 中文

Chinese 基督教思想与历史

Christian thought & history 电影研究

cinema studies 土木工程

civil engineering 古典学

classics 临床心理学

clinical psychology 临床教学 clinical teaching

服装与纺织学

clothing & textile science 认知科学

cognitive science 商业法

commercial law 通讯障碍

communication disorders 通讯研究/管理

communication studies/ management 社区牙科

community dentistry 社区营养

community nutrition 比较文学

comparative literature 比较生理学

comparative physiology 计算机应用数学

computational & applied mathematics 计算机建模

computational modelling 计算机平面设计

computer graphic design 计算机科学

computer science 计算机安全与验证

computer security & forensics 计算机系统/系统工程/网络

computer systems/ systems engineering/ networks 计算机技术/工程

computing technology/ engineering 计算机/计算机应用

computing/ applied computing 保育生物学

conservation biology 施工管理

construction management 咨询

counseling 创意写作

creative writing 刑事学

criminology 文化研究

cultural studies 舞蹈

dance 人口统计

demography 牙科卫生/手术/技术/治疗

dental hygiene/ surgery/ technology/ therapy 设计 design 发展研究/经济学

development studies/ economics 电子设计

digital design 电子音乐/声音艺术

digital music/ sonic art 外交与国际关系

diplomacy & international relations 争议解决

dispute resolution 戏剧

drama 土地与土壤科学

earth & soil science 生态及健康

ecology & health 生态学/生物多样性/生态系统

ecology/ biodiversity/ ecosystems 电子商务/电子商务技术

e-commerce/ e-commerce technology 经济学/经济计量学

economics/ econometrics 教育

education 教育与教学（幼儿教育）education & teaching(early childhood)教育与教学（小学）education & teaching(primary)教育与教学（中学）education & teaching(secondary)教育管理（领导）

educational administration(leadership)电子/电气与电子工程

electronics/ electrical & electronics engineering 应急管理

emergency management 雇佣关系

employment relations 能源研究与管理

energy studies & management 工程

engineering 工程与工业管理

engineering & industrial management 工程地质学

engineering geology 工程管理

engineering management 工程数学

engineering mathematics

英语语言能力

English language proficiency 英语教学/第二语言教学

English language teaching/ TESOL/ second language teaching 英语/英国问文学

English/ English literature 企业发展

enterprise development 创业/创新

entrepreneurship/ innovation 环境健康

environmental health 环境管理/规划

environmental management/ planning 环境科学/工程

environmental science/ engineering 伦理学

ethics 民族音乐学

ethnomusicology 欧洲研究

European studies 欧盟研究

European Union studies 活动管理

events management 生物进化学

evolutionary biology 高层管理培训

executive education 时尚

fashion 电影/电视/屏幕与媒体

film/ television/ screen & media 金融

finance 美术

fine art 消防工程

fire engineering 鱼类生理学

fish physiology 食品科学/工程/技术

food science/ engineering/ technology 法医学

forensic science 林业/林业工程/农林业

forestry/ forestry engineering/ agro forestry 预科

foundation studies 法语

French 淡水管理

freshwater management 人体机能生物学

functional human biology 性别与妇女研究

gender & women’s studies 遗传学

genetics 地理信息系统

geographic information system 地理

geography 地质

geology 地球物理学

geophysics 德语

German平面设计

graphic design 古典希腊学

Greek(classic)风险评估与管理

hazard assessment & management 保健发展与政策

health development & policy 健康科学

health sciences 历史

history 历史与科学哲学

history & philosophy of science 人类发展

human development

计算机人机界面技术

human interface technology 人力资源管理/发展 human resource management/ development 人性化服务

human services 水文学/水科学与技术

hydrology/ water science & technology 免疫学

immunology 原住民研究

indigenous studies 工业与组织心理学

industrial & organizational psychology 工业生物科学

industrial bioscience 工业设计

industrial design 劳资关系与人力资源管理

industrial relations & human resource management 感染与免疫

infection & immunity 信息与通讯工程

information & communication engineering 信息科学

information science 信息系统/管理/技术

information system/management/ technology 创新科技

innovation & technology 室内设计

interior design 国际商务/经济学

international business/ economics 国际法律与政治

international law & politics 国际管理

international management 国际关系/外交/安全研究

international relations/ diplomacy/ security studies 口译

interpreting 毛利解读与翻译

interpreting & translating Maori 意大利语

Italian 日语

Japan 新闻学

journalism 韩语

Korean 劳工研究

labor studies 土地与空间信息研究

land & spatial information management 土地规划与发展

land planning& development 拉丁文

Latin（classic）拉丁美洲研究

Latin American studies 法律

law 图书馆与信息管理

library &information management 语言学/应用语言学

linguistics/ applied linguistics 物流与供应链管理

logistics & supply chain management 管理与可持续发展

management & sustainability 管理科学

management science 管理沟通/管理/系统

management communication/ management/ systems 制造系统工程

manufacturing systems engineering 毛利与本土文化

Maori & indigenous knowledge 毛利与太平洋发展

Maori & pacific development 毛利商务/毛利资源开发

Maori business/ Maori resource development 毛利研究/语言

Maori studies/ language 毛利视觉艺术

Maori visual arts 海洋科学 marine science 市场营销

marketing 市场营销与传媒

marketing& communication 大众传媒

mass communication 材料与工艺工程

materials & process engineering 材料科学/技术

materials science/ technology 数学物理

mathematical physics 数学与哲学

mathematics & philosophy 数学教育

mathematics education 数学/应用数学

mathematics/ applied mathematics 机电一体化/机械工程

mechatronics / mechanical engineering 媒体研究

media studies 医疗检验学

medical laboratory science 医疗物理学

medical physics 医疗物理学

medical physics（clinical）医疗科学

medical science 医药学

medicine 中世纪与近代欧洲研究

medieval & early modern European studies 心理健康

mental health 微生物

microbiology 现代语言

modern languages 分子生物科学/生物科技

molecular biosciences / biotechnology 分子医学

molecular medicine 货币与金融

money & finance 多媒体

multimedia 博物馆研究/文物研究

museum studies/ heritage studies 音乐

music 音乐（古典表演）

music（classical performance）音乐（合成）

music（composition）音乐（爵士乐）

music（jazz）音乐教育/历史/教学

music education/history/ teaching 音乐表演（器乐与声乐）/音乐才能

music performance(instrumental & vocal)/ musicianship 自然资源经济学/管理

natural resource economics/ management 自然资源工程学

natural resource engineering 神经学

neuroscience 新西兰法律研究

New Zealand legal studies 新西兰研究

New Zealand studies 护理学

nursing 护理与助产

nursing & midwifery 营养学

nutrition 职业健康

occupational health 职业理疗师

occupational therapy 运营管理

operations management 运筹学

operations research 验光

optometry 组织领导与发展

organizational leadership & development 组织领导与心理

organizational leadership & psychology 户外教育

outdoor education 太平洋研究

pacific studies 绘画

painting 公园与康乐管理

parks & recreation management 病理

pathology 和平研究

peace studies 表演艺术

performing arts 个人理财规划

personal finance planning 药理学/药学

pharmacology/ pharmaceutical science 药房

pharmacy 哲学

philosophy 摄影/摄影传媒与设计

photography/ photographic media & design 物理教育

physical education 物理学

physics 生理学

physiology 理疗

physiotherapy 植物生物学/植物学

plant biology/ botany 植物生物技术

plant biotechnology 波兰语（语言与文化）Polish（language & culture）政治学

political science 人口研究

population studies 版画制作

print making 产品开发

product development 专业进修研究

professional studies 资产研究

properly studies 精神病学

psychiatry 心理学/应用心理学

psychology/ applied psychology 心理治疗

psychotherapy 公共卫生

public health 公共政策

public policy 公共关系/管理

public relations/ management 康乐研究

recreation management 宗教研究

religious studies/theology 资源及环境规划/区域规划

resource & environmental planning/ regional planning 资源管理

resource management 俄语

Russian 萨摩亚研究

Samoan studies 科学

science 科学与技术

science & technology 科学与技术教育

science & technology education 科学与创业

science and entrepreneurship 科学传媒

science communication 科学教育

science education 科技创新与创业

science innovation & entrepreneurship 科技、毛利与本土文化

science、Maori and indigenous knowledge 雕塑

sculpture 社会政策与分析

social policy/ analysis 社会科学

social science 社会科学研究

social science research 社会工作

social work 社会学 sociology 软件开发

software development 软件工程

software engineering 土壤学

soil science 南亚研究

south Asia studies 西班牙语

Spanish 空间设计

spatial design 特殊教育

special education 言语与语言治疗

speech & language therapy 体育商业管理

sport business management 体育教练

sport coach 体育与运动

sports & exercise 运动医学

sports medicine 统计

statistics 战略管理

strategic management 供应链管理

supply chain management 系统开发

systems development 系统工程

systems engineering 税务与会计

taxation & accounting 技术

technology 技术教育

technology education 电讯

telecommunication 电视制作

television production 纺织品设计

textile design 戏剧研究

drama studies 时基媒体

time-based media 汤加

Tongan 旅游资源、影响与规划

tourism resources、impacts & planning 旅游/旅游与酒店管理

tourism/ tourism & hospitality management 毒理学

toxicology 翻译研究

translation studies 运输工程/研究

transportation engineering/ studies 怀唐伊条约研究

treaty of Waitangi studies 城市设计

urban design 估价与物业管理

valuation & property management 视觉艺术/人文/通信设计

visual arts/ culture/ communication design 葡萄栽培/酿酒

viticulture/ oenology 网络与数据密集型系统

web & data-intensive system 动物学

zoology

第五篇：大学课程中英文对照

军事理论Military Theory

马克思主义原理Principle of Marxism

大学英语English

高等数学Advanced Mathematics

大学物理College Physics

线性代数Linear Algebra

概率论Probability Theory

复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations

体育Physical Education

机械制图Mechanical Graphing

理论力学Theoretical Mechanics

材料力学Mechanics of Materials

C语言C language

机械原理Theory of Machines and Mechanisms 机械设计Design of Machinery

工程材料Engineering Materials

金工实习Metalworking Practice

机械制造技术基础Fundamentals of Manufacturing Technology机械制造工艺学Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械工程英语Mechanical Engineering English

液压传动Hydraulic Transmission

模拟电子电路Analogical Electronics

数字电子电路Digital Electronics

微机控制技术Microcomputer Control Technology

计算机接口技术Computer Interface Technology

信号处理Signal Processing

控制工程基础Control Engineering Foundation

测试技术Testing Technology

生产实习Production Practice

机电工程学院

School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering

机械设计制造及其自动化

Machinery Design and Manufacturing and Its Automation

机械工程Mechanical Engineering

机械制造及自动化Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation