第一篇:介绍中山陵的英语作文
The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is Sun Yat-sen's tomb.Sun Yat-sen is China's great statesman.It is located in the south of Nanjing xiaomao mountain east of China's Jiangsu Province.As a famous
March 12, 1925, Dr.Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing, in accordance to his wishes in his lifetime, he was buried in Zhongshan.His coffin was suspended on Biyunsi in xiangshan, beijing.People decided to build his tomb in Nanjing Zhongshan.It spent about three years to build from 1926 to 1929.The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum sits north to south, covering an area of 800 million square meters, of which the Great Hall of the festival palace-building simulation, have three arches.Doorway has a banner inscribed with “nation, civil rights, and the people's”.Dr.Sun Yat-sen wall engraved with the text of a handwritten “principles for national reconstruction”.Its main buildings are : the arch, coins, Mausoleum doors Pavilion, and the tomb of the Great Hall and other ceremonies.Seeing from the sky, The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is like a supine “freedom bell” in the Green delivered acrylic blankets and the statue is like a steeple with a semilunar roof arcs.At the top of the tomb there is a hemispherical dome roof, just like a round slipping bell.The tripod at the southern square(now the images of Dr.Sun Yat-sen)is the centre of the clock bell.“Ding” is the symbol of power in ancient times, the clock therefore has the meaning of “to arouse the people to build the Republic of China(1912-1949)”.Sun’s heroic vitality, as well as his gesture seem to delivere a speech that related to the destiny of the country.During the 30 years, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is constantly renovated, now the entire garden area has more than 3,000 hectares.Around the graveyard is full of dynamism and attractiveness.Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is a Dr.Sun
Yat-sen's tomb who is our great revolutionary forerunner, located in the south of Nanjing Zijinshan Maoshan China.People who pay a visit to Nanjing, will not miss their chances to look at Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum with reverence.Although Dr.Sun Yat-sen died, his noble spirit will never perish, which is instead admired by the world people.
第二篇:中山陵介绍
中山陵讲解词
中山陵是中国伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山先生的陵墓,位于南京市东郊紫金山第二峰小茅山南坡。中山陵坐北朝南,前临平川,背靠青山,其建筑采用依山为陵的形式,墓室建在海拔158米的山顶最高处,比旁边明孝陵所处的位置高出90多米;从牌坊到墓道,高差70多米,平面距离700多米,显得十分雄伟壮丽。
【孙中山生平—安葬紫金山的夙愿—陵墓设计者吕彦直】
孙中山生平:
孙中山,姓孙名文,字逸仙,1866年11月12日生于广东省香山县翠亨村(现已改为中山市),在他带领下,推翻了 2000多年的中国封建帝制,这就是中国近代史上影响深刻、意义深远的一次伟大革命——辛亥革命。他是中国辛亥革命的领袖。
1912年1月l日,孙中山在南京就任临时大总统。1925年3月12日逝世。生前孙中山十分喜欢紫金山。看到这里山水相依,气势雄伟,就有了他回长眠此山的想法。为了尊重孙中山先生的遗愿,将他的墓建在了紫金山。
中山陵介绍:
中山陵。于1926年1月15日动工,历时三年多,孙先生的遗体是 1929年6月1日从北京运抵这里的。整个陵区的面积达83600多平方米,主要建筑由牌坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭台和墓室等组成。根据设计,整个陵区平面呈警钟形,给人以警钟长鸣、发人深醒的启迪。孙中山先生在临终遗嘱中说,他致力于国民革命四十年,深知欲达到此目的,必须唤起民众。
中山陵作为一座陵墓,依山为陵,保留牌坊、墓道、陵门、碑亭、祭堂等中国古代陵墓中常用的基本建筑格局,但又剔除了古代帝王陵墓中属于封建糟粕一类的东西,如摒弃用于显示古代帝王威严的石人石兽,同时吸取西方建筑的一些先进技艺。整个构思的确称得上是古为今用,洋为中用,别具匠心,巧夺天工。
各位游客:进入中山陵,首先来到的是陵前的广场。广场位于中山陵的正南端。虽然不很大,但却为陵墓平添了庄严肃穆的气势。请大家留意,我们脚下的这片广场呈半月形,是“钟”的下缘。四周苍松挺立,树大荫浓,恰似革命事业万古长青,枝繁叶茂,生生不息。大家再看,广场南面的高台上,矗立着的是孙中山的全身铜像,气宇轩昂,栩栩如生。
广场南面那座钢筋混凝土结构的八角形石台上的紫铜宝鼎,高4.25米,腹径1.21米,重约5000公斤,是中山陵纪念性建筑之一。这尊鼎铸于 1933年秋,是广州中山大学师生和校长戴季陶捐赠的、鼎的一面铸有“智、仁、勇”三个字,是中山大学的校训。鼎内还刻有戴母黄氏手书《孝经》全文,所以叫孝经鼎。
【博爱访—墓道—陵墓正门—碑亭—条堂—墓室—孙中山遗体安葬经过】
各位游客:由广场拾级而上就是墓道。在墓道的人口处,大家请看:这座冲天而立的花岗岩牌坊,高12米,宽17.3米,牌坊上端正中的横帽上刻着 “博爱”二字,因此又称为“博爱坊”。这座牌坊建于1930年,采用花岗岩仿木结构,建筑格局为四揽三闭门冲天式。牌坊,在我国古代通常建在帝王陵寝的人口处,用来歌功颂德,至此朝拜者必须下马步行。我们眼前的这座牌坊上所镌刻的“博爱”两字是中山先生的手迹,也是他生前的座右铭,据说孙先生生前最爱题这两字送人。
经过牌坊,就到墓道。整条墓道长480多米,分为三道:中道宽12米,钢筋水泥路面;左右二道各党4.2米,柏油路面。墓道两旁对称地种植着两排雪松和四排桧柏,代替了古代陵墓前道常用的石人石兽,喻示着中山先生的浩然正气长留天地之间。其中的雪松已成为南京市的市树。
走完墓道,我们便来到了陵墓的正门。陵门坐北朝南,有三个拱门,每个拱门都装有一扇对开的楼花铜门。陵门平面为长方形,高16.5米,宽27 米,进深8.8米,全部用福建花岗岩建成。屋檐为单层歇山式(歇山式建筑是我国古代第二等级的建筑屋顶式样)。门楣上有孙中山先生亲笔所书“天下为公”四个大字。这四个大字表达了孙先生毕生的奋斗目标和所追求的理想。
陵门之后,是一座方形的碑亭,边长12米,高约17米,全部用花岗岩建成。亭中这块高8.1米、宽4米的巨碑,碑的正面刻有国民党元老谭延闿手书的“中国国民党葬总理孙先生于此,中华民国十八年六月一日”24个馏金大字。字为颜体,道劲有力。谭延闿在民国时期曾做过国民政府主席、行政院院长,是国民党内四大书法家之一。这里需要说明的是,孙中山曾经当过临时政府大总统,并没有担任过政府总理,为何碑文称他为“总理”而不称为“总统”呢?当时段棋瑞政府虽然明令国葬孙中山,但实际上举行的是党葬,孙中山在国民党内的职务是总理。再看碑的背面,没有题写任何文字。当初讨论立碑时,计划由汪精卫撰写碑文,胡汉民撰写墓志铭,可花了两年时间碑文内容也没能定下来。大家都认为像孙中山这样伟大的人物,其功绩是无法用文字来评述的,于是就决定不写铭文。游客们:这座碑亭四面各有一个拱门,北侧的拱门下设有石栏,我们在此可凭栏远眺中山陵祭堂的雄姿,也可摄影留念。
出了碑亭,循着层层石阶到祭堂前平台,共有八段石阶,共290级,每段石阶上都有一块平台。平台上还陈列着一些纪念品,丰富了石阶的景观内容。石阶两旁种满了各种终年常青的树木,有松柏、枫树、石铺、海棠等。
现在我们已经来到了第五层平台上,这里有一对巨大的紫铜鼎,上面刻着“奉安大典”四个篆书大字,这是当时的上海市政府为纪念中山先生的葬礼而敬献的。请大家仔细看西侧的那只铜鼎,壁上留有两个弹孔,据说是1937年12月日军攻打南京时被炮弹击穿的。
各位游客:现在我们终于登上了第十层平台,这是陵墓的最高处,海拔158米。让我们环顾一下平台四周,这座平台东西宽162米,南北进深38 米,祭堂就位于平台的正中。到了这里,我想问一下,哪位游客能说出刚才我们一共走过了几级石阶?对了,从广场到祭堂总共有392级石阶。设计者为避免单调,将这392级石阶分为十段,每段一个平台,总计有大小十个平台。朝下看,不见台阶,只见平台。如果从下往上看,那么就只见到台阶,不见平台了。或许有的游客要问:这392级台阶的数字是否巧合?不是!而是暗喻了当时中国的三亿九千两百万同胞。
现在我们来到了祭堂前,这座融中西建筑风格于一体的宫殿式建筑,长30米,宽25米,高29米,四周有堡垒式的小建筑物,并有两座高12.6米的华表拱卫。祭堂的屋顶为重檐九脊,上覆蓝色琉璃瓦,外墙用花岗岩砌成。祭堂的三拱门婚上从东到西分别刻着“民族”、“民生”、“民权”6个篆体大字,是国民党元老张静江的手书。居中的“民生”门楣上端,还有孙中山所书“天地正气”4个金字直额。
请各位跟我进人祭堂。祭堂内部以云南产白黑色大理石铺地。堂内四周还可以看到12根黑色石柱,直径有0.8米,四隐八现,12代表的是一年中的 12个月,4代表的是一年中的4个季节。大西两侧的护壁上还刻有孙中山手书《建国大纲》全文。祭堂正中是一尊石雕孙中山全身坐像,像高4.6米,底座宽 2.1米,用意大利白色大理石雕刻而成。只见中山先生身穿长袍马褂,膝上放着一本展开的文卷,双目凝视前方,显示出一位伟大思想家的深沉和睿智。坐像是由法籍波兰雕刻家保罗·郎特斯基雕琢而成的,它于1930年雕成后从治国巴黎运到中山陵,总造价150万法郎。坐像底座四侧的六幅浮雕,再现了孙中山从事革命活动的生动画面。正面一幅为“如抱赤子”,画面上孙中山先生正在精心地为一个患病的幼儿治病。东面两幅是“出国宣传”和“商讨革命”,表现了孙中山先生早年奔走革命和创建同盟会的情形。背面一幅为“国会授印”,再现了辛亥革命后,议会向孙中山授大总统印的场面。西面两幅浮雕,一幅是“振聋发聩”,表现了孙中山为唤起民众,正向群众宣传革命道理;另一幅是“讨袁护国”,内容是孙中山发表演说,号召人民讨伐倒行逆施的袁世凯。
祭堂后壁正中是墓门,与墓室相通。墓门分为两道,第一道是两扇美国产的紫铜保险门,门婚上刻有“浩气长存”横额,是孙中山先生亲笔所书。第二道为独扇铜门,上刻张静江所写“孙中山先生之墓”7个篆字。门开启时,这7个字是看不见的,只有当墓门关闭时,门上的字才能看见。
整个墓室是一座半球形封闭式建筑,顶呈西式穹隆状。室内圆形,直径约18米,高11米,四壁用妃色人造石贴面。墓室的地面用白色大理石铺砌。墓壁上装有目光灯,顶上装有8个反光镜;使室内保持柔和而充足的光线。墓室的中央是安葬孙中山灵棕的大理石矿,直径约4.3米,石矿深1.6米,四周围着一圈精致的白色大理石栏杆。墓护正中的长方形墓穴上安放着孙中山先生的汉白玉卧像,卧像身穿中山装,神态宁静,面容慈祥,如同生前安睡一样,令人肃然起敬。这是捷克雕塑家高浓按孙中山遗体的形象而创作的。
讲到这里,大家最关心的一定是孙先生的遗体是否仍在中山陵,事实上,孙先生逝世后,他的遗体的确是历经了磨难。本来,孙中山逝世前,曾经吩咐葬礼仪式和棺木式样仿照列宁的格式,让民众瞻仰遗容。可当孙先生逝世时,苏联赠送的玻璃钢棺材没能及时运到,只好暂时安放在酉式玻璃盖棺木棺内,停放在北京香山碧云寺石塔之中。当1925年3月30日苏联政府送来玻璃钢棺材时,孙中山的遗体已久殓半个多月了,由于防腐措施不当,遗容不能再供后人瞻仰,只好改为土葬。1929年6月1日,遗体从北京迁往南京,当时就在这卧像下5米左右处安放了从美国定购的紫铜棺。解放战争后期,蒋介石曾想将遗体迁往台湾,但由于爆破墓穴势必会损坏遗体,因而作罢,终于使遗体得以安然保存在中山陵内。
各位游客:中山陵的主体建筑就介绍到这里,有兴趣的游客还可到祭堂外墓堡公园内去看一下《中山陵建设史料图片展》,以便更多地了解中山陵建设的情况。参观完毕后,请大家准时到停车场上车,继续游览下一个景点。谢谢各位!
第三篇:英语导游词中山陵
Dr.Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum
1景点概况2’30(地理位置、建陵时间、5A级景区,墓址选定、中山陵的设计者及设计特点,孙中山身平,奉安大典
Dr.Sun Yatsen’s Mausoleum, located at the southern slope of the Purple Mountain, is the tomb of Dr.Sun Yatsen who is the great forerunner(pioneer)of the Chinese democratic revolution.It is the 5A class scenic spot.On November 12, 1866, Dr.Sun Yatsen was born of a farmer’s family in Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province.In 1905, Dr.Sun set up the Chinese United League(同盟会), which was officially set up in Tokyo, Japan.Dr.Sun was elected to be the Prime Minister.He put forward the famous guiding principle-“driving the invaders out, restoring the sovereignty of China, establishing a republic and equalizing the land ownership” and the Three People's Principles-“Nationalism, Democracy and the People's Livelihood.” Unfortunately, he broke down from constant overwork and passed away on March 12, 1925.The location of the Mausoleum was chosen by Mr.Sun himself.Here is exactly a good place to build a mausoleum.You may wonder: Mr.Sun was born in Guangdong but died in Beijing.For his whole life he traveled throughout China for the revolution.Why did he choose Nanjing as the venue of his tomb? Fundamentally speaking, the reason he chose Zijing Mountain as his permanent resting-place is to commemorate the revolution of 1911 and to encourage the revolutionaries.Among all the contribution, young architect Lu Yanzhi's design, a design in the shape of a bell, was highly praised and gained the first prize.Because his design of the mausoleum in a shape of a kind of bell(木铎形平面设计)may best accord with the principle of the ancient Chinese architecture.This kind of bell was often used to issue decrees(颁布政权法令)in ancient times.Here at the mausoleum the design in such a style symbolizes Dr.Sun’s spirit as the sounding of a bell that it may reach everywhere of the country and better arouse people of the Chinese nation.The construction of the mausoleum started in January 1926, just on the occasion of the first anniversary of Dr.Sun’s death.The grand funeral ceremony held in large procession on June 1, 1929.Mr.Sun's remains was transported from Beijing to Nanjing, it has been placed here since then.2陵前部分2’(孝经鼎的重量、高度和鼎腹的刻字及内置六角铜牌内容, 博爱坊建筑特色,高度、宽度及正中匾额的“博爱”题字及出处墓道的长度宽度及特点)Please look to the south of the square.On the top level of the platform stands a treasured tripod made of bronze.The copper “ding” with two ears and three feet weighs 5000 kg.It is 4.25 meters high and its diameter is 1.23 meters.The tripod was donated by Mr.Dai Jitao and all the students and faculties of Sun Yatsen University.Cast in the surface of the tripod are three Chinese characters: “ wisdom, benevolence and courage”(智,仁,勇).In the interior of the tripod is placed a hexagonal copper plate, engraved on which is the full text of the Classic of Filial Piety(孝经全文)written in Mr.Dai’s mother own hand.Now we can see a gateway(牌坊)made of granite in an imitation of an ancient wood archway(仿古木结构牌楼).The gateway is three-arched and three-eaved one with the doorposts towering above the gate(三间三檐冲天式牌坊).It was built between 1931 and 1933, 12meters high and 17.3 meters in width.Between the two eaves above the lintel sets a horizontal stone plaque, on which two Chinese characters in Dr.Sun’s brush writings(孙中山手书“博爱”两个镏金阴文)are cut in intaglio and gilded by gold, meaning “universal fraternity”.These two words are quoted from “On the Origin of the Way”(原道)written by Han Yu..Dr.Sun consistently acted on the spirit of universal fraternity and fought all his life for independence and freedom of the nation(孙中山先生始终秉承博爱精神,为民族独立自由奋斗不息).Further from the Fraternity Archway, there is a road leading to the mausoleum.The road is 480 meters long and dozens of meters wide.The pines, cypresses, ginkgoes and maples on the both sides of the road represent.The whole design of the mausoleum gives prominence to Chinese traditional style, grand, solemn and specific.3陵门、碑亭2’30(广场简介,陵门的建筑特点,“天下为公”匾额题字及出处)At the end of the tomb avenue stands a magnificent entrance tower, it is the gate of the mausoleum.In front of it is an open cement platform 70 meters in width flanked by lawns(草地).The gate of the mausoleum is single-eaved and gable-roofed(单檐歇山顶)with blue-glazed tiles.Under the front eave of the gate we can find another four Chinese characters also in Dr.Sun’s brush writings, meaning “The world belongs to the public”.The words are quoted from “The Analects of Confucius”(论语).Behind the gate of the mausoleum(陵门)is a square pavilion, side length 12 meters, about 17 meters high.all built by granite.The pavilion has a double-eaved and nine-ridged roof of blue-glazed tiles.Erected in the middle of the pavilion is an eight meters high monument:,Monument engraved with the front of the KMT veteran Tan Yankai(the former chief of the Administrative Bureau(原行政院长)hand-written “buried Premier Sun here the Chinese Kuomintang, the Republic of China June 1949 a day” 24-run gold characters.From the Tablet Pavilion to the Memorial Hall(祭堂)there are eight flights of 290 steps with each having a large platform in between.The three flights on the top part imply(寓意)the meaning of “The Three People’s Principles ”(Nationalism, Democracy
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and the People’s Livelihood)and the five flights on the lower represent “The Five-Power Constitution”,(the Bureau of Legislation 立法院,the Bureau of Justice 司法院,the Bureau of Supervision监察院, the Bureau of Administration 行政院and the Bureau of Personnel Evaluations考试院).Counting from “the Fraternity Gateway” to the Memorial Hall there are altogether 392 steps.Such a design intends to remind climbers of Dr.Sun’s last words :“The revolution has not yet been achieved and my comrades should make their further efforts”.Now we have come to the fifth floor platform, where a pair of enormous purple tripod, inscribed “Bong An Dadian” four seal script characters, this was the Shanghai Municipal Government to commemorate Sun Yat-sen's funeral and presented them.Please carefully read the west side of the bird tripod, leaving two bullet holes in the wall, is said to be in December 1937 when the Japanese attack on Nanking shells breakdown.Now we are coming the top platform.Left and right sides of a pair of antique bronze tripod, which was donated by Mr Sun’s son Sun Ke's family.4祭堂、墓室3’
Now we are in front of the Memorial Hall.Let us look around the platform around this platform, 162 meters from east to west, north and south into the deep 38 m.The Memorial Hall is a Chinese and Western architectural style in one of the palace-style building, 30 meters long, 25 meters wide, high 29 meters, surrounded by a small fortress-like building.The Memorial Hall roof ridge to eaves nine, overlying blue glazed tiles.the Memorial Hall on the marriage of the three arches were carved from east to west, “Nationalism, Democracy and the People’s Livelihood”.6 gold-gilded Chinese characters carved in relief(阳刻镏金字), the KMT veteran Zhang Jingjiang handwritten.Center of the “people” upper lintels, as well as Sun Yat-sen the book “ The healthy tendency is bound to prevail over the world ”(天地正气).Halls in Yunnan white house black marble floor.Halls to four weeks you can see 12 black stone pillars,.On both sides of the Atlantic Wall is also engraved with the handwritten Sun Yat-sen ” The Outline National Reconstruction:(建国大纲)。The whole The Festival Hall in black and white blue tone, are traditional Chinese filial piety color.Festival Hall is the center of a stone statue of Sun Yat-sen body, such as 4.6 meters high, the base width of 2.1 meters, with Italian white marble carved.Seated in Poland by French sculptor Paul Lang Tesi Ji carved, carved it in 1930 after Sun Yat-sen arrived in Paris from the country, the total cost of 1.5 million francs.Seated side of the six base four relief, depicts the Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities in the vivid picture.A newborn baby held in its mother’s arms(如抱赤子)symbolizing the new republic is supported by the whole nation;Going abroad for promotion(出国宣传)and holding discussions about the revolution(商讨革命);Rousing the deaf and awakening the unhearing 振聋发聩sending a punitive expedition against the warlord Yuan Shikai讨袁护国, and the state power authorized by the Congress(国会授印).Within the top of festival hall is KMT party emblem
Entrance of the tomb is divided into two, the first U.S.production of copper is two insurers doors, wedding engraved with “spirit lives forever,” banners, Sun Yat-sen autograph the book.Bronze doors for the second single fan, carved Zhang Jingjiang written “Sun Yat-sen's tomb,” 7 seal.Doors open, the seven characters are invisible, and only when the entrance of the tomb is closed, the door to see the words.Closed the tomb is a domed building, was a Western-style dome-shaped roof.Indoor circular diameter of about 18 meters, 11 meters high, with walls the color of artificial stone veneer Princess.Central is the burial tomb of Sun Yat-sen Spirit brown marble mine, a diameter of about 4.3 m, 1.6 m deep quarry, surrounded by exquisite white marble railings around.Middle of the rectangular tomb protection are placed on the grave of Dr.Sun Yat-like white marble lying, lying like wearing a tunic, an air of quiet, kind face, like sleep during his lifetime, as awe-inspiring.This is a high concentration by Czech sculptor Sun created the image of the body.5附属纪念建筑 1’
there are many other attractions beside it ,for example:Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall.Music platform, light Huating光华亭, revolves pavilion, 行健亭pavilion flow emblem流徽榭, Zhongshan Botanical Garden(former Prime Minister cemetery Botanical Garden), Liao Zhongkai and He Xiangning tomb, Tan Yankai tomb and so on.that’s all.Thank you.(As a research center on central and northern subtropical floras of China, the garden has a living collection of about 3,000 species belonging to 913 genera of 188 families.Liao Zhongkai(1877—1925 AD)was a good assistant of Dr.Sun Yat-sen.After the death of Dr.Sun Yat-sen, he continued to adhere to the three policies of “alliance with Russia and Chinese Communist Party and support for workers and farmers”, and was murdered by the Kuomintang in 1925.In 1935, his tomb was moved to Dr.Sun Yat-sen’s Mausoleum in Nanjing.As the wife of Liao Zhongkai, He Xiangning once served as vice-chairman of National Political Consultative Conference and vice-chairman of the National People’s Congress.After she died in 1972, her remains were buried here together with Liao Zhongkai according to her wish.)
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第四篇:中山陵游记作文专题
中山陵游记作文
俗话说,到了南京,如果没去中山陵,可以说你只看到了半个南京城。尽管南京素有“六朝古都”之称,拥有“金陵四十景”等众多名胜古迹,但中山陵无疑是其中最具吸引力、最有知名度的一个。中山陵的墓址是伟大的革命家——孙先生生前选定的。这里视野开阔,气象雄伟,的确是建造陵墓的好地方。
中山陵的建造可以说是南京城建设史上的一件大事。当年为了迎接孙先生灵枢,南京修筑了第一条柏油马路西起中山码头,东至中山门,长达24里的中山路。直到今天,中山路依然是南京最主要的交通干道之一。同时改造翻修了明代城门朝阳门,并改名为中山门。在中山门到中山陵之间还修筑了一条陵园路。如同巴黎人以香榭里舍大道为骄傲,纽约人为第五大街而自豪一样,南京人对自己城市美丽的林荫大道最是得意。而这条长达3公里的陵园路无疑正是南京林荫道的最佳代表。在这条“绿荫长廊”两侧,种植着南京最主要的行道树梧桐。人们习惯上称它为法国梧桐,但追根溯源起来,它可是我们的“土特产”。只因当年法国人将它从云南移植到上海法租界,才得了现在这么一个土洋结合的名字。
车出中山门,沿陵园路行驶,终点便是中山陵前的半月形广场。大家请朝南看,广场正南是一座八角形石台。台上那尊双耳三足的紫铜宝鼎,重5000公斤,高4.25米,腹径1.23米,是中山陵纪念性装饰之一。此鼎铸于1933年秋,由广州中山大学全体师生和戴季陶捐赠。鼎一面铸有“智、仁、勇”三个字,是中山大学校训。鼎内竖有一块六角形铜牌,上刻戴母手书《孝经》全文。
中山陵中最著名的景点就要数博爱坊了。
由广场踏阶而上,迎面是一座四楹三阙门的冲天式石牌坊。这座牌坊建于1931~1933年,高12米,宽17.3米。建坊用的都是大块福建花岗岩,但采用的却是传统木结构形式。大家抬头可以望见坊额正中金光闪闪的“博爱”两字。这两个字是孙先生的手迹,原出自唐韩愈《原道》“博爱之为仁”一语。据说孙先生生前最爱题这两字送人。孙先生毕生以伟大的博爱精神致力于资产阶级民主革命,为民族的独立自由奋斗不息,可以说“博爱”二字正是对他一生的高度概括和最好写照。
现在正是暑假,炎热的气息扑面而来。可是去中山陵游玩的人还是很多。这不仅表现了人们对孙中山先生的瞻仰,也充分表明了:中山陵真是古城南京的一座代表性建筑啊!
第五篇:十一 中山陵
十一、中山陵
各位游客大家好,欢迎来到美丽的六朝古都南京!我是你们的导游员xxx,有多年驾驶经验的司机王师傅在,大家可以放心、安心的随我游览。今天我们要游览的景点是中山陵。
中山陵位于紫金山第二峰小茅山的南麓,是伟大的中国民主革命先行者孙中山先生的陵墓,2000年,中山陵园被国家旅游局评为5A级风景名胜区。
孙中山1866年11月12日出生在广东省香山县翠亨村的一个农民家庭。他少有大志,先后求学于檀香山、香港等地,毕业后在广州等地行医。后来,弃医从政。于1905年,组织成立了中国历史上第一个资产阶级政党中国同盟会。辛亥革命后被推举为中华民国临时大总统。1925年3月12日,因积劳成疾在北京逝世。
葬于紫金山是孙中山先生生前决定的。据说,孙先生在辞去总统职务的次日,与胡汉民等人到紫金山一带打猎,他环视周围地形,笑对左右说:“待我他日辞世后,愿向国民乞此一抔土,以安置躯壳尔”。孙中山先生临终前,他又嘱咐左右:“吾死之后,可葬于南京紫金山麓,因南京为临时政府成立之地,所以不忘辛亥革命也”。先生逝世后,为了尊重其遗愿,由孙中山葬事筹备处确定陵址,选定青年建筑师吕彦直的设计稿。吕彦直所设计的中山陵,平面为一木铎形,表示使“天下皆达道”及“木铎警世”之义。同时,吕彦直被聘为建筑师。遗憾的是,他因主持建造中山陵积劳成疾,于1929年3月18日患病去世。整个陵墓,既融合了中国古代陵墓的布局及建筑形式,保持了民族风格;又汲取了西方先进的建筑方法。中山陵建筑工程从1926年破土动工到1932年春完工,历时六年,共耗资220万银元。1926年,6月1日正午12时举行“奉安大典”,从此孙中山先生就一直长眠于此。当时,为迎接中山先生的灵柩,还修筑了一条“迎柩大道”,西起中山码头,东至现中山门,是南京市第一条柏油马路,还修筑了一条长3公里的陵园路,通往陵址。这条路是南京绿化的代表,道路的两侧种植了南京主要的行道树悬铃木。
现在我们所在的位置是中山陵的半月形广场,在广场的正南面有一座三层八角形平台,每层均围以石栏,在平台上有一尊三足双耳的紫铜宝鼎。这只鼎是1933年由戴季陶和中山大学的全体师生捐赠,鼎高4.25米,重达5吨,腹径达1.23米,鼎的腹部铸有“智、仁、勇”三个字,是中山大学的校训;另一面还有“忠孝仁爱信义和平”八个字,但遗憾的是文革时期被磨掉,鼎内有一块六角形铜牌,上面有戴季陶母亲手书的《孝经》全文,所以此鼎又名“孝经鼎”。
半月形广场的正中便是“博爱坊”,是一座四楹三楼檐的冲天式牌坊。建于1928年,高12米,宽17.3米,由四根大石柱和六个长横额相连,横额上覆蓝色琉璃瓦,牌坊上雕刻莲瓣云和古代建筑彩绘等图案。正中横额上有一块石匾,上有孙中山先生手书的“博爱”两字。据说孙中山先生生前最爱将这两个送人。“博爱”一语出自唐韩愈《原道》:“博爱之谓仁”。纵观他的一生,也正秉承了博爱的精神,为中华民族的独立自由奋斗不息。这两个字也成为他一生极好的概括和写照。
由博爱坊向前为长480米,宽近40米的墓道,墓道分为左、中、右三道。中间墓道宽12米,两侧各为9米宽的草坪。其间种植了雪松、桧柏等长青树木,左右两边墓道各宽4.6米。中山陵既符合中国传统建筑精神,又具有独特的风格。墓道采取严格的中轴对称更给人以法度庄严的感觉,以两两对称的雪松、桧柏、银杏、红枫等树木代替了古代惯常的石人石兽,更好地表现了高洁长青的象征意义。
走过墓道,我们来到陵门前的水泥平台,这是中山陵的第二大广场,宽约70米。平台左右两侧各有一个“卫士室”,这是仿木结构由钢筋水泥制成,为硬山卷棚式琉璃瓦顶建筑。广场的正北方就是单檐歇山顶的陵门。高16米,宽27米,进深8.8米,用福建花岗岩筑成,上覆蓝色琉璃瓦。陵门檐下的石额上镌刻着孙中山先生手书的“天下为公”四个字,语出《礼记·礼运》中的“大道之行也,天下为公。”陵门前有一对3米高的石狮。
陵门之后就是碑亭,高17米,宽12米,为重檐歇山式建筑,上覆蓝色琉璃瓦顶,亭身用花岗岩砌成,亭中间立有一块用整块花岗岩刻成的石碑,碑文8.1米,碑身上刻着“中国国民党葬 总理孙先生于此 中华民国十八年六月一日”二十四个颜体楷书大字。字为原国民政府主席、行政院院长谭延闿所写,碑额上有阴刻的国民党党徽图案。这块碑的重要特点便是突出了“党葬”。
从碑亭到上面的祭堂共有八段大石阶,上三下五八段平台,寓意为“三民主义”“五权宪法”,“三民”为民族、民权、民生,“五权”为立法、司法、监察、行政和考试,八段平台共有290级台阶,如果从博爱坊算起,共有392级台阶,暗喻了当时全中国三亿九千两百万同胞。在第五段平台上,大家能看到左右各有两个大铜鼎,鼎身上铸有“奉安大典”四个篆字,一路攀登,使人油然而生“高山仰止,景行行止”的感觉。现在我们已经来到了祭堂前的平台。北部和东西都是花岗岩拥壁,后面是草地,祭堂两旁还有一对华表,高达12.6米,为林森所赠。平台两侧各有一个石座,石座上各有一尊仿古石鼎,为孙科所赠。
祭堂是一座仿古代木结构宫殿式建筑,长30米,宽25米,高29米,屋顶为重檐歇山蓝色琉璃瓦顶,墙身全部用香港花岗岩砌成。在重檐中嵌有中山先生手书的“天下正气”直额,檐下祭堂正面开了三个拱门,门楣上方从东到西分别刻有“民族”“民生”“民权”六个阳篆镏金大字,为国民党元老张静江所书。祭堂内有云南产的大理石铺地,四壁上部为人造石,下壁为黑色大理石,堂内左右前后排列着12根黑大理石柱。东西护壁上镌刻着孙中山先生书写的《建国大纲》全文,祭堂内顶为斗式,正中藻井为马赛克镶嵌的国民党党徽。祭堂正中端坐着中山先生长袍马褂全身坐像,石像用意大利白色大理石雕成,高4.6米,由法国籍波兰雕刻家保罗·朗特斯基于1930年在法国巴黎制成,总造价150万法郎。石像基座四周有六幅反映中山先生生平事迹的浮雕,南面一幅为“如抱赤子”,东面两幅为“出国宣传”“商讨革命”,西面两幅为“振聋发聩”“讨袁护国”,北面是“国会授印”。
祭堂与墓室两端相通,墓门分为两道,外门是两扇铜质大门,门楣上刻有“浩气长存”,取自孙中山为黄花岗烈士墓的题字;内门为单扇铜质门,门上刻有张静江所书“孙中山先生之墓”七个篆字。墓室为天穹状半球形封闭建筑,直径18米,高11米,顶为马赛克镶成的国民党党徽图案。四壁是淡红色大理石,地面用白色大理石铺砌。墓室正中有一圆形大理石圹,直径3.9米,深1.6米,四周围以白色大理石栏杆,圹内墓穴上安放着孙中山先生的汉白玉卧像,由捷克雕塑家高祺按孙先生的遗体形象所建。卧像下五米处就是墓穴。遗体用一具美国制造的铜棺盛殓放在中央楠木棺座上。
沿祭堂外广场西侧后壁有一边门,通向后花园。中为墓室宝顶,呈半球形。后墙设有“中山陵建设史料展”,近200幅珍贵历史资料展现了中山陵的建设和中山先生的遗体奉安全过程。除了陵墓主体建筑外,中山陵周围还有一些纪念性建筑设施,孙中山纪念馆及中山植物园,还有音乐台、光华亭、行健亭、流徽榭等等。它们大多是 1929年奉安大典后,各界人士和海外侨胞友人捐款修建而成。
各位游客我们此行的游览到此结束,谢谢!