托福写作：词汇应用和句子结构

第一篇：托福写作：词汇应用和句子结构

托福写作：词汇应用和句子结构

首先，我们先来看看词汇量。所谓词汇量，从宏观出发指的是你所掌握的单词总数。比如说你为了参加托福考试，整日茶饭不思，大门不出在家苦苦求索，用无数大脑细胞换来的单词记忆量。这个首先保证的是你的阅读能力……

TOEFL写作中词汇的选用

首先，我们先来看看词汇量。所谓词汇量，从宏观出发指的是你所掌握的单词总数。比如说你为了参加托福考试，整日茶饭不思，大门不出在家苦苦求索，用无数大脑细胞换来的单词记忆量。这个首先保证的是你的阅读能力，当你看到这个单词的时候好像形同陌路，也有点似曾相识，但是可以很大程度上帮助你理解整篇文章的意思，如此一来，你做TOEFL阅读部分的时候，词汇量的大小决定了你对文章的认知程度。可是对于写作而言，这个单词量就要另当别论了，或许你可以有几万个单词在大脑里，可是谈到写作，就很难用单词量来衡量你的具体应用了；换句话说，你认识他们每一个人，但是他们是不是认识你就不好说了。

很多同学背单词的坚韧精神让我佩服不已，但一如既往地记忆的确很好，可是在写作方面还是有很多苦恼：一般是提笔忘字或者高级词汇的使用，还有就是句型过于简单罗列，使得整篇文章缺少亮点和层次感。想要避免提笔忘字，就要谈到词汇要怎么记忆了，纯粹的单词表记忆，破坏了单词之间的联系性，积累写作方面的单词，最好不要逐一地背单词表，按照字母顺序排列的单词，彼此之间的联系太少。针对这一特点，市场上TOEFL写作类的图书都做了很多调整，经常在每篇范文之后附加了文章中好的词汇和短语，这样在你学习了范文的写法之后，再回味一下文章中的词汇精华，一举两得。如果有充分的时间，可以选择一些文字类新闻多一些的英文网站，Yahoo，MSN之类的就不错。通过阅读新闻来积累单词，首先很多社会新闻可以成为我们写作的构思素材，其次多元化的新闻，不容易产生死背单词的枯燥感。

关于高级词汇在TOEFL写作中的应用，我觉得要顺其自然。有些考生总是喜欢找一些级别高的单词，甚至是被人冷落的单词进行记忆，这就好像让莎士比亚去考托福一样，级别相差太多。我见过很多学生，尤其是高中生，因为记忆力还保持在茂盛期，所以偏爱这种类型的记忆；这样做的优点在于你的单词量扩展得很好，基本可以参加GRE的考试，缺点就是牺牲太多时间，也会损害记忆能力。针对TOEFL考试，词汇上的升级其实也很简单，我们来看下边这个例子：

magnificent significant 

important

具体应用到句子中：

1.WTO is planning an important conference about commercial regulations.2.It is a significant contribution to the society.3.We have visited the magnificent Forbidden city.这几个词大家都很熟悉，都有“重要，华丽”的意思。可是作为同级比较的形容词，它们之间的关系则是递进式的，其强调的重要或者华丽的程度也在逐渐提升。如果你按照这样的顺序来进行记忆，不但可以记牢这几个单词，而且可以得到如何应用的真谛。所以所谓的高级词汇的应用，要从基础开始，打好基础之后再进行积累，切忌操之过急。再来看看下边这个例子：

Humility humiliate humiliated humiliating

这几个词汇都是由humility衍生出来的，但是意思大不相同，humility是我们的传统美德，叫做“谦卑”，和pride正好是反义词；而humiliate却是“使人蒙尘”的意思，humiliate和humiliating 一般口语使用偏多，指的是“感觉很丢脸，没有面子”。例如：I feel humiliated 或者 it is humiliating.有时候，与其花费大量时间去记忆新单词和词组，都不如在已经掌握的单词中进行联想性的扩展来的有效和实惠。其实道理很简单，说一个东西好，很好，到非常好，相当好，甚至好到不能再好，这是一个纵向比较的记忆方法，按照级别的不同进行选择性的记忆和使用。

我们再看看下边这个例子：

So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk，what a briliant mission!

这句话是某英文网站对神舟七号的评价，这个属于句子的倒装，但是强调的内容是amazing。这个词意思很广泛，而且同义词也有很多，例如incredible, wonderful, 甚至unbelievable，这里用amazing是表示难以置信的好，类似incredible，是对太空行走这次任务完成的积极评价，这就是高级词汇的同等记忆了，这几个词都有“美妙，奇妙，难以置信”之类的意思，记忆的方法属于横向比较，也就是说，都是表示好到不能再好之类的意思，但是好的方向不同，所以单词的选择会有区别。

托福写作中句子句型的使用

我们来看看句子吧。如果说单词是句子的灵魂，那句子就是文章的基石，而句型则是不同品质的基石，可以让整篇文章充满多样的色彩，读起来让人很有兴趣。虽然句型的变化很多，可是针对TOEFL文章的特点，一篇接近300字的议论文，IBT在注重文章的完整性和一致性的同时，也需要文章有精彩的内容。可是文章篇幅有限，我们仅仅需要熟练地应用几个不同的句型，就一定会给评分人留下很深刻的印象了

句子中的修辞

我们看看下边的几个例句：

1.Knowledge will never lieh

知之为知之，不知为不知，是智也。

这个句子使用了拟人的修辞手法，赋予了knowledge生命，形象化了知识的严谨性，同时也避免了直接翻译的繁琐冗长。

2.That information comes very impressively to everyone in the job market。

那一信息使所有正在找工作的人为之一震。

这个句子也间接使用了拟人的手法，人性化了Information这个词，come可以把人们接受信息的过程表达的更生动。

3.Confidence never fails to play a significant role in your entire life

自信在你一生中扮演极其重要的角色

这个句子中never和fail表示双重否定，用以加强肯定的成分。

这几种句子中的修辞手法都可以使句子的意思表达起来更生动，让人读起来容易接受，同时也避免了直接翻译的很多缺点。

强调句的应用和举例说明

孔子《论语》中的这个经典语句可谓家喻户晓，一句“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”道出了中华民族作为礼仪之邦的特点。在托福中，这句话可以应用在关于friendship的文章，这句话直译过来说的是：有朋友从很远的地方来看你难道不是一件很开心的事情吗？通过中文理解，我们知道这句话所强调的部分是：一件很开心的事情。“开心”有很多词汇可以选择，常用的有happy和glad，高级一点的有enjoyable和pleasant，再高级一点的还有incredible和delightful。应用到实际写作中，可以使用it is 做一个强调句来凸显这句话的特点，例如：

It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。

在这个句子中，除了deightful以外，其他句子成分都很平常，每个人都会写，所以即使是评卷人看到这个句子也不会觉得稀奇，那么作为强调句，恰好是delightful这个词，代表了一种发自心底的喜悦和开心，让读过这个句子的人都有眼前一亮的感觉，这也就达到了强调句的作用。然而happy和glad也都有快乐之意，但是和delightful相比就显得不够级别了，明显高兴的程度不一样，delightful更能显示一种喜悦带来的兴奋，迎接千里迢迢来访的朋友这样的表达最恰当不过了。可以起到强调作用的句型结构有很多，我们能够用到的同位语从句和倒装句都有这样的作用，例如：

It is an undeniable fact that human activities harm the Earth.这句话中that后边引导的就是要强调的内容，即an undeniable fact.为了突出harm the Earth是一个不可否认的事实，做成这样一个句子。

Only through effective measures can the government resolve the dispute.这句话强调的就是only后边的effective measures，而且翻译过来是只有同过有效的措施，强调的唯一性，无二法门。

倒装句子的特点就是把句子倒过来说，这样的解释过于直白但却很实际。根据英语句型结构特点，因为要强调才会选择去倒装。我们看看下边的两个例子：

1.So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it.2.So amazing are these crewmembers that they have successfully accomplished space walk.句子中划线的部分就是倒装结构的重点强调所在，关于倒装句的作用，前边已然讲过，这里就不多说了。在TOEFL的具体应用中，我们需要在写作实践里进行检验。

Only through education can we rise in the world.Only by receiving education can we rise in the world.从句什么时候使用

在托福写作中，从句句型还是应用比较广泛的，常用的主语、宾语从句，定语从句，还有我们讲过的同位语从句。我见过的托福写作范文中，包括CBT和IBT的两类作文，段落中从句出现的频率都是很高的，尤其是第一段introduction中，一般做背景介绍的时候都会使用宾语从句，例如：some people claim that… 在文章的主体部分中，为了体现句式的变化，各种从句交替应用就显得很重要；即使在iBT导入了first draft的概念之后，对文章的内容要求也没有改变要求，需要体现完整性和统一性。有一点值得注意，从句虽好，但不宜过多重复，这就好像美酒虽好，但不要贪杯的道理一样。好钢用在刀刃上，从句的优点是简单句不能比拟的，但只有简单句结合从句，才能体现句子的多变性；也只有全部的句子都为主题句服务，文章的整体性才会更好的体现。以下是议论文写作中比较好的一些从句例子：

1.Many experts claim that people should positively participate in garbage recycle.宾语从句，一般出现在首段背景介绍部分。

2.Horror movies, in which there might be bleeding and terrifying scenes, are not recommended for children.定语从句，一般在主体部分中比较常见，用以解释说明，达到简化句子的目的。

3.As long as you are a student, you should always behave yourself.状语从句，让步状语从句比较常见的使用although或者though来引导，这里介绍一个使用as long as来引导的句子，这个例句可以解释成做一天和尚撞一天钟。

4.When it comes to psychology, most people believe that it is a behavioral study.时间状语从句，例句中的应用表示了“当谈到…的时候”，这是一种美式英语中经常出现的句式，口语和书面语都可以使用，推荐各位掌握。

谚语的选择和使用方法

谚语，即proverb。很多都陪伴我们一路成长，有很多的警世名言都可以应用到写作中，可以给你的文章提升说服力。谚语的应用一般要注意一下几点：

第一，要考虑到东西方文化的差异。毕竟我们的文章是给外国友人欣赏的，所以要注意谚语的背景。说句不客气的话，我们上下五千年的历史长河里流淌了太多的文化，有太多东西让这些可爱的阅卷人看不懂了。

例如：no pain, no gain 不劳无获，no sacrifice , no gain 不入虎穴，焉得虎子

这两个no…no…的成语很多人都知道，其含义可以被全世界人接受，所以在TOEFL的文章中被频繁使用。但是，no hunt, no bark 这个成语，直译过来是说不去打猎就不需要听到狗叫了，成语里的典故讲的是韩信说过的一句话：鸟尽弓藏，兔死狗烹。这句话我们很容易理解，而因为文化背景的区别，从原文理解起来对西方逻辑有点困难，所以不建议各位在托福的写作中应用。

第二，学会灵活地运用谚语。挑选谚语是第一步，接下来的就是你如何去使用它了。比较常见的是作为主旨句出现在段落之中，这个前边提到了一些，例如：Knowledge will never lie 和It’s delightful to have friends from distant lands。表示友谊重要性的还有Friendship never sinks即友谊之船永不沉没，等等。

以下提供一些写作中比较常见的好的谚语，希望各位斟酌使用。

Practice makes perfect 熟能生巧

Patience is the road to understanding 理解万岁

All roads lead to Rome 条条大路通罗马

Attitudes define everything.态度决定一切

Every coin has its two sides.有利有弊

One’s meat is another’s poison.己所不欲，勿施于人

讲了这么多的句型和从句，应用起来也要注意方法，切忌移花接木，强买强卖。我见过很多考生喜欢写强调句，因为格式简单，模仿起来也容易，但是如果在每一个段落都出现倒装或者强调句，那也就不能凸现强调的意义了，反而让人感觉重复，索然无味。有些时候文章的段落里是不需要大篇幅应用从句的，强行介入的从句反而会使句子读起来文字繁冗罗列，好像负担很重的样子；谚语的使用要谨慎小心，合理的使用可以让阅卷人对你佩服的五体投地，盲目的应用可能会让人曲解你所表达的意思，所以我们不要做画蛇添足的事，对于TOEFL文章而言，更多精力要放在段落的整体性上，不需要应用的语法和词汇就干脆不用，宁缺毋滥。

构思协调结构，结构配合论证，论证揣摩方法，文章才会有整体感和说服力；单词组成句子，句子形成段落，段落构成文章，不仅仅针对TOEFL，任何一篇好的文章都不是一个孤立的个体，而是一点一滴积累起来的，有一种群拥而起的感觉。文章中闪光的词汇和句型，都是点滴的精华，使得你的文章可以让人读后有一种赏心悦目的感觉，如果这样的话，你的作文就成功了，因为只有读者说好的文章才是真正意义上的好文章。

以下贡献一篇IBT托福的议论文范文，文章结构上遵循规则，总分总的格式贯穿到底。内容上句式寻求清晰明了，语言也符合first draft的要求，论证则以例证为主导，通篇阅读下来有很好的整体性, 推荐各位考生模仿。

Private highway or Public transportation

I believe that our government should spend more money on transportation.Here is why.First of all, public transportation such as buses and subways can deliver a great amount of people at the same time.For instance, subways can always transfer hundreds of people to their destinations as soon as possible.Long distance buses will give a handful of help to many people who work in a different city as they live.In addition, local buses are heroes for making our everyday life easier.Secondly, public transportation can effectively relieve the traffic congestion in rush hour.For example, living in a metropolitan like New York or Toronto, people are highly recommended to take public transportation.Not only the gasoline price today is scaring people away, but they always agree that it can take them forever to get out of a traffic jam in rush hour.Last but not least, buses and subways today are typically powered by low emission fuels and even electricity.The government should realize that this will make a great contribution to the city’s environment.In the other hand, environmental problem has been raised as a global concern.I think our government should not consider the future impact of car emissions at last;otherwise they will eventually spend more money from their budget to save the environment.As a matter of fact, highway improvement is somehow required as well.Nowadays, in the city I am living, almost every family owns a car.My parents are living outside the city, they drive to work everyday.In holidays, they will invite me to have a trip.We can plan the trip wherever we want to go.People have more freedom to travel with cars, and it turns out that highways are always occupied during weekend.To conclude, public transportation requires more attention from our government.For instance, such as the quality of buses, the appropriate increase of routes and the safety concerns.

第二篇：托福写作词汇

写作关键用词及短语汇总 数量词

一些 a range of;a variety of;a series of;an array of 无数 innumerable;countless 许多 plenty of;many;much;a great deal of;a lot of;ample 非常多（大）的 tremendous 依序列举 list in sequence

时间词

过时的 outdated;antiquated;outmoded;obsolete;anachronistic 短暂的 ephemeral;transitory;transient;short-lived 不合时宜的 anachronism 可持久的 durable;able to stand wear;last a long time 一再 time after time;again and again 初始的 preliminary 前述的 aforementioned;aforesaid;former 自古到今 from ancient times to the present day;down through the ages 年轻人 young people;youngster;youth;young adult 老式的 old-fashioned;out of date;dated 偶尔 from time to time;now and then;once in a while;at times 时常 often;frequently;repeatedly 永远的 eternal;perpetual;lasting throughout life 重整办事优先顺序 reshape priorities 目前 so far;by far 一次就可完成的事 one-time event 正/反意见（opinion）骂 yell at;reprimand;chide;scold;reprove 支持 support;endorse;back up;uphold 谴责 condemn;express strong disapproval of 错的 mistaken;erroneous;wrong incorrect 错事 wrongdoing;had acts;misbehavior 做相反的 do the reverse of;do the opposite 归咎 blame…on;put the blame on …;…is to blame 瓦解 disintegrate;break up;separate into small parts 支持某一方 in favor of;on the side of 不会犯错的 infallible 意见不和 clashes of opinion 一致的 unanimous;in complete agreement 不恰当 inappropriate;improper;unsuitable;inadequate 批判 criticize;blame;find fault with;make judgments of the merits and faults of… 我们想念…we are convinced that…;we are certain that..我愿意 I incline to;I am inclined to;I am willing to;I tend to 有用的 useful;of use;serviceable;good for;instrumental;productive 有意义的 meaningful;fulfilling 他们不愿承认这一点 they have always been reluctant to admit this… 在大家同意下 by common consent of… 否定 deny;withhold;negate 承认 admit;acknowledge;confess;concede 于事无补 of no help;of no avail;no use 使…受益 benefit…;do good to…;is good for…;is of great benefit to…

成语及俗语及搭配方式

想法 frame of mind;mind set;the way one is thinking 想出 come up with 找出 come up with;find out 利用 use;take advantage of 夸耀 brag about;boast about;show off;speak too highly of 照顾 take care of;take charge of;attend to;watch over 对…很了解 have a deep knowledge of… 对抗权威 stand up against authority;resisit boldly the authority 对…有信心 have confidence in 说清楚 articulate;verbalize;put in words;utter 接受…之美意 embrace the offer of… 累积 amass;accumulate;heap up;assemble 连系 tact;get in touch with;contact with 排除这可能性 rule out the possibility 等于 is equivalent to;equal 选择 choose;elect;opt for;pick;single out 发出 deliver;give out;hand over 绕路 detour;take a detour;take a roundabout way 禁止进入 is kept out;is barred from 小看 make little of 坏了 out of order;on the blink;is not working 分别 distinguish between;make a distinction between;tell…from 依靠 count on;depend on 忽视 neglect;give too little care to 存在 come to be;come into existence;come to birth;come into being 考虑 consider;take into consideration;take into account 考虑到 in consideration of 用尽力气 exhaust one’s strength;use up one’s strength 开动 initiate;set going 准备…brace for;prepare for 在于 lie in;rest on;rest with 主动 take the initiative 不算 exclusive of;not counting;leaving out 应该得到 deserve;have right to;is worthy of 避免 avoid;shun;get around;circumvent 幻想 fantasy;play of the mind 以此标准来算 by this criterion;by this standard 乍看之下 at first glance 面对 in the face of;in the presence of 以 by means of;by virtue of;by the use of 不惜代价 at all costs 每况愈下 from bad to worse 承受错误造成的后果 in reaping the harvest of his mistakes 取得同意…get the go-ahead to 不择手段 unscrupulously;by hook or by crook 想法与作法 beliefs and practices 内情 ins and outs;turns and twists 关键时刻 the critical moment 虽然 although;notwithstanding;albeit;though

功能用法与功能词用法

根据 according to;on the basis of;on the ground of(that);in the light of;in line with;in accordance with 逃避问题 evade the question 增大 enlarge;extend;aggrandize 澄清 clarify;make clear 赔偿 compensate for;give…as compensation for 实现 carry out;implement;realize;make…come true 假定 suppose;assume;postulate;hypothesize 极端的 radical;extreme 极端的措施 drastic measures 剩下的 the rest;the remainder;what is left 换言之 in other words;put another way 结果 result;aftermath;consequence 优点 advantage;strength;strong point;merit;benefit 简言之 put simply;in short;in brief;in a nutshell 举例而言 for instance;for example;to illustrate;let us cite 特别是 an illustration;to cite a concrete case 特别是 especially;more than others;particularly;in particular 既然…now that…;seeing that… 迹象 inkling;hint;clue;a slight suggestion 缺点 disadvantage;demerit;shortcoming;drawback;weakness 除去 do away with;eliminate;remove;get rid of 缺少 for lack of;for a deficiency of 毕竟 after all;all in all 范围 scope;field;realm 潜力 potential;行为 conduct;behavior;doings 隔绝 isolate;insulate 分辨出 identify;recognize 不易懂的 elusive;hard to understand 展开 unfold 回馈 feedback 主导的人物 a dominant figure;a controlling man;the most influential person 观点 viewpoint;point of view;perspective;standpoint 正在进行中 is underway 只是一种姿态 is merely a gesture 立场 position;stand;stance 意向 inclination;leaning;intention 特权 privilege;a special right 来自 stem from;come from 一件事的不同说法 alternative statements of fact

写作关键（常用词）

交织 intertwine;interweave 好奇心 the eager desire to know;curiosity 尊敬 respect;esteem;think highly of 顽固的 headstrong;obstinate;stubborn 暗淡的 gloomy;dark;dim 巨大的 huge;gigantic;colossal;vast;enormous;tremendous 探索 explore;fathom 执行 carry out;execute;do 现代 modern times;modern age;contemporary age 偏见 prejudice;bias;partiality;predilection 混乱 chaos;commotion;confusion;disturbance;tumult 无弹性（僵硬）rigid 无缺点的 flawless;airtight 无药可救 incurable 无法避免的 unavoidable;inevitable 细密的计划 elaborate plan 取消 cancel;annul;abolish 解药 a cure for…;a remedy for;谜 puzzle;riddle;enigma 机会平等 equality of opportunity 较有影响力的国家 a predominant country 遵守 abide by;conform to;observe;comply with 热情的 passionate;ardent;zealous 模糊的 ambiguous;vague;obscure 影响长远的 far-reaching 失望 despair;loss of hope;without hope 幼稚 childish;childlike;naïve 挑剔的 picky;choosy;fastidious 破坏 destroy;ruin;break to pieces;devasate 技巧的 skillful;adept;dexterous 警觉的 alert;watchful;on guard;wary of 忍受 bear;put up with;endure;stand 证据 evidence;facts;proof;grounds;testimony 很容易地 easily;with little problem;with little hindrance 令人惊讶的 amazing;astonishing;astounding 生动的报导 vivid description 争取 compete for;try hard to win 遗产 heritage;legacy;inheritance 保护 protect;safeguard;preserve;shelter 了解 understand;comprehend;catch the meaning of;catch on 汇露 reveal;make known;disclose 放大 amplify;magnify;enlarge 动力 impetus;driving force;momentum 自满的 complacent 第一流的 first-rate;excellent 安全处 refuge;asylum;haven;sanctuary 强调 emphasize;stress;highlight 短视的决定 short-sighted decision 真正的 genuine;authentic;real 怪异的 eccentric;peculiar;odd 明显的 distinct;clear;explicit;obvious 得到…的注意 capture one’s attention 事事干涉的 meddlesome;interfering 背景 setting;background 假的 fake;false;counterfeit 夸大报导 dramatize 退步 setback 古人 the ancients 古老的 old;ancient;archaeic 逃犯 infringe(on);violate 使害怕 intimidate;frighten 带来生气 enliven 对手 rival 吸引人的 intriguing 旁观者 onlooker 准确地说 to be exact;to be precise;precisely 突然醒悟 it dawned on me that 仔细思考之后 after long deliberation;after careful thought 对比及其相关用词 可互换的 interchangeable 可与…相比 is comparable with(to)普遍的 prevailing;common;prevalent 是一个对比 is a sharp contrast to 比作 is likened to;is compared to 多样化的 heterogeneous 单一性的 homogeneous

写作关系/逻辑用词

一般而言 in general;generally speaking;by and large 满于现状 be happy with what you are 预测未来 project into the future 另一个观点是… another way of looking at the matter is… 不宜取笑… it is not decent to make fun of… 评估社会文化因素 assess(evaluate)sociocultural factors 那并非说… that does not mean that…

那有这回事 there is no such thing as 一个有待克服的困难是… a major hurdle for us to overcome is… 由…造成 caused by;attributable to;due to;resulting from 由…组成 is made up of…;is comprised of;consist 必须从两方面考虑此问题 this problem needs to be considered on two dimensions: 限制 limit;restrict;refrain;restrain;keep within limits;confine;keep in check 一般人认为… conventional wisdom suggests that… 这方法有陷阱 the method had pitfalls: 说服 convince;persuade;cause to believe 具体的 specific;concrete;tangible 刻意的 intentional;on purpose;intended 费时间去了 解…take time to acquaint oneself with… …是此问题的核心 …is at the root of the issue 无法估计 is beyond calculation;incalculable 无资格的 disqualified

第三篇：托福写作如何利用词汇

官方网站：

托福写作如何利用词汇

一般来说，托福写作词汇使用有3方面的技巧：选词时要符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致;选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景;应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分。

技巧

一、托福写作词汇的选择要符合语言习惯

由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。

如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。

技巧

二、在托福写作考试中特别要注意区分同义词

由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是短词，小词，听起来朴素)亲切，大量用于口头表达：法语来源的词庄重文雅，多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关;拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓，如ask，question，inter-rogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。

比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean，thin，underweight，gaunt，lanky，skinny等来表达，而sleder表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时，都意为“个子小”的，但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义，而 little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”，根据不同的上下文，它还有“纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题，对象及情景。技巧

三、措词选择应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分

不是所有的托福写作词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如 family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员，与人有关，而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”，但他们的意思却是相反的。

因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思，但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词;所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思，比如send一词，如果单把它理解成汉语的“送”的话，象这样的句子“她送信给我”也许会被写成 she sent me the letter.所以经过上文的讨论，我们发现在托福写作考试中，托福写作词汇的运用还是很有一番学问的，考生在实际运用中要特别注意。

第四篇：托福写作重点词汇句型下载

托福写作重点词汇句型下载 官方网站：

托福写作重点词汇句型下载。下面为大家整理了2014年托福写作考试中常用的一些词汇句型，同学们可进行下载并记忆运用，以便更好地准备托福写作考试。

有目标的进行托福写作准备，莫过于掌握最热门的托福写作词汇和托福写作句型了。下面将2014年托福写作热门词汇和句型汇总，并辅以实例做了详细的说明，希望对同学们托福写作提高有所帮助!(MA)Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should

governments spend more money on improving public transportation(buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.Governments should definitely spend more money on improving all forms of public transportation.The widespread use of private cars has contributed to some serious problems in society, including depletion of natural resources, increased pollution and the loss of a sense of a sense of community.By encouraging the use of public transportation, governments can do a lot to counteract these problems.Cars depend on oil and gasoline, which are nonrenewable resources.Once we have used them up, they are gone forever.Every time a person gets into a private car to go to work, to the store, or anywhere, gasoline is used up just to take one person to one place.The more people drive their cars, the more resources are used up.When people use public transportation, on the other hand, less oil and gasoline are used up per person.Cars cause pollution.Every time a person drive his car somewhere, more pollution is put into the air.In many big cities, the high amount of air pollution causes health problems for the residents.Public transportation means fewer cars on the road, and that means less pollution.Cars tend to isolate people from each other.When a person use a private car, he is alone or only with people that he already knows.He doesn’t have the opportunity to see other people or talk to them or feel that he is part of a larger community.When he uses public transportation, however, he is surrounded by neighbors and other fellow city residents.He has a chance to be with people he might not otherwise see, and maybe even to get to know them a little.Environment problems and increased isolation are some of the most serious problems of modern society.Encouraging the use of public transportation is one way government can work against these problems and start creating a better world.

第五篇：托福写作句子美化

句子美化

A：状语前置

在英文写作里，状语前置是一种相当常用的句式变换手法。

状语前置就是把一个由副词、介词、现在分词或者动词不定式形成的小短语放在句首。这种句式最大的好处是让你的句子产生了一种长短结合的跳跃的节奏感。

新托福作文状语前置用法全集

☆ Historically, in America workers have been mercilessly exploited by big corporations.For example, garment industry workers, railway workers and fruit pickers were suffering many hardships and paid very little.☆ Clearly, this is a positive alternative for motivated parents and their children.☆ Undoubtedly, the most basic elements of writing are to be found in pictures.B 句中做手脚

☆ 同理，在新托福作文的句中也经常可以引入小短语，它会让句子显得更加灵活多变。

 Shopping, a necessary part of daily life, is increasingly time-consuming(消耗时间的)in North America. We’II all die in the end, and because of this, we should cherish every moment of life. In America, those who move long distances are generally the kind of people who play the major role in holding the community together, in large part because / partly because they are more confident and have better career opportunities. The internet is a simple collection of screens  改成 ☆ The Internet is, simply, a collection of screens of information(known as webpages)that reside on thousands of computers around the world.☆ A positive attitude, after all, is essential for a student’s academic performance.☆ Upon reflection, I recognize, sadly, my experience of being a high-school student and those of the high-school students today are not as different as I hoped.☆ Many scientists believe that human activity has very little, if any, impact on the recent warming trend on Earth.C副词领路人

有些表示幅度或者范围的副词，如果放在形容词的前面引导形容词，经常可以起到让它们后面的形容词更加明确的作用。

例如: The ability to speak English is increasingly important in a global society.The medicine doesn’t cure the illness.It merely(just)stops the pain.The product’s success can’t be solely（-only，但注意solely只能作副词）attributed to the advertising.类似的副词还有：approximately（大约），markedly(显著地)，substantially（大幅度地，显著地，在比较正式的文章和演讲中异常常用），considerably（显著地，可观地），slightly 微小地，marginally c略微地，和fractionally 本意是分数地，但一般就近似“微小程度地”意思。

D倒装是进步的阶梯

倒装这种语法现象同学们都学过，但经常想不到去积极使用。在新托福作文里如果找准机会用一次，会让考官感到一股暖流涌上心头。

☆ Not only should the parents spend more time with their children, they should also try to communicate with their children more often.☆ Only in this way can the problem of child obesity be effectively controlled.☆ Under no circumstances should teachers punish their students physically.☆ Strange as it may seem, parents’ attention sometimes hinders(阻碍)students’ academic progress.☆近义词：

hinder / impede / obstruct

☆ Neither of these factors is the case any longer.☆ Never have there been more appropriate vehicles for direct marketing than the Internet and E-mails.E强调但不强势

用It is… that..或者It is… who…

Parents and siblings have a far greater impact on the development of their personality traits.Though friends definitely play a significant role in shaping teenagers’ personality, it is the parents and siblings that have a far greater impact on the development of their personality traits.F虚拟不等忽悠

The recent crisis could not have occurred without the participation of the biggest players on Wall Street.Had I lived in a small town, my life would have been confined to(被限制)very few possibilities.G抽象画法的of Importance / help / value / interest / significance / necessity / quality等。比如 :

☆ Fossil fuel is of great importance to the development of industry, transportation and tourism.☆ Whether people in the developing world are suffering is of no interest to many wealthy citizens in industrial countries.H 被动也疯狂

It can be argued that… It has been noted that… It’s observed that..It’s believed that…

It’s commonly accepted that… It’s generally recognized that… It is reported that..（注意这里可以用现在时）It’s estimated that…

I变性表决心

请注意这里的变性是指“改变词性”的句式变换手法。写作中的变性主要有三种： 改变前: People are concerned because the traditional values are gradually disappearing from the tribes.People are concerned about the gradual disappearance of the traditional tribal values.改变前: Some people don’t fulfill their responsibilities as parents.改变后: Some people don’t fulfill their parental responsibilities.Telecommuting（在家远程上班）can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.Telecommuting can benefit employers and employees.Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries(受益者)of telecommuting.J副词排成队

☆ Athletes tend to move gracefully, energetically and powerfully.Some people argue that the new instruction methodology can help students develop intellectually and emotionally.☆All this material is now quickly, inexpensively and readily available from the comfort of our desks and work stations.☆ After the surgery, most young patients feel physically and mentally back to normal within a week.M双重否定就是肯定

☆1t is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.意思是：去做某事是现实的

☆ Not surprisingly, It is not uncommon that It was not unusual that

三、托福句库必备排比法 1．词语排比(1)名词

We have nothing but truth, goodness and beauty.我们除了真实、善良和漂亮之外，一无所有。 She gave up her family, her honor, and her fortune for liberty. 她放弃了家庭、荣耀和财富，只是为了追求自由。 用family，honor，fortune：比来突出她对自由的渴望以及毅然为之所做出的牺牲非常大。

(2)动词  Since now, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and prepare ourselves for new challenges. 从现在开始，我们必须重新振作，整装待发，迎接新的挑战。 三个简单的动词“重新振作、整装待发、迎接挑战”，却能够有力地号召大家为当前的工作做好准备，起到鼓舞人心的作用。 During our life, we should never stop studying, thinking, and practicing. 在我们的一生中，我们必须不断学习，不断思考，不断实践。 用三个动词精炼、抽象地概括了人一生不断成长的过程，道出了人生的本质。

(3)形容词  What an ugly, greedy, and selfish man! 这是一个多么丑陋、贪婪，自私的人呀！ 连用三个形容词塑造了一个丑陋的形象，也流露出了作者的厌恶之情。 Skateboarding is both exciting and dangerous. 滑板运动又兴奋又危险。(4)副词

In they all came, one after another, some shyly, some boldly, some gracefully, some awkwardly…(Dickens)他们都进来了，一个接着一个，有的害羞，有的胆大，有的优雅，有的笨拙„„（狄更斯）

2．短语排比(1)名词短语

Four things are not to be brought back: a word spoken, an arrow discharged, the divine decree and past time.(E.P.)四件事情是无法收回来的：说出去的话，放出去的箭，神圣的法会，以及过去的时间。

Only depend on those values can we succeed – hard work and tolerance, fair play and courage…

我们要成功，就需要依靠以下这些价值观：努力工作和忍耐力，公平竞争和勇气„„

(2)动词短语

Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.(Kennedy)

(3)介词短语

Our government is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.我们的政府是民有、民主、民享的政府。

(5)不定式短语

The time has come to relearn our history, to reaffirm our responsibility and to choose our new target.是到了重新学习历史、重新确认责任、选择我们新的目标的时刻了。

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is easier for more people now than in the past to get an education.文章1 Never does the topic referring to education fail to arouse the attention of public, with the increasing awareness of the importance of education as well as the growing amount of educational resources.I maintain that people are now easier to become educated than in the past.First of all, educational level of a country is considered as a vital factor to a country's international competitiveness.More and more countries are willing to give money to educational institution.Government issues fund to universities or colleges to make sure that almost every student are able to afford the tuition and get education.Government also provides teachers with excellent conditions in order to attract more scholars to engage in educational field.Government also equips universities or colleges with high quality facilities to encourage teachers and students to get involved in all kinds of researches.Therefore, with the help of government, education has become easier for most people.What’s more, various open classes and learning materials are available on the internet so that people can learn whenever or wherever they want.They need not to go to school to get education.As a university student, I can benefit a lot from the shared online educational materials.For example, I am able to have access to the classes that are offered in Harvard University, Stanford University and other famous universities all over the world.I really enjoy the convenience that internet has brought to us.Therefore, I believe that people have more opportunities to get education with the help of internet.Last but not least, the awareness of education has increased dramatically in modern society, and the reasons may be that a strong educational background is beneficial to all of us.Under a heavy influence of global unemployment crisis, most people find that it is hard to find a job.However, a person with master degree may possess more chances to get an ideal job.In a word, the pressure of living in modern society also serves as an important motivation that stimulates people to become educated.All in all, with the help of government and the wide spread of internet as well as increasing awareness of education, it is surly easier for people to become educated than in the past.文章2 The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have seen/witnessed the development and advancement of many fields and areas of society.Education is an area that has developed tremendously in the past hundred years.The rise of the middle class, the standardization of education, and the opening of many more schools has made it possible for more people now than in the past to get an education.In China specifically, education reform began with the opening up and reform period of the 1980’s.During this time China also opened up its economy and changed from a state run economy to a market economy.A market economy in China has made it possible for the development of the middle class.Historically throughout the world, education belonged to the social elites.People from the lower class, which always outnumbered the upper class, did not have the money or resources to become educated.The middle class is a group of people who are not necessarily the elites of society, but have the money to pay for education.Since the 1980’s, the middle class has been rapidly growing, increasing ten-fold 十倍the number of children who have the opportunities to get an education.With the rise of the middle class, also comes an increase in pressure on the government.倒装Since more people can afford education, more pressure is put on the government to provide teachers and schools for the children of the middle class.The government is then spurred into action to increase funding and resources for education nationwide.This has then prompted the opening of schools in many areas beyond the major cities and the training of many new teachers.More teachers and more schools mean that more people will be educated.The government’s attention on education has helped with the standardization of education in China.This standardization has created nationwide tests that have made it so that every student, no matter his or her background or hometown, has the opportunity to attend high school and apply for college.Not only do more students have the opportunity to attend school, but they also have the opportunity to continue their education further than previous generations.The rise of the middle class, the increased involvement of the government, and the standardization of education has made it so that more people, now than ever, have the opportunity to become educated.范文

It has been argued that despite the continued advancement of science and technology, our lives have changed in a way that is more tremendous than ever.I, however I disagree.First, environmental problems are still on the waiting list.Technology-dominated industrialization has generated such problems as global warming, acid rain and urban smog, which has given rise to a series of adverse effects-climate change, death of aquatic life and respiratory diseases.Although quality of life has improved, there are still many things that could be improved in China, like safety and living conditions.If the most significant transformation in living standards has taken place, how is it possible that ecocide is still a real and ever-present danger? Second, world peace still hangs by a thread.Take the Iraq War for example.It broke out eight years ago and since then Iraqis have been living in hell.Their homes are torched and destroyed and their families have been torn apart.It is certain that they have not received all the benefits of advanced technology.Superpowers are busy with the nuclear experiments, but the highly technological work brings anything but world peace.If the most significant transformation in living standard has taken place, how is it possible that some on this planet are still in great agony?

Lastly, the pace of life is increasingly faster and shows no sign of slowing down.Undoubtedly, development in IT industries and communication devices has enabled people to enjoy more convenient lives.However, it is also the seemingly almighty technologies that have put people in suffering.Wherever you go, cell phones make it possible for your boss to spot you and give you more work, whether you like it or not.Computers, which give companies the ability to teleconference and conduct online interviews, have turned our homes into a mere extension of our offices.If the most significant transformation in living standards has taken place, how is it possible that people now are still suffering from deprived sleep, unbalanced diet and strained family relations?

All in all, science and technology have been and will continue to develop, but the fundamental transformation of our lives has not yet taken place.(363 words)