第一篇：学术英语写作总结分析解析
专业英语写作考点总结
Part І
Academic English Writing
（专业英语写作）
Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing
1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲
或宣读）。
2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分
(1)description of a situation
（描述情况）(2)Identification of a problem
（甄别问题）(3)Description of a solution
（描述解决方法）(4)Evaluation of the solution
（评估解决方法）
3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）
(1)Generally avoid contractions
（一般来讲避免使用略缩词）
例：won’t改为will not(2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms（使用更为适宜的正规的否定
形式）
例：not...any改为no
not...much改为little
not...many改为few(3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc.（限制使用
多个词连用的表达法）
例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a
textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）
例：You can see the results in Table 1.改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.(5)Be careful about using direct questions.In some fields they are common, while in
others they are not.（使用直接引语时需谨慎）
例：What can be done to lower costs?
改为： It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.或者
We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6)Place adverb within the verb.（将副词放于动词词组内）
例：This model was developed by Krugman originally.改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7)Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）
例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program.(8)Aim for an efficient use of words.（目的是为了有效地使用词汇）
例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the
process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.改为：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great
promise.习题：
（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误：使用了you。
改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of
possibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing
underground subway stations clearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground
subway station can clearly be seen.（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection
during a fall to the ground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。
改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection
during a fall to the ground.（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of
smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。
改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining
the initial trust of individual.（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by
builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。
改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used
than it is now as a construction material.（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。
改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois，Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate
in the production of concrete.错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。
改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in
the production of concrete.3
Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing
（专业写作的两个基本结构）
1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）
(1)general-specific structure
（泛论-特指(GS)结构）(2)problem-process-solution structure
（问题-过程-解决方法）
2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following:（GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）
(1)A short or extended definition
（简短或拓展定义）(2)A contrastive or comparative definition（对比或比较定义）(3)A generalization or purpose statement
（一般化或目标性陈述）(4)A statement of fact.（事实陈述）
3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system.（超级坐标词）
4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词
A.定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语
B.定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息
C.定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息 例题：p23(1).metal that is often used —> metal often used(2).device that is capable of —> device capable of(3).roof which is on top of —> roof on top of
(4).precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from(5).This sentence cannot be reduced.(6).flute that is pitched an octave higher---> flute pitched an octave
higher
(7).a process that involves the selective transport—> a process
involving the selective transport(8).a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a
celestial body with approximately the same mass
5、考题类型：句子排序
例题：P27
6、Comparative Definitions（对比性定义）（1）比较定义基本上有两类：
1)呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化 的这样一种史实陈述。
2)呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概 念所做的一个全面性的评述。
7、Participle（分词）例题：P39（1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.（3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any
imperfections.It is then heated to over 600oC and cooled in a step known as quenching.8、词和词型的变换
P23-P25
Chapter 3 Data Commentary（数据信息解读）
1、In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other
kind of non-verbal illustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）
2、Structure of Data Commentary（数据信息解读的基本结构）
A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或总结陈述）B、Highlighting statements.（强调陈述内容）
C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（对
内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论）
3、Location elements and summaries.（定位要素和总结）
A、Starting a Data Commentary.（开始数据解读）
B、Passives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在开始数据解读中的被动式）C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陈述性和信息性总结
中的动词）
D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（语言聚焦：连接词As引出的从句）
Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing（总结与摘要写作）
1、Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任务总结具备四个主
要需求）
(1)It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present
a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（它应聚焦于来源文
本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点）
(2)It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它应以
精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料）
(3)It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s
own words and avoid terminology.（它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语）
(4)Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提
供完全独立的参阅性总结，并能控制其文章长度）
2、写作总结的基本步骤
(1)快速略读文本，脑中注意小标题。若无小标题，试将文本分成几部分。
(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:来
源文本类型
(3)读文本，标示重要的信息或者作笔记
(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一部分尽量写出一个一句话的总结。
(5)对每一个主要题目，写下关键的佐证点，但必要时也要包括小的细节。
(6)再次仔细检查这个过程，做些适当的变动。
3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要写作的基本结构）
（1）Topic sentence（主题句）（2）Supporting Sentences（佐证句）（3）Concluding Sentence（结论句）
4、P70-P72的例句，写作时会用得上。
5、Summary and Abstract 两个词要会写，以及知道两者的区别，其中summary
要分三段来写，abstract不分段。
Part II Basal English Writing
（基础英语写作）
Chapter 1 Punctuation（标点符号）
1、The comma（逗号）
2、The period（句号）
3、The semicolon（分号）
4、The colon（冒号）
5、The question mark（问号）
6、The quotation mark（引号）
7、The exclamation mark（感叹号）
8、The dash（破折号）
9、Italics and underlining（斜体字和下划线）
10、练习题：P96-97
11、本节所有的例句都要仔细看 ※ 8
Chapter 2 Vocabulary（词汇）
1、Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象）and concrete（具体）, and
general（笼统）and specific（特指）.It also includes how to appreciate the
connotative（引申含义）as well as denotative（字面含义，本义）meanings of
words.2、English words can be categorized as（分为）formal, informal and colloquial（口
语的）.3、练习题：1/P102
4、练习题：P109-P113 9
Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英语句子写作）
1、Types of sentences（句子的类型）
P114（1）According to structure（根据结构）
① simple sentences（简单句）
② compound sentences（并列句：a、逗号加并列连词
b、分号，没有并列
连词 c、分号，连接副词及其后加逗号）③ complex sentences（复合句：一个主句，一个或多个从句）④ compound-complex sentences（并列复合句）（2）According to use（根据功能）
① declarative sentences（陈述句）② interrogative sentences（疑问句）③ imperative sentences（祈使句）④ exclamatory sentences（感叹句）（3）According to rhetoric（根据修辞）
① loose sentences（松散句，主体部分放在前面）
② periodic sentences（掉尾句，主体部分放在最后）※
③ balanced sentences（平行句）④ long and short sentences（长、短句）
2、练习题
（P121）
（1）He thought the painting was of little value.He let me have it for only ten
pounds.(Compound)
改为：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only
ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let
me have it for only ten pounds.）
（2）I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic)
改为：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.（3）They were on holiday.Their house was broken into.Some valuable paintings
were stolen.(Compound-complex)
改为：When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some
valuable paintings were stolen.（4）The firemen fought for three hours.They finally managed to put out the
fire.(Complex)
改为：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out
the fire.（5）Nobody in this world is quite perfect.We all have some faults.(Compound)
改为：Nobody in this world is quite perfect;we all have some faults.（或者
Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.）（6）The train is going to Dalian.The train leaves at 20:15.(Simple)
改为：The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15.（7）In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the
class was over.(Loose)
改为：He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spite
of the interruption.（8）Many people choose travel by air.It is fast.It offers convenience.It is not very
expensive.(Parallel Structure)
改为：Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not
very expensive.3、练习题 P121（1）履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。
译：A resume generally consists of personal information, educational
background, employment history and past achievements.（2）戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。
译：Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanjing Medical
University.（3）请代我向你父母致以问候。
译：Please send my best regards to your parents.（4）现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社会需求。
译：Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the
immediate needs of the society.（5）这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗？
译：Is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic?（6）经常回顾昨天，你就会珍惜今天，向往明天。
译：Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value
your today and look forward to your tomorrow.（7）中国传统知识分子认为：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。
译：Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal
virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success.（8）就算我追求爱情，我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。
译：If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love
all the time, neglecting my studies.11
（9）学校倡导大学生改变就业观念，并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西
部大开发中去。
译：Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the
graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western
Exploration.4、Sentence Expansion（句子拓展）
（各个位置的例句都要看）※
句子拓展的三种方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），subordination（从属法）。
重点题型，要会判断句子正误
（1）增添法：常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、代词等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修
饰词通常在句中作定语或状语。
① 添加形容词
（addiong adjectives）
单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前，但修饰由any ,every, no
somebody, one 或thing构成的不定代词时，放在其后。② 添加副词（adding adverbs）
如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时，其位置应按一下顺序排列： 程度副词-----方式副词------地点副词--------时间副词。③ 添加短语（Adding phrases）
短语有8种：名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语（分词短 语、动名词短语、不定式短语）、同位短语、限定性短语。（noun, verb, prepositional;
three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive), appositive and absolute）
（2）并列法：包含三种方法
① Coordinating pronouns（并列连词）② Conjunctive adverbs（使用连接副词）③ Semicolon
（运用分号连接）
（3）从属法：
从句主要包括名词性从句（noun clause），状语从句（adverbial clause）和定语从句（attributive clause）。
名词性从句又分为主语从句（subject clause）、表语从句（predicative clause）、宾语从句（object clause）和同位语从句（appositive clause）。
① 常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。
5、几种短语拓展法：
（1）介词短语进行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases）
介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修
饰词之后，做状语时位置比较灵活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。
（2）不定式短语进行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）
不定式短语做名词时，可做主语、表语、宾语；做形容词时，在句中作定语； 做副词时，可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。（3）动名词短语进行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）
动名词为动词-ing形式，名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动 词性可以带宾语和状语。
（4）分词短语进行拓展（expanding with participial phrases）
分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。
6、effective sentences（有效句）
（1）Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities :
unity（一致性），coherence（连贯性），conciseness（简洁性）, emphasis（强调性），variety（多样性）.（2）此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※
7、练习题： P142（1）This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but
its content is poor.改为：This composition is good in language but poor in content.（The language of
this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.）（2）The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker.改为：The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（The young
worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）//平行意思多种表达形式不连贯
（3）Dufu was one of the best-known poets.改为：Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty.（4）A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.改为：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（A man is
judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）//同类意思同种表达方式
（5）We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.改为：We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.（6）To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.改为：To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.// 连贯性 主语不一致
悬垂修饰语导致
dangling modifiers（7）Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet
of paper.改为：Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their names on this
sheet of paper.//避免造成人和数目的不一致或改变（8）When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything.改为：When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.//同上
（9）For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it.改为：For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it.（10）When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because
I studied very hard.改为：When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because
I had studied very hard.（11）If I were rich and she was single, I would marry her.改为：If I were rich and she were single, I would marry her.（12）They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in return.此句正确。
8、练习题
P142（1）Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October.改为：Tom and his sweetheart married in early October.//wordy（2）In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.改为：In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.（3）The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.改为：The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.（4）There are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the
expedition.改为：A number of students are planning to join the expedition.（5）What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.改为：In my opinion he is a very honest man.（6）I came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I
want to be an interpreter.改为：I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter.（7）These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.改为： These watermelons are large and sweet.（8）At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a
course in Geography too.改为：At present I am taking World History and Geography.（9）We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.改为：We planned to meet before sunrise.（10）His attitude was of a puzzling nature.改为：His attitude was puzzling.9、练习题：
P143（1）He was selfless, hardworking and modest;that’s why he became a great
Scientist.改为：He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and
Hardworking.（2）As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-dressed.改为：John was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.（3）Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room.改为：As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life.（4）China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy during the past 14 years.改为：As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 1`4 years，China has changed a great deal.（5）Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.改为：Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.（6）Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer
interesting to him after he went bankrupt.改为： After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life
itself were no longer interesting to him.10、常见的语法错误：
P143
书中每个正确的句子都要看 ※（1）Misused parts of speech（用错词性）；（2）Sentence fragments（残缺句）；（3）Run-on sentences（流水句）；
（4）Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（误置修饰与悬虚结构）；
（5）Problem in agreement and reference（一致与指代问题）。
11、练习题
P146
修改残缺句
（1）After returning from the beach.The children were exhausted.改为：After returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.（2）John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research.改为：John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.（3）Karen dropped calculus.Which she had dropped severall times before.改为：Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before.（4）Working together to save our environment.We can leave the world a better
place than wo found it.改为：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a
better place than wo found it.（5）Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man.Proving that she is an honest person.改为：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an
honest person.（6）Some errors in writing are serious.For example, sentence fragments, and
Run-on sentences.改为：Some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, and
Run-on sentences.12、练习题
P147
修改流水句
（1）Some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts
or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.改为：Some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette
buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.（2）Lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received
a full scholarship.改为：Lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has
just received a full scholarship.（3）We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home.改为：We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went
home.（4）At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, I could not take
my usual nap.改为：At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door;I could not
take my usual nap.16
13、练习题
P147
改正句子
（1）The robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.改为：The robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache.（2）He sold the old car to the man with leather seats.改为：He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.（3）Tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.改为：Tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer.（4）Unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was
saved by a passer-by.改为：Unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowning
in the icy river.（5）The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.改为：The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his
owner.（6）I was shocked to see a T-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000.改为：I was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a T-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.（7）She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open thier
hearts completely to her.改为：She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open
his heart completely to her.（8）One of the computers placed in the center of the office have internet access.改为：One of the computers placed in the center of the office has internet
access.（9）The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, are
enthusiastic about my proposal.改为：The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, is
enthusiastic about my proposal.（10）The applicant’s list of credentials are rather long.改为：The applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.17
Chapter 4 English Paragraph Writing（英语段落写作）
1、Paragraph Structure（段落结构）
（1）主题句（the topic sentence）具有三个重要功能：
P149 ① 通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。② 显示段落内容。
③ 控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必
须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。
（2）练习题：
/ P151
2、Composing Effective Paragraphs（写作精彩段落）
精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开：段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲，一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先，该段落必须只讨论一个主体，即段中陈述和说明只能表现一个主题或内容的统一，主题思想通常用一个主题句表达；第二，它必须详细完整地写出有关一个论题读者需要了解的所有内容，即该段落语义必须完整；第三，段中句子排列必须表现出一定条理；第四，段中句子必须表现出连贯性：前后衔接自然，使读者能够轻易了解作者写作思路，而不是感到文中所阐述的观点相去甚远互不相关。
3、There are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:（写作连贯的段落有下列五种重要方法：）
P160（1）A natural or easily recognized order.（合理排序所有信息）（2）Parallelism.（使用排比结构）
（3）Repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.（重复重述关键
词和词组以及词的同义及词型转换）
（4）Substitution of pronouns for key nouns.（用代词替换主要名词）（5）Transition words and phrases.（使用过渡词和词组）
4、合理排序
P161
（P161-P167例子全看）
（1）general-to-specific order---deductive order
（从一般到具体——演绎法）（2）Specific-to-general order---inductive order
（从具体到一般——归纳法）（3）Emphatic order---order of importance
（按照重要性排序）（4）Spatial order---order of space
（空间顺序）（5）Chronological order---order of time
（时间顺序）
考点：五种排序法的英文要会；要会进行排序
5、练习题：1/P180
3/P182（7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5）18
Chapter 5 English Essay Writing（文章写作）
1、Structure of english essays（文章结构）
一篇文章是具有完美连贯性、联系紧密的有机整体。文章中的所有内容都是为中心思想服务的。主题句出现在引言或开头段（introductory paragraph）；然后是正文或主体段（body paragraph）；最后是结尾段（concluding paragraph），重述文章主题和中心，首尾呼应，总结全文。
2、列提纲（outline）
※ 考点
P199
（1）There are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.提纲分为两种形式：主题式提纲和句子式提纲。
（2）主题式提纲简洁明了，通常由名词及其修饰语组成，或由动名词短语、动
词不定式短语组成；句子式提纲提供的是对文章较为详细的提要。（3）下面以文章标题“骑自行车的乐趣”为例，列举两种不同的提纲：
① Topic outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: The commonness of tiding a bicycle I.Relatively inexpensive A.To buy B.To operate
II.Healthy A.A lot of exercise B.No pollution III.Personally satisfying A.To enjoy the scenery B.To become part of nature
IV.Conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful ② Sentence outline: Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure Introduction: Nowadays, it is very common for people to ride a bicycle.I.Riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive
A.It is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle.B.It is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle.II.Riding a bicycle is healthy.A.Riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise B.Riding a bicycle causes no pollution.III.Riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.A.Riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery.B.Riding a bicycle can make us become part of nature.IV.Conclusion: Riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.3、There are four types of English essays:
narration（记叙文），description（描写文），expositon（说明文）and argumentation（议论文）。
第二篇：简爱essay(英语学术写作)
Alien0926210817
Jane Eyre
This book was written by Charlotte Bronte in 1847.It describes a story of an orphan's whose name is Jane Eyre.Jane Eyre is living under the pressure of traditional society.But she still pursues her independence and fair treatment.She is ordinary, but she has a sincere and brave heart.The unfair treatments of her aunt’s family made her resists and wanted to get away from that home.But after she came to school, she found the school was quiet different as she thought.Jane Eyre was treated unfair in her aunt’s home.She had been taken by her uncle when she was a parentless infant.But since her uncle died, Jane Eyre has been treated quiet unfairly.Her aunt never treated her as her own child.She suffered from lots of insults and humiliates.No one understood and helped her.It made her lived a difficult childhood.“And you ought not to think yourself on an equality with the Misses Reed and Master Reed, because Missis kindly allows you to be brought up with them.”(6)The people of that home were looking down of Jane Eyre.They gave her a hard time because she was poor and humble.They thought that Mrs.Reed was kind enough to bring Jane Eyre up and she must be obedient.“No.you are less than a servant, for you do nothing for your keep”.(6)They never treated Jane Eyre as their family member.Even thought she was less than a servant and must do all the things as others’ wishes.And she has no rights and status in this family.“Why I was
always suffering, always criticized, always accused, forever condemned.” Facing those unfair treatments, she felt helpless and sorrowful.All the people in this family were indifferent and partial.Those things also made her revolt and rebel.The unfair and cruel life in her aunt’s family made Jane Eyre revolt and escape.The lonely and unhappy childhood made Jane Eyre built up a resistant and rebellious character.She began to accuse those unfair treatments.She didn’t want to stay in Mrs.Reed’s family anymore.She wanted to go to school and change her life completely.“Wicked and cruel boy!I said.You are like a murderer”.(3)Facing to her cruel and unreasonably cousin, Jane Eyre didn’t afraid anymore and rebuked him bravely.“People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(19)When Jane said out those words to Mrs.Reed, she showed her anger and determination.“School would be a complete change: it implied a long journey, an entire separation from Gateshead life.”(13)Jane Eyre’s independent character made her didn’t want to depend on her aunt for a living.She thought that if she go to school, she would meet a new life.When Jane Eyre came to Lowood-a charity school, she found the life in this school was quiet different as she hope.The dharma of Lowood were tough, the life in school were hard, Mr.Brocklehurst, the president of Lowood, is a ruthless hypocrite.In this school, Jane continued suffered spiritual and physical destructions.No matter the food and clothing of school were very bad.Because of poor living and medical conditions, many children died of the disease.“None of this girls around me seemed happy with the food in front of them.Soon, I too found the taste
disgusting.”(23)Many students are not satisfied in this school.The food even can not take away their hunger, let alone the quality.“You must avoid this girl’s company, exclude her from your sports ,and shut her out from your converse…for this girl is liar!”(32)Mr.Brocklehurst defamed Jane Eyre in every possible way in front of all the teachers and students.Many student didn’t believe her and afraid of be with her.But fortunately, her friend Helen and her kind teacher – Miss Temple, still trusted and liked her.But happy days did not last long.A disease break rules of the school.“Many students, already ill, went home only to die.Some died at the school, and were buried quietly and quickly, the nature of the disease forbidding delay.”(40)Helen also died of this disease.Jane Eyre lost her only good friend in this school.She felt great sorrowful and regretful,Jane Eyre is a poor and homely girl, but she is independent and has a strong self-esteem.Because of the unfair treatment in her aunt’s home, she required to go to school to find a new life.Even thought her school was not like what she wanted.She desires to get equal and happy life through her efforts.
第三篇：英语辩论 学术写作 - 常用词
一党制国家
One—party States 人权 Human rights 人权宣言
Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 工会 Trade unions
下议院 House of Commons 上议院 House of Lords 个人主义 Individualism 女权主义 Feminism 马列主Marxism—Leninism 马克思主义 Marxism 马基雅维里主Machiavelli 王权 Crown
无产阶级 Proletariat
无产阶专政 Dictatorship of the proletariat 无政府主义 Anarchism 专制 Despotism
专制政府/绝对专制主义 Absolute government/absolutism
中央与地方的关系 Central/Local relations 分权 Separation of powers公共行政 Public administration 公民权利 Civil rights 公民自由 Civil liberties 正义Justice
可审判性Justiciability平等Equality 奴隶制Slavery 占统治地位的党 Dominant party 代表Delegate
代议员Representative 代议制政府
Representative government 代表制Representation 主权Sovereignty 市民社会Civil society 市（镇）长Major
立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体 Constitutional government 立法机关Legislatures 立法否决Legislative veto 立法委员会
Legislative committees 立法起草
Legislative drafting 半总统制
Semi-presidential systems 议长Speaker 议会制度
Parliamentary system 司法机构Judiciary 司法行政官Magistrate 司法审查Judicial review 民主Democracy 民主党Democratic Party
民主集中制Democratic centralism 民意测验Opinion polls
共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic 机构/制度Institution 权力Power 权利Rights
权利法案Bill of rights 权威Authority 妇女选举权
Women’s suffrage 地方长官Prefect
地方政府Local government 地方政府财政
Local government finance 地方政治Local politics 同意Consent
同意投票Approval voting 团体理论Group theory 邦联Confederation
邦联条例Articles of Confederation 自由Freedom
自由党Liberal parties 自由裁量权Discretion 自决Self-determination 自治Self-government 自治领Dominion 行为主义Behaviouralism 行政Administration 行政机关Executives
政委员Administrative board 行政法庭
Administrative tribunal 行政法院
Administrative court 州长Governor 多元主义Pluralism 多元社会Plural society 多头制Polyarchy 多数派政府
Majority government 多数统治Majority rule 决策Decision making 决策理论Decision theory 农奴制Serfdom 阶层/阶级Class
麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James 苏格拉底Socrates 极权主义Totalitarianism 否决权Veto 投票Voting 投票率Turnout 护宪Entrenchment 财产权Property 利益Interests 利益表达与聚合 Interest articulation and aggregation 利益集团Interest group
言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press 社区/共同体Community 社团主义Corporatism 社会主义Socialism 社会民主主义 Social democracy
社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy 责任Responsibility 责任政府
Responsible government
直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action 杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas 欧洲议会
European Parliament 欧洲共同体
European Community 歧视Discrimination 国际法International Law 国家State
国家元首Head of state 国家消亡
Withering away of the state 国家财政危机
Fiscal crisis of the state 非暴力反抗
Civil disobedience 非暴力行为
Non-violent action 制定法Statute Law 制衡Checks and balance 委任Patronage 委员会Commission 质询Interpellation 法Law 法令Act 法官Judge 法治Rule of law 法律的正当程序 Due process of law 法案，议案Bill 宗教自由
Freedom of religion 审判Adjudication 审查制度Censorship 官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy 实证主义Positivism 封建主义Feudalism
革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution 政体Polity 政纲platform 政变Coup D’etat 政府Government 政府组成过程 Government formation process 政府首脑
Head of government 政府调查Public inquiry 政治Politics
政治义务Political obligation 政治文化Political culture 政治中的种族问题 Race in politics 政治心理学
Political psychology 政治发展
Political development
政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee 政治行为研究 Political behaviour 政治地理学
Political geography
政治权力Political power 政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium)政治沟通
Political communication 政治体系/政治系统 Political system 政治参与
Political participation 政治财政Political finance 政治科学Political science 政治社会化
Political socialization 政治社会学
Political sociology 政治学的定量方法
Quantitative methods in politics 政治态度Political attitudes 政治腐败
Political corruption 政治继承
Political succession 政治理论Political theory 政治暴力Political violence 政治影响Political influence
政治整合/政治一体化Political integratio 政党分赃制Spoils system 政党认同Party identification 政党代表大会 Party convention
政党功能Parties,political:functions of 政党组织Party organization 政党核心集团Machine 政党秘密会议Caucus 政策分析Policy analysis 政策实施Implementation
政策输出研究Policy output studies 城市政府City government 城邦国家City state 贵族/贵族制Aristocracy 思想库Think tank 看守政府 Caretaker government 选区Constituency 选民登记
Registration of electors 选择投票Ticket-splitting 选择领导Leadership selection 选举Elections
选举团Electoral college 选举纲领Election program 选举制度Electoral system 选票Ballot
重农主义Physiocracy 重划选区Redistribution 重商主义Mercantilism 种族灭绝Genocide 种族主义Racism 种族隔离Apartheid 顺从Deference
保守主义Conservatism 保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism 修正主义Revisionism 独立机构
Independent agency
独立宣言Declaration of Independence 独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism 独裁制Autocracy 帝国Empire
帝国主义Imperialism 美国革命
American Revolution 美国国会Congress 美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府
Prime minister/Prime ministerial government
总统，总统制President/Presidential system总罢工General strike 总督Governor-General 派别Faction 咨询和同意
Advice and consent 宣传Propaganda 宪法Constitutional law 宪法规约
Conventionofthe constitution
宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism 神权政治Theocracy 神授王权
Divine right of kings 费边主义Fabianism 绝对专制主义Absolutism 统治阶级Ruling class 统治能力Governability 恐怖Terror 恐怖主义Terrorism 格劳修斯Grotius 监护Tutelage 监察专员Ombudsman 党派首领Boss 罢免Recall 恩格斯Engels
缺席投票Absence voting 特权Prerogative 特许状Charter 秘密警察Secret police 倒台与政权更迭
Breakdown and regime change 候选人选择
candidate selection 爱国主义Patriotism 被保护国Protectorate
竞争性政党制度Competitive party system 竞选运动Election campaign 部门Department
部长，部Minister/Ministry 部长会议Council of Ministers 准司法Quasi-judicial 准--非政府组织Quango 资历制Seniority 资产阶级Bourgeoisie 资本主义Capitalism 浮动投票人Floating vote 浪漫主义Romanticism 宽容Toleration 家长型控制Paternalism 调查委员会Selectcommittee 预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting 陪审团Jury 理性Rationality
理性选择方法Rational choice 教权主义Clericalism 教会与国家
Church and State 基本权利Fundamental right 基层党组织
Primary party organization 职能代表
Functional representation 授权立法
Delegated legislation 授权学说Mandate theory 常设委员会
Standing committee 累计投票Cumulative vote 唯心主义Idealism 领导Leadership 第二院，上议院 Second chambers 康德Kant
混合政府Mixed government 弹劾Impeachment 隐私Privacy
殖民统治Colonial government 联合，联合政府 Coalition/Coalition government 联合民主
Consociational democracy 协商民主
联合国United Nations 联邦制Federalism 联邦党人文集 Federalist Papers 联盟，联合League 超载Overload 超国家政府
Supranational government 博爱Fraternity 斯大林Stalin 斯宾诺莎Spinoza 斯密，亚当Smith,Adam 最低下限Droop quota 最高行政法院 Conseil d’Aetat
最高法院Supreme court 黑格尔Hegal 辉格党与托利党 Whigs and Tories 等级Estates
集体主义Collectivism
集体行动Collective action集体领导 Collective leadership 集合理论Coalition theory 街区选举，集团投票 Block vote
普通法Common law 游说Lobbying
雇主组织Employer’s organization 强制性投票
Compulsory voting 鼓励性行动
Affirmative action 路德，马丁Luther,Martin 解散议会
Dissolution of parliament 意识形态Ideology 新左派New Left 新右派New Right 新政New deal
新教政党Protestant parties 福利国家Welfare state
群众性政党Mass membership party 僭主制/暴政Tyranny 寡头制Oligarchy 寡头政治铁律
Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism 精英理论Doctrine of elites 腐败选区Rotten borough 弊政Maladministration 熊彼特Schumpeter 影子内阁Shadow cabinet 暴力Violence 潘恩Paine 霍布斯Hobbes 穆勒Mill
激进主义Radicalism 激进政党Radical parties 整体主义Holism 辩证法Dialectic
辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 警察Police
警察国家Police state 时事政治词汇
国内时事Domestic Affairs
中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会 17th National Congress of Communist Party of China(17th NCCPC)中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC 中央纪律检查委员会 Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 中共中央委员会 CPC Central Committee 全国人民代表大会(简称 全国人大)National People’s Congress(NPC)
九届全国人大四次会议 the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People’s Congress 全国人大代表 deputy to the National People’s Congress 全国人民代表大会主席团 the NPC Presidium 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 the NPC Standing Committee 全国人民代表大会常务委员会办公厅 the general offices of the NPC Standing Committee 中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会(简称全国政协)National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)
中国政协委员 member of the National Committee of CPPCC 最高人民法院Supreme People’s Court
最高人民法院院长President of the Supreme People’s Court 最高人民检察院Supreme People’s Procuratorate
最高人民检察院检察长Procurator-General
国务院State Council
外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs
国防部Ministry of National Defense
国家发展计划委员会State Development Planning Commission
国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission
教育部Ministry of Education
科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology
国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense
国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission
公安部Ministry of Public Security
安全部Ministry of State Security
监察部Ministry of Supervision
民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs
司法部Ministry of Justice
财政部Ministry of Finance
人事部Ministry of Personnel
劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security
国土资源部Ministry of Land and Natural Resources
建设部Ministry of Construction
铁道部Ministry of Railways
交通部Ministry of Communications
信息产业部Ministry of Information Technology and Telecommunications
水利部Ministry of Water Resources
农业部Ministry of Agriculture
对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation
文化部Ministry of Culture
卫生部Ministry of Health
国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission
中国人民银行People’s Bank of China
审计署Auditing Administration
fgA中国英语学习网
中共中央总书记 General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee
政治局常委 Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee
政治局委员 Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee
书记处书记 Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee
中央委员 Member, Central Committee
候补委员 Alternate Member
省委/市委书记 Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC
党组书记 secretary, Party Leadership Group 中华人民共和国主席/副主席 President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China
全国人大委员长/副委员长 Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress
秘书长 Secretary-General
主任委员 Chairman
委员 Member
（地方人大）主任 Chairman, Local People’s Congress
人大代表 Deputy to the People’s Congress
国务院总理 Premier, State Council
副总理Vice Premier
国务委员 State Councilor
秘书长 Secretary-General
（国务院各委员会）主任 Minister in Charge of Commission for
（国务院各部）部长 Minister
部长助理 Assistant Minister
司长 Director
局长 Director
省长 Governor
常务副省长 Executive Vice Governor
自治区人民政府主席 Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government
地区专员 Commissioner, prefecture
香港特别行政区行政长官 Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
市长/副市长 Mayor/Vice Mayor
区长 Chief Executive, District Government
县长 Chief Executive, County Government
乡镇长 Chief Executive, Township Government
秘书长 Secretary-General
办公厅主任 Director, General Office
（部委办）主任 Director
处长/副处长 Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief
科长/股长 Section Chief
科员 Clerk/Officer
有中国特色的社会主义民主政治socialist democratic politics with Chinese characteristics 邓小平理论 Deng Xiaoping Theory 三个代表 three represents theory(the Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.)高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and carry out the important thoughts of “Three Represents” 坚持解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，弘扬与时俱进的精神 adhere to the ideological guideline of emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, and upholds the spirit of advancing with time.两大历史性课题（提高党的执政能力和领导水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力）the two major historic subjects of enhancing the abilities of administration and art of leadership and resisting corruption, guarding against degeneration and warding off risks.全面推进党的建设的新的伟大工程forge ahead with the new great project of Party building 三讲教育：讲学习，讲政治，讲正气three emphases education(to stress theoretical study, political awareness and good conduct)新闻发布会news conference 政府工作报告government’s work report 国有企业state-owned enterprises(SOE)人均国内生产总值per-capita gross domestic product(GDP)国民生产总值gross national product(GNP)经济房low-cost housing 西部大开发 the strategy of developing the western region 西部大开发战略develop-the-west strategy 扩大住房贷款，助学贷款和大件消费品贷款expand housing loans, student loans and major commodity loans 弱势群体 disadvantaged groups(对弱势群体给予特殊的就业援助。Special employment assistance should be given to members of disadvantaged groups.)西电东送 transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern region 加快经济结构调整 accelerate economic restructuring 购买力 purchasing power 消费者物价指数Consumer Price Index(CPI)城镇社会保障体系 urban social security system 下岗职工基本生活费 subsistence allowances for laid-off workers 离退休人员基本养老金 basic pensions for retirees 特困行业和企业 industries and enterprises in dire straits 试点项目 pilot project 抵抗全球经济衰退 to combat the global economic slump 医疗改革 health care reform 农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural workers 扩大内需，刺激消费 expand domestic demand and consumption 乡镇企业 township enterprises 地方保护主义local protectionism fgA中国英语学习网 不正当竞争unfair competition fgA中国英语学习网 与时俱进 advance with the times 综合国力 overall national strength 可持续发展 sustainable development 三峡工程 Three-Gorges Project 三峡移民 Migrants from Three Gorges area 电视会议 televised meeting 常务委员 Standing Committee member 下岗职工 laid-off workers 再就业 re-employment 再就业下岗人员 re-employment of laid-off workers 隐形就业 hidden employment 国有企业改革 Reform of state-owned enterprises 医保制度改革 Reform of medical insurance system 政府机构改革 Reform of government institutions 现代远程教育 modern distance education 青藏铁路 Qinghai-Tibet Railway 农村电网改造 projects to upgrade rural power grids 退耕还林、还草工程 Grain for Green Project 增收节支 increase revenue and cut government expenditure 全面小康社会 all-round well-off society 构建和谐社会to build a harmonious society 对某事予以严重关注express grave concern over sth.fgA中国英语学习网 对某事表示深切关注be deeply concerned about sth.fgA中国英语学习网 旨在做某事in a bid to do sth.海峡两岸关系cross-Strait relations 国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council 三通(指台湾海峡两岸实现通商，通航和通邮)three direct links of trade , mail , and air and shipping services across the Taiwan Straits fgA中国英语学习网 一国两制one country, two systemsfgA中国英语学习网 反对“台独” oppose the “Independence of Taiwan 一个中国的原则是和平统一的基础
The One-China Principle is the foundation and prerequisite for peaceful reunification 国际时事International Affairs 大使，使节ambassador大使馆embassy 武装部队armed forces 逮捕arrest 当局 authorities 禁止ban 炸弹；轰炸bomb 人体炸弹body bomb 预算budget 内阁cabinet 运动，选举campaign 候选人，选手candidate 伤亡casualty 停火cease-fire 首领，长官chief 倒塌collapse 谴责condemn 腐败corruption 撞击，坠毁crash 汇市 currency market 僵局deadlock 死亡数death toll 赤字deficit / 盈余 surplus 外交关系diplomatic tie 经济复苏economic recovery 选举election
少数民族ethnic groups 证据evidence 驱逐，放逐expel 世界经济global economy 有罪的guilty 劫机hijack 人质hostage 独立independence 通货膨胀inflation 投资invest 共同的joint 伊拉克战争Iraq War 多数majority 行动，步骤move 相互的mutual 核武器nuclear weapon 开枪，开火open fire 推翻，颠覆overthrow 国会parliament(Britain);congress(US)维和部队peace-keeping force(美)五角大楼(美国国防部办公楼)Pentagon 方针，政策policy 投票，民意测验 poll 总统，主席 president 提议，提案proposal 抗议protest 经济萧条recession 区域的regional 收入revenue
暴动和抢劫rioting and looting 安全 security 间谍spy 战略strategy 自杀suicide
高峰会议summit meeting 生还者survivor 恐怖主义terrorism 恐怖分子terrorist 被困的 trapped 台风 typhoon 协议 treaty 动荡 unrest 受害者victim 暴力violence
安全理事会Security Council
联合国大会UN General Assembly
联合国教育科学文化组织United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO
世界卫生组织World Health Organization(WHO)世界贸易组织World Trade Organization(WTO)自由贸易协定Free Trade Agreement(FTA)fgA中国英语学习网
发展和平友好、平等互利、长期稳定的关系to develop relations of peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, and prolonged stability
发展民族经济to develop the national economy
贩卖军火to peddle munitions
国家不分大小，应该一律平等All countries, big or small, should be equal
建立正常的国家关系to establish normal state relations
求得公平合理的解决to seek a fair and reasonable solution
取长补短to make up for each other’s deficiencies
通过外交途径进行谈判to negotiate through diplomatic channels
维护国家独立和主权完整to safeguard national independence and the integrity of sovereignty
用和平手段解决争端to solve disputes by peaceful means
维护世界和平to safeguard world peace
第四篇：英语四级写作及解析
2009 年 12 月英语四级写作范文及解析
1、建设绿色校园很重要
2、绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……
3、为了建设绿色校园，我们应该…… Creating a Green Campus Recently the topic of a green campus has been widely debated which has aroused public attention.Undoubtedly, a green campus, the indispensable part for the development of college students, has a profound impact on both individulas and society,for its significance cannot be denied。A green campus environment, rather than anything else, plays a decisive role in the growth of college students.Needless to say, a green campus includes not only the places where the students live, but also the mental environment.If there were no green surrounding among the college students, their soul would be not as pure as we wish.In that case, in no place other than campus should we attempt to make a green atmosphere。In view of the seriousness of the situation, it is imperative for us to take effective measures to creat a green campus.In the first place, it is essential that law and regulations be worked out and enforced by the government and authorities.Furthermore, it is ripe time that we enhanced the awareness of the students themselves.Only in this way, can we get a satisfactory results.With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that a green campus will be achieved in the near future。
历 年四级作文题及范文(2009-06)[2009/06/26] 越来越多的博物馆免费开放的目的是什么? 也会带来一些问题 你的看法 Free Admission to Museums(满分版)Nowadays, an increasing number of museums are admission-free to visitors home and abroad.The hidden reason behind this is not hard to analyze as there’s a growing awareness for the authorities regarding the urgency of popularization of culture, knowledge and history with every average person in our society.Only with free access to this live ‘database’, can most people fully enjoy what museums could offer to them.However, free admission to museums might lead to some social problems as well.The most obvious problem is that it might give museums a very heavy economic burden which directly impedes the sustainable development of these organizations.As a result, our government has to work out other ways to collect funds from different channels, which might be difficult to operate or control.On the other hand, free admission attracts too many visitors, some of which might not be well-purposed and do some conscious or unconscious damage to the valuable treasures which used to be well-preserved in the museums.As a university student, I am in favor of the free-admission conduct.Yet it is proposed that some measures should be taken to solve the potential problems caused by it.For example, museums can make some regulations to guide the behavior of visitors or set some ‘closed’ days for museums for regular maintenance.Only in this way can free-admission to museums become a long-lasting phenomenon and have sustainable development.历 年四级作文题及范文(2008-12)[2008/07/26] 1.一次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用 2.造成的问题 3.限制使用塑的意义 Limiting the Use of Disposal Bags ? These days disposal products often hit the headlines of newspapers and have been brought into focus of the public.Indeed, it is widely accepted that they have gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life.Taking a look around you, you can find examples too numerous to list: When you walk on the street, you can see plastic bags flying over your head;When you ramble along the river, you can find plastic bottles floating on the water;When you stroll in the park with your lover, you can notice waste paper thrown everywhere.? Among the most important reasons often cited by people is the quickening pace of modern life.They are often too busy to wash dirty dishes or glasses, as a
result they can do nothing but use disposal products.Also playing a part is the improvement of people's life.As a result of the policy of opening and reform, an increasing number of people are much richer than before and can afford disposal products.(原因)? Admittedly, they might benefit us in a short term.Unfortunately, they will do us harm in more than one way.The major harm is(that)they are sure to pollute the environment.To make matters worse, they are likely to have potential harm to public health.To illustrate this point, I can think of no better example than HP, the river through S.As a result of disposal products in it, the water has caused some diseases in the local people.(影响)? To sum up, for the factors mentioned before, we can safely reach the conclusion that the prevalence of disposale products is bound to cause a chain of undesirable effects.In view of the present situation, it is high time that the government tried every means to protect the environment.Only in this way, can we have a bright future.历年四级作文题及范文(2008-06)[2008/06/25] 1.有人认为网络可以让学习、工作更有效率 2.还有人认为网络让青少年沉迷，进而影响学习3.你对于网络的看法 Recreational Activities In the era of information and technology, there are all kinds of recreational activities.Some people think those recreational activities are great and necessary, because they can help people relax from the hard work and study.Some of the activities, such as hiking, jogging, can help people relax physically;while some of them, such as surfing the Internet, can help people relax mentally.However, some people think that so many kinds of recreational activities may have a bad effect on our lives.Some people may not resist some temptations from those activities, and indulge themselves in those activities.At last they are lured away from their study or their work.In my opinion, we should pay more attention to the advantages of various recreational activities and make the most of them.Meanwhile, we should learn how to use those activities positively, and make them a helpful tool for our development.来源：江涛英语第一时间解析 2008 年 6 月 21 日四级写作 分析： 此次写作题目与昨天我们预测的写作题目之一 The Internet 重合度非常高，都属于正反论证类，需要考生论述正反两方的观点，并最终表明自己的观点。写 作中可用的句型和表达也与 The Internet 的范文达到高达 70%的重合度。具体参 加下面的预测范文。Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic The Internet.You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1.有人认为网络可以让学习、工作更有效率 2.还有人认为网络让青少年沉迷，进而影响学习
历年四级作文题及范文(2007-12)[2007/12/25]
1、各学校开了各种各样的选修课
2、学生选课有不同的原因
3、就我而言 范文一 Nowadays, there usually exists a wide selection of electives for college students to choose from.However, students have quite different plans for their future so they always end up learning courses based on their own ideas.Some students may choose to learn a certain course in order to obtain an extra certificate for their job hunting after graduation.Because they assume that some more knowledge could ensure more chances of winning in finding a good job.Others may have their choice made just for fun.They tend to hold the idea that college life could be more colorful if they could widen their knowledge through elective courses.As far as I’m concerned, I’m inclined to choose electives based on both the value of the courses and the interest of my own.范文二 Nowadays many college students prefer to
have electives in their spare time because the courses can offer a variety of skills and abundant knowledge apart from what they learn in the daily courses.There are many factors that may account for it, and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.To start with, many students want to get another degree besides their own, so that they can have more competence when they seek a job.Furthermore, as for me, I don’t care about degree or job, I just want to obtain some necessary skills to make my college life worthwhile.What I’m concerned most is how to own more skills that may be necessary for my future.Finally, some students want to learn anything that is different from what they are learning now.The science students, for example, want to know about Shakespeare while the art students want to tell how a vehicle works and how to deal with it when it breaks down.So, they can all get what they think is useful to their college life.On the whole, the phenomenon is one of the results of multi-demand of the employment market.There is still a long way for us to improve the elective itself, but as a student myself, I find it rewarding and interesting.作文评析： 今年四级的作文，从题目看是明显的议论文。按照我们曾经介绍过的议论文模式，可以用模版来写一 些，开头可以用议 论文典型的开头，比方说，Many students nowadays prefer to have electives because ….., 或者，With the development of the employment market, many students would like to have another course……这样在文章的开篇就提出了明确的主题现 象。第二段可以按照题目要求，根据自己的经历和现在学校的状况，举例说明 这种选修课给自己所带来的利弊，如果自己倾向于上选修课，那么可以多举些优 例如： a ______ majored student myself, I prefer to choose ______ as As 势的例 子，my elective, and I find that _________.比如可以丰富自己的学科范围，扩大知识 面，增强竞争力等。第三段可以说这种现象的劣势，比如： Good as______ is, it has, unfortunately, its disadvantages also.The apparent example is _______.就你自己的经历来看，可 能有比方说，耽误了正课的时间，学习太多无法消化，精力分散等。最后可以总结，On the whole, above all, 等等，陈述你的观点。
历年四级作文题及范文(2007-06)[2007/06/26] 欢迎辞，欢迎加入俱乐部 欢迎辞，欢迎加入俱乐部。标题：Welcome to our club 本文要求考生写一篇欢迎辞，属于一篇应用文写作，与 04 年 6 月的导游词 类似，笔者认为难度不大，可按照以下提纲书写： 1.表达你的欢迎； 2.对你们的俱乐部作一个简要介绍。范文： Ladies and Gentlemen, First of all, please allow me to express the most heartfelt welcome to all of you on behalf of our English Club.We have been looking forward to seeing you for long.It is a wonderful day today.Now I would like to brief my club to you since I want to leave the most wonderful for you to discover.Our club, organizing various activities regularly catering for the needs of participants, is well-known among many English learners.If you want to meet native English speakers, please join us.If you want to speak English not only accurately but also fluently, please join us.If you want to discover the most attractive aspects in English, please join us.I do hope that you will enjoy your journey of English study with us.Thank you!Sincerely Yours Li Ming
历年四级作文题及范文(2006-12)[2006/12/26]
1、许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会
2、但有些人提出取消春节晚会．
3、我 的看法． The approach of the Chinese Lunar New Year poses a national issue concerning the necessity of holding the CCTV Spring Festival Gala.Its established status is being challenged by a growing number of people, especially by younger
generations.It is increasingly difficult to cater for all tastes.Some individuals deem that it should be canceled or replaced by other programs.These young people focus their attention on other forms of celebration instead of immersing themselves in TV.Despite that, the majority of mid-aged people and senior citizens uphold the importance of the traditional performance.The most striking feature of this gala is its traditionally close link with ordinary people's lives.Most of people view this gala as an annual staple on the traditional Chinese Spring Festival Eve.They all have a restless night and glue their eyes on the television.I am not supportive of the view that the grand gala should be abandoned.Undoubtedly, it plays a vital role in the celebration of Chinese New Year.To increase its appeal and meet young adults' need, the upcoming performance should invite some big names including super stars from Hongkong and Taiwan.We are all eagerly anticipating this unforgettable evening show.【点评】 本次四级考试作文总体上来说并不是很难。但表现出两个出人意料：一是体 裁，二是题材。对于体裁来说，本次四级作文属于正反对比论证类的文体。比较出人意料，又回到了老的考查模式。很多学生把考前死背的作文模板派上了用场。但是这 只 能得到最基本的分数。虽然模板对于考查学生的语言表达并不益处，但还能测试 出考生的语言基本功。从四级考试写作的测试目的来看，还是注重考查学生对基 本 语法、基本词汇运用能力的掌握情况。所以除了模板之外，考生还要在基本 表达上狠下功夫，只有在平时多操练，在考场上才游刃有余。除此之外，学生还 要在作文 中多采用闪光点，这样就会使作文在基本分数上有所提升，有所突破。
2006 年 6 月英语四级作文 题目：An announcement for a voluntary program
1、校学生 会组织依次暑假志愿活动现招聘志愿者
2、本次志愿者活动的目的、内容及安排
3、报名条件和联系方式 Volunteers Needed 范文 A： Ladies and gentlemen, our Students’Union is calling for your due attention for a voluntary program to be launched in this imminent summer vacation and we are looking forward to your keen concern andd active participation in earnest.This Program is designed to offer the young kids from a certain poverty-stricken area of Yun Nan Province an opportunity of tree education, which means a two-month stay there.We are convinced it si bound to help us university students to put our learning to full play, to foster a meaningful conception of life of being more caring and tolerant and to assume new tasks and responsibilites after graducation.Dear fellow students, we are beneficiaries of a rare privilege of formal education, meanwhile, there are many people, as innately lalented as us, have been deprived of this equal chance, therefore, we hope sophomores and juniors, if interested and willing to help, in this university to contact us ator by 021-12345678.历年四级作文题及范文(2005-12)[2006/07/26] 1． 名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2． 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3． 我 认为…… 2005 年 12 月 24 日英语四级作文及范文 Part V.Writing(30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? You should write at Least 120 words following the outline given below : 1．名校校园正成为旅游新热点 2．校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同 3．我认为…… 〔参考作文〕Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 〔参看范文一〕 One can always find visitors taking pictures and enjoying the scenery in university compus.During the May Day Holiday, National Day Holiday, summer and winter vacations, many University campuses become popular tourist sites.In my opinion,university campus should be open to tourists.In fact, there are many royal gardens and parks, all of them obviously better than the scenery in the Universities.Why do you think people prefer visiting here with their children? That is because it is a dream goal for many Chinese parents and young ambitious students.Besides this, as more tourists come to visit universities, these universities can widen their influence as well and they can also make some profit from the tourism.In a word, I think the university compus should be open to the tourists 〔参看范文二〕 In university compus, especially in some famous ones, such as Peking University and Qinghua University, tourists are always seen looking around everywhere.Although most of them visit with hope and repect, I think university compus should not be open to tourists.First, tourists' visit will disturb the normal teaching.They always get into teaching buildings, libraries and so on.They will make noise and throw rubbish everywhere.Second, some tourists trample grass to take photos, and sculpture on trees to leave words.These will affect the environment of the compus badly.The university is a holy place for study, not for tourism.So It should not be open.2
005 年 6 月 18 日英语四级作文及范文 Teacher’s Day ： 1.向老师致以节日的问候。2.回忆件老师的教诲中难忘的事情。3.我如何报答老师。〔参考范文之一〕 This is Teachers’ Day and a time to be grateful to all teachers.This profession deserves the special recognition and respect.There is no more appropriate time than this to honour you and others in your chosen field.You have my eternal gratefulness.Have a happy Teachers’ Day.The whole secret of the teacher’s force lies in the conviction that men are convertible.Teacher, who educate children, deserve more honor than parents, who merely gave them birth;for the latter provided more life, while the former ensure a good life.What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soule.My heartfelt thanks to you, dear teacher.On the voyage of life, you have kindled the light of hope for me.What you have done enriches my mind and broadens my view.On this day I honour you sincerely.No one deserves a bigger thank you than you.One day is hardly enough to show our gratitude.〔参考范文之二〕 National Teacher Day is always the Tuesday of the first full week of May.And it is always for our students to give our special thanks to our lovely teacher.I still remember last year when I was feeling lost,down and out,I had no idea about about my life,my love,my study even doubt why I was here in the world.So then came so much wine ang smoke,I was tired,physical and mental.I even wanted to end my life just jumping from the top of our buliding.Then my teacher came to me, she said she knew what I was afraid of, she aslo told me that’s very common like many yong people of my age.She told me to call her anytime I need her help.I did so ,we often chat ems and made some phone call.I just can’t remember when come the mirical.I have found myself now!Another teacher’s day,to all the teachers,to our parents.〔参考范文之三〕 The Once per year ’s Teacher’s Day will come soon.At first, I will extend the greeting of festival to my teacher.Last week, I suddenly had a stomachache terribly in the school.My teacher was very worried, sent me to the hospital in a hurry.After checking , doctor verified that I have got the acute enteritis.My teacher came with me all the night in the hospital, so kind as to look after me.My teacher fed me food and medicine on time.After struggling with the serious illness in one days and one nights, I left hospital.Then my teacher helps me to make up a missed lesson of English in a few days in succession.I express gratitude to my teacher, I can’t recover so fast without my teacher.Because of my teacher I can participate today’s CETD.I want to repay my teacher.No present can express my grateful feeling to my teacher.And the best repayment is that I can pass
the CETD this time.
第五篇：英语写作的困扰解析
英语写作的困扰解析
美加电话英语认为英语写作和母语写作都有一个共同的特点就是自身的语言表达能力强不强，如果一个人不善于表达，那么写作能力和语言组织能力也不行，所以我们在英语写作的时候就应该多掌握英语词汇，懂得运用英语语法多多了解外国人的思维方式和表达方式。发挥，写作能力，不论母语外语，不是单纯语言技能的反映，至少是抽象思维能力、信息处理能力、科学研究能力、专业创新能力、篇章组织能力、语言表述能力六种能力的集大成。改革开放以来，通过“注重阅读”与“强调交流”两次教学改革的实践，我国大学生、研究生的英语能力普遍得到了提高。但是，一个值得注意的现象是，英语教学中，所谓交流，目前还仅限于听说方面的口头交流，更深层面上的笔头交流、文本交流，也就是英语写作能力，整体上仍然停留在一个较低的水准。
一个人如果文化水平很低或者说语言词汇掌握的很少的时候那么这个英语写作可能就会成为一个很高很难迈过去的门槛，我们要多读英语书，多掌握英语的对话和语句，再把学过来的英语对话和语句多多的运用在慢慢的由浅变深的写作了。
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