英语学术演讲与写作 SUMMART小抄

第一篇：英语学术演讲与写作 SUMMART小抄

In his article 00 design to build biological which addresses many weapons, and this hazard ,scientistsgrumps over the has come to people”s persistenceof ID(intelligent attention with synthetic design), scott Lilienfeld biology”s recent postulates ,that many development.④Campbell Americans approval of ID points out that it is cannot be blamed on their relatively easy to abuse lack of common sense but biological knowledge while rather their dependence biological studies often on their common sense or bring about unexpected intuition in making results.⑤ People using judgements which turns biological information for them away from the malicious purpose may be theory of natural whoever have learnt to selection.2 According to exploit simple biological Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in technologies and are not intuiting how marvelous necessarily committed to creatures and organisms terrorist agendas.⑥ have resulted from natural Campbell believes that the selection has prevented decisions made by funding many Americans from agencies and scientific accepting Darwinian journals who are the Theory while the same gatekeepers of biological common sense has made research will be crucial in ID rather tempting to them.reducing the risks of ③As is indicated by a information abuse and multitude of examples of what proactive measure wrong beliefs based on should be taken has to be common sense, intuition considered by all related does not provide a reliable parties.3In his meansof understanding article”00”,Austin Modine theworld.④highlights that robot driver Unfortunately ,scientists will control the vehicles and science educators which raises problems in have failed tou teach different social llevels.research methods and Autonomous robots will academic skills that can deprive people of their help debunk control.For Modine’s misconceptions assume that human ,compatible with peoples interaction is necessary,but common sense.⑤Finally , human will make mistakes Lilienfeld concludes that a because of their wrong radical shift in science decision.Autonomous education has to be systerms also have a initiated so that scientists tendency to make would not face a fiasco mistake.And there is a when confronting problem that who will be erroneous claims refuged responsible for the ,by peoples common failure.A concern that sense.2①In his article autonomous systems are “00”, Philip Campbell held back until they don’t highlights a dire likely make mistakes any consequence of biologists” more.The reaction to increased ability to obtain failures between and distribute scientific autonomous systems and information that such manned systems should be information may be chosen if it make less exploited by people with mistakes than heinous intentions.human-operators and 2.Scientific communication, technical according to Campbell, has systems.Finally,Austine seen significant Modine conclude that development due to the many questions should be invention of powerful solved in order to make software and hardware autonomous systems that facilitate scientists” accept legally and acquisition of information socially.4In his article “00” and reduce the trouble Carrington highlights a they may otherwise have phenomenon that to take in order to simplicity becomes more publicize their research.complex, and people are ③However, the resulting interested in the plethora of biological complexity.In the history, information spawns a the turbojet engine hazard that the invented by Frank Whittle information may be used just use a simple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity..

第二篇：英语学术演讲与写作4篇Summary

Summary of ‘scientists shouldn’t be surprised by the popularity of intelligent design’

In his article ’’ which addresses many scientists , grumps over the persistence of ID(intelligent design), scott Lilienfeld postulates that many Americans, approval of ID cannot be blamed on their lack of common sense but rather their dependence on their common sense or intuition in making judgments which turns them awayfrom the theory of natural selection.According to Lilienfeld ,the difficulty in intuiting how marvelous creatures and organisms have resulted from natural selection has prevented many Americans from accepting Darwinian Theory while the same common sense has made ID rather tempting to them.As is indicated by a multitude of examples of wrong beliefs based on common sense, intuition does not provide a reliable means of understanding the world.Unfortunately, scientists and science educators have failed to teach research methods and academic skills that can help debunk misconceptions compatible with people,s common sense.Finally , Lilienfeld concludes that a radical shift in science education has to be initiated so that scientists would not face a fiasco when confronting erroneous claims refuged by people,s common sense.Summary of ‘Empowerment and Restraint in Scientific Communication’ In his article “”, Philip Campbell highlights a dire likely consequence of biologists” increased ability to obtain and distribute scientific information that such information may be exploited by people with heinous intentions.Scientific communication, according to Campbell, has seen significant development due to the invention of powerful software and hardware that facilitate scientists” acquisition of information and reduce the trouble they may otherwise have to take in order to publicize their research.However, the resulting plethora of biological information spawns a hazard that the information may be used to build biological weapons, and this hazard has come to peoples attention with synthetic biologys recent development.Campbell points out that it is relatively easy to abuse biological knowledge while biological studies often bring about unexpected results.People using biological information for malicious purpose may be whoever have learnt to exploit simple biological technologies and are not necessarily committed to terrorist agendas.Campbell believes that the decisions made by funding agencies and scientific journals who are the gatekeepers of biological research will be crucial in reducing the risks of information abuse and what proactive measure should be taken has to be considered by all related parties.Summary of ‘ethical, legal and social implications of autonomous systems’ In his article“”Austin Modine highlights that robot driver will control the vehicles which raises problems in different social levels.Autonomous robots will deprive people of their control.For Modines assume that human interaction is necessary,but human will make mistakes because of their wrong decision.Autonomous systems also have a tendency to make mistake.And there is a problem that who will be responsible for the failure.A concern that autonomous systems are held back until they dont make mistakes any more.The reaction to failures between autonomous systems and manned systems should be chosen if it make less mistakes than human-operators and technical systems.Finally,Austine Modine conclude that many questions should be solved in order to make autonomous systems accept legally and socially.Summary of ‘why do things become more complex’

In his article “Why Do Things Become More Complex” Carrington highlights a phenomenon that simplicity becomes more complex, and people are interested in the complexity.In the history, the turbojet engine invented by Frank Whittle just use a simple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation.After many years, the jet engine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests, usually by adding a subsystem.Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes.The jet engines work like a cheetah both in the outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly.In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucratic offices and departments.The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep the performance like maintenance repairs, et.al..And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances and adapting to the complex world.The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly after the growing complication.Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should be checked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance.And also need to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity.

第三篇：简爱essay(英语学术写作)

Alien0926210817

Jane Eyre

This book was written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847.It describes a story of an orphan's whose name is Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is living under the pressure of traditional society.But she still pursues her independence and fair treatment.She is ordinary, but she has a sincere and brave heart.The unfair treatments of her aunt’s family made her resists and wanted to get away from that home.But after she came to school, she found the school was quiet different as she thought.Jane Eyre was treated unfair in her aunt’s home.She had been taken by her uncle when she was a parentless infant.But since her uncle died, Jane Eyre has been treated quiet unfairly.Her aunt never treated her as her own child.She suffered from lots of insults and humiliates.No one understood and helped her.It made her lived a difficult childhood.“And you ought not to think yourself on an equality with the Misses Reed and Master Reed, because Missis kindly allows you to be brought up with them.”(6)The people of that home were looking down of Jane Eyre.They gave her a hard time because she was poor and humble.They thought that Mrs.Reed was kind enough to bring Jane Eyre up and she must be obedient.“No.you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep”.(6)They never treated Jane Eyre as their family member.Even thought she was less than a servant and must do all the things as others’ wishes.And she has no rights and status in this family.“Why I was

always suffering, always criticized, always accused, forever condemned.” Facing those unfair treatments, she felt helpless and sorrowful.All the people in this family were indifferent and partial.Those things also made her revolt and rebel.The unfair and cruel life in her aunt’s family made Jane Eyre revolt and escape.The lonely and unhappy childhood made Jane Eyre built up a resistant and rebellious character.She began to accuse those unfair treatments.She didn’t want to stay in Mrs.Reed’s family anymore.She wanted to go to school and change her life completely.“Wicked and cruel boy!I said.You are like a murderer”.(3)Facing to her cruel and unreasonably cousin, Jane Eyre didn’t afraid anymore and rebuked him bravely.“People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(19)When Jane said out those words to Mrs.Reed, she showed her anger and determination.“School would be a complete change: it implied a long journey, an entire separation from Gateshead life.”(13)Jane Eyre’s independent character made her didn’t want to depend on her aunt for a living.She thought that if she go to school, she would meet a new life.When Jane Eyre came to Lowood-a charity school, she found the life in this school was quiet different as she hope.The dharma of Lowood were tough, the life in school were hard, Mr.Brocklehurst, the president of Lowood, is a ruthless hypocrite.In this school, Jane continued suffered spiritual and physical destructions.No matter the food and clothing of school were very bad.Because of poor living and medical conditions, many children died of the disease.“None of this girls around me seemed happy with the food in front of them.Soon, I too found the taste

disgusting.”(23)Many students are not satisfied in this school.The food even can not take away their hunger, let alone the quality.“You must avoid this girl’s company, exclude her from your sports ,and shut her out from your converse…for this girl is liar!”(32)Mr.Brocklehurst defamed Jane Eyre in every possible way in front of all the teachers and students.Many student didn’t believe her and afraid of be with her.But fortunately, her friend Helen and her kind teacher – Miss Temple, still trusted and liked her.But happy days did not last long.A disease break rules of the school.“Many students, already ill, went home only to die.Some died at the school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of the disease forbidding delay.”(40)Helen also died of this disease.Jane Eyre lost her only good friend in this school.She felt great sorrowful and regretful,Jane Eyre is a poor and homely girl, but she is independent and has a strong self-esteem.Because of the unfair treatment in her aunt’s home, she required to go to school to find a new life.Even thought her school was not like what she wanted.She desires to get equal and happy life through her efforts.

第四篇：英语辩论 学术写作 - 常用词

一党制国家

One—party States 人权 Human rights 人权宣言

Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 工会 Trade unions

下议院 House of Commons 上议院 House of Lords 个人主义 Individualism 女权主义 Feminism 马列主Marxism—Leninism 马克思主义 Marxism 马基雅维里主Machiavelli 王权 Crown

无产阶级 Proletariat

无产阶专政 Dictatorship of the proletariat 无政府主义 Anarchism 专制 Despotism

专制政府/绝对专制主义 Absolute government/absolutism

中央与地方的关系 Central/Local relations 分权 Separation of powers公共行政 Public administration 公民权利 Civil rights 公民自由 Civil liberties 正义Justice

可审判性Justiciability平等Equality 奴隶制Slavery 占统治地位的党 Dominant party 代表Delegate

代议员Representative 代议制政府

Representative government 代表制Representation 主权Sovereignty 市民社会Civil society 市（镇）长Major

立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体 Constitutional government 立法机关Legislatures 立法否决Legislative veto 立法委员会

Legislative committees 立法起草

Legislative drafting 半总统制

Semi-presidential systems 议长Speaker 议会制度

Parliamentary system 司法机构Judiciary 司法行政官Magistrate 司法审查Judicial review 民主Democracy 民主党Democratic Party

民主集中制Democratic centralism 民意测验Opinion polls

共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic 机构/制度Institution 权力Power 权利Rights

权利法案Bill of rights 权威Authority 妇女选举权

Women’s suffrage 地方长官Prefect

地方政府Local government 地方政府财政

Local government finance 地方政治Local politics 同意Consent

同意投票Approval voting 团体理论Group theory 邦联Confederation

邦联条例Articles of Confederation 自由Freedom

自由党Liberal parties 自由裁量权Discretion 自决Self-determination 自治Self-government 自治领Dominion 行为主义Behaviouralism 行政Administration 行政机关Executives

政委员Administrative board 行政法庭

Administrative tribunal 行政法院

Administrative court 州长Governor 多元主义Pluralism 多元社会Plural society 多头制Polyarchy 多数派政府

Majority government 多数统治Majority rule 决策Decision making 决策理论Decision theory 农奴制Serfdom 阶层/阶级Class

麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James 苏格拉底Socrates 极权主义Totalitarianism 否决权Veto 投票Voting 投票率Turnout 护宪Entrenchment 财产权Property 利益Interests 利益表达与聚合 Interest articulation and aggregation 利益集团Interest group

言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press 社区/共同体Community 社团主义Corporatism 社会主义Socialism 社会民主主义 Social democracy

社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy 责任Responsibility 责任政府

Responsible government

直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action 杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas 欧洲议会

European Parliament 欧洲共同体

European Community 歧视Discrimination 国际法International Law 国家State

国家元首Head of state 国家消亡

Withering away of the state 国家财政危机

Fiscal crisis of the state 非暴力反抗

Civil disobedience 非暴力行为

Non-violent action 制定法Statute Law 制衡Checks and balance 委任Patronage 委员会Commission 质询Interpellation 法Law 法令Act 法官Judge 法治Rule of law 法律的正当程序 Due process of law 法案，议案Bill 宗教自由

Freedom of religion 审判Adjudication 审查制度Censorship 官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy 实证主义Positivism 封建主义Feudalism

革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution 政体Polity 政纲platform 政变Coup D’etat 政府Government 政府组成过程 Government formation process 政府首脑

Head of government 政府调查Public inquiry 政治Politics

政治义务Political obligation 政治文化Political culture 政治中的种族问题 Race in politics 政治心理学

Political psychology 政治发展

Political development

政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee 政治行为研究 Political behaviour 政治地理学

Political geography

政治权力Political power 政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治沟通

Political communication 政治体系/政治系统 Political system 政治参与

Political participation 政治财政Political finance 政治科学Political science 政治社会化

Political socialization 政治社会学

Political sociology 政治学的定量方法

Quantitative methods in politics 政治态度Political attitudes 政治腐败

Political corruption 政治继承

Political succession 政治理论Political theory 政治暴力Political violence 政治影响Political influence

政治整合/政治一体化Political integratio 政党分赃制Spoils system 政党认同Party identification 政党代表大会 Party convention

政党功能Parties,political:functions of 政党组织Party organization 政党核心集团Machine 政党秘密会议Caucus 政策分析Policy analysis 政策实施Implementation

政策输出研究Policy output studies 城市政府City government 城邦国家City state 贵族/贵族制Aristocracy 思想库Think tank 看守政府 Caretaker government 选区Constituency 选民登记

Registration of electors 选择投票Ticket-splitting 选择领导Leadership selection 选举Elections

选举团Electoral college 选举纲领Election program 选举制度Electoral system 选票Ballot

重农主义Physiocracy 重划选区Redistribution 重商主义Mercantilism 种族灭绝Genocide 种族主义Racism 种族隔离Apartheid 顺从Deference

保守主义Conservatism 保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism 修正主义Revisionism 独立机构

Independent agency

独立宣言Declaration of Independence 独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism 独裁制Autocracy 帝国Empire

帝国主义Imperialism 美国革命

American Revolution 美国国会Congress 美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府

Prime minister/Prime ministerial government

总统，总统制President/Presidential system总罢工General strike 总督Governor-General 派别Faction 咨询和同意

Advice and consent 宣传Propaganda 宪法Constitutional law 宪法规约

Conventionofthe constitution

宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism 神权政治Theocracy 神授王权

Divine right of kings 费边主义Fabianism 绝对专制主义Absolutism 统治阶级Ruling class 统治能力Governability 恐怖Terror 恐怖主义Terrorism 格劳修斯Grotius 监护Tutelage 监察专员Ombudsman 党派首领Boss 罢免Recall 恩格斯Engels

缺席投票Absence voting 特权Prerogative 特许状Charter 秘密警察Secret police 倒台与政权更迭

Breakdown and regime change 候选人选择

candidate selection 爱国主义Patriotism 被保护国Protectorate

竞争性政党制度Competitive party system 竞选运动Election campaign 部门Department

部长，部Minister/Ministry 部长会议Council of Ministers 准司法Quasi-judicial 准--非政府组织Quango 资历制Seniority 资产阶级Bourgeoisie 资本主义Capitalism 浮动投票人Floating vote 浪漫主义Romanticism 宽容Toleration 家长型控制Paternalism 调查委员会Selectcommittee 预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting 陪审团Jury 理性Rationality

理性选择方法Rational choice 教权主义Clericalism 教会与国家

Church and State 基本权利Fundamental right 基层党组织

Primary party organization 职能代表

Functional representation 授权立法

Delegated legislation 授权学说Mandate theory 常设委员会

Standing committee 累计投票Cumulative vote 唯心主义Idealism 领导Leadership 第二院，上议院 Second chambers 康德Kant

混合政府Mixed government 弹劾Impeachment 隐私Privacy

殖民统治Colonial government 联合，联合政府 Coalition/Coalition government 联合民主

Consociational democracy 协商民主

联合国United Nations 联邦制Federalism 联邦党人文集 Federalist Papers 联盟，联合League 超载Overload 超国家政府

Supranational government 博爱Fraternity 斯大林Stalin 斯宾诺莎Spinoza 斯密，亚当Smith,Adam 最低下限Droop quota 最高行政法院 Conseil d’Aetat

最高法院Supreme court 黑格尔Hegal 辉格党与托利党 Whigs and Tories 等级Estates

集体主义Collectivism

集体行动Collective action集体领导 Collective leadership 集合理论Coalition theory 街区选举，集团投票 Block vote

普通法Common law 游说Lobbying

雇主组织Employer’s organization 强制性投票

Compulsory voting 鼓励性行动

Affirmative action 路德，马丁Luther,Martin 解散议会

Dissolution of parliament 意识形态Ideology 新左派New Left 新右派New Right 新政New deal

新教政党Protestant parties 福利国家Welfare state

群众性政党Mass membership party 僭主制/暴政Tyranny 寡头制Oligarchy 寡头政治铁律

Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism 精英理论Doctrine of elites 腐败选区Rotten borough 弊政Maladministration 熊彼特Schumpeter 影子内阁Shadow cabinet 暴力Violence 潘恩Paine 霍布斯Hobbes 穆勒Mill

激进主义Radicalism 激进政党Radical parties 整体主义Holism 辩证法Dialectic

辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 警察Police

警察国家Police state 时事政治词汇

国内时事Domestic Affairs

中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会 17th National Congress of Communist Party of China(17th NCCPC)中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央纪律检查委员会 Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 中共中央委员会 CPC Central Committee 全国人民代表大会(简称 全国人大)National People’s Congress(NPC)

九届全国人大四次会议 the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress 全国人大代表 deputy to the National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会主席团 the NPC Presidium 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 the NPC Standing Committee 全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅 the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会(简称全国政协)National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)

中国政协委员 member of the National Committee of CPPCC 最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court

最高人民法院院长President of the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate

最高人民检察院检察长Procurator-General

国务院State Council

外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs

国防部Ministry of National Defense

国家发展计划委员会State Development Planning Commission

国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission

教育部Ministry of Education

科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology

国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission

公安部Ministry of Public Security

安全部Ministry of State Security

监察部Ministry of Supervision

民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs

司法部Ministry of Justice

财政部Ministry of Finance

人事部Ministry of Personnel

劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security

国土资源部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources

建设部Ministry of Construction

铁道部Ministry of Railways

交通部Ministry of Communications

信息产业部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications

水利部Ministry of Water Resources

农业部Ministry of Agriculture

对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation

文化部Ministry of Culture

卫生部Ministry of Health

国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission

中国人民银行People’s Bank of China

审计署Auditing Administration

fgA中国英语学习网

中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee

政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee

政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee

书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee

中央委员 Member, Central Committee

候补委员 Alternate Member

省委/市委书记 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC

党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group 中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China

全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress

秘书长 Secretary-General

主任委员 Chairman

委员 Member

（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congress

人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congress

国务院总理 Premier, State Council

副总理Vice Premier

国务委员 State Councilor

秘书长 Secretary-General

（国务院各委员会）主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for

（国务院各部）部长 Minister

部长助理 Assistant Minister

司长 Director

局长 Director

省长 Governor

常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor

自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government

地区专员 Commissioner, prefecture

香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor

区长 Chief Executive, District Government

县长 Chief Executive, County Government

乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government

秘书长 Secretary-General

办公厅主任 Director, General Office

（部委办）主任 Director

处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief

科长/股长 Section Chief

科员 Clerk/Officer

有中国特色的社会主义民主政治socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics 邓小平理论 Deng Xiaoping Theory 三个代表 three represents theory(the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of “Three Represents” 坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，弘扬与时俱进的精神 adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.两大历史性课题（提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力）the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程forge ahead with the new great project of Party building 三讲教育：讲学习，讲政治，讲正气three emphases education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)新闻发布会news conference 政府工作报告government’s work report 国有企业state-owned enterprises(SOE)人均国内生产总值per-capita gross domestic product(GDP)国民生产总值gross national product(GNP)经济房low-cost housing 西部大开发 the strategy of developing the western region 西部大开发战略develop-the-west strategy 扩大住房贷款，助学贷款和大件消费品贷款expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans 弱势群体 disadvantaged groups(对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.)西电东送 transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region 加快经济结构调整 accelerate economic restructuring 购买力 purchasing power 消费者物价指数Consumer Price Index(CPI)城镇社会保障体系 urban social security system 下岗职工基本生活费 subsistence allowances for laid-off workers 离退休人员基本养老金 basic pensions for retirees 特困行业和企业 industries and enterprises in dire straits 试点项目 pilot project 抵抗全球经济衰退 to combat the global economic slump 医疗改革 health care reform 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural workers 扩大内需，刺激消费 expand domestic demand and consumption 乡镇企业 township enterprises 地方保护主义local protectionism fgA中国英语学习网 不正当竞争unfair competition fgA中国英语学习网 与时俱进 advance with the times 综合国力 overall national strength 可持续发展 sustainable development 三峡工程 Three-Gorges Project 三峡移民 Migrants from Three Gorges area 电视会议 televised meeting 常务委员 Standing Committee member 下岗职工 laid-off workers 再就业 re-employment 再就业下岗人员 re-employment of laid-off workers 隐形就业 hidden employment 国有企业改革 Reform of state-owned enterprises 医保制度改革 Reform of medical insurance system 政府机构改革 Reform of government institutions 现代远程教育 modern distance education 青藏铁路 Qinghai-Tibet Railway 农村电网改造 projects to upgrade rural power grids 退耕还林、还草工程 Grain for Green Project 增收节支 increase revenue and cut government expenditure 全面小康社会 all-round well-off society 构建和谐社会to build a harmonious society 对某事予以严重关注express grave concern over sth.fgA中国英语学习网 对某事表示深切关注be deeply concerned about sth.fgA中国英语学习网 旨在做某事in a bid to do sth.海峡两岸关系cross-Strait relations 国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council 三通(指台湾海峡两岸实现通商，通航和通邮)three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits fgA中国英语学习网 一国两制one country, two systemsfgA中国英语学习网 反对“台独” oppose the “Independence of Taiwan 一个中国的原则是和平统一的基础

The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification 国际时事International Affairs 大使，使节ambassador大使馆embassy 武装部队armed forces 逮捕arrest 当局 authorities 禁止ban 炸弹；轰炸bomb 人体炸弹body bomb 预算budget 内阁cabinet 运动，选举campaign 候选人，选手candidate 伤亡casualty 停火cease-fire 首领，长官chief 倒塌collapse 谴责condemn 腐败corruption 撞击，坠毁crash 汇市 currency market 僵局deadlock 死亡数death toll 赤字deficit / 盈余 surplus 外交关系diplomatic tie 经济复苏economic recovery 选举election

少数民族ethnic groups 证据evidence 驱逐，放逐expel 世界经济global economy 有罪的guilty 劫机hijack 人质hostage 独立independence 通货膨胀inflation 投资invest 共同的joint 伊拉克战争Iraq War 多数majority 行动，步骤move 相互的mutual 核武器nuclear weapon 开枪，开火open fire 推翻，颠覆overthrow 国会parliament(Britain);congress(US)维和部队peace-keeping force(美)五角大楼(美国国防部办公楼)Pentagon 方针，政策policy 投票，民意测验 poll 总统，主席 president 提议，提案proposal 抗议protest 经济萧条recession 区域的regional 收入revenue

暴动和抢劫rioting and looting 安全 security 间谍spy 战略strategy 自杀suicide

高峰会议summit meeting 生还者survivor 恐怖主义terrorism 恐怖分子terrorist 被困的 trapped 台风 typhoon 协议 treaty 动荡 unrest 受害者victim 暴力violence

安全理事会Security Council

联合国大会UN General Assembly

联合国教育科学文化组织United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO

世界卫生组织World Health Organization(WHO)世界贸易组织World Trade Organization(WTO)自由贸易协定Free Trade Agreement(FTA)fgA中国英语学习网

发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability

发展民族经济to develop the national economy

贩卖军火to peddle munitions

国家不分大小，应该一律平等All countries, big or small, should be equal

建立正常的国家关系to establish normal state relations

求得公平合理的解决to seek a fair and reasonable solution

取长补短to make up for each other’s deficiencies

通过外交途径进行谈判to negotiate through diplomatic channels

维护国家独立和主权完整to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty

用和平手段解决争端to solve disputes by peaceful means

维护世界和平to safeguard world peace

第五篇：实用写作答案与小抄

填空题：

集中、确、简明、平易、庄重。

3．中华人民共和国国家标准（GB∕T9704―1999）《国家行政机关公文格式》

三项内容。

5的三个基本要素。

和

345.作为法规与规章的一种，规定有很强的现实针对性，其

等三种。

6.按照记录内容和记录方式的不同，选择题

1.按照行文关系和行文方向的不同，可将公文分为三种，其中下级机关向所属上级机关呈送的公文属于

规定：适用于对重要事项或重大行动做出安排，奖惩有关单位人员及人员，变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项。3.4.表彰先进，批评错误，传达重要精神或情况。

5.机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关的询问。

6.向上级机关请求指示、批准。

7.相隶属机关之间相互商洽工作，询问和答复问题，请求批 2.对某一方面的工作或某一重大事项的处理方式及某一组织的宗旨、任务及其成员的职责权限等作出规定的3.有关机关或部门根据党和国家的方针、政策及有关法规、4.向某个机构或个人介绍、推荐某人获得某个职位、某 1.新闻的三行标题中，其作用主要是揭示新闻事实的性质、意义，或者交代背景、说明原因、烘托气氛，从而引

2.将主要内容放入导语部分，并且由主到次、由重到轻

3.在开头便对新闻事实进行评论，表明作者的态度和立场

4.产品说明书的特点是与其文体特征和具体功用联系在一起的。下列三点中，哪点不应是产品说明书必备的特点：

事起诉状或民事上诉状的内容，针对原告提出的诉讼请求或上诉人提出的上诉请求作出答复，并依据事实与理由进行辩驳的法律文书。3.下列三点中，当事人、律师为解决行政纠纷，提起行政诉讼而依法制作的具有法律效力或法律意义的文书的总称。

5.1.调查报告的写作要求有哪些？

答：要写好调查报告，必须做到以下几点：（1）要认真进行调查研究，充分占有材料（2）要以正确的立场和方法，认真分析并合理组织材料（3）要讲究结构形式和语言特点。

答：计划通常由标题、正文和落款几部分构成。制订计划要依循以下要求：（1）要符合政策（2）要从实际出发（3）要具体明确（4）要留有余地

3.撰写总结，必须注意哪些问题？ 答：撰写总结，必须注意以下几点：（1）要充分占有资料，并实事求是地反映情况。（2）要善于分析材料，并找出规律性的东西来（3）要合理的取舍内容，以突出重点（4）要深入研究问题，以写出特色

4.撰写述职报告应当注意哪几点？ 答：撰写述职报告，应做到以下几点：（1）内容要客观真实（2）表述要具体实在（3）详略要得当，重点要突出（4）语言要得体

1.撰写经济活动分析报告必须注意哪几点？

答：撰写经济活动分析报告，必须注意以下几点：（1）要准确、全面的掌握材料（2）要合理的运用分析方法（3）要及时完成报告

2.撰写可行性研究报告应注意什么？ 答：撰写可行性研究报告应该注意：（1）要放宽眼界（2）要实事求是（3）要讲求科学（4）要充分论证（5）要注意运用专业知识

3.签订合同应注意哪几点？ 答：签订合同必须注意：（1）要熟悉有关法律法规和方针、政策（2）要精通业务，了解情况（3）要在平等协商、取得一致意见的基础上确定各项条款（4）要认真书写，并不得随意涂抹

1.请简要说明民事起诉状“事实与理由”部分的基本写法及注意事项。答：陈述事实应当写明原告与被告民事法律关系存在的事实，以及双方发生民事权益争议的时间、地点、原因、经过、情节和结果。陈述事实应当注意两点：（1）必须实事求是的反映事实真相，不能隐瞒或者歪曲事实（2）要围绕诉讼请求写明事实，既要反映案件的全貌，又要突出重点。

阐述理由一般包含：首先依事论理，写明被告的侵

权行为或者双方争议的性质、已经造成的后果以及被告应当承担的民事责任；然后依法论理，写明原告提起诉讼所依据的法律条款。阐述理由应当注意两点：第一，依事论理要以事实为根据，要抓住重点，击中要害；第二，依法论理要准确的引用法律条款

2.如何写好民事答辩状的正文？

答：正文是答辩的状的核心部分，是具体陈述答辩理由的部分。一般来说：答辩理由可从两个方面进行阐述：一是针对所写事实不实进行反驳，二是针对法律不当进行反驳。答辩状应当具备针对性和反驳性

4.如何利用图书情报机构，提高文献检索的效率？请简述之。

答：阅读者应该做到：1.要熟悉图书分类2.要善于使用检索工具3.要选用合理的检索方法

5.笔记主要有哪三种形式？请分别说明它们特点。答：笔记的形式主要有以下三种：

1.在文献上加记号、写眉批：其特点是随读随批，不影响思维连贯性，不影响阅读速度，简便易行2.成册笔记本：容量大，易于收藏、管理

3.卡片和活页纸：方便灵活

3.行政起诉状的正文包括哪几部分？请简要说明每一部分的写法。

答：正文包括：诉讼请求、事实与理由、证据等内容。

诉讼请求一般写的比较概括，主要写向法院提起诉讼所要达到的目的事实与理由。在事实部分，首先写明原告引起行政机关作出具体行政行为的事实；其次写明行政机关所作出的具体行政行为；最后写明原告是否申请过行政复议；在理由部分，首先应当指明具体行政行为的不妥之处，然后说明其错误所在，表明自己的行为不当应当受到此种处理或是处罚的原因和依据

证据，证据名称要规范，要符合法律规定，要写明证据名称、来源，涉及证人证言的应当写明证人的姓名和住址

起草一份转发下列文件，要求下级机关做好该文件所安排

写作要求：内容要明确，中心要突出；格式要正确，写法要规范（可只写标题、主送机关、正文、发文机关和发文时间几个项目）；语言要准确、简明、得体，书写要清楚。

国务院办公厅关于限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：

二○○七年十二月三十一日

转发关于国务院办公厅限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋的通知 各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：

国务院办公厅《关于限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋的通知》已经国务院同意，现转发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。

*******印章

二零零八年一月*日

四、根据《建设部安全生产委员会会议纪要》

关于召开建设部安全生产委员会会议的通知 各建设部有关单位：

为构建和谐社会，总结2004年我部的安全生产工作，明确2005年我部的安全生产工作重点，经研究，决定召开建设部安全生产委员会会议，现将有关内容通知如下：

一、会议时间：2004年12月9日

二、会议地点：建设部314会议室

三、参会人员：建设部安全生产委员会各成员单位

四、联系方式：

请各参会单位于2004年12月1日前将会议回执

单传真至建设部**司。

联系人：***联系电话：**************（传真）

会期*天，届时请您准时参加。附件：会议回执单

建设部办公室 二零零四年十一月二十五日

五、根据下面这份函的内容及给出的材料，起草一份

写作要求：内容要明确，中心要突出；格式要正确，写法要规范（可只写标题、主送机关、正文、发文机关和发文时间几个项目）；语言要准确、简明、得体，书写要清楚。

外语部关于商请联合举办英语培训活动的复函

继续教育处：

你处《关于商请联合举办英语培训活动的函》收悉。经各领导研究同意，先复函如下：

一、经研究，基本同意与贵校联合举办“旅游英语”、“生活英

语”培训活动。

二、请贵校提供详细的活动方案，活动方案应对活动的具体步骤、措施等作出安排。

三、双方就有关事宜进行协商后，需要签订项目合作协议。

外语部

二○○X年X月X日

四、根据经济新闻标题的写法及要求，为下面两则经济新闻补写标题。

（一）