Notice and Poster 写作[优秀范文五篇]

第一篇：Notice and Poster 写作

Notices and Posters 海报时人们日常生活中最为常见的一种招贴形式，多用于电影、戏曲、文艺演出等活动。海报通常写明活动的形式，活动的主办单位、时间、地点等活动。（讲座、球类比赛、戏曲、演奏会、文艺晚会、汇报演出、电影消息、画展、演讲比赛、报告会、参观游览活商品大拍卖）

海报的格式，通常有三部分组成，即标题、正文与落款

标题是一则海报的宣传“窗户”。因此标题的撰写尽量做到简洁明了，新颖醒目，抓住读者的兴趣和注意力，使人看了“一读钟情”。海报的标题形式通常有两种：一是直接使用“海报”（poster）一词；另一种则是海报的内容，撰写标题。正文

海报正文是海报的核心部分，它是对海报标题的具体描述。语言要求形象生动，简明扼要。落款

海报的落款要写明主办单位名称以及撰写日期。海报的落款通常写在海报正文的左下角，日期位于主办单位名称的下方，即可写在左下角，也可写在右下角。

No News Invited by the Trade Union of Anhui University, Anhui Provincial Huangmei Opera Troupe will come to give the performance of a newly-composed Huangmei Opera at 7:30 p.m., Saturday, April 8, 1990 in the university auditorium.The famous actors and actresses such as Ma Lan, Huang Xinde will make you a good time.The Trade Union Anhui University April 4, 1990

English Speech Contest Hosted by the Student Union of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature, the 2nd English Speech Contest will be held in the classroom No.410 of Wenxilou Building at 7:00 p.m., Thursday, October 30, 1988.All are cordially welcome!

The Student Union The Dept.of FLD Anhui University October 28, 1992

Notice 启事是为公开声明某事而见于报端或张贴于公共场所的应用文，多用于失物招领、寻人、征稿等事项。(寻人、遗失、招领、更名、更正、征稿、征询、迁址、换房、租房、活动延期、开业、授权、人事变更、鸣谢等)启事的写作格式

启事的格式除了具备海报所含的三部分（标题、正文、署名）外，通常还需要上联系地址或联系人及电话号码等。

启事的正文之后，或在署名的下方注明联系地址、联系人或联系电话，以便于有意者能对启事中声明之事给予及时的联系。

A Boy Missing My smart son, named Wang Wei, aged 7, in blue coat, got lost at yesterday noon of October 25, 1994 when he went home from school.He is 1.09 metres tall, with black hair, a moon face, rosy cheeks, big eyes, and a very small scar on chin.He can speak daily Chinese fluently.Whoever meets him or knows him whereabouts or has any information about his location is begged to advise him family or ring them up.A thousand thank from，Wang Long And his family Add: 142 Jinzhai Road Tel: 3634563

第二篇：6级写作

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Long Holidays.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.长假给大学生带来的好处

2.长假可能给大学生带来的问题

3.我应当怎样利用好长假

【范文】

Long Holidays

Generally speaking, long holidays are good for us college students.On the one hand, we have a lot of time to study by ourselves and thus improve weaknesses and further develop strengths.On the other hand, we can take part-time jobs, which can make us realize responsibility and make ourselves better prepared for social life.But every coin has two sides.Some students fail to make good use of their time and they are addicted to various computer games.I am afraid that they are likely to ruin themselves in this way.As far as I am concerned, I will try to make the best use of my precious time.I will spend most of my holidays studying English for that I am very poor at it.In addition, I will take a part-time job as private teacher.By this means, I can earn some money and put my knowledge into practice as well.五、议论文的框架

（1）不同观点列举型（选择型）

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____.But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.A majority of people think that _ 观点一________.In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____.So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter.Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______.In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一_______.On the other hand, ____原因二_____.Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______.It is not only because ________, but also because _________.The more _______, the more ________.首先，一个段落必须有一个中心即主题思想，该中心由主题句特别是其中的题旨来表达。整个段落必须紧扣这个主题（stick or hold to the topic），这就是段落的统一性（unity）。其次，一个段落必须有若干推展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是完整性（completeness or adequateness）。再者，一个段落不是杂乱无章的，而是有机的组合，句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅（smooth），这就是连贯性（coherence）。下面我们就对这三个标准分别加以说明。

1、统一性

一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个中心，任何游离于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。请看下例：

Joe and I decided to take the long trip we’d always wanted across the country.We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life.Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie.We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country.We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park.Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner.To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.本段的主题句是段首句，controlling idea（中心思想）是take the long trip across the country。文中出现两个irrelevant sentences，一个是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie，这一段是讲的是Joe and I，中间出现一个Bella是不合适的。还有，Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner这一句更是与主题句不相关。再看一个例子：

My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit.I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program.In one year I lost eighty pounds.I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again.I bought two new suitcases last week.Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour.My mother was a premature baby.本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit，但段中有两个irrelevant sentences，一个是I bought two new suitcases last week，另一个是My mother was a premature baby。

从上面两个例子可以看出，native speakers同样会造出来irrelevant sentences。卷面上如果这种句子多了，造成偏题或离题，那问题就更严重了。

2、完整性

正像我们前面说得那样，一个段落的主题思想靠推展句来实现，如果只有主题句而没有推展句来进一步交待和充实，就不能构成一个完整的段落。同样，虽然有推展句，但主题思想没有得到相对圆满的交待，给读者一种意犹未尽的感觉。这样的段落也不能完成其交际功能。例如：

Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil.Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task.Besides, it is more useful to work----you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.本段的主题句是段首句。本段的两个推展句均不能回答主题句中提出的问题。什么是“a mind in turmoil”（心境不平静）Physical work又如何能改变这种情况？为什么它能起therapy的作用？读者得不到明确的答案。由于四级统考的作文部分只要求写一篇100～120个词的三段式短文，每一段只有大约40个词左右，因此，要达到完整就必须尽可能地简明。例如：

It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words.Often writing is much clearer than a picture.It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.段首句所表达的主题思想是一种看法，必须有具体事例加以验证。上述两个推展句只是在文字上对主题作些解释，整个段落内容空洞，简而不明。如果用一两个具体的例子的话，就可以把主题解释清楚了。比如下段：

It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words.Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things.If you can’t swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?

3、连贯性（coherence）

连贯性包括意连和形连两个方面，前者指的是内在的逻辑性，后者指的是使用转换词语。当然这两者常常是不可分割的。只有形连而没有意连，句子之间就没有内在的有机的联系；反之，只有意连而没有形连，有时行文就不够流畅。

1）、意连

段落中句子的排列应遵循一定的次序，不能想到什么就写什么。如果在下笔之前没有构思，边写边想，写写停停，那就写不出一气呵成的好文章来。下面介绍几种常见的排列方式。

A.按时间先后排列（chronological arrangement）

We had a number of close calls that day.When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast;we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o’clock.Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours-----it must have been close to noon----the heat nearly hid us in;the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down.By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o’clock and we were exhausted.Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert.Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him.By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.本段从“rose”（起床）写起，然后是吃早餐（“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o’clock”），然后是“close to noon”，一直写到这一天结束（“By nine--”）。

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四六级作文预测1：志愿者活动

Part I Writing(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Volunteering activities.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1.越来越多的人从事志愿者工作

2.志愿者工作的社会意义

3.作为大学生，应该怎么做

范文：

In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters.According to a survey, in 2008, there were about 1,700,000 volunteers who offered service for Olympic Games.Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China。

Volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both those in need and the society.Olympic Games are a good example.As is known to all, volunteers played an active role in Beijing Olympic Games.Without them, it would be a tough task to hold this un-precedent Olympic Games.Therefore, we can say that it was those volunteers who ensured the success of these games。

As modern college students, we should get actively involved in volunteering activities.By participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability.Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth.So, we should take this chance to learn and to grow.(161words)

四六级作文预测2 书信：毕业时就业还是上研究生

Part I Writing(30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a friend’s inquiry about Plan after graduation.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:

假如你是李明，你的朋友石头来信咨询你的毕业之后的计划，考研还是就业，请根据自己的情况写封回信告知石头你的态度，并说明理由。

范文：

Dear Shitou，So great to recieve your letter on May 1st, in which you inquired about my plan after graduation.Now, I am writing to illustrate it and my accounts。

As is known to all, so many graduates are eager to set feet on their work-life roads.According to a survey by National Department of Education, more than six million college students will leave the so called “Ivory Tower” this year.It is clear that the competition of job-hunting will be extremely furious.On the contrary, it seems advisable for me to further my study and get a master’s degree.What makes me convinced is that a higher degree and better educational background will, undoubtedly, enable me to make full preparation for entering the society.Besides, if possible, I will get involved in social and practical activities in my spare time。

Taking all aspects into account, I choose to study as a postgraduate。

Many thanks for your concern.Best wishes!(160)

四六级作文预测3：大城市就业还是小城镇

Direction:

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Starting Career in a Big City or Small Town？ You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.很多的大学生毕业后留在大城市工作；

2.也有人选择到小城镇开始自己的职业生涯；

3.结合自己的实际情况谈谈自己的想法。

范文：

Want to be a small fish in a big pond or the other way round? Every graduate faces this question when starting his career.A large number of college graduates prefer to stay in big cities,which mean more experiences, more opportunities to see the big world and more space for career development.At the same time, higher salary is another temptation。

But some other graduates intend to start in small towns.Even though there may not be many big companies, they can have a quieter and less competitive life.Another reason is that they can be a big fish in a small pond.They can easily get the management’s attention and may win promotion earlier。

As far as I am concerned, I prefer to start in a metropolis like Shanghai.A good begin is half the battle, and in Shanghai I can find a job in a big company where I can meet people from different places and cultures.I will learn from them what I can not get from textbooks.真题网提供

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（一）作文题目： “Women in the Modern World” 提纲：

1.Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.____________ 2.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.___________________ 3.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.___________________________ 例1．（2分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Long age, women only did something in the kitchen or at home.Now many of them have serious jobs to serve for people.What men can do so can women.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.Today in the family, the wife often lots her husband to do something at home bat ago, only women did something.Men are foned of doing something at home.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Sometimes, the matter, the husband hitting has welf, often happened.In the factory the wonmen to as much as the men, but they are paid less than the men.Some people have not completely realized the liberation of women.东方教育点评：条理不清，思路紊乱，大部分句子均有错误，有的甚至影响理解。

具体问题剖析：(1)缺乏逻辑，东一句西一句，没有围绕中心论述，如第一段就没有展开论述妇女社会角色的转变，说得太笼统而缺乏说服力。

（2）用汉语思维，句子有明显的汉语痕迹，如“What men can do so can women.”，应改为“Women can do what men can do”。（3）衔接不自然，没有用适当的关联词，如“Sometimes, the matter, the husband hitting has welf, often happened”，应改为“The case that husband hits his wife often happens.”（4）拼写错误很多，大部分句子均有错误。例2．（5分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.In today, many women have a work.They worked as well as men playing an important part in factories.There are many women in government also.They lead other people country, and make out plans.There are many scientist slso.They event new things to improve our life.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.In ancient, women’s position in family is pity.They had to looks after their children, did every how husband ordered her to do.But now it is changed.They are equal to her husband.They have the right of speaking of idea, discussion thing with her husband, do what she wants to do.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.We also should realize, women’ likerty are limited.For example, many factories want men become its workers but the chance of women is less than men.Everyone should do their best to change this condition.I’m sure, the liberation of women would be increased.东方教育点评：基本切题。但表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。具体问题剖析：（1）各段围绕中心句论述不深入，没有说服力。（2）衔接不自然，没有用适当的关联词，如第一段几个句子之间可以用一些“besides”、“on the other hand”、“furthermore”、“in addition”等。（3）语言错误较多，很多句子不通顺，如“In today, many women have a work.”应改为“Today, many women get a job.”(滥用介词)；“In ancient, women’s position in family is pity”中pity应改为pitiful（词形误用）；“They had to looks after their children, did every how husband ordered her to do.”中every 改为everything，how改为what（代词错误）；“They have the right of speaking of idea, discussion thing with her husband, do what she wants to do.”应改为“They have the right to express ideas, discuss things with their respective husband, and do what they want to.”(人称代词前后不一致)。例3．（8分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Many Women today are playing an important part at works that was thought only could be done by the men before.For an example.Some women are not secrtary in the office, instead, they become manager of a company.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.In the world today, more and more women have their own job.They get their own salary, and become more independent from their husband.With the economic situation improved, their family position is improving.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Many husbands only want his wife to stay at home, and do house works or do some shopping.They only want their wife to be a housewife, but not a manager of a company.东方教育点评：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。具体问题剖析：（1）论证不够深入，缺少事例，缺少说服力。

（2）文字缺连贯、且显累赘，如第二段可以把各句再改得简练一点并且有适当的转承词。（3）语言错误相当多，如“For an example”，“Some women are not secrtary in the office, instead, they become manager of a company.”应改为“Some women are on longer secretaries in the office, instead, they become managers of the companies.”（单复数）例4．（11分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.More and more women go to work to earn money instead of keeping the house or looking after the children.Women have entered many fields of society including scientific field.As we know, many women sports teams have won the world’s champions such as Chinese women’s Volleyball Team.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.Husbands are not the masters of wives in many places.Husbands and wives are equal now.They join together to overcome difficulties and share happiness.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Also in some places.Women are considered being “thing” belong to men.They have little chance to find jobs.They don’t get equal pay for equal job.This is a problem must be solved not only by society but also by women themselves.东方教育点评：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，用词比较准确，但有少量语言错误，如“Also in some places.Women are considered being “thing” belong to men”，应改为“Also in some places，women are considered being the “things”that belong to men” 例5．（14分段）

Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.In Many countries, more and more women are acting as workers, farmers, scientists and even leaders.We can say that almost all jobs which men can do are done perfectly by women.Women are no longer looked down upon by society.With the changes in their social role, women’s position in the family has been improved as well.Husband and wife are now equal in the family.They cope with problems of daily life together, and share happiness with each ther.Also, you can hardly find out that in today’s families, women are being busy with dinners, whereas men comfortably sitting in armchairs, reading newspapers.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.A number of men still jealously guard their rights, and regard women as incapable creature.Few women are allowed to attend important international meetings dominated by men.That’s really the problems we should solve immediately.东方教育点评：切题。论证充分，有说服力，论证手段丰富（举例、正反）表达思想清楚，语言流畅，词汇丰富，连贯性好。用词准确，仅有个别小错误。

p.s.由于一些例文错误较多，点评中只是列举了部分的典型错误，而且为了保持原文面貌，编辑没有做过多的改动，所以欢迎大家一起来挑错，有问题和小水一起讨论。

（二）2003年9月考试四级作文题：The Day My Classmate Fell Ill(or Got Injured)提纲：

1.简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况 2.同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的

3.人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是„„ 例1．（2分段）

One day, we are all in classroom.Wang fang said, “Oh!” We all see her and found that she was crying!Teacher turned to ask her what was wrong.She said, “I do got a fever, my head is very hot!” Feng Gang sent she to hospital, we all followed they.In the hospital, doctor Wang give a inject to her, she gradually calm and not hot as before.We all thanked the doctor.东方教育点评：未能按照题目要求写，没有着重写“同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的” “人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是„„”。条理不清，思路紊乱，大部分句子均有错误，有的甚至影响理解。原文修改后：

One day, when we were all in classroom., Wang fang Suddenly cried， “Oh!” We all looked at her and found that she was groaning.Teacher turned to ask her what was wrong.She said, “I have got a fever, my head is very hot!”

Immediately, our teacher sent her to hospital, and we all followed them.In the hospital, we asked doctor Wang to give an injection to her, and she gradually became calm and not as hot as before.We all thanked the doctor.The day has passed, but it is clearly in my mind.I think if we can do things like that in the incident, the society will be better, and the relationship between people will be better as well!

例2．（5分段）

Last week, li ning and I studied in classroom.Suddenly, lining said to me that he had a headache.I asked he to see doctor.he said it was not bad.After 5 miniuts, lining sai to me his headache very serious.So I helped him go to hosptial.Students and teacher heard lining went to hosptial, all of them went to the hosptial.Some teacher asked lining dont worry, it will be good.Some students asked lining take care of himself.lining said that he was very moved.Thought this things, I think a lot.The world is beautiful, because the love filled in it.people can help each other when who are in trouble.东方教育点评：本文基本切题。语句衔接不自然，简单句使用得太多，有些表达不太准确，有明显的中文痕迹。要加强衔接词的运用，单复句的转换，句式的多样化，还有语言基本功的训练。原文修改后：

Last week, Li ning and I studied in classroom.Suddenly, lining told me that he had a headache.I asked him to see the doctor.he said it was not so serious.After 5 minutes, Lining told me that his headache became worse.So I helped him go to hospital.When Students and teachers heard that Lining had gone to hospital, all of them went to the hospital.Some teachers asked Lining not to worry and to take care of himself.Lining said that he was very moved.Throught this, I think a lot.The world is beautiful because it was filled in love--people help each other in trouble.例3．（8分段）

One day there is a student who was isolated for infectious disease.We and our teachers are concerting about his situation.But he must be isolated from us for relivesing measure.In this important period, we telephoned to him, we also told him that he had a good rest time.we suggested that he call up his friends who were not kept in touch because of burden study and read some books which he enjoys but have no time to read.At last we told him that he must get over this fell.I think we should love each other.when somebody needs help we should lend our one hand to him.东方教育点评：本文基本切题，也有必要的细节描述。但有的地方表达不清楚。有比较多的语言错误。要注意连接词的使用和句式多样化，长短句可以间隔使用，使用长句时注意语法、力求表达清楚。

具体问题剖析：(1)全文时态不统一（举例略）。

（2）第二段语句衔接不自然，句式重复，且长句组织起来显得有点凌乱，语法错误相当多。在原文基础上修改如下：“In this important period, we telephoned him, and told him to have a good rest.Besides, we advised him to call up his friends who were not kept in touch because of burdensome study ,on the other hand, to read some books which he enjoyed but had no time to read.At last we told him that he must overcome this ill.”

例4．（11分段）

In 1 April 2003, one of my classmates was get serious cold.First day when he came to school, we found that his eyes were red and his sound was rough.The second day, his cold was too bad that he couldn't go to school.At that time, there was a serious ill called SARS in our country.It's just like badly cold and can infected others easily.But our classmates didn't go away from him.They seemed more close to him.Our classmates helped him to take back breakfast.Our teacher came to see him with his notes book.He helped him to study in order that he didn't drop behind my classmates' For he was my best friend, I just sat on his bed and do my best to comfort him.Althought there was SARS around us, but I felt very warm from this thing.It told me that the love from true heart can help come across any difficult.We are so lucky that we live in a big warmth family.And not very long, my classmate was getting healthy and could come to school again.How happy we were!

东方教育点评：本文切题，表达思想清楚，文字比较连贯, 但有一些语法错误。

具体问题剖析：全文有一些语法、语言错误，如“In 1 April 2003, one of my classmates was get serious cold.”应改为“In 1 April 2003,one of my classmates got serious cold.”（时态）；“First day when he came to school,”应改为“The first day when he came to school,”（介词遗漏）；“his sound was rough.”应改为“his voice was rough.”（用词）；“Althought there was SARS around us, I felt very warm from this thing.”应把but去掉（连词）； “It told me that the love from true heart can help come across any difficult.”应改为“It told me that the love from true heart could help come across any difficulties.”（时态、词性错误）；“We are so lucky that we live in a big warmth family.”应改为“We are so lucky that we live in a big warm family.”（词性）。

例5．（14分段）

During the SARS period in this spring, the year of 2003, one of my classmates, Li ming, was struck down by the virus and was immediately sent to hospital.The news spread quickly on campus.At first, we were terrified and wondered if we were infected too.However, through our government's publicity on mass media, we gradually conquered the fear and set out to try out best to help her.Some teachers provided darly necessities while some students recorded the English class contents for him so that Li ming could not be left behind.With our care and concern, Li ming recovered quickly.Such an incident teaches us a good moral.Our society is full of love, warm and peaceful, in which people-from man to woman, from individual to individual-lend others a hand.Just like a famous song goes, “the world will turn itto heaven only if everyone contributes a little.” and I do believe that it's my great honor to live in this love-filled paradise!东方教育点评：本文切题，论证丰富生动，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本上无大的语言错误，仅有个别小错误。

p.s.由于一些例文错误较多，点评中只是列举了部分的典型错误，而且为了保持原文面貌，编辑没有做过多的改动，所以欢迎大家一起来挑错，有问题和小水一起讨论。

（三）2003年9月六级考试作文题： 图表作文，关于一个美国大学图书馆的图书流动量（pop fiction, general nonfiction, science, art等），给出他们的流动比例对比，说明原因，并说明你自己喜欢阅读什么样的书。例1．（2分段）

此分段标准为条理不清，思路紊乱，大部分句子均有严重错误。（为了不影响市容，给大家造成负面影响，故此处略去100字„„）例2．（5分段）

From the novel, we can see that the students like read(reading)novel, at the same time, only(a)small part of students like read(reading)science and art.The reason to(for)this is novel is intereting(interesting), students like reading it.Most of the students read too much(many)major books when they have classes, so they want to read some(something)interesting(when)they have time.Novel can let them relax(relaxed).So they choose novel.I like read(reading)novel, by reading it I know a lot of things, I also relax my brains.So I choose the novel.东方教育点评：(1)基本切题。(2)表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。(3)有较多的严重语言错误。（4）字数不够，要酌情扣分。例3．（8分段）

We can know from the picture that most of students like reading popular novel instead of reading science, poetry.From this we can know different people have different addiction to(preferences for)books.Different people have different addiction to(preferences for)books.They read different books just to meet their different needs.Because different people have different meets to read the different kinds of books.From this we can also see that different people have different intentions and notions.So they choose the different things to meet their needs in every facet in life.I like reading poetry because I think poetry can make me calm, pleased, comfort(comforted),(and)I can see many beautiful thing(things)in the poetry.东方教育点评：(1)基本切题。(2)第二段表达有点乱。

（3）语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。例4．（11分段）

Book is the source of life.When we read a book, we should not only linger on the surface of a book, but also we should(删掉)master its intrinsic.As is charted in the blank, we can see clearly that a majority of the university students in America are addictet(addicted)to the popular fiction, and a minority of student like reading the science, poetry.Why do they like reading popular novels? In my opinion, popular novel books are usually interesting, earthly, close to our lives.In contrast, science, poetry books are usually serious, dull and difficult.Therefore, most of the students prefer the popular novels.I like reading the since book（science books）.For one thing, it can make me enhance my speciality knoweledy(specialized knowledge);In addition, it can help me know the frontier about my speciality and master the newest things in since(science);thirdly, it can give a good chance to know a lot and can help me to study the useful subject when I graduate from the university.东方教育点评：（1）本文基本切题，表达思想清楚。（2）文字连贯，语言通顺。（3）有一些语言错误。例5．（14分段）

It can be discerned

that the American students prefer to read the popular novel rather than other kind of books, such as the nonpopular(unpopular)novel, the books of technology, poem and so on.The percentage of the popular novel current(currently)is about 68.2%.Other kind of novels' current(currently)is, reletively(relatively), about 16.8%, 8.3%, and 5.2%.It is not hard to think out why the popular novels can attract so many students.The popular novel is interesting, and not so abstract as books that full of the mathmatic formulate(mathematic formulae).However, as university students, study is the first task for us to do.So we should pay more attention to the books about our major.Fictions may color our life, but it can not be the key part of our studying life.Personally, I would like to spend my free time in reading books about my major, such as technology digests, computer newspaper...Because I want do to(删掉)a good job in my subjects.Fortunately, my dreams come true, meanwhile, I 've gained other things--I found（have founded）a solid basic knowledge about my major(加破折号)make me feel easy to contrive the electronic circuit which have to be done during our bachelor years.Thanks to those books!东方教育点评：（1）切题。

（2）论证比较有力，表达思想清楚。

（3）文字通顺，连贯性较好，但有个别语言错误。

注： 文中划线部分为原文的一些明显语言错误，括号里的为修改建议，为保持原文面貌，对于结构没有做过多改动。

（四）2003年6月考试四级作文题：An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident 假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：

1、车祸发生的时间及地点；

2、你所见到的车祸情况；

3、你对车祸原因的分析。例1．（2分段）

At 9:00, Jan.20, 2003, I eye-witness a traffic accident in Dongfang Street.I see that a（an）old people is hitted(hit)by a car.In my opinion, the rapid driver is the main reason, but the old people also has his error.东方教育点评：（1）字数明显不够，尽管都点题了，但只有三句话。（2）有语法错误。例2．（5分段）

In my opinion, the driver of Benz auto should be blamed on(for)the traffic accident.It was his drunk driving that resulted in this accident.It is not(no)doubt that the traffic accident is a high(hot)topic in the modern(modern)society, different people have different attitude(attitudes)to this.When it come(comes)to the accident, people think it responsible for the driver.But last Sunday I see(saw)a(an)accident.A woman crossed a street when a car turn(turned at)the crossing.it is too late to stop the car ,The women was bad(badly)hurt.The people who was walking along the street took the woman to hospital,(and)the driver came with them.As far as（I am）concerned, the both sides have responsibility for this, begin（at the beginning）, the woman shouldnot cross the street.Forthemore, the driver should pay more attention.Last.we should take proper measure.Only(when)we take the measure and we（become）more careful can we have a colorful（life）tomorrow.东方教育点评：(1)本文基本切题。

（2）但有的地方表达思想不清楚，层次不够清楚。如第二段把描述车祸情况和发生原因混为一谈，而最后一段的总结又很牵强。

（3）全文有比较多的语言错误，而且有些是严重的错误。例3．（8分段）

At 9:00am October 25st(25th)2003, I saw a traffic accident on Daxue Road.At that time, I was on my way to school.When I turned right on the corner, a motorbike knocked into a small car.The motorbike was red, and there are(were)two persons on the motorbike.The car was yellow.The motorbike fell down, and the two persons on the motorbike were slight injured.The(car)driver came out of the car at once, and asked about the two persons.As soon as I saw that, I made a telephone call to 110.The traffic police arrived in a short time.According to what I saw, I thought there may be one reason leading to the accident.That was the motorbike kept too short（a）distant from the car.When the car slowed down, the motorbike couldn't slow down in time.So the accident took place.东方教育点评：（1）基本切题。

（2）文字连贯性不强，尤其是第二段，缺少一些必要的衔接词。（3）简单句太多，可以考虑把一些合并成复合句。（4）有些地方人称指代不明（如司机），容易引起误解（5）有一些基本的时态、语法错误。例4．（11分段）

Last Friday afternoon, when I was on my way home, a traffic accident took place at the crossing of Shanghai Road.A pupil was knocked down by a black car when he was walking across the street.His legs were badly hurt.Sever(Several)minutes later an ambulance came, and the driver of the black car sent the pupil to the hospital immediately.In my eyes, this accident was due to that the pupil broke the traffic rules.That is to say, the pupil walked across the street when the traffic lights were red.As soon as the driver saw the pupil, he stopped the car, however, it was too late.In my opinion, it was necessary to advocate people to confirm to the traffic rules.If the pupil hadn't broken the traffic rules, the accident might not have happened.东方教育点评：(1)本文比较切题，表达思想清楚。（2）语句比较通顺，但有少量语言错误。例5．（14分段）

My name is Liming.I am studying at college.A week ago I saw a traffic accident , which is still vivid in my mind.It was at about 9:00 on Saturday morning, June 15th, when I went out of the university to visit a friend of mine at another university.I was walking leisurely on the sidewalk when I heard a loud crash of two vehicles just at the T-junction about 10 meters away.Two taxis crashed together.It was a traffic accident.

I went up and found that the two taxis were badly damaged.Both hoofs were out of shape.One door of a car was knocked off and lying on the road.One driver was blooding and another was shut in the taxi.Some people were trying to help the driver get out of the damaged car.One man was calling to the traffic policeman station.A lot of cars were jammed on the road.

From the stopping track on the road, it is clear that the two taxis were driving too fast.But it is just one of the reasons.In my opinion, the taxi drivers are eager to take more passengers and make a little more money.On the other hand, both drivers don't show concern for one another.Both of them wanted to run in front of another.Therefore, the accident is inevitable.So far, we should let the drivers keep it in their mind that a little slower, a little safer.Taking care of other's lives means taking care of your own life.东方教育点评：（1）切题。

（2）表达清楚，描述详细生动。（3）文字通顺，连贯性较好。

（4）基本上无大的语言错误，仅有个别小错误。

注： 文中划线部分为原文的一些明显语言错误，括号里的为修改建议，为保持原文面貌，对于结构没有做过多改动。

（五）2003年6月考试六级作文题：Changes of Ownership of Houses in China 图表作文，图表内容是1990，1995，2000的公房和私房变化柱状表，趋势是公房越来越少，私房越来越多。

提纲：1.简单描述一下图表内容 2.变化原因

3.这个变化对个人和社会的影响 例1．（2分段）

此分段标准为条理不清，思路紊乱，大部分句子均有严重错误。为了不影响市容，给大家造成负面影响，故此处略去100字„„ 例2．（5分段）

It is descerned that（删掉）the number of pirate（private）

houses had been on a（an）increase from 1990 to 2000.In 1990, it was about 20 percent;In 1995 it was 40 percent;In 2000, it was 80 percent.There were some reasons for this fact.One of them was the improvement of people's living conditions（condition）, all people wanted to own pirate houses.On the other hand, people's income was on a（an）

increase, they could afford to buy pirate houses!

Obviously, there were some good things resulted from this fact.Such as it could improve Chinese economy.But there were also some bad things, such as it took much time to go to work!

东方教育点评：（1）本文基本切题。（2）字数不够，要酌情扣分。

（2）第一段描述图表不应该单列举出数字，而是应该重点描写变化趋势 ；第二段说明理由不够充分；第三段说明影响有点牵强。（4）全文语言错误较多。例3．（8分段）

From the graph it is clear that the percentage of the state owned house in china in a city has decreased greatly from 75% in 1990 to 20% in 2000, while the private house has increased sharply.what has caused these changes?

There are, I think, at least two main reasons for these changes.to begin with, with the development of the technology and science, people"s living standard has improved greatly and they can afford to buy high-graded things such as TV, computer and even house.Secondly it is due to the mind people hold and the ecomonic policy.As is known to all, the price of house is often very high, and people must(used to)save their money(for)many years,（however,）as their minds changed, they went to the bank to borrow money and the ecomonic policy also encouraged them to do so.There may be some other reasons, but the above mentiond are commonly acceptable.To conclude, the ownership of houses reflect the development of our country and people are enjoying a better life, I am firmly sure that the productivity of the society will keep improving and people will enjoy a more affluent life in the near future.东方教育点评：（1）本文基本切题，语句基本通顺

（2）第一段描述图表太简单，第二段有些地方表达思想不够清楚，第三段太简单。（3）不少语言错误。例4．（11分段）

As is shown by the bar chart, we can see that great changes have been taken place in a big city in China during the year from 1990 to 2000.The number of stated-owned houses is on the decline, while the private houses are（is）on the rise.To get the sourse(source)of this changes, it is nature for us to come up with the following reasons.In the first place, owning to the advance in people's living standard ,people are better off today, and they have more money to buy a house.In the second place , with the development of society and economy, some achievements have been maken(made)in housing construction.Last but not least, thanks to the increasing consciousness of confortable(comfortable)life, people are in favor of buying a house.All this results in the boom of private housing.Benefits of this(these)changes are obvious.It is advantage to both people and society.For one thing, with house, people can enjoy their confortable(comfortable)life.For another, this(these)changes can stimulate our nation's economic development.东方教育点评：(1)切题。

（2）表达思想清楚，语句通顺。（3）但有少量语言错误。例5．（14分段）

It can be obviously seen from the chart above that our modern society has experienced a great change, and in the last decade, from 1990 to 2000, more and more people prefer private houses to state-owned ones.There are a lot of reasons for it.First of all, state-owned houses lack the individualized characteristics, which are highly advocated in the modern society today.In addition, The declining prices of the private houses, with the skyrocketing income of people in recent years, contribute to the increase of purchases of private houses because, after all, economy is the most basic factor each family or individual can decide on.At last, the purchases of private houses can entitle consumers to a more flexible selection in terms of location, house type and even the relevant service than that of its state-owned counterpart.This phenomenon, in my opinion, has not only upgraded the quality and standard of life of people , but also improved the value of consumption of our modern society.And it is more significant that the phenomenon has formed a social atmosphere in our life in which everyone strives harder and harder for the sake of his life and future.东方教育点评：（1）切题。

（2）表达思想清楚，论证比较有力。

（3）文字通顺，连贯性好，但有少量语言错误。

注： 文中划线部分为原文的一些明显语言错误，括号里的为修改建议，为保持原文面貌，对于结构没有做过多改动。

真题网提供

第三篇：应用文写作

应用写作思考与练习

思考与练习一：应用写作概述

一、判断题 原始社会氏族后期时我国应用写作的萌生时期。（√）“公文”这一称谓出现于唐代。（×）3 “应用文”最早出现于秦代。（×）迄今所知有据可查的我国最早的应用文为甲骨刻辞（√）5 我国应用文发展与自觉时期为魏晋南北朝。（√）6 我国最早的应用文总集为《尚书》。（√）

7、应用文最本质的属性是模式性。（×）

8、在应用文的发展过程中，魏晋南北朝时期是应用写作理论的构建时期。（√）二、选择题 我国第一部文体学专论是（C）

A曹丕《典论 论文 》 B 陆机《文赋》

C挚虞《文章流别论 》 D 刘勰《文心雕龙》 2 应用写作常用的表达方式叙述、议论与（A）A说明

B 抒情

C疑问

D 描写 3 应用文最根本的特点是（B）

A审美性

B实用性

C文学性

D 政治性应用文语言的基本要求是简洁、朴实、得体和（D）A生动

B幽默

C流畅

D准确

5.应用写作的荫生时期是（原始社会氏族公社后期）

A 商周时期

B 魏晋南北朝时期 C 秦汉时期

D 唐宋时期

三、修改 那个公司每天的营业额大约500万元左右。改为：该公司日营业额约500万元。公司团委国庆长假期间决定组织团员游玩观看三峡。改为：公司团委决定国庆长假期间组织团员游览三峡。现在把我市受灾情况写在下面的报告中。改为：现将我市灾情报告如下。请告诉那公司把他们的招工计划直接送到市劳动局。改为：请告知该公司将其招工计划径送市劳动局。对王厂长的讲话，开会代表发出如雷似潮的掌声。改为：与会代表对王厂长的讲话报以热烈的掌声。6 X 大学的X 月X日的来信收到了，并知道内容了。改为：X 大学的X 月X日来信收悉。

思考与练习二：公文概述

一、判断题 党政机关公文共有15种公文。（√）2 公文都应标注份号。（×）3 公文都必须标识签发人姓名。（×）

4上行文主要有请示、报告和部分意见（√）5平行文主要有函、议案、部分通知和部分意见。（√）6党的机关不使用的文种有通告、议案。

（×）

二、选择题

1行政机关中的数字使用汉字表述的有（ACD）

A 词组

B成文日期

C 惯用语

D 部分结构层次序数

2、下列四组机关中，可联合行文的是（D）

A 省人民政府、省公安厅

B市人民政府、省人民政府

C省公安厅、市公安局

D 市公安局、市工商行政管理局 19、关于抄送机关正确的说法为（A）

A 请示不可抄送给下级机关

B必须用全称

C 包含主送机关

D 只可抄送给平级机关

5、下列标题正确的有（BD）。

A X市人民政府批转国务院关于2000国家科学技术奖励的决定的通知 B XX大学关于印发《学生宿舍管理规定》的通知 C XX厂关于印发财务管理办法的通知

D X市人民政府转发X省人民政府关于建立爱国主义教育基地的通知的通知 X大学禁止在学生宿舍内饲养宠物，应选用（B）行文。A 通报

B 通告

C 通知

D 公告

18、某林场遭遇森林大火，需向上级行文反映情况，应使用（A）。A 报告

B请示

C通报

D意见

三、修改 湖南省人民政府发（06）第009号

改为：湘府发[2006]9号。

注：前面的中括号应该是六角括符 2 四川省财政厅函[02] 03号

改为：川财函[2002]3号。

注：前面的中括号应该是六角括符

四、根据下列各要素，按照公文文面格式要求制成一份规范的公文

1.标题：宏远集团公司关于表彰先进集体和先进个人的决定 主送机关：各分公司、各部门 3 抄送：公司党委，党委宣传部 4 正文：…………（略）成文日期：2012年10月22日 6 发文字号：宏司发〔2012〕56号 7 印发机关与印发日期：宏远集团公司总经理办公室，2012年10月22日印发 8 附件：先进集体与先进个人名单

宏远集团公司文件

宏司发〔2012〕56号

宏远集团公司关于表彰先进集体和先进个人的决定

各分公司、各部门：

……………………………………………………………………………。

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………。

…………………………………………………………。

附件：先进集体与先进个人名单

2012年10月22日

抄送：公司党委，党委宣传部。

宏远集团公司总经理办公室

2012年10月22日印发

第四篇：议论文写作

确立层次 构建章法

——议论文写作指导

一、凤头

■柳宗元在《永之氓》中叙述了这样一个故事：永州的一个小伙子擅长游泳，可有一日落入水中，他却显得身手笨拙。岸上的人问他为什么，他说因为腰上拴着的钱太沉重了。人们劝他扔掉金钱，他就是不听，结果葬身于滔滔江水之中。｜｜细细想来，妈妈的“脱掉外衣和鞋袜，就甩掉了多余的顾虑”一句话可谓精辟！人生不可能没有羁绊和束缚。天晴时，我们就应该脱去蓑衣，享受明媚的阳光，拥抱人生的精彩。（根据“2012年高考全国大纲卷”优秀作文修改，题目拟为《天晴了，我们应该脱去蓑衣》）■在《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中，那只西装革履的小兔子，一边飞奔一边看表，大喊着：“我没有时间了，来不及了。”这个镜头映射出现代人的处境。我们的生命被统一规划为运动场的跑道，路程被定死了，只需关注时间的毫厘之差。然而人生如逆旅，重要的并非时间的一分一秒，而是生命的纵横广远。（2012年福建卷高考优秀作文开头，题为《生如逆旅，一苇以航》）■铁凝作品被“咬文嚼字”，她诚恳感谢；莫言被“咬”，道出“请人挑错，可能是消除谬误的好办法。”｜｜艾匹克蒂塔说：“人生是一场战役，是一场多灾多难的战役。”在这多舛的战役中，人难免有错。正如再明净的月夜也逃不脱阴影的追踪，亦如再清澈的水面也避不了风浪的搅动，人生不完美，因而批评的声音恒在。但惟有感谢惨淡的挑错，正视淋漓的错误，人生才是一片晴天。（根据“2013年高考山东卷”优秀作文修改，题目拟为《感谢挑错，便是晴天》）

二、虎肚

■2012年高考辽宁卷作文试题及满分作文：

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）

台后一帘深色幕布，台上一架钢琴，柔和的灯光洒在黑白键上，人们屏息等待。女钢琴家悄然出现，衣着简朴。演奏家上台，谁不身着华美的演出服，光彩夺目？人们就此问她，她的回答是：“人，要隐于音乐背后。”

女钢琴家的话耐人寻味。

有人感佩不已，有人不以为然，有人感到了缺憾，有人联想到人生的诸多方面„„

要求选好角度，确写立意，明确文体，自拟题目，不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

在浮华中隐没自我

①莎士比亚曾说：“人生如痴人说梦，充满着喧哗与躁动，却没有任何意义。”的确，华美的衣衫固然吸引眼球，但却隐藏了音乐的美感；简朴的衣着虽然朴素平淡，但却彰显了音乐的悠扬。“人，要隐于音乐背后”，敢于隐没自我，乐于低调做人，方能让黑白的朴素衬托人生的炫美。

②敢于隐没自我，是让自己退居前台之后，不搏出位,不哗众取宠，内敛隐忍地提升自我；敢于隐没自我，是行走于众生之间，选择沉淀，不喧宾夺主，弃别喧嚣，独守一份平和。

③隐没是为了更好的凸显，正如自荐的毛遂，亦如卧薪的勾践，还如忍辱的韩信。敢于隐没自我，导演李安退隐家中，十年磨一剑，从一位无业游民苦练内功一步步坚实地迈向了奥斯卡领奖台；敢于隐没自我，季羡林隐于燕园之中，潜心静述，展示了一代大师的傲人风范。

④但转观眼下，“搏出位”、“炫富”、“曝丑闻”等舆论大潮正一次次袭卷着我们的视听。人们似乎已再信奉“沉默是金”这一信条，前仆后继地涌向前台，不再隐没。君不见，网络上，郭美美高调炫富；撞人后，李启铭肆言“我爸是李刚”？ 君不见，娱乐圈的明星不惜以曝丑闻来博取关注点击率；而所谓的“大师”也轮番转战于荧屏之前，侃侃而谈，喧嚣四起„„

⑤可惜,这是一个“大师”看似繁盛，实则荒芜的年代；这是一个看似热闹喧嚣，实则空虚惨白的年代。我看见了郭、李之流神气十足中暴露出的肮脏龌龊，我看见了明星们看似潇洒的行为中流露出的粗鄙不堪；我看见了所谓专家们口若悬河中影射出的学术素养的浅薄与名利欲望的蔓延！可笑可叹！⑥不敢于隐没自我，争先恐后地奔赴前台，产生的后果还不值得我们反思么？！于个人，只会一次次失去积淀凝炼的机会，进而难以惊艳一现，一鸣惊人，只能永远混迹众生，随波逐流；于社会，只会让我们更加浮躁难耐，舆论格调、公民素养每况愈下，文明之邦的美誉一次次黯然失色！

⑦“水善利万物而不争。”甘于隐没自我，并非一蹶不振，随欲而安；抑非看破红尘，放任自流。⑧波斯的谚语说得真好：天空越黑暗的时候，便越能看见星辰。正如女钢琴家身着朴素退离前台，它是从朴素中寻得永恒，于灰暗中察觉光明。

■2013年高考福建卷作文试题及满分作文： 阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文。（70分）

我仰望着夜空，感到一阵惊恐； 如果地球失去引力，我就会变成流星，无依无附在天宇飘行。哦，不能！

为了拒绝这种“自由”，我愿变成一段树根，深深地扎进地层。

上面的材料，引发你怎样的感悟与联想？请就此写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

要求：（1）必须符合文体要求；（2）角度自选；（3）立意自定；（4）标题自拟；（5）不得抄袭，不得套作。

守望千年的美丽

①“如果地球失去引力，我就会变成流星，无依无附在天宇飘行。”顾城的诗句令我深思：如果传统文化失去引力，我们岂不成了无根之草，只能漫无目的随风飞舞？

②霍尔顿曾说：“我只想当个麦田里的守望者。”是啊，中华儿女理应守望千年的文化。

③想我泱泱华夏，上下五千年，留下了太多的美丽。单就文学一脉而言，从《诗经》到《楚辞》，从先秦散文到汉赋，从唐诗宋词元曲到明清小说，便足以让我们深深感受到中华宏阔的文化精神和有容乃大的文化气派；更别说还有曲艺的优美，国画的空灵，茶文化的高雅，各种器具各种建筑的精致„„

④追寻我们的文化之根，那种传承千百年的美丽，常让我们觉得它们美得令人无所适从，目不暇接；守望我们千年的美丽，那种数千年沉淀下的精华，常让我们心有所依，魂有所属。

⑤可惜，这种千百年来传承下来的美丽似乎正在离我们越来越远。敢于破格、日新、造世界、思将来，常觉一切事无不可为的中国青少年正在为追寻思想上的“自由”而努力远离传统带来的“束缚”。于是，我们青少年的英文、韩语流畅无比却看不懂一段文言文；我们会写漂亮的英文花体字，却不会拿中国的毛笔；我们喝着咖啡、可乐，却忘记了曾是世界级奢侈品的中国茶；我们吃着肯德基、麦当劳，却忽视了营养丰富、色香味俱佳的中餐；我们过着西方的圣诞节，却被韩国人拿着我们的端午节去申遗；我们看着美国大片、韩国电视剧、日本动漫，却忘记了曾经让世界惊诧的中国水墨动画；我们狂热地学习外国文化礼仪，盼着孩子出国留洋，可外国人却纷纷建立孔子学院要学习中国文化„„

⑥正因为如此，传统文化的缺失日益严重。而这种缺失，并没有给我们带走发展中的束缚，并没有给我们带来真正的思想解放的自由。恰恰相反，这种无所依附的“自由”让我们感到的是无所皈依的彷徨。倘若完全阻断了民族文化的牵连，挣脱传统文化的束缚，我们便成了短线的风筝，随风漂泊，何以觅得心灵的归宿？我们便成了无根的浮萍，随波逐流，怎不陷入信仰的危机？

⑦哲学家维特根斯坦曾言：“我站在地面步行，不在云端舞蹈。”拒绝于云端跳舞的轻佻，我们尚可选择带着镣铐于地面舞蹈。在功利之风盛行、物质欲膨胀的今天，唯有怀着孩子般的单纯与执著，方可增加自身的定力，为心灵寻觅归属；唯有扎根民族文化的厚土，方可提高我们思想的深度和广度，让我们知道如何做人做事，给自己一个宁静踏实的精神家园。

⑧克里尔说：“灵魂没有庙宇，雨水就会滴在心上。”守望那千年的美丽，心灵不会潮湿。

■2013年高考山东卷作文试题及满分作文：

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。（60分）

近年来，素有“语林啄木鸟”之称的《咬文嚼字》开设专栏，为当代著名作家的作品挑错，发现其中确有一些语言文字和文史知识差错。对此，这些作家纷纷表示理解，并积极回应。中国作协主席铁凝诚恳地感谢读者对她的作品“咬文嚼字”；莫言在被“咬”之后，也表达了自己的谢意，他表示，请别人挑错，可能 是消除谬误的好办法。

要求：（1）选准角度，自定立意。（2）自拟题目。（3）除诗歌外，文体不限，文体特征鲜明。（4）不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围。

感谢挑错，便是晴天

①铁凝作品被“咬文嚼字”，她诚恳感谢；莫言被“咬”，道出“请人挑错，可能是消除谬误的好办法。”

②艾匹克蒂塔说：“人生是一场战役，是一场多灾多难的战役。”在这多舛的战役中，人难免有错。正如再明净的月夜也逃不脱阴影的追踪，亦如再清澈的水面也避不了风浪的搅动，人生不完美，因而批评的声音恒在。但惟有感谢惨淡的挑错，正视淋漓的错误，人生才是一片晴天。

③大师们感谢挑错，所以他们在攀登之路上能越走越远。

④“护生即护心，护心则身在何处皆可为画。”因听取了师傅弘一法师的一句带有委婉批评的劝勉，丰子恺先生便达到了“雪在枕边犹可画”的境界。“当年的言论，多是因循时局，而非我内心的声音。”晚年冯友兰面对梁漱溟的挑错如是回应。当二人都入耄耋之年，冯友兰悔恨不已，写信道歉，梁冯矛盾涣然冰释。是什么让冯友兰敢于低下往日高傲的头颅？又是什么让两位老人重归于好？是当时一颗感谢挑错的赤心。

⑤但反观当今社会，又有多少人能走进感谢挑错的殿堂？闭目塞听之人充斥着我们的视野，自以为是之举考量着我们的耳力，捶胸顿足之果揪痛着我们的心房。曾几何时，面对关于河流污染的批评，我们忽视，如今那浑浊的水流让我们流泪；曾几何时，面对关于热捧洋节的批评，我们轻视，如今那传统文化的缺失让我们后悔；曾几何时，面对关于道德缺失的批评，我们漠视，如今那无助的眼神让我们刺痛；曾几何时，面对关于大拆大建的批评，我们无视，如今那典雅的古镇、优美的民居再也不见„„曾几何时，还有多少个曾几何时呵！

⑥探其根，究其本，师心自用，狂妄自大，死要面子，讳疾忌医，的确是害人不浅啊！再回首已是百年身，惨痛的教训让我们铭记了挑错者的可贵。

⑦于丹曾说：“对待批评，要三鞠躬，一握手。”蛙声起，蝉声近，透纱窗。繁华世界红尘万丈，我们会听到很多声音，每一种声音都会为生命染上自己的颜色。在13亿人民追寻“中国梦”的征途中，我们要有一种放低的姿态，一种清醒审视自我的态度，一颗诚恳开放的心，一双扎实进步的手，这才是唯一正确的选择。

⑧“君子之过，如日月之食焉，过也，人皆见之；更也，人皆仰之。”圣人之言，善哉！感谢挑错，世界将含笑欣赏我们的背影。

三、豹尾

写作显然属于一种创造性劳动，但也不能离开必要的借鉴。考场作文，时间限制很严格，加上思想压力大，短时间要写出一个好的作文结尾不是一件容易的事。如果事前积累了一些好的结尾，到时往往会产生奇效。现推荐部分结尾，供大家借鉴。■（„„），世界将在你眼前徐徐展开。■（„„），世界将含笑欣赏我们的背影。

■放下笔，悠悠地，我在想：即将接起重任的我们能否在（„„）中去寻觅这份人性的升华？我想，会的！

■佛家讲因果轮回，道家讲天理循环。（„„）

■王孙兮归来，山中兮不可久留。漫漫人生路，勿忘与（„„）同行。■蓦然回首，陌上花已开。

■天晴了，脱去身上的蓑衣，你会发现，阳光如此明媚，生命如此精彩！

■我希望，在不久的将来，每一个中国人 都能在面对一些从未发生的事情，追问“为什么不能之样？”而不是悲哀地反问自己：“中国人失掉（„„）了吗？”

四、语言

■学会引用名人名言

①正如乔布斯所说｜或如纪伯伦之言｜宋代大儒张载有云｜台湾画家几米病后幡然醒悟

②林清玄在《心的菩提》中说｜周国平在《人与永恒》中有言｜想起林语堂先生在《风声鹤唳》中的一句话 ③徐志摩写给陆小曼的信｜傅雷写给儿子的家书｜毛泽东寄给徐特立的贺卡 ④我想到了圣·埃克絮佩里（法国）的童话《小王子》｜ 克里斯蒂娜·涅斯特林格(奥地利)的《新木偶奇遇记》｜伊丽莎白·恩赖特（美国）《银顶针的夏天》

⑤《来自星星的你》在韩国乃至中国全面发烧（编剧朴智恩，女一号韩国国民女神全智贤，男一号最年轻视帝金秀贤）（如今的韩剧，早已告别了“癌症、车祸、死不了”的时代，凭借“长腿、养眼、真土豪”的新三宝，又一次成功抢占了观众们的眼球。人靓衣美画面好，固然是这些剧爆红的因素，不过也少不了这些剧背后的编剧们的功劳）｜电影《咱们结婚吧》里有一段经典的独白｜在电影《爱丽丝梦游仙境》中，那只西装革履的小兔子，一边飞奔一边看表，大喊着：“我没有时间了，来不及了。”这个镜头映射出现代人的处境。■学会积累散文化语言

第五篇：写作道场

写作道场(一)审题立意

名 师 授 道

在高考作文写作中,审题或者根据试题进行有效立意是写好高考作文最为重要的一环｡当试题确定以后,如何审好题､立好意至关重要,审题不准会导致全盘皆输｡能否准确地把握命题者的正确意图和话题本身的意义指向,又能否在文章中准确地呈现出来,将大体决定全文的成败｡要审准题､立好意,须熟练两种技能,掌握四种方法｡

一､熟练两种技能

1.抓“三主要”｡“三主要”包括主要对象､主要关系和主要意向｡主要对象即材料或命题的核心对象(词素),主要关系即对象之间的相互关系,主要意向即材料或命题的主要内容及其情感倾向｡怎样抓“三主要”进而形成判断,下面分成两类来讲:(1)有明确指向的作文——话题作文､命题作文｡这一类作文,关键在于抓住话题或命题中的核心词素,具体操作如下: ①操作原则｡抽象命题具体还原,具体概念抽象提升;大话题小处着手,小话题大处引申｡2008年山东卷话题“春来草自青”中“春”是关键词,比喻还原,大而言之,可以是盛世祖国的春天､和谐社会的春天､素质教育的春天等;小而言之,可以是个人成长需要的各种条件,如父母之爱､老师之爱､同学友谊或家庭的温暖､学校的关怀､班级的团结等｡ 2009年北京卷“隐形的翅膀”具有比喻义,含义广泛,如梦想､信念､特长､能力等等｡翅膀帮助人飞翔､帮助人成功､帮助人实现自己的理想,那么信心､坚强､乐观等积极向上的意志品质都可以作为写作的对象｡2009年北京卷“隐形的翅膀”具有比喻义,含义广泛,如梦想､信念､特长､能力等等｡翅膀帮助人飞翔､帮助人成功､帮助人实现自己的理想,那么信心､坚强､乐观等积极向上的意志品质都可以作为写作的对象｡2009年湖北卷“踮起脚尖”,最具弹性的词语是“踮起”｡踮起脚尖,即是一个引体向上提升的动作｡小而言之,即是站得高才能望得远,所以踮起脚尖;大而言之只有踮起脚尖,提升我们的眼光,我们才能看到前方要行进的“路”｡2009年山东卷题目“见证”,“见”是看见或经历,“证”是证明｡既可写现实人生,也可追溯历史人物或事件｡如写记叙文,考生宜选取现实生活中的人或事｡切入点要小;既要有“见”的详细叙述,又要有“证”的发人深省｡写议论文,宜从大处着眼,选取有积极意义的人物或事件,突出具体的感悟和启发｡

②操作方向:也就是朝哪些方向去具体化､抽象化,朝哪些方向小处入手或大处引申｡譬如可从自然､人生､精神､生活､社会､历史等层面去思考和挖掘｡③操作方法:围绕核心词素进行遣词造句｡即以该词或标题中的核心语素为中心词,组合成短语或造出表意明确的语句,而这短语和句子本身有可能构成这篇文章的命意判断｡如“望”这一话题,通过组句的方法可直接得出判断｡如:望是一种追求,一种向往,是人生向前的动力;望,观望,冷静地观望,它是大是大非前的冷静,是大风大浪前的睿智;望,奢望,它是一种不切实际的追逐,最终,在望中一切都可能变成虚无;望,望乡,望月,它是一种情思,是天上人间又一缥缈的情思｡这里需特别提醒的就是主要意向即情感倾向,这是文章之根｡乍看,高考作文题似乎没有情感倾向,其实它早就被命题人埋藏其中了,只是要你淘尽沙砾而已｡如2009年浙江卷“绿叶对根的情意”,意在针对现在的学生过于浮躁､热衷于国外的精彩,使过去那份沉淀在国人心目中亘古不变的乡土情结越来越显尴尬的现实情况,其间潜藏着脉脉含情的温馨提示:热爱你的家乡,热爱你的生活,热爱你脚下的那方热土吧｡如果审题时悟出了题中蕴涵的这种特殊情愫,行文时就会用饱满的激情､流畅的语句书写出浓情淋漓的文字,文章也定是上乘之作了｡

(2)无明确指向的作文——材料作文｡

对于没有提供话题的作文(主要是材料作文,包括看图作文),更要抓住材料中的“三主要”,确保不偏离｡譬如下面一则材料:《於陵子·人间》中讲了这样一则故事:中州有一只蜗牛,想振奋起来干一番事业,却又时时责备自己软弱无能｡想向东去攀登泰山,计算一下却要走三千多年;又想向南去涉长江和汉水,计算一下也要走三千多年｡再想想自己的寿命,不过朝暮之间就要死去｡于是不胜悲愤,枯死在蓬蒿秆上,而被蚂蚁嘲笑｡此材料的主要对象是蜗牛(抓蚂蚁就不妥),主要关系是蜗牛与其梦想等,主要倾向是对蜗牛行为的质疑或否定｡在此基础上去命意就不会有任何偏离｡

2.做“三追问”｡“三追问”,即三层哲学追问:是什么､为什么､怎么样｡譬如“修身”这一话题,我们便可从是什么､为什么､怎么样三个角度进行分解｡①是什么:谈修身的内涵,如炼人格､修骨气､养静心､育意志､修正气等｡②为什么:谈修身的价值,如修身与人生､修身与社会等｡③怎么样:谈修身的方法,如读书､艺术､亲近自然､走进古迹等｡有了如上的分解,准确判断就显得轻松易得了｡

譬如“修身贵在养气”“修身是人生的必修课”“读书以修身”等｡又如2009年湖北卷“站在的门口”,考生需要考虑“站在谁的门口”“这是一扇通向哪里的门”“站在门口做什么”“谁站在这个门口”“为什么要站在这样的门口”,这样思考,选择的角度比较丰富,可以开掘出比较广阔的空间｡

再看刚才《於陵子·人间》那则材料｡分析时可围绕蜗牛的结局问“蜗牛这种行为的本质是什么”“为什么蜗牛最后郁郁而终”“为什么蜗牛没能实现其梦想”或“蜗牛怎样才不会这样”等,最终可以正确地命意,如“凡事要量力而行”(认清自我､找准自己的位置)“从实际出发”“心在当下”“梦想要靠行动去实现”“千里之行,始于足下”等等｡以上角度,取其一即可｡

二､掌握四种方法

1.发散思维分析｡

任何事物都有不同的侧面｡同时,任何事物都处于客观世界的“关系网”中,从不同角度联系周围事物去观察思考会得到不同结论｡另外,事物的发展趋势一般都存在多种可能性,比较明显的可能性是常规角度,那些不明显的可能性往往会出新意｡作文审题立意也是如此,不同的着力点,有可能获取到不同的价值取向｡用发散思维审题立意,就是将对象放在一个广阔的背景中充分发挥想象力,从一点向四面八方想开去,力求考虑到对象中的各要素和对象发展的各种可能性结果,多角度地联系和思考｡

例如下面一则材料:一位哲学家想把一头牛赶进牛栏｡无论是他在前面使劲地拉,还是在后面狠狠地鞭打｡牛就是死活不进栏｡一位路过的农夫见了,笑着从地上扯了一把青草,放在牛的嘴前｡想不到,牛跟着农夫乖乖地走进了牛栏｡分析材料,首先要迅速找到合理的思维要素(材料中的对象､对象间的关系､事件的走向和目的等),然后通过联想找到正确的有价值的立意点｡本则材料围绕赶牛｡引出了几组思维要素——哲学家与农夫､鞭打与青草､死活不进栏与乖乖进栏等｡联系社会,可迅速找到如下几个价值点:(1)正确看待自己｡人人都有自己的长处,也有自己的短处｡每个人都有自己的生活区域,在如何对待牛的问题上｡一个哲学家就不如一个农夫｡(2)蛮干与巧干｡做事得法,事半功倍;做事不得法,事倍功半｡这位农夫抓住了牛的心理需求,便成功地把牛牵进栏中了｡(3)将欲取之,必先予之｡要别人做一件事,强逼是不行的,哪怕你使出浑身解数,也难以奏效｡其实我们要做的,仅是举手之劳,拿出一点生活的“青草”,给别人一点甜头和希望｡

2.聚合思维分析｡

以某个思考对象为中心,对来自不同角度的复杂信息进行收敛､聚合,为信息的归属树立一个明确的“靶子”,是一种由面到点的内聚式思维状态,又可称为内敛思维､集中思维｡对作文命题进行发散思维分析所形成的价值点,并不都是合理或最佳的,而且在运用时也不可能全部涉及,因此需要进行筛选“聚焦”,尽可能从关键要素或隐含要素进行分析,找到最佳或最新的方案｡譬如,2007年福建卷以“季节”为题的两篇文章:(甲)春,是父亲的季节,他在春天播下种子……夏,是我的季节,我正面临高考与人生的选择……秋,是母亲的季节,她在田地里采摘果实……冬,是爷爷的季节,他在火炉旁沉思……一年四季,丰富着我平凡一家的生活｡感受四季,让我们感受生活的美好｡(2007年福建一考生《季节》)(乙)一年有四季,有春天的温暖,有夏日的炎热,有秋天的萧瑟,有冬日的寒冷｡但母亲心中没有季节,没有四季,有的是永恒的对子女对父亲的爱｡春日融融,她却披着厚厚的蓑衣弯着腰脱秧插秧锄草施肥;夏日炎炎,人们都躲在阴凉一隅摇着蒲扇,她却顶着烈日在田间收割稻子收割鱼草;秋日,天气凉爽,人们加了外衣,而她穿的单衣却总是湿透黏身,她总是在山 间果园疾走,采摘果子,汗湿衣裳;冬日,她总是穿着厚厚的衣服出门,回来时,总是抱着一捆脱下的衣服｡她说:呵呵,做起活来就热了｡可总听到她的咳嗽声｡父亲总是骂母亲没一点季节概念｡母亲常常只是看父亲一眼,不吭一声,又转身来到厨房｡看到她那单薄而瘦弱的身子,看到她那看着我们的微笑的眼神,我知道母亲心中模糊了季节,但清楚的是对儿女对家庭对生活执著而坚定的爱｡(2007年福建一考生《季节》)甲文从四个方面审题立意,写出了四人各自的季节,如此立意,用力发散,就难以集中笔墨论证,也就缺失清晰透亮的思想,文章也流于浅俗｡而乙文从母亲季节的模糊入手,聚焦于母亲对儿女对父亲清晰而执著的爱,如此审题立意,角度集中,文章才显得厚实透亮｡对于材料类作文,我们也要学会运用聚合思维审题立意,抓住主要信息,明确相关要素间的关系,最后聚合成一点｡如下面两则材料:(1)《元史》载,宋元之际,世道纷乱｡学者许衡外出,天气炎热,口渴难忍｡路边正好有棵梨树,行人都去摘梨止渴,唯有许衡不为所动｡有人问:“你何不摘梨止渴?”许衡道:“不是自己的梨,岂能乱摘?”那人笑其迂腐,道:“世道如此乱,管他是谁的梨呢,它已没有主人了｡”许衡说:“梨虽无主,但我心有主｡”(2)一位木匠做桌子,正面背面做得都很光滑｡别人问他:“背面别人又看不到,为什么也做得这样光滑?”他说:“别人看不到,我看得到!”上述两则材料中的关键人物及其言行,共同指向“良知”“诚实”这一美德｡

3.逆向思维分析｡

事物关系中的正与反､倒与顺都是相对的;事物间可互相转化,在相反条件下会产生同样的结果｡对一则作文命题｡有时反弹琵琶,从相反或相对的角度去思考,关注其微小､潜在甚至相反的可能性,从而引起新的思索,产生超常的构思和不同凡响的新观念,这种思维即逆向思维｡

曾经有这样一个故事:在晚清时期｡有个叫李竹禅的画家｡有一年,他云游北京,被召到宫里作画｡一天,宦官向画家们宣布:“这里有一张五尺长的宣纸,老佛爷要画一幅九尺高的观世音站像,谁来接旨?”那些画家按常规思维,认为在五尺宣纸上画九尺高的观音菩萨是根本不可能的,因此没有一个敢站出来接旨,而李竹禅想了想说:“我来接!”只见他磨墨展纸,一挥而就｡大家一看,无不惊叹,心悦诚服｡原来,他画的观音和大家常画的并无多大差异,只是把观音画成了弯腰在拾净瓶中的柳枝,如果观音直起腰来,则正合九尺｡这里李竹禅采用的就是反面立意｡按照人们常规思维,一个人的站像,应该是笔直的挺立的,这样想,五尺长的宣纸当然不能画九尺高的观音像｡而李竹禅却不这样想,他认为弯着腰也是站着的,也应该算是站像｡这样便完成了观音站像的创作｡我们在作文审题时,可运用逆向思维,从多方面立意,思考可写的角度,选取最新颖的角度来写｡例如人们常把“能说会道”看做是“诡辩”“油嘴滑舌”的代名词,有的学生却反其 道而行之,他认为蔺相如的能说会道,能安邦定国,退敌保民;鲁迅的能说会道,成为革命的战斗工具;周总理的能说会道,维护了泱泱大国的尊严,架起了与世界人民友谊的桥梁｡ 又如“名师出高徒”,似乎已成为天经地义的道理｡但名师未必出高徒,宰予虽然也在孔子的门下学习,但并没有学到孔子的学识,相反,仍然浑浑噩噩,不思进取,最终一事无成,名师教出的不一定是高徒｡这种反弹琵琶法的逆向思维,打破了思维定式,做到了人未尝言之,而我始言之,写出了“人人心中所有,人人笔下所无”的独特之感,常可达到“化腐朽为新奇”的艺术效果｡

再如《曲高和寡》这一材料:有人在楚国郢都唱歌,他开始唱《下里巴人》时,都城里聚在一起跟着唱的有好几千人,接着唱《阳阿》时,跟着唱的还不下几百人,随后唱《阳春白雪》时,跟着唱的不过几十人｡等他唱起音调多变､悠扬流转的高深歌曲时,跟唱的就仅几个人了｡总之,曲调越高,能和他一起唱的人就越少｡(宋玉《对楚王问》)曲高,其功在作曲家和演唱者;和寡,在于和者能力有限｡相应的,人的志向､品格､才情越高,能理解他的人就越少｡宋玉借此抱怨世俗不理解他,深感知音难觅｡我们今天认识“曲高和寡”现象,是否也该让歌者反躬自省一下?如果“曲高”确为事实,那么寻觅知音之路也该继续探求;如果只是故作高深,那么知音难觅也就不足为怪了｡

逆向思维的核心在“逆”,在“异”,但绝不是刻意猎奇,标新立异｡求异要讲究科学态度,防止陈旧观念､贬义成语等的随意翻“新”｡反对故意编造怪异荒诞的情节;求异要理由充分,言之有理,使否定与创新都符合客观规律｡

4.辩证思维分析｡

实现对作文命题内在､本质､全面的分析离不开辩证思维｡辩证分析就是要求运用联系的观点､发展的观点､对立统一和一分为二的观点进行解析｡(1)联系的观点｡庄子说:“飓风起于萍末｡”看似毫无关联的飓风与萍末经过一系列的转化,最后紧密地联系了起来｡一颗小小的马掌钉,可以颠覆一个国家(“马掌钉效应”);大洋彼岸的蝴蝶轻轻扇动翅膀,可以引起大洋此岸一场风暴(“蝴蝶效应”)……事物总是普遍联系的｡任何一则 作文命题都可以联系到相关的个人经历､历史事件和社会现象等,这样,我们的思路便能拓展到无限的领域｡例如下面一则材料: 农民种高粱,有一道程序叫“晒根”,就是把高粱两边的根锄断,晒在日头下｡过些时候来培上土,高粱就开始疯长,拼命地朝下扎根｡夏天即使再风大雨大,高粱有了结实的根,照样能站住｡不光是高粱,小葱秧也要摆在地上晒几天,晒得蔫蔫的再栽,一沾水土,立马就活了过来,越发精神｡这是一则生活现象类材料｡从常规思维的角度看,植物的根是不能随便动的,可农民偏要故意锄断高粱的根,晒在日头下,从而促使它拼命地朝下扎根,以便日后经得起风吹雨打｡这种看似反常的举动实际上是符合常理的:久在水土中的根易生惰性,而晒蔫的断根,一沾水土,就会爆发出生命的潜能,这是求生的本能使然｡联系人生､教育等方面,我们自然可得出诸如“生于忧患,死于安乐”等感悟｡

(2)发展的观点｡辩证法告诉我们,事物是不断发展变化的｡有的作文命题,其本身蕴涵着发展性的道理,如“水滴石穿”这一典故;有的作文命题,如从历史､现实和未来的角度分析,会得出具有发展性的观点,如“孟母三迁”这一典故,从现代教育的角度分析,除了要求我们加强营造良好的教育环境外,还需重视对环境能动性适应的教育培养,进而可提出“适应性教育”“挫折教育”等话题｡

(3)全面的观点｡认识事物的过程中,我们常常陷入单一､片面的误区,如观冰山,只略见一角｡为此,我们要反省自己的思维方式,让自己的思维多元化､立体化,学会用对立统一和一分为二的观点去分析一则素材｡

譬如:据《新京报》报道,2007年9月4日,疯狂英语创始人李阳的博客中,贴出了一张3 000名学生集体下跪向老师们磕头的照片｡李阳称:“下跪的照片是真的,我已经习以为常了,学生下跪是对老师的尊重｡”诚然,下跪包含着对知识和师道的尊重,但从“集体下跪”的背后不难看到,我们学生本来就缺失骨气教育､文明教育､开化教育,作为光杆司令的应试教育,早已将他们折磨得心灵死气沉沉､思想奄奄一息了｡从某种层面上说,教育的奴性与奴性的教育是在反复戕害孩子们的心灵｡

又如2009年上海卷作文中有《切不要管中窥豹》这样一篇文章,彰显的也是作者的一种辩证思维:理查德·施特劳斯是一名著名的音乐家,在音乐上取得了巨大的成就,然而“二战”中在纳粹政府的要求下,他竟然愿意迈着颤颤巍巍的步子去接任音乐局局长的职务,在人生的选择上有失偏颇｡对于这样的一个人,有人或是只关注他的音乐成就而对他那一瞬间的惶惑避而不谈,有人却只是揪住这一个问题不放而忽视他在音乐上作出的贡献｡诚然,这个污点是他永远都无法抹去的,可是我们也要看到他晚年的自省——躲在山间别墅不见外客,直至终老,他在一遍遍痛苦地进行着心灵拷问｡因此,我们不能管中窥豹,而应当全面地看待､去探索他那曲折的心路历程,有失足,也有奋力救赎的挣扎｡这样,当我们结合他的音乐来评价他时,才显得更公正,更符合历史的本来面目｡而这样真实的人生才更有韵味｡

品 文 悟 道 读书养气

李建永

转眼年届不惑｡日月逝于上,体貌衰于下,但是“野孩子”的脾气未改,只喜欢读书的“积习”亦未改——恐怕今生今世也改不掉了｡只是在读书之余,脑子里时不时地冒出“读书究竟有什么作用”之类的问题｡

说读书是为了升学,为了获取知识,为了提高修养,为了改变命运,为了做官,为了就业,为了成名成家,为了报效祖国,等等,均无不可｡但我觉得,最根本的一条是——读书可以养气｡

人有三宝精气神,腹有诗书气自华｡读不同的书,可以养不同的气｡豪气､灵气､平和之气､浩然正气,可以养也;邪气､戾气､酸腐之气､阴阳怪气,亦可养也｡读书于人,就像吃饭喝水一样不可或缺｡我们可以从书中汲取无尽的精神力量——不!是汲取气,汲取一种激荡在我们的

血管､充盈于我们的周身,又从我们的每一个毛孔里散发出来的气｡同时,读书也要像吃饭那样,吃各种蔬果和五谷杂粮,摄取多种营养——阅读各式各样的书,汲取各种各样的气,以避免先天不足,后天失调｡不过,血气方刚的少男少女,不仅要杂学旁收,大量读书,还要有目标､有选择地读书,吸取精华,剔除糟粕,读天下好书,养人间正气｡就像孟夫子说的那样:我善养吾浩然之气｡

如果说读书是养气,是输入,那么写作则是释放,是输出｡作者把气注入文章,读者又通过读书,感受到文章的气,吸收了文章的气｡你我常说的“回肠荡气”,不正是说一种读书的经验,说文气在我们的胸腹之间流转激荡吗?是什么样的人,读了什么样的书,便会写出什么样的文章来｡气不同,文章的味道就不同,形成的风格也就大不相同｡所谓韩如潮､柳如泉､欧如澜､苏如海,便是韩柳欧苏四大文豪的禀赋､气质､学养之差异,贯透于文章中的具体表现｡

曹丕说“文以气为主”｡韩愈也强调“气盛言宜”｡就是说,写文章的人,只要气足了,想怎么写就怎么写｡所谓“气”者,分为两个层面,先天为禀赋(本气),后天为学养(养气)｡自身气弱的人,器小力薄,容易被书拿住,故世上多有食书不化的“两脚书橱”｡而自身气足的人,不仅读书可以养气,而且善于融会,善于吐纳,作文时自然就会“天机云锦用在我,剪裁妙处非刀尺”也｡正因如此,“野孩子”们的身上虽有侠气､野气和不驯之气,可是经过书卷气的浸染,其笔下之文,便多有杀气､霸气和蓬勃之气,别有手眼,异光灿烂｡

人虽有先天的禀赋､气质上的差异,然而读书可以养气,则是共同的,也是共通的｡庄子在《逍遥游》中说过,“水之积也不厚,则其负大舟也无力……风之积也不厚,则其负大翼也无力”｡读

书不足,养气不够,写起文章来只有出的气,没有入的气,就像游泳的人不会换气,用不了半个时辰,便三魂荡荡,七魄悠悠｡真正的文章好手,必然读书多,养气厚,厚积而薄发｡那手笔,真叫个:斯须九重真龙出,一洗万古凡马空!简评:这是一篇极好的劝世之作,是对功利社会下浮华的生存状态的一次提醒和矫正｡文章从生活经历切入,高调亮出“读书可以养气”的观念,立意响亮,给人以明确的态度倾向,让人读之很是畅快｡

品味时尚 江苏一考生 时尚如水,如酒,如茶｡略一品味,滋味各异,冷暖自知｡

有些时尚像水,初见时波光潋滟透明纯净,美不胜收｡可只要略微尝一小口就会知道:再美的表面都弥补不了那贫乏的无滋无味｡所以,只要远远看着便已足够｡T台上的靓丽模特,舞台上的绚丽灯光,街头女郎的时髦装束,追根到底也是本质乏善可陈而呈现出来的美好假象｡这些会被模仿,流行,风靡一时,像白开水一般存在于普通人家,但又说不出到底是哪里好｡ 有些时尚像酒,名贵,香浓,醇厚｡乍一眼看去,感觉美妙极了,可入口滋味却大相径庭｡先是被浓烈灼了嗓子,继而浑身发热,兴奋无比｡可最终晕晕乎乎地只有倒下,颓然不起｡名贵的宝马香车｡奢华的钻戒水晶,顶级的品牌服装｡这样的时尚冲昏了人的头脑,让人沉醉在奢侈品与被人尊重的豪华美梦中,最终黄粱梦断,后悔莫及｡拿自由､生命去换取这看似美妙,却没有什么

大作用的时尚的人须当谨记,美酒虽好,却非人人可得｡

最精彩的是像茶一样的时尚,恬淡清雅,陶醉人心｡茶可雅可俗,可热可冷,可名贵也可价廉｡茶可包含雅之精义,人之心灵｡初入口有淡淡苦味,细品来才满口甘甜,留有余香｡儒家学说的千古流芳,传统文化的熏陶渐染,先进科技的发展创新,都如茶一般,虽初始有些深奥难解,但品久了便可知其沁人心脾｡日饮一茶,日读一书,日索一技,才是文化流行的时尚,才是恬淡人生的必要元素｡

时尚不应是食之无味,弃之可惜的白开水;时尚不该是名贵奢华,使人混沌的白酒｡时尚应该是雅致美好内涵丰富的香茶｡茶,有人喜,有人厌,但包蕴着一种深沉的美感,是可以恒久流传的时尚｡像茶一样的时尚更是千百年来始终存在的经典｡是现代快节奏生活的一种调节剂,是人类审美的最终栖息地｡

简评:本文是一篇以“品味时尚”为题的高考优秀作文｡对于时尚,作者开头就形象地将其比做水､酒､茶,此三者均是饮品,但“滋味各异”;然后分别论及如水､如酒､如茶的时尚,在多方类比中相互比照,在相互比照中铺垫蓄势;最后一段水到渠成地得出“时尚应该是雅致美好内涵丰富的香茶”的观点｡文章命意开放､准确而有深度,可以看出,这位考生在材料意义的挖掘上,显示了较好的发现能力､选择能力和探究能力｡

1.阅读下面一则材料,做审题立意设计｡

狼与羊在长达千年的争斗之后,终于握手言和了｡这对双方来说都是求之不得的事｡为了显示诚意,双方交换了人质:羊交出了牧羊狗,而狼则交出了狼崽｡仪式进行得十分隆重,并且有公证人大象出席｡转眼间,小狼已经长大,它们个个嗜血成性,咬死了许多羊羔,并叼着羊羔跑回了森林之中｡而作为抵押物的牧羊狗因为相信了狼的花言巧语,在睡梦中遭到狼的袭击,被狼撕成碎片,变成了冤魂｡

提示:运用“三追问”,可以自问:是什么?(羊和狼握手言和,羊最终落得被吃的下场)为什么?(羊认错了对象,被狼所谓诚意的假象所迷惑｡错把敌人当朋友)怎么办?(不要轻信美丽的谎言,面对纷繁复杂的事物,要擦亮眼睛,不要被表象所蒙蔽,要透过现象看本质;和平固然值得珍视,但对言而无信的人只能针锋相对,决不妥协)这里的“怎么办”,应是立意的最佳角度｡

2.阅读下面一首小诗,做审题立意设计｡

老树的影子 是一堵墙黑色的墙 小树的脖子 伸了又伸

也望不到春天 它站在墙下等待岁月 老树走了的时候 小树也长成了墙 有更小的树

在墙下

提示:材料中的主要对象是老树与小树,其关系聚焦在“黑色的墙”上,“黑色的墙”是许多无形的墙,它建筑在我们的心里,这些“黑色的墙”阻止了我们去望“春天”,隔绝了人与人之间心灵的交流沟通｡因此,我们只有撞开思想的城墙,走出思想的“樊篱”,才能拥抱万紫千红的“春天”｡

3.请以“播种”为题写一篇不少于800字的文章｡要求:①角度自选;②立意自定;③除诗歌外,文体自选｡提示:在农田里播撒种子,那么,在人生的“田野”中该播种些什么呢?人们正在播种什么?播种有何意义?播种与收获是什么关系?怎样播种才会有收获?没有收获