第一篇:童话故事剧本和日常交际用语(推荐)
童 话 故 事 之
白 雪 公 主
剧本篇
Scene 1: It is a cold winter day.A baby, her name is snow white, she is very beautiful.Everybody loves her, the animals love her too.The queen loves her, but the queen dies.Scene 2: A new queen comes.She is beautiful, but bad.Snow white is beautiful.En, no, I am beautiful.The magic mirror.Mirror, mirror, who is beautiful? Not you, snow white.No, no, no.kill snow white.Snow white is taken far away.Scene 3: Help me, help me, please.Alright!Go, snow white.The animals take snow white to a little house.She goes inside.There’re seven little chairs.She is very hungry.Scene 4: The seven dwarfs come home.Who sat here? Who ate this?
Who drank this? Who is sleeping here? Snow white is sleeping.Look, she is sleeping.She is beautiful.Shh, let her sleep.Scene 5: Gugugu… It is morning.Hello, why are you here? What’s your name? she tells her story.What an evil queen!I’ll help you, me too, me too.Stay with us.Yes, yes!
Scene 6: She stays with the seven dwarfs.This is good.Oh, what a fun, what a fun, Let’s clean up.Bring the plates.Wash them, white them, put them away.Let’s go, snow white, be careful!The magic mirror, mirror, mirror, who is beautiful? Not, you.Snow white.What?!I’ll kill her.Snow white waits at home.Scene 7: Apples, apples, buys some apples, buy some apples, they are delicious.She ate the poisonous apple.Hahahaha… now I am the most beautiful.Scene 8: They come home again.What happened ? Wake up, wake up.Mirror, mirror, now who is beautiful? You!hahahah… poor snow white, goodbye snow white.Scene 9: Jia, the princess comes.Have dinner with us.Please help snow white.They take him to snow white.She is very beautiful.I want to marry her.But you can’t.she is dead.Scene 10: He prays.The poisonous apple comes out.What happened? hello!everybody is happy.Marry me, snow white.Mirror, mirror, who is beautiful? Not you, snow white.No, no!peng!The mirror breaks.Goodbye, thank you.Thank you.They live happily ever after.日常交际篇
1.It is a(hot/cold /cool…..summer/winter/autumn)day.这是一个…..的天气。
2.Her name is…..介绍他人的名字。Her name is lily.她叫莉莉。3.A(new queen)comes.表示谁来了。我的朋友来了:my friend comes.4.She is beautiful, but bad.形容一个人长得很漂亮,但心灵很丑陋。
5.Help me, help me, please, please.请求别人的帮助,求饶。6.(She is)very hungry.她非常地饥饿。小猫咪很饿了:The cat is very hungry.7.(the seven dwarfs)come home.….回家了。爸爸妈妈回家了:daddy and mummy come home.8.Who sat here? Who ate this? Who drank this? Who is sleeping here? 谁坐过这里?吃了这个? 睡在这里?
9.It is morning.现在是早上了。现在是中午了:it is afternoon.现在是晚上了:it is evening.10.what an evil queen!表示一个人很可恶。好可恶的大火狼:what an evil wolf!
11.Let’s clean up.Bring the plates.Wash them, white them, put
them away.在家帮助妈妈打扫卫生时可以用哦!
12.Be careful!小心!当心!过马路时,做一些危险动作时妈妈可以跟小朋友说。
13.They are delicious!形容食物非常地美味。
14.What happened? 问别人发生什么事的时候可以用哦!15.Wake up, wake up.爸爸妈妈叫小朋友起床可以用哦!16.Poor snow white, goodbye snow white.可怜的公主,再见了!一个可怜的人或宠物走时,我们可以对他说的话。
17.Not you.(Snow white.)不是你,是白雪公主.形容一件事情不是你做的,是另一个人做的可以用这个句型。
18.Have dinner with us.叫别人跟我们一起吃饭时可以用哦!19.He prays.祷告时可以用哦!
20.They live happily ever after.从此过上了幸福的日子。
第二篇:英语日常交际用语
一切为了学生,为了一切学生,为了学生的一切
初三英语复习课教案 总第 课时
日常交际用语
4、感谢和应答Thanks and responses Thank you(very much).(非常)感谢你。Thanks a lot.万分感谢。
Many for ……(由于)……非常感谢。It’s very kind of you to ……你真好,……。Not at all.不用谢。
It’s/That’s all right ,不用谢。You 're welcome.不用谢。
6、祝愿、祝贺和应答Good wishes, congratulations and responses Good luck!祝你好运!Best wishes to you.祝福你。
I wish you good luck /success!祝你走好运/成功!Have a nice /good time.祝你过得愉快。Thank you.谢谢你。
Happy New Year!新年快乐!Merry Christmas!圣诞快乐!
Happy birthday to you.祝你生日快乐!The same to you.同样祝你快乐。
7、道歉、遗憾和应答Apologies, regrets, sympathies & responses Sorry./Pardon.对不起。/请原谅。I’m sorry.对不起。
I’m sorry for /about…(由于)…很对不起。I’m sorry to hear…听到…我非常难过。Excuse me(for……)。(由于)……请原谅。
I’m afraid that ……恐怕……。
What a pity /shame!真遗憾!/真可惜!/真丢脸!That’s all right.没关系。It doesn’t matter.没关系。
That 's nothing.没关系。/没事。
8、邀请和应答Invitations and responses a)Will you come to……?你能来……吗?
Would you like to ……?你愿意……吗?
I’d like to invite you to ……我很想邀请你……。b)Yes, I’d love to ……行,我乐意……。Yes ,it’s very kind /nice of you.行,你真好。
我们一直在努力,相信我们会做的更好!
一切为了学生,为了一切学生,为了学生的一切
c)I’d love to, but ……我很乐意…,但是…。
9、提供(帮助等)和应答Offers & responses Can /Could/ Shall I help you? 我能帮你吗? What can I do do for you? 我能帮你什么忙吗?
Is there anything(else)I can do for you? 还有什么我能为你效劳吗? Let me do/carry/help……(for you).让我(替你)做/搬运/帮助…… Do you want me to……?你要我帮你……吗? Would you like some……?你要一点……吗?
Thanks.That would be nice/fine.谢谢。那很好。That’s very kind of you.你真好。
Thank you for your help.谢谢你的帮助。Yes ,please.好,谢谢你。
Here, take this /my…这儿,请拿这个/我的…。No, thanks/thank you.不,谢谢你。Thank you all the same。仍然要感谢你。
That’s very kind of you,but……你真好,但是……。11.请求允许和应答Asking for permission and responses May I……?我可以……吗?
Can/Could I……?我能……吗?
b.Yes/Sure/Certainly.可以/肯定/当然可以。Yes,(do)please.可以,请(做)吧。Of course(you may).当然(你可以)。That’s OK/all/right.可以。
Go ahead, please,行,尽管估吧。Not at all.一点也不。
I’m sorry you can’t.对不起,你不能。I’m sorry ,but……对不起,但是…….You’d better not.你最好别那样。
22.劝告和建议Advice and suggestions.You’d better(not)…… 你最好(不)……。You should/ought to…… 你应该……。
You need(to)……你需要……。I suggest that……我建议……。
b.Shall we…我们……好吗?
Let’s…… 让我们……。
What/How about……?……怎么样? Why not……?为什么为……?
我们一直在努力,相信我们会做的更好!
一切为了学生,为了一切学生,为了学生的一切
Why don’t you……?你为什么不……? 28.购物Shopping What can I do for you? 你要什么?
May /Can I help you? 你要什么? I want/I’d like……我要……。How much is it ?多少钱?
That’s too expensive/too much ,I’m afraid.恐怕那太贵了/太多了。
that’s fine, I’ll take it.那好,我买了。Let me have… 我买……。
How many/much do you want? 你要多少?
What colour/size/kind do you want? 你要什么颜色/尺寸/种类的?
Do you have any other kind/size/colour……?你们有别的种类/尺寸/颜色……吗?
29. 问路和应答Asking the and responses Excuse me.Where’s the men’s/ladies’ room? 对不起/劳驾。男/女厕所在什么地方?
Excuse me.Can you tell me the way to……?劳驾。你能告诉我去……的路吗? How can I get to……?I don’t know the way.我怎样去……?我不知道路。Go down this street.沿这条街走。
Turn right/left at the first/second crossing.在第一个/第二个十字路口往右/左拐。
I t’s about……metres from here.离这里大约……米。
Go straight ahead till you see…… 一直往前走,直到你看见……。30.问时间、日期和应答Asking the time ,date and responses What day is(it)today? 今天是星期几? What’s the date today? 今天是几月几日?
What’s the time, please? 请问现在什么时候了?
Excuse me.What time is it by your watch? 劳驾。你的表什么时候了? It’s Monday/Tuesday.今天是星期一/星期二。It’s January 10th.今天1月10日。
It’s five o’clock/half past five thirty/a quarter to six /a quarter past six.现在五点/五点半/五点三刻/六点一刻。
It’s time for… 是……的时候了。It’s time to……是……的时候了。
31.就餐Taking meals
What would you like(to have)? 你想要(吃)什么? Would you like something to eat/drink? 您想吃/喝点什么吗?
我们一直在努力,相信我们会做的更好!一切为了学生,为了一切学生,为了学生的一切
I’d like…… 我想要……。
Coke/Two eggs……,please.可口可乐/两个鸡蛋……。Would you like some 你想再添一点……吗? Help yourself to some…… 请随便吃……。Thank you.I’ve had enough.谢谢你。我够了。I’m full.Thank you.我饱了。谢谢你。Just a little, please.请给一点点。
32. 打电话Making(tele)phone calls Hello!Is Tom in? 你好!汤姆在家吗?
May/Could I speak to……?请……电话,好吗? Is that……(speaking)?是……(在说话)吗? Hold on, please.请别挂断。
Hello.Who is it? 你好,你是谁?
He/She isn’t here right now.他/她现在不在这儿? Can I take a message for you? 我能替你捎个话吗? Hello, this is…speaking.你好,我是……。
I called to tell/ask you…我打电话是想告诉/问你……。34.看病Seeing the doctor
There’s something wrong with…… ……有点不舒服。I’ve got a headache and a cough.我头疼咳嗽。I feel terrible/bad.我感到很不舒服/很难受。I don’t feel well.我感到不舒服。
Take this medicine three a day.吃这药,一日三次。
Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.多饮水,好好休息。It’s nothing serious.问题不大。
You’ll be all right /well soon.你很快就会好的。
我们一直在努力,相信我们会做的更好!
第三篇:成人高考(英语)—日常交际用语
1.问候Greetings
Good morning/afternoon/evening.Hello/Hi!How are you? Fine, thank you.And you? Very well, thank you.2.介绍Introductions
a.This is Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms….I'd like you to meet….b.How do you do? Nice/Glad/Pleased to see/meet you.c.My name is….I'm a(student/teacher, etc.).d.I'm Chinese.3.告别Farewells a.I'm afraid I must be leaving now.I think it's time for us to leave now.b.Good-bye!(Bye-bye!Bye!)See you later/tomorrow.(See you.)Good night.4.感谢和应答 Thanks and responses a.Thank you(very much).Thanks a' lot.Many thanks.Thanks for..b.It's very kind of you to....Not at all.It's/That's all right.You're welcome.5.祝愿.祝贺和应答 Good wishes congratulationsand responses a.Good luck!Best wishes to you!I wish you good luck/success!Have a nice/good time.b.Thank you.The same to you.c.Happy New Year!Merry Christmas!Happy birthday(to you).6.道歉.遗憾.同情和应答 Apologies, regrets, sympathies and responses a.Sorry/Pardon.I'm sorry.I'm sorry for/about....I'm sorry to hear....b.Excuse me(for....)成考英语复习大纲—日常交际用语 高起点-专升本英语(通用版)I'm afraid of....What a pity/shame!c.That's all right.It doesn't matter.That's nothing.7.邀请和应答 Invitations and responses a.Will you come to...Would you like to...I'd like to invite you to....b.Yes, I'd love to(...).Yes, it's very kind/nice of you.c.I'd love to, but....8.提供(帮助等)和应答 Offers and responses a.Can/Could/Shall I help you? Is there anything(else)I can do for you? Do you want me to...What can I do for you? Let me do/carry/help...(for you).Would you like some...b.Thanks.That would be nice/fine.That's very kind of you.Thank you for your help.Yes, please.Here, take this/my...c.No, thanks/thank you.Thank you all the same.That's very kind of you,? but....9.约会 Making appointments
a.Are you/Will you be free this afternoon/tomorrow? How about tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening? Shall we meet at 4 :30 at...b.Yes, that's all right.Yes, I'll be free then c.No, I won't be free then.But I'll be free....d.All right.See you then.10.意愿和希望 Intentions and wishes a.I'm going to....I will....I'd like to....I(do not)want/hope to....b.I want/hope/wish to....11.请求.允许和应答 Asking for permission and responses a.May I...Can/Could I...b.Yes/Sure/Certainly.Yes,(do)please.? Of course(you may).Go ahead, please.That's OK/all right.Not at all.c.I'm sorry you can't.I'm sorry, but....You'd better not.12.同意和不同意 Agreement and disagreement a.Certainly/Sure/Of course.No problem.Yes, please.Yes,I think so.That's true.All right/OK.That's a good idea.I/We agree(with you).b.No, I don't think so.I'm afraid not.I'm afraid I(really)can't agree with you.13.喜好和厌恶 Likes and dislikes a.like/love...(very much).like/love to....b.I don't like(to).....I hate(to)....14.决断和坚持 Determination,? decision and insistence I will....I have decided to/that....15.判断和意见 Judgement and opinion a.Well done/Good work!b.In my opinion,....It seems....16.能力Ability I can....He is able to....17.肯定和不肯定 Certainty and uncertainty a.I'm sure(of that).I'm sure(that)....b.I'm not sure(of that).I'm not sure whether/if....c.Perhaps/Maybe.18.禁止和警告 Prohibition and warnings a.You can't/mustn't....If you..., you'll....You'd better not do it.Don't smoke!Don't be late!b.Look out!Take care!Be careful!19.可能和不可能 Possibility and impossibility He can/may....It is possible that....It is impossible that....20.预见、猜测和相信 Prediction, conjecture and belief a.He will....b.It seems(that)....c.I believe that he is right.21.请求 Requests
a.Can/Will/Could/Would you...for me? Will/Can/Could/Would you please...May I have...b.Please give/pass me....Please wait(here/a moment).Please wait(for)your turn.Please stand in line/line up.Please hurry.c.Don't rush(hurry)/crowd.No noise, please.No smoking, please.22.劝告和建议 Advice and suggestions a.You'd better(not)..-.You should/ought to....You need(to)....b.Shall we..? Let's....What/How about...Why not...Why don't you...? 23.许诺 Promises I promise....I will give...to you.24.表示焦虑 Expressing anxiety What's wrong? What's the matter(with you)? I'm/He's/She's.worried.Oh,? what shall I/we do?
25.表示惊奇 Expressing surprise Really? Oh dear!Is that so? Good heavens!26.表示喜悦 Expressing pleasure I'm glad/pleased/happy to?...That's nice/wonderful/great.27.谈论天气 Talking about the weather a.What's the weather like today? How's the weather in...b.It's fine/cloudy/windy/rainy....It's getting cold/warm....It's rather warm/cold/hot...today, isn't it? It's a beautiful day today.28.购物 Shopping
a.What can I do for you? May/Can I help you b.I want/I'd like....How much is it? That's too expensive, I'm afraid.That's fine.I'll take it.Let me have....c.How many/much do you want? What colour/size/kind do you want? d.Do you have any other kind/size/colour,? etc.? 29.问路和应答 Asking the way and responses.a.Excuse me.Where's the men's/ladies' room? Excuse me.Can you tell me the way to...How can I get to...I don't know the way.b.Go down this street.Turn right/left at the first/second crossing.It's about...metres from here.Go straight ahead till you see....30.问时间、日期和应答 Asking the time, date and responses a.What day is(it)today? What's the date today? Excuse me.What time is it by your watch? What's the time, please? b.lt's Monday/Tuesday....It's January loth.It's five o'clock/five thirty(half past five)/a quarter past(to)six.It's time for/to....31.就餐 Taking meals
a.What would you like(to have)? Would you like something to eat/drink? b.I'd like....c.Would you like some more...Help yourself to some....d.Thank you.I've had enough.I'm full, thank you.Just a little, please.32.打电话 Making phone calls a.Hello!Is he(Tom)in May/Could I speak to...Is that...(speaking)? b.Hold on, please.Hello, who is it? He/She isn't here right now.c.Hello, this is....speaking.I called to tell/ask you....33.传递信息 Passing on a message
a.Will you please give this note/message to...b....asked me to give you this note.c.Thanks for the message.34.看病 Seeing the doctor
a.There's something wrong with....I've got a headache and a cough.I feel terrible(bad).I don't feel well.b.Take this medicine three times a day.Drink plenty of water and have a good rest.It's nothing serious.You'll be all right/well soon.35.求救 Calling for help a.Help!Thief!b.What's the matter? 36.语言困难 Language difficulties Pardon? Would you please say that again/more slowly? What do you mean by...? I'm sorry I can' t follow you.I'm sorry I know only a little English.
第四篇:问路日常交际用语英语对话
.在向人问路之前,一般应先说句 Excuse me,这样一方面可引起对方注意,另一方面又显得比较客气。
Excuse me,译成汉语不一定总是“对不起”,此时也可译为“劳驾”,“请问”等。
若对方讲的话你没听清,你可以说 I beg your pardon?(用升调,意为:对不起,我没听清)或 Would you please say it again? I„m afraid I didn‟t quite catch you.(请再说一遍好吗? 我恐怕没有完全听清)。问完路之后,应向指路人表示感谢。
2.“向左(右)拐”英语有两种常见的说法:turn left(right)或 turn to the left(right)。表示 “在左(右)边”,英语用介词on 或 at 均可。如 Turn left and walk on,and soon you„ll see a tall building on [at] the left.(向左拐,然后继续走,不久你就会看到左边有一座高楼)。另外,按照我国的交通规则是“行人靠右”,而在英国你会看到这样的交通标牌 Keep to the left(靠左边走)。
3.有时人们在给对方指路后,还往往加上一些句子,以表示他的引路信息介绍完毕。如:
You can„t miss it(你不会找不到的),You are sure to get there(你一定会到达那儿的),You can‟t go wrong(你不会走错的)。
如何用英语问路
常用的问路句型
1.Excuse me,can you tell me the way to……?
2.Excuse me, would you like to tell me the way to……?
3.Where is ……?
4.How can I get to ……?
5.Do you know the way to ……?
6.I wonder where …… is.7.I wonder the way to…….二、问路程及交通方式的句型 How far is the bus stop from here? 汽车站离这儿有多远?
How can I get there? 我怎么去那里? Which bus shall I take? 我应该坐哪一路车?
三 指路常用的句型 1.Take along with this street,and ……is on you left.2.Go down this way, and turn left at the firt crossing,and you 'll find ……is right there, on your left.3.……is behind(near,next to,on the left of)……
4.You can just take NO.111 bus, and get off at the second station.And you 'll see it.5.Look!……is in front of us far away,right there!四 感谢常用句型
1.当别人为你指路时,你应该用Thank you very much./ Thanks a lot.等来表示感谢。
2.当你请求别人帮助,但对方由于某种原因无法帮助你而 表示歉意时,你应该礼貌地回一声: Thank you all the same.(仍然要谢谢你。)案例探究:
—Excuse me, can you tell me where is the Bank of China,please? —______ Oh yes!It‟s over there, next to No.1 Middle School.A.Mm, let me see.B.Oh, I beg your pardon? C.You‟re welcome.D.What do you mean?
答案与解析: A。本题考查问路情景中的口语交际用语。此题题干中的信息词是Oh yes!表明说话者有一个思考的过程。意思是“哦,让我想想。”
第五篇:中西方日常交际谈话中用语的差异
中西方日常交际谈话中用语的差异
探究小组人员:张圆梦,董梦瑾,杨晓莲,高娜
指导老师:赵子璇
[摘要] 语言与文化关系密切,这已是不可置疑的事实。语言是文化的载体,学习一门外语的过程,也是了解对象国文化背景知识的过程,语言学习即文化学习,中西方使用两种不同的语言——汉语和英语它们各有反映着本身独特的文化背景和凝重的历史传统,了解中西方日常交际谈话中用语的差异可以帮助我们在于外国人交流时不出错误。
[关键词] 语言 差异
.一
中西方(尤指中国与英美国家)使用两种不同的语言——汉语和英语,它们各有反映着本身独特的文化背景和凝重的历史传统,因而在语言表达上也存在着许多差异。在此着重讨论,中西方语言交际中最常见的生活用语的差异。
(一)称呼用语的差异
正常交际的首要条件是正确、得体地称呼对方。得体的称呼可使双方缩小心理距离,使交际顺利进行。在中西文化中,因其语言表达方式的不同,而使其在称呼用语上存在较大差异。
首先要注意的是:中西方姓名的排列顺序不同。“中国人的称呼以“姓”居首位,而英美人则以“名”居首位。”因而中国人称呼西方人时常常会不知不觉地用西方人的“姓”而非用他们的“名”来称呼他们。如在看到Jim Green这个姓名时,可能将其称呼为“Green” 或 “Mr.Jim”西方人听了这样的称呼就会感到不舒服,应该是“Jim”或 “Mr.Green ” 才是正确的。
在日常交际中,中国人比较注重礼节,一般先称呼后讲话。根据对方的身份及其与自己的关系亲疏以及场合的不同,使用不同的亲属称谓和社会称谓。其称呼注重敬意。但是在西方,人们追求平等、亲近的人际关系,不管是在正式还是非正式场合,都喜欢用名字称呼别人(如:Tom, Joy, Peter等)。这种做法在美国人中尤为普遍,甚至初次见面就可用名字称呼,不仅年龄相近的人之间这样称呼,年龄悬殊的人之间也可以这样称呼,一点儿也没有不尊重的意思,甚至子女对自己的祖父母、父母也可以用名字称呼,社会地位不同的人之间也这样称呼,如学生对老师、雇员对上司,老师和上司并不认为是对自己的不尊重或太随便,相反认为自己待人友好、容易亲近。由此可以看出,“中国人习惯于非对等式的称呼类型,而西方人崇尚对等式的称呼方式。”
“中国人称呼家庭成员、亲属或邻居时,都可以使用亲属称谓。”如非亲属之间,孩子对长辈称:“叔叔”、“阿姨”、“伯伯”等;对平辈称:“大哥”、“大姐”是常事。但是,“在英语中用于表达亲属称谓的词一般不用于表达非亲属关系。” 如果对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Green”、“Auntie/Aunt Brown”,对方听了可能觉得不顺耳。因为在英语文化中,只有关系十分密切的情况下,才使用此类亲属称谓,而后面不带“姓”,只带“名”,如“Uncle Tom”。还可以用“Mr.” “Mrs.” “Miss/Ms”加上姓或者直接用“Sir(先生)”“Lady(女士)”来称呼。再则,汉语的亲属关系比较具体。最典型的如汉语中有伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父和姨父等区分,但是在英语中就用一个词“Uncle”来表示;汉语中有姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母等称呼,英语也都只用 “Aunt”一词代表;再如,汉语中的堂、表兄弟姐妹,英语中“Cousin”一词也包含了全部的称呼。这三个词究竟指谁,要弄清楚当时的情景才能知道。
此外,在中国,人们的等级观念根深蒂固,为了表示尊敬,往往会在姓的后面加上人的头衔、社会职位等,如 “郭校长”、“杨经理”、“周局长”、“刘老师” 等称呼。但是,“Principal Guo”、“Manager Yang”、“Bureau Director Zhou”、“Teacher Liu”等称呼不符合英美人的习惯。在西方,只有少数职业和职务可用于称呼。如教授可称Professor;医生或有博士学位的人称Doctor;州长和市长可称Governor 和Major,等等。英语中这种职业/职务衔头+姓氏的称呼形式使用范围狭小,用途十分有限。西方人不喜欢这样的称呼,认为这样的称呼很虚伪。
(二)打招呼用语的差异 不管是在中国还是在外国,见到朋友或熟人打声招呼,是一种常见的礼貌行为。中西方由于文化传统和风俗习惯的不同,因此他们在见面时打招呼
的用语和习惯也大相径庭。
中国有浓厚的食文化,自古以来就有“民以食为天”的谚语。因此,中国人见面时喜欢用“你吃了吗?”来和对方打招呼,但这句问候语实际上已失去了其字面上意义,不是用来询问信息,而只是打招呼的一种方式。因此,回答“吃了” 或 “还没有吃”均无关紧要。然而,若按字面直译成英语“Have you had your dinner?”来问候西方人,按照其文化习俗,意味着邀请对方去吃饭;男性若问女性则表示要与对方交朋友或约会的愿望。可是,中国人说这句话时,通常是没有“邀请”和“约会”这层意思。汉语中另一种常用的打招呼语是“你去哪里啊?”、“到哪儿去啦?”这两句话在汉语中是打招呼的方法,而不是真想了解问人到哪里去。所以,对方可以任意给一个回答,也毫不觉得难堪。然而,如果用同样的方式与西方人打招呼“Where are you going?”、“Where have you been?”西方人往往会理解为是一个询问信息的问句,会使他们感到难堪,甚至会感到生气,他们会觉得说话者在干涉他们的私事。他们虽然嘴上不说,心里也许会想:“Why do you ask these questions? It’s none of your business.”
另外还有一种“中国式的问候方式是看见某人在做什么,就说什么。”例如,当中国人遇见自己认识的人在洗车,可能会这样打招呼:“你在洗车啊?”中国人听到这样的打招呼觉得很自然、很正常。可是对西方人说:“You are cleaning your car, aren’t you?”他听起来觉得很奇怪、很别扭。心里会想:你明明看到我在洗车,还要问这样的问题?简直是在说废话。
也许英美人比较讲究高效率的缘故,人与人之间没有中国人那样热情,在以上同样情况下,常用的打招呼语一般比较简单,如“Hi”、“Hello”、“How are you?”或 “Good morning!”、“Good afternoon!”、“Good evening!”等。有时也以谈论天气的方式如“It’s a nice day, isn’t it?”来和对方打招呼。然而这些问候语中国人听起来觉得洋味太浓,觉得与对方太过生疏,一般较少使用。
(三)告别用语的差异 通常人们在进行交际时,不会不发出任何信号就突然分手或匆匆离去。离开前总会用一定的告别语,来表明自己要离开。中国人分手时通常说:“再见。”相当于英语中的“Good-bye”、“Bye-bye”。但是在说“Good-bye”、“Bye-Bye”或“再见”之前,还要说些客套话,中西方由于社会文化习俗不尽相同,告别用语也各具特色。
“在中国的告别礼仪中,人们往往把道别的原因归于对方。”例如,中国人到别人家里做客,告别时多半会以 “我得走了,你一定很累了。(”“I’d better be going now.You must be very tired.”)或 “你明天还得早起,我该走了。”(“You will have to get up very early tomorrow.I should go now.”)等方式向主人告别。然而,“如果一个美国人去另一个美国人家里做客,他多半找出与自己有关的理由道别,而不涉及主人一方”,如:“Well, I’d better let you have some sleep.”(“好了,我得让你休息了。”)、“Tomorrow, I have to get up early.I must go now.”(“明天我还得早起,我该走了。”)或者说:“I’ll have to go.Tomorrow I’ll go to work.”;“I must be say good-bye.My wife is waiting for me at home.”等等。就如Alan Maley 所说:“In typical western context the guests would usually find reasons to leave related to themselves rather than to their hosts.” 另外,也可以用“We have to say goodbye now.We enjoyed the evening very much.Thanks a lot.”(“我们得说再见了。我们今天晚上过得很愉快。多谢了。”)或“I think I’d better be leaving now.It’s very nice to have a talk with you.”(“我想我得离开了。和你聊天非常愉快。”)等略表示感谢的告别语。英美人认为这样说,更显得体。但是,在中国则一般不使用这样的告别语。
按照中国人的习惯,如有客人来访,当客人离开时,主人要把客人送到家门口。客人会对主人说:“请留步”、“不要远送了”,主人会说:“走好”、“慢走” 之类的客套话。这些说法都无法直接译成英语。如果用“Stay here.”、“Don’t comeany further with me ,please.”等,向英美人道别,他们会觉得十分尴尬。因为 他们根本就没有要送你太远的意思。除非你邀请,否则别想他们会送你很远。这并不是西方人不友好,而只是他们没有这样的习惯。而若对外国客人说:“Go slowly.”、“Walk slowly.”,他们的反应很可能是:“Why should I walk slowly?”(“为什么我要慢走?”)。外国人把“Go slowly.”、“Walk slowly.”看成是种要求,事实上,它只不过是中国人告别时所使用的一种极为普通的表达方式。在此类情况下,英美人常常将客人送到门口并且说:“Do come around again when you have time.”(“有空再来。”)或“Give my best regards to your parents.”(“替我问候你的父母。”)
此外,当中国学生向老师请教问题,问题解决后,中国学生离开前可能会这么向老师告别:“对不起,浪费您这么多的时间,我该走了。”这本是一句自谦的客套话,只是表示对老师的尊重。但若这名老师是西方人,他/她就会觉得尴尬。他/她会认为,在你心里,他/她的帮忙只是在做一些无用的事而已。他/她会觉得很不高兴,以后也不会再帮助你了。其实在这时,中国学生只需说:“Thank you for your help!I think I should go now.Goodbye!”就可以了。
(四)对于赞扬和恭维的应答差异
“英美人的思维模式多为直线型,喜欢直接表达;而中国人的思维模式大多为螺旋型,喜欢委婉含蓄的表达。”因此,在与中国人进行交际时,外国人常常吃惊地发现,当他们赞扬或恭维中国人的时候,中国人总是不知所措,过于谦卑或贬低自己,甚至反复地予以否认,而不会像外国人那样很坦然地用语言表示感谢。例如,当有人称赞你说:“That’s a beautiful dress you have on!”(“你穿的衣 服真漂亮!”)谦虚的中国人很可能会说:“No, no, it’s just a very ordinary dress.”(“不,不,它只是一件很普通的衣服。”)或 “No.In fact I’ve worn it for several years.”(“不,事实上我已经穿了好几年了。”)再如,当别人赞扬、恭维你的能力或技巧时,如“Oh, your English is really good.”(“你的英语真棒。”)、“Your handwriting is very beautiful.”(“你的书法真漂亮。”)。对于这两句恭维话,不管是否与事实相符,中国人通常也会否定对方的恭维而可能说:“Well, it’s just so so.”(“一般而已。”)、“No, you flatter me.”(“不,你过奖了。”);甚至有的还会用这样的话来贬低自己:“Oh, no.My English is very poor.I must study hard.”(“哦,不,我的英语不好。我还必须努力。”)、“No, no, not at all.You are joking.”(“不,不,一点儿也不漂亮,你是开玩笑吧。”)。相反,西方人却通常公开地表示接受这种赞扬和恭维,会大大方方的说一句:“Thank you!”表明自己认为对方的赞扬是诚心诚意的,所赞扬的事是值得赞扬的。
在以上的情况里,由于西方人不太了解中国以谦虚为美德的传统文化,对于中国人谦虚的回答常常无法接受,认为中国人很不礼貌。而且有时还会把中国人这种过分的谦虚理解为不诚实的表现。因此,应该了解英美人对赞扬与恭维的应答的习惯,以避免中西方交际过程中不必要的误会的产生。
(五)餐桌上用语的差异
中西方在请客吃饭上的文化差异也要注意,否则会引起笑话。
中国人热情好客,请客吃饭时一般都是菜肴满桌,但无论菜多么丰盛,嘴上总要谦虚的说:“没什么好吃的,菜做得不好,随便吃点。”然而,当英美人听到这样的客套话,会觉得很反感:“没什么吃的,又何必请我?菜做得不好,又为什么要拿来招待我?”。按照中国的习俗,为了表示礼貌,习惯上会一再劝客人多吃点,而中国人往往是“言不由衷”,明明肚子饿,嘴上却说:“我饱了,不用了。”;直到主人一请再请,才慢条斯理地“恭敬不如从命”。而英美人招待客人一般没那么讲究,简简单单三四道菜就可以了。用餐时,一般主人会说:“Help yourself, please!”(“请吃。”即你想吃什么就吃什么。)英美人待客尊重个人意志,讲究实事求是,一再问客人要不要食物或强塞食物给客人,是很不礼貌的。所以,当主人给你添菜或问你要什么时,如:“Would you like another piece of meat pie?”(“想再来一块肉馅饼吗?”),如果你想吃的话,可以直截了当地回答:“Yes, please!”或“Thank you.A piece of meat pie.”倘若你确实什么也不想吃,只需简单地说:“No.Thank you.”就可以了。而客人在用餐期间,一定要赞美主人所准备的食物好吃,称赞主人的手艺好,否则不管你吃得多饱,主人都会不高兴。典型的英语客套话是:
客人:It’s delicious.(味道好极了。)/ This meat is beautifully tender.(这肉鲜嫩可口。)主人:Thank you.I’m glad you like it.(谢谢,我很高兴你喜欢吃。)有些不了解英美人习惯的中国人,到英美人家里做客,也客气一番,结果他们请你一遍,至多两遍,便以为你真的不想吃。英美人第二次的问法经常是:“Are you sure? It’s no trouble.”(“真的不要吗?一点也不麻烦的。”)注意,这可是最后一请,如果你再客气,只好去喝西北风了。此外,英美人认为菜吃不完留在盘子里,是很不文明的行为,所以宁可第一次少要一些,吃不饱,可大大方方地跟主人说:”Oh, this is delicious.”(“哦,这真好吃啊。”)并再要些刚才吃过的菜,主人对你欣赏他们的菜,会感到很高兴。
(六)话题选择的差异
跨文化交际通常是通过说话的交往方式来进行的。许多外语学习者也很想和外国人交流来练习英语,然而,由于他们不会选择恰当的话题,常常会遭到外国人的拒绝。
中国人私下谈话中,即使是初次见面,往往也喜欢把年龄大小、家庭情况、家庭地址、身体状况、工资收入、婚姻状况等当作交谈的内容,以示对对方的关心。然而,所有这些在西方人看来都是个人隐私。在西方国家,“特别强调对个人私生活的保护与尊重,认为打听别人的事是很不得体的行为。”就如英语的一句谚语所说:A man’s home is his castle.意思是:一个人的家即是他的城堡,是神圣不可侵犯的。西方人并不了解:“几千年来,中国人绝大部分都住在乡村,少数住在小城市,他们聚族而居,经常见面彼此关照,几乎无话不谈。”而这些现象在西方的工业社会里却很少见,人们独立意识强,互不干涉、很注重隐私。不管是城市里还是在农村,都是 “Good fences makes good neighbor.(好篱笆创造出好邻居。)”(Robert Frost)因此,当与英美人进行交谈时,要选择适当的话题,避免问一些诸如:“Where are you from?”、“How old are you?”、“ How many children do you have?”、“ Are you married?”、“How much do you earn?”、“ What religion do you believe in?”、“ How much is your watch?”、“ Where did you buy your shoes?”等问题,以免使西方人觉得个人隐私受到侵犯,或感情受到伤害。在西方,人们一起聊天的起始话题是天气情况,因为英美国家天气多变,且对人们的生活工作有很大的影响。另外,天气是中性话题,无论怎么谈都不涉及对方的隐私。除天气外,英美人常说的话题还有运动、工作、学习、兴趣爱好、假期安排、国际局势、电影/电视节目等。在与英美人进行交流时,可以选择以上话题,相信会有不小的收获。
二 心得体会
在这个研究过程中,使我们既了解了我们本民族的文化,扩大和丰富了我们的语言知识,又增强了我们跨学科学的能力。不断吸纳了新知识,更新了知识层面,提高了自身的综合素质,更加增进了同学之间道德合作。
[参考文献]
中西方日常交际谈话中用语的差异,http://www.xiexiebang.com.