第一篇：有关MOOC的英文作文-中英对照
慕课英文写作中英对照
Everyone’s going MOOC-crazy these days.From frequent media coverage of online courses and platforms like Coursera, edX, Udacity, and Udemy to discussions about the complexities and business models of online education, the excitement around MOOCs(Massive Open Online Courses)has finally “bubbled” over.在最近的这些日子里，MOOC 让每个人为之疯狂。在媒体对在线课程及诸如 Coursera, edX, Udacity, Udemy 这些平台的大规模报道，以及关于其复杂性和商业模式的各种讨论之后，围绕 MOOC 的各种兴奋终于归于平静。
The question is not just whether MOOCs are going to disrupt traditional education, but how.Is it just about lower costs and access? Is it really going to be a Napster-like moment with entrenched “Teamsters in tweed” worried about the erosion of their research, publishing, and teaching? 但当前的问题已不是 MOOC 是否会颠覆传统教育，而是会如何颠覆传统教育。难道 MOOC 的优势仅在于更低的成本和更便捷的学习渠道？MOOC 真会如某些老顽固所言，侵蚀他们的研究、出版和教学活动，造就诸如当年Napster颠覆音乐行业的时刻？ This is where we can leave the realm of hype and commentary to draw on our own years of research into disruption theory.Because the curious thing about the MOOC wave of disruption is that the market leaders — not just upstarts from the edges — are the ones pioneering it.And that rarely happens.在关于 MOOC 的各种炒作和评论之外，我们得以分享我们自己就颠覆性创新的多年研究。因为，这一波由 MOOC 掀起的颠覆式浪潮中有一点足让人好奇，即那些处于市场中心的 既得利益者，而不仅仅是那些处于市场边缘的创业团队，在率先引导（制造）这样一个变革，而这种情况，此前很少发生。
But First: Are MOOCs Really ‘Disruptive’? Yes, the word “disrupt” is overused.But it has a specific meaning when we’re talking about it.And MOOCs do bear the early hallmarks of a disruptive innovation: 首先，MOOC果真在“颠覆”吗？
没错，“颠覆”这个词已经被用烂了。不过，这个被用烂的词背后实际有其指代，我们说 MOOC 是颠覆式的，也确实名正言顺，原因有三：
Serves non-consumers.MOOCs are limited in the services they provide compared to traditional colleges, yet at the same time they are free and more accessible — which allows them to serve those who couldn’t otherwise access traditional higher education.Similarly, Toyota’s early cars didn’t match the reliability of Detroit’s automobiles.But they were more affordable and convenient, so the company first served people(“non-consumers”)for whom the alternative was, quite literally, nothing.1.非目标客户终于被包括进来：跟传统高校的服务相比，MOOC 确有很多不足之处。但与此同时，MOOC 的各类课程却是免费的，而且也更容易获取——这就使得它们可以辐射到那些原本无福消受高等教育的一大群用户。举个类似的例子，丰田早期的汽车就没有底特律各大公司产的可靠性那么强，但因为丰田的车子更便宜也更方便，所以这家公司第一次让那些非目标客户变成了目标客户——对这部分用户来说，几乎不存在其他公司提供的可行方案。Marches upmarket.Instead of serving the same customers at the outset or competing head-on with established products, disruptive innovations improve over time to march upmarket.Eventually the quality becomes just good enough for the established customers to flock to it.It’s worth noting that the upmarket march is enabled by some key technology — such as bandwidth, video quality, online sharing tools, etc.— which is why MOOCs may now be having their moment, even though they’ve been around for years.2.逐渐向中高端市场挺进：颠覆性创新往往不是一开始上来就跟既得利益者抢客户、与其正面较量，而是随着时间的推进不断优化，逐渐挺进中高端市场。但最终，颠覆性产品的性能会达到足够好，让市场中既有的客户乖乖奔向他们。不过需要注意的一点是，实现上述这种情况往往有赖于某些核心技术的成熟——比如说带宽、视频质量、在线分享工具的保障等——这些都是 MOOC 现在崛起的原因，尽管它们已经存在了数年。
Redefines quality.Eventually, the disruptive innovation changes the very definition of quality in a marketplace.In the current university system, for example, most faculty are rewarded for the quality of their research — not for the quality of their teaching.But the medium and scale changes things;in the future, courses might be offered based on employer demand, not faculty research interests.MOOCs are already evolving in some ways away from traditional educational constraints: Udacity’s courses, for example, have shifted from a time-controlled to a morecompetency-based learning model that takes advantage of the online medium.3.重新定义什么叫好：最终，颠覆性创新会改变整个市场对于“品质”的定义。在现有的大学体系下，举个例子，大部分教师的评级标准都是基于他们的学术研究质量——而非他们的教学质量。但是，互联网媒介和规模化将开启新的变革。在未来，提供哪些课程将取决于雇主（这里指付费的学生），而非教师的研究兴趣。目前，MOOC 已经在几个方向上摆脱传统教育束缚逐渐演变：举个例子，Udacity 的课程就开始发挥在线媒介的优势，从一个基于时间控制的学习模式转向一个基于个人能力的学习模式（按学生的掌握情况而非简单地依照学时推进课程）。
Does Who Is Doing the Disrupting Matter?
Given the above criteria, it’s unusual, and remarkably difficult, for established market leaders to pioneer — or even catch up — with disruptions.到底谁在牵头搞颠覆，这事重要吗？
基于上述的三个标准，让市场中固有的既得利益者做变革的先驱者，甚至说是赶上颠覆的节奏，这种情况不但不常见，而且困难重重。
Yet interestingly, the big, reputable universities are the ones leading the MOOC wave.This includes MIT and Harvard(through edX)as well as Stanford, whose groundbreaking AI course morphed into Udacity(and whose professors independently founded Coursera).但很有意思的一点是，现在恰是那些牛哄哄的大学在引领这样一波变革浪潮，这其中就包括 MIT 和哈佛（通过 edX 的项目），以及斯坦福，后者的突破性人工智能课程逐渐演变成了今时的 Udacity，而斯坦福的教授也自立门户，创建了 Coursera。It’s not that established players can’t see the disruptions coming;they almost always do.There are just several other forces at play that cause market leaders to ignore them.For example, disruptive innovations don’t look that attractive, profitable, or prestigious early on.Or the company’s best customers signal that they don’t care for them(at least initially).But universities are likely investing in MOOCs now because disruption theory is finally widely enough understood that astute leaders know how to identify and chase opportunities early.大伙儿可能存在一个普遍误解，即认为那些记得利益者无法预见颠覆的到来，但事实上，他们几乎每次都可以，只是，存在其他的几个因素使得已有的市场领跑者对其疏落。举个例子，颠覆性创新在早期看起来往往不那么诱人、有利可图、或享有很高的声望；也可能，该家公司中最有价值的那部分客户表示对它不感兴趣（起码是在一开始）。但是，现在各个高校倾向于投资 MOOC，则是因为历史的一次次重演终于让“颠覆性”理论广为人知，而那些精明的领先者也知道如何在早期就去判断、争取各种机会。
When established players want to(successfully)catch a disruptive wave, however, they have to set up an autonomous business model with different resources, processes, and priorities.Otherwise, the very capabilities that serve them well in their traditional business can represent liabilities in the one they’re disrupting.This is how IBM was able to go from the mainframe to personal computing business in the ’80s and ’90s, and it’s why MOOCs have done well in spinning themselves off into separate entities.不过，假如既得利益者想要成功地抓住一次颠覆性浪潮中的机会，那么他们必须单独开辟与他们既有业务不同的，在资源、流程、优先级等方面都独立的商业模式——否则，让他们 在传统业务中吃香喝辣的各种流程很有可能会成为新型的颠覆性业务中的拖油瓶。IBM 就是依靠这么一个独立战略，成功在上世纪八九十年代从大型机转型 PC 业务，这也是为什么 MOOC 可以从母体（高等院校）脱离成为独立实体的原因。
Although the big three MOOCs — Coursera, edX, and Udacity — all leverage capabilities from their “parent” universities, they still have to be careful about which ones to adopt and which ones to avoid.Ideally, they should be able to pull what they want instead of having their university parents push resources(like administrative processes)to them.尽管目前 MOOC 的三座大山 Coursera, edX, and Udacity 全部都利用了母体的资源，但它们仍需要谨慎处理，到底哪些模式是可以吸收的，哪些是需要回避的。在理想情况下，它们应该要掌握自主权，从母体中抽取它们想要的那部分资源，而非由母体强制输送（比如各种陈旧的行政制度）。
The only place the direction of this relationship doesn’t matter, according to our research, is brand.Being associated with the likes of Harvard, MIT, and Stanford doesn’t hurt, especially when it comes to signaling quality(i.e., “endorser” brands), as long as the disruptor can signal some separation for a job well done(i.e., “purpose” brands)in the new disruptive realm — hence the power of the “X” in edX.Leveraging its brand helped IBM move through multiple disruptive waves.基于我们的研究，在 MOOC 尝试对自己跟母体的关系趋利避害时，唯一无须顾忌的一个方向是“品牌”。公众将某个 MOOC平台与哈佛、MIT 和斯坦福这样的高校联系在一起，对这些平台并无伤害，尤其是谈到教学品质时（即所谓的背书人品牌)，只要颠覆者可以说明，在新的颠覆领域，他们所做的事与既有模式不同即可（即所谓的目标品牌）——而这 也就是 edX 中“X”这个字母背后的力量（x 是数学中的一个变量，代表参与高校的数量，edX 背后影射的是一流高校联盟，即说明高校品牌的巨大影响力）。IBM 就是巧用了自身品牌的力量，成功突破几次颠覆性浪潮。So What Comes Next for the MOOCs?
MOOCs can be much more than marketing and edutainment.We believe they are likely to evolve into a “scale business”: one that relies on the technology and data backbone of the medium to optimize and individualize learning opportunities for millions of students.所以，MOOC将走向何方？
MOOC 可不仅仅是营销和寓教于乐。我们认为，它们很有可能会演变成“规模化的业务”，这一业务会依赖互联网媒介的技术和数据，让成千上万学生的学习机会得以实现最优化、个性化。
This is very different than simply putting a video of a professor lecturing online.The initial MOOCs came from a “process business model” where companies bring inputs together at one end and transform them into a higher-value output for customers at the other end — as with the retail and manufacturing industries.这跟简单将教授的一个讲座视频放到网上完全是两码事。
最初的 MOOC 还依赖于一个“流程型的商业模式”，即教育公司将所有内容输入聚于一端，然后将这些内容转化成价值更高的输出提供给另一端的客户——这跟零售和制造业是一样的。
But over time, an approach where users exchange information from each other similar toFacebook or telecommunications(a “facilitated network model”)will come to dominate online learning.This evolution is especially likely to happen if the traditional degree becomes irrelevant and, as many predict, learning becomes a continuous, on-the-job learning process.Then the need for customization will drive us toward just-in-time mini-courses.但随着时间的推移，用户间自主交换信息的模式，诸如用户间在 Facebook 上互动，或远程通讯互动一样（类似开放平台的概念），将会逐渐统治在线教育。这种演变很有可能会发生——假如，正如很多人预言的那样，传统的学位制度退居二位，个体的学习变成一个连续性的、终身式的过程。那么，对个性化的需求将驱动我们选择那些基于 JIT 准时制（丰田在 20 世纪 60 年代实行的一种生产方式，可理解为在需要的时候，按需要的量生产所需的产品）的迷你课程。
In this case, facilitated networks or adaptive learning platforms — like Khan Academy and Knewton — may actually be better positioned than MOOCs(in their current forms)to improve learning and serve massive numbers of students with tailored offerings.Such a transformation is not unlike what happened in the car industry: The Ford Model T dominated the American car market … until General Motors brought forth choice and variety.在这种情况下，促进式网络（facilitated networks）或那些自适应的学习的平台——比如像可汗学院和Knewton这样的，通过为学生量身定制的产品，就可能比 MOOC（就他们现有的模式而言）更好地服务于学生、促进学习。这种转变跟汽车行业业已发生的变革类似：先前，福特的 Model T 一直统治着美国的汽车市场，直到通用带来了第四代的、更多样化的选择。
第二篇：英文求职信常用句（中英对照）（范文）
英文求职信常用句，关键时刻能派上用场！
1.If you would like to know more about my ability, I can be available for an interview at any time convenient to you。
倘若阁下愿意接见本人以了解我的能力，我将随时侯教。
2.If you desire an interview, I shall be most happy to call in person, on any day and at any time you may appoint。
如贵公司有意面试，本人一定遵照所指定的时日，前往拜访。
3.Should you entertain my application favorably, I would spare to trouble acquit myself to your satisfaction。
假如本人之应征能歌德青睐而进入贵公司服务，本人必以排除万难之决心，为贵公司工作，以符厚望。
4.If you feel that I am suited for the job that you have in mind, please inform me of the time convenient for an interview.I hope to hear from you in the near future。
如阁下认为我适合该项工作条件，请尽快惠函赐知面试。
5.You will find enclosed a testimonial from the president of the University who has kindly offered to provide you with any further details you may require。
关于阁下对我个人所需之详细材料，可从所附的邮电大学校长推荐函获悉。
6.I hope that you will give me an interview at some time convenient to you。
敬希阁下抽空惠予接见。
7.If there is further information that you wish in the meantime, please let me know.I can always be reached at the address given at the beginning of this letter。
若需有关本人的更详细资料，请按本函上方所载地址惠函示知。
8.I shall be able to call for an interview at your convenience and shall be able to supply any necessary or examples of my previous work。
只要阁下时间方便，我随时都可晋见，并随时提供我过去工作情况的所有资料。
9.I am happy to refer you upon your request people who can tell you of my work and my character。
我乐于奉告阁下，如阁下要求提供查询人，以便了解我的工作情况和性格，我可以满足阁下要求。
10.I believe they may be found satisfactory.Concerning my character。
附上我的简历表和相片，希望能令你满意。
11.I am looking for a job.I graduate from Shanghai Commercial College and my major is business management。
我希望能在贵公司谋得一份职业。我毕业于上海商学院，主修商业管理。
12.I would be very happy to work under your supervision if it is possible.Thank you very much for your kind attention.please send me an answer at your earliest convenience。
如能为贵公司效力，本人将不胜荣幸。阁下耐心读完这篇申请，本人至为感激，并请尽速惠函示知。
13.I believe that I can fulfill the requirements in your company.I hope you will be able to place me somewhere。
我相信我可以担任贵公司的任何工作，如蒙录用，愿意随时接受阁下指派。
14.Before my present employment, I worked for the Department Store as a salesclerk in the electrical section。
自感目前工作发展并不乐观，拟改变一下工作环境。
15.I would like to make a change now because I feel that I can go no further in my present job, I feel that my training should enable me to advance into a better and more responsible position, and it appears that this will not be forthcoming at my present position。
自信以本人的能力和所受的训练，应当获得更大回报，谋得更高职位，而就目前工作来看，将来不会有多大发展前途。
16.I am permitted to refer to Mr.Smith, Managing editor of the magazine。
至于我的品德，您可函询《中东国际》杂志主任史密斯先生。
17.I wish to assure you that, if successful, I would endeavor to give you every satisfaction。
如蒙不弃，惠予录用，本人将尽最大努力工作，争取诸事满意。
18.Thank you in advance for your consideration and courtesy。
承蒙阁下的关怀和礼遇，至此表示感谢。
19.My duties included compiling reports for the chief engineer on production in the various departments。
因希望节省交通时间，故想在纽约谋得一职。随函寄上简历表及近照各一份。
20.I am enclosing a brief resume as you requested.please let me know if you want an interview。
随函附寄简历表一份，望能通知能否有机会见面。
21.I am enclosing a personal data sheet which I think will adequately show you my qualifications。
兹附本人资料一份，谨供贵公司参考。
22.I would be pleased if you would grant me an interview at you convenience。
如贵公司愿意接见，我随时侯教。
23.Trusting you will give my application kind consideration and hoping to hear favorably from you at your convenience。
敬请贵公司对本人之应征惠予考虑，并请赐函告知。
24.Thank you in advance for your concern and attention.please let me hear from you as soon as possible。
预先感谢阁下对我的关怀，并敬请尽速赐函示知。
25.I hope to have the pleasure of your granting me an interview。
恳请惠予面谈为盼。
26.I believe that you will consider this application favorably and I wish to assure you that I should make every effort to be worthy of the confidence you may place in me。
若贵公司对我求职应征能予以考虑，本人可作出保证，将尽力为贵公司效劳，敬顷信赖。
第三篇：车间英文中英对照参考
车间标语 中英文对照版
自检互检，确保产品零缺点！
Self and mutual inspection, make sure zero defection!杜绝不良思想，发扬优质精神！
Prevent unhealthy thinking;develop high quality inspirit.持续的质量改进，是我们永恒的目标。
Quality continuous improvement is our eternal objective.积累点滴改进，迈向完美品质。
Accumulate every improvement is led to Perfect quality
培养优质素养，提高团队力量。
Quality-cultivation,Strengthens our team
不为失败找理由，要为成功找方法。
Do not make excuses for failure, but find a way to solve it.客户满意，是检验我们工作的唯一标准。
Customer satisfaction is the only benchmark to inspect our works.没有执行力，就没有竞争力。
No implementation power;no competitiveness advantage.执行力文化，是从负责任开始的。
Implementation starts from taking responsibility
消除一切浪费，追求精益求精和不断改善。
Stop waste to pursue perfection and constant improvement。节约是美德，珍惜能源点滴。
Saving is our virtue, treasure every bit of resource。
努力是将工作做完，用心是将工作做好。
Work hard is for finishing work, concentrate is for excellent work result.首件检验不马虎，制程稳定无错误。
Strictly inspect the first part will led to Stabilize producing process.仓储管理要遵守，先进先出是基础。
Obey management rules of warehouse,First-in-first-out is essential.在工作中不断学习，在学习中不断进步。
Learn from working,continuous Improvement from learning.安全生产，人人有责，遵章守纪，保障安全。
Everyone should obey regulations to ensure safe production.多看一眼，安全保险，多防一步，少出事故。
One more glance and risk prevent will ensure safety and reduce accidents
按章操作机械设备，时刻注意效益安全。
Follow instruction;pay attention to safety in every time
细心、精心、用心，品质永保称心
Quality satisfaction can be keep the excellent through carefulness, elaboration, and attention.原始记录要可靠，统计分析才有效
Statistics validity depends on correct original record.不接受不良品、不制造不良品、不传递不良品
Unconformity products is unacceptable , un-producing, un-delivery.Defect parts should be denied and not passed as well as not manufactured.品质是做出来的，不是检验出来的Quality cannot be improved by inspection but production.每天自我检讨，品质自然更好
Daily self inspection will bring better quality.人人有改善的能力，事事有改善的余地
Employee has ability of improvement;Everything can be improved better.行动改变现实，思想决定未来
Action changes the real situation;Good thinking could drive the future
人为本，客为先，业为专，质为首
Employee is footstone, customer first, technique expert, quality first
加强现场工序管理，严谨过程因素控制
Enhance on-site process management, strictly control producing factors.控制每一道工序，做好每一件产品
Make sure each step under control, make each part qualified.质量是企业永恒的主题，是企业的生命。
Quality is the theme forever and the life of enterprise
●今日的质量，明日的市场。
Today’s quality is led to the market of tomorrow.●建有质量文化的质量体系，创造有魅力、有灵魂的质量。
Build the culture and quality system, create quality with fascination and soul.●以质量求生存，以质量求发展，向质量要效益。
Surviving and developing as well as benefit by quality,质量是企业的生命，质量是企业的效益，质量是企业发展的动力，质量靠全体员工去保证。Quality is our life and benefit of enterprise, power of enterprise development.●质量放松，劳而无功。
Quality out of control will led to invalid performance.加强质量意识，端正质量态度，规范质量行为，树立质量风气。Strengthen quality awareness, upright quality attitudes, standardize quality behavior, set up quality ethos.
第四篇：儿童英文童谣中英对照
儿童英文童谣中英对照
儿童英文童谣，能够促进宝宝对英语的感知，激发宝宝学习英语的兴趣。以下是我为你整理的，欢迎大家阅读。
一
Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes, knees andtoes,Head, shoulders, knees and toes, eyes and ears and mouth andnose,Head, shoulders, knees and toes, knees and toes, knees andtoes,Head, shoulders, knees and toes, eyes and ears and mouth andnose,Eyes and ears and mouth and nose!
歌词大意：
头、肩膀、膝盖、脚趾、膝盖、脚趾、膝盖、脚趾，头、肩膀、膝盖、脚趾、眼睛、耳朵、嘴巴和鼻子，头、肩膀、膝盖、脚趾、膝盖、脚趾、膝盖、脚趾，头、肩膀、膝盖、脚趾、眼睛、耳朵、嘴巴和鼻子。
二
This little pig went to market，(晃孩子的大拇指)，This little pig stayed at home，(晃孩子的食指)，This little pig had roast beef，晃孩子的中指)，This little pig had none，(晃孩子的无名指)，And this little pig cried “wee-wee-wee-wee-wee”，(晃孩子的小指)
All the way home!
三
If youre happy and you know it,Clap your hands.(唱完这一句拍两下手)
If youre happy and you know it,Clap your hands.(拍两下手)
If youre happy and you know it,(双手在胸前交叉摆动)
And your face will surely show it，(伸出两个食指从嘴巴往上划，做微笑状)
If youre happy and you know it,Clap your hands.(拍两下手)
If youre happy, and you know it,Stomp your feet.(跺两下脚)
If youre happy, and you know it,Stomp your feet.(跺两下脚)
If youre happy, and you know it,(双手在胸前交叉摆动)
Then, your face will surely show it.(伸出两个食指从嘴巴往上划，做微笑状)
If youre happy, and you know it,Stomp your feet.(跺两下脚)
If youre happy, and you know it,Shout “Hurray!”(双手举起来做欢呼状)
If youre happy, and you know it,Shout “Hurray!”(双手举起来做欢呼状)
If youre happy, and you know it,(双手在胸前交叉摆动)
Then, your face will surely show it.(伸出两个食指从嘴巴往上划，做微笑状)
If youre happy, and you know it,Shout “Hurray!”(双手举起来做欢呼状)
If youre happy, and you know it,Do all three.(把拍手、跺脚、欢呼连起来做一遍)
If youre happy, and you know it,Do all three.(把拍手、跺脚、欢呼连起来做一遍)
If youre happy, and you know it,(双手在胸前交叉摆动)
Then, your face will surely show it.(伸出两个食指从嘴巴往上划，做微笑状)
If youre happy, and you know it,)
Do all three.(把拍手、跺脚、欢呼连起来做一遍)
四
Six little ducks that I once knew.Fat ones, skinny ones, fair ones too.But the one little duck with a feather in his back.He ruled the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Quack, quack, quack, quack, quack, quack!
He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Down to the river they would go,Wibble wobble, wibble wobble, to and fro,But the one little duck with the feather on his back,He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Quack, quack, quack, quack, quack, quack!
He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Home from the river they would come,Wibble wobble, wibble wobble, ho-hum-hum!
But the one little duck with the feather on his back,He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
Quack, quack, quack, quack, quack, quack!
He led the others with a quack, quack, quack!
歌词大意：
我认识六只小鸭，他们有的胖，有的瘦，有的不胖也不瘦。
但是有一只背上长着一根羽毛的小鸭，嘎嘎地叫着带领其他小鸭。
嘎嘎嘎，嘎嘎嘎，他嘎嘎地叫着带领其他小鸭。
他们会跑向小河，摇摇晃晃，摇摇晃晃，来来回回。
但是有一只背上长着一根羽毛的小鸭，嘎嘎地叫着带领其他小鸭。
嘎嘎嘎，嘎嘎嘎，他嘎嘎地叫着带领其他小鸭。
他们会从小河跑回来，摇摇晃晃，摇摇晃晃，快乐地叫着。
但是有一只背上长着一根羽毛的小鸭，嘎嘎地叫着带领其他小鸭。
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第五篇：LNG英文图纸翻译中英对照参考
美标ASTM/ANSI,德标DIN日标JIS，国标GB/T JB SH HG PIPE是指管子, SMLS是SEAMLESS指无缝, SAW是Submerged-Arc Welding指埋弧自动焊，ERW指电阻焊，EFW指电融焊，都是有缝管。SCH80是壁厚系列，BE是管子端部形式指带坡口，3MM指钝边3MM厚，PE是平口，Half Coupling: 半管接头, BB.阀门盖螺栓连接 Boss: 螺纹管台
Olet好像没见有单独这么写的.weldolet:焊接支管台, sockolet:承插焊支管台,threadolet:螺纹支管台
ASME B36.10是管子制造标准，A333是管子材质标准，低温钢，应该还有等级，如Gr.6
BW--对焊的意思;
Sch 40--管子壁厚等级
LR:是指长半径
RF 密封面为突面
SLIP-ON 滑套法兰（包括平焊法兰）150LB是压力等级为150磅 A-105N表示材质为A105镀镍 AS是澳标法兰
ANSI B16.5是美标法兰
ALL WELDS CONTINUOUS UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED.未注焊缝均为连续焊
ALL WELDS 3mm FILLET UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED
未注焊角高3mm.ALL UNSPECIFIED RADI-R3
未注圆角R3 REMOE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES
棱角倒钝 CHANNEL
槽钢
RSA 708
角钢70X70X8
M30X1.5 pitch
M30X1.5的锥螺纹 Tackweld点焊
OD 1/4“
outside dimension 1/4”的缩写外径直1/4“ 75 CRS
尺寸为75 材质为冷轧钢板 410 OPENING REF
410 开口参考尺寸 40 REF •尺寸为40,参考值
2.5” BSP
2.5”圆锥管螺纹
2.5" BSPT HEXAGON
2.5”六角圆锥管螺纹(即对丝)30x2.5 FLAT BAR
•30X2.5 扁钢 TYP TOTAL COILS APROX.9 WORKING COILS APROX.RIGHT HAND WOUND ONLY,END COILS SQUARE TO TOUCH.总圈数约11圈；工作圈数约9圈；右旋；弹簧的端部磨平以便于接触.(此为弹簧技术说明)
FEMALE:
内扣(母扣)MALE:
外扣(公扣)偏心轴 eccentric shaft 销轴
PIN 开口销 COTTER PIN 螺杆 screw 紧定螺钉 SET SCREW 圆螺母
ROUND NUT 内六角螺钉
SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW 六角螺钉 HEX HD SETSCREW 六角螺栓 HEX HD BOLT 挡圈 closing ring 弹性挡圈 circlip轴承隔套
distance sleee of axletree 轴承 axletree 深沟球轴承
DEEP GROOE BALL BEARING 无扣长 non-buckle longth弹簧 SPRING 吊环螺钉
LIFTING EYE BOLT
开槽盘头螺钉
SLOTTED PAN HEAD SCREW 圆锥滚子轴承 TAPERED ROLLER BEARING 推力球轴承 THRUST BALL BEARING平键 FLAT KEY
弹簧垫圈
SINGLE COIL SPRING WASHER 平垫圈 FLAT WASHER 螺母
FULL NYLOCK NUT 圆螺母 INS 隔热
H 保温 Hot insulation
C 保冷 Cold insulation
P 防烫伤隔热 Personnel protection insulation
T&I 伴热 Tracing and insulation
T 管道伴热（冷）Tracing
EST 蒸汽外伴热 External steam tracing
IST 蒸汽内伴热 Internal steam tracing
SJT 蒸汽夹套伴热 Steam-jacket tracing
ET
电伴热 Electric tracing
M 金属材料 Metallic material
CS 碳钢 Carbon steel
CAS 铸钢 Cast steel
FS 锻钢 Forged steel
AS 合金钢 Alloy steel
SS 不锈钢 Stainless steel
AUST 奥氏体不锈钢 Austenitic
CI
铸铁 Cast iron
MI
可锻铸铁 Malleable iron
DI
球墨铸铁
Ductile iron
AL
铝 Aluminum
BRS 黄铜Brass
BRZ 青铜 Bronze
CU
紫铜 Copper
LAS 低合金钢 Low alloy steel
FLAS 低合金锻钢 Forged low alloy steel
CLAS 低合金铸钢 Cast low alloy stee THK
壁厚
Thickness
SCH
表号
Schedule number
STD
标准
Standard2 o
XS
加强
Extra strong
XXS
特强
Double extra strong;
CN
建北
Construction north.H
水平
Horizontal
V
竖直、铅直、直立
Vertical GRD
地坪
Ground7 ~)m
UG
地下Undergrounde BL
装置边界线 Battery limit line
ESEW 事故沐浴洗眼器
Emergency shower and eye washer
HS
软管站
Hose station
ML
接续分界线
Match line
PS
管道支架（管架）
Piping support
PR
管桥
Pipe rack
STRU
构架（构筑物）
Structure
BLDG
建筑物
Building
PD
清扫设施
Purge device
PT
池
Pit
SHLT
棚
Shelter
COFF
围堰
Cofferdam
FL
楼板
Floor
PF
平台
Plateform1
EL
标高
Elevation
BOP
管底
Bottom of pipe
COP
管中心
Center of pipe
TOP
管顶
Top of pipe
FOB
底平
Flat on bottom
FOT
顶平
Flat on top
CL(屯)
中心线
Center line
TL
切线
Tangent line
SYM
对称的Symmetrical
BOS
支架底
Bottom of support
TOS
支架顶
Top of support
CL
净距（净空）
Clearance
CTC
中心至中心
Center to center
CTF
中心至面
Center to face
CTE
中心至端部
Center to end
ETE
端到端
End to end
FEF
法兰端面
Flange and face1
FTF
面到面
Face to face
D
直径
Diameter
DN
公称直径
Nominal diameter
ID
内径
Inside diameter
OD
外径
Outside diameter
DIM
尺寸
Dimension
MAX
最大
Maximum
MIN
最小
Minimum
AVG
APP
PT.EL
PFD
PID
COD
DTL
SPDWG0 DWGNO DWGI
LOW
MTO
APPX
JOB.No.BEDD
DEDD
REV.No.DWG
SC
ML
CHOP
CSC
CSO
LC
LO
NC
NO
ATM
PN
A
G
W
AW
GSAW
EFW
平均
Average
约、近似
Approximate
点标高
Point elevation
工艺流程图
Process flow diagram.管道和仪表流程图
Piping & instrument diagram
接续图
Continued on drawing
详图Datail(ISODWG)
管段图
Spool drawing(each line isometric drawing)
图号
Drawing number
所在图号
Drawing identification
材料表
List of material
汇料
Material take-off
附录
Appendix
工号
Job Number
基础工程设计数据
Basic engineering design data0
详细工程设计数据
Detail engineering design data
修改号Recision number
参考图
Reference drawing
采样接口
Sample connection
手动
Manual control
链条操作
Chain operated
铅封关
Car seal close
铅封开
Car seal open
锁闭
Lock closed
锁开
Lock open
正常关
Normally close
正常开
Normally open
大气压
Atmosphere
公称压力
Nominal pressure
绝压 表压
焊接
Welding
电弧焊
Arc welding.气体保护电弧焊
Gas shielded-acr welding-e
电熔焊Elecric fusion welding
ERW
电阻焊
Electric Resistance welding
GW
气焊
Gas welding
LW
搭接焊
Lap welding
BW
对焊
Butt welding
TW
定位焊
Tack welding
SW
承插焊
Socket welding
CW
连续焊
Continuous welding
SEW
密封焊
Seal welding
SFG
堆焊
Surfacing
FW
现场焊接
Field welding
HT
热处理
Heat treatment
PH
预热
Preheating
SR
应力消除
Stress relief
PWHT
焊后热处理
Post weld heat treatment
EIT
检查、探伤和实验
Examination, inspection & testing VE
外观检查
Visual examination
UI(UT)
超声探伤
Ultrasonic inspection(test)
RI(RT)
射线探伤
Radiographic inspection(test)
MPI(MT)
磁粉探伤
Magnetic particle inspection
LPI(PT)
液体渗透检验
Liquid penterant inspection
HADT
硬度实验
Hardness testing HYDT
水压实验
Hydraulic testing
PNET
气压实验
Pneumatic testing
CE
焊条
Covered electrode
WW
焊丝
Welding wire
ASSY
装配、组合Assembly
F
现场
Field
SF
现场决定
Suit in field
CSP
冷紧
Cold spring
BCT
螺栓冷紧
Bolt cold tightening
BHY
螺栓热紧
Bolt hot tightening
CO
清洗口
Clean out
ANNY
退火
Annealed'
PE
平端面
Plain end
BE
坡口端Belelled end
THR
螺纹
Thread
HB
布氏硬度Brinnel hardness FDN
基础
Foundation
INF
信息（资料）
Information
REF
参考
Reference
REV
修改
Revision5
SEQ
序号（顺序）
Sequence CM
色标Colour mark
CA
腐蚀裕度
Corrosion allowance
UTL
公用系统
Utility
UC
公用工程接头
Utility connection
QTY
数量
Quantity)
WT
重量
Weight
MHR
工时
BC
螺栓分布圆
Bolt circle
HP
高点
High point
LP
低点
Low point
SUC
吸入（口）
Suction
DIS
排出（口）
Discharge
SO
蒸气吹扫（口）
Steam out
NPT
美国标准锥管螺纹
National standard taperpipe thread
NPS
美国标准直管螺纹
National standard straight pipe thread.DR
排液
Drain
VT
放气
Vent
RTG
（压力）等级
Rating
CL
等级
Class
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