学术英语作业

第一篇：学术英语作业

Text 6

Abstract

Game theory

Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John Von Neumann.In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict.Other games were considered in a cooperative form.Games are different from decisions made in a neutral environment.The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence:sequential and simultaneous.The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathematician John Nash.Nash’s notion of equilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games.Some games have many such equilibrium while others have none.And this notion has some flaws.In spite of it,the concept has proved extremely useful in analyzing many strategic interactions.There are some examples of strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundamentals of game theory:the prisoners’dilemma,mixing moves and strategic moves.Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation.But the theory is far away from complete,and in many ways the design of successful strategy remains an art.Key words: game theory,sequential,simultaneous,equilibrium

博弈论是战略的科学性和首创了由普林斯顿数学家约翰·冯·诺伊曼。在最初几年的重点是纯冲突的游戏。其他比赛被认为是一种合作形式。游戏不同于在一个中立的环境中做出的决定。游戏的本质是玩家策略的相互依存。有两种不同类型的战略相互依存的：顺序和同步。逻辑循环是利用均衡的概念是由普林斯顿数学家约翰·纳什开发的平方。纳什均衡的概念对于同时进行的循环论证问题仍然是一个不完整的解决方案。有些游戏有很多这样的均衡，而另一些则没有。而且这个概念有一些缺陷。尽管它的概念已被证明在分析许多战略互动非常有用。有战略互动的一些例子说明了一些博弈论的基本原理：囚徒困境，混合动作和战略举措。在博弈论的最新进展已经成功地描述和规定适当的策略在冲突与合作的几种情况。但理论是远未完成的，而且在成功策略很多方面的设计仍然是一门艺术。

第二篇：硕士英语——学术翻译第二次作业

硕士英语——学术翻译第二次作业

1.Put the following passage into Chinese.Distance learning is a formal educational process that breaks the traditional mode of classroom teaching.There are two key differences between traditional education and distance learning.Distance learning adds flexibility and availability, regardless of time, place or pace of learning.Here an instructor teaches, and somewhere else a student learns, regardless of barriers of time or place.Distance learning reaches out to non-traditional students who must fit their studies around workplace, family responsibilities, and geographical barriers, etc.远程学习是打破传统课堂教育模式的正式教学过程。传统教学和远程教学有两点核心不同点。远程教学增加了灵活性和可用度，不需要再考虑学习的时间和地点。在这里一个教师教学，在其他某个地方，一个学生学习，不需再考虑时间地点的障碍。远程教育帮助了那些非传统学生，对这些学生而言，他们必须使他们的学习接近工作地点，要兼顾到家庭责任，和地理上的障碍等。

2.Put the following sentences into English.1）体育运动可以防止发胖，增强体质，是我们保持身体健康.Sports activity can prevent getting fat, strengthen our body, and keep us be healthy.2）尽管计算机有许多优点，但是它们不能进行创造性工作，也不能代替人。Despite having many advantages, computers can not creatively work, or substitute humankind.3）我们一直在这儿讨论的区别是实际操作技术而不是理论背景。

What we are talking about is practical operation skills, not theory background.4）人们应该互相学习，取长补短。

People should learn from each other ,learning from others’ strong points to overcome their weak points.5）旅游业是全世界最大的雇主，全球10%的工作岗位都是由旅游业创造的。Tourism is the largest employer in the world ,creating 10% job of the world.

第三篇：学术英语范文

《学术英语》课程阶段性作业：文献综述

学生姓名：学号：专业班级：完成日期：分数：

The influence of the earthquake disaster and earthquake disaster mitigation measures analysis

There are three main reasons for the earthquake hypothesis , namely “ elastic rebound ”, “the magma shock to say” ' said phase change.“These three hypotheses have some reasonable, but what causes earthquakes, pending further study

The Characteristics of earthquake disasterissudden and strong, destructive big , serious secondary disasters , far-reaching social , defense difficult.Sudden strong make it difficult to predict and the effect of prevention becomes weak.His devastating is to see, such as the Tangshan earthquake which caused 24.2 million deaths , injuries 16.4 million.The Secondary disasters such as fires , floods , tsunamis , landslides , mudslides , gas leaks, pandemics, radioactive contamination is also very scary.2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which has razed to the ground in several cities.Due to sudden strong earthquake , suffered heavy casualties, huge economic losses , tend to produce a chain reaction , causing a huge impact on a region or even a social life and the country 's economic activity , resulting in a profound impact on society.Compared with floods, droughts, typhoons and other weather disasters , earthquake prediction is much more difficult.At the same time , improve the seismic performance of buildings , requires a lot of capital investment , this is not a short period of time can do.Although it is difficult to predict the devastating earthquake , but there is a history of China successfully predicted miracle.At 19:36 on February 4, 1975 occurred in Liaoning Haicheng earthquake prediction is accurate , which makes more than 100 million people in southern Liaoning Province promptly evacuated their homes and workplaces.This success is due to the abnormal situation in a timely manner to collect a large number of earthquake precursors , and timely induction, analyze, summarize the results , thanks to good policies of prevention group prevention and measured.Haicheng earthquake prediction can be successful, professional workers contributed to the earthquake, but it was the implementation of ”mass monitoring and prevention" approach, also played a crucial role.Generally speaking, professional workers in the earthquake, earthquake forecasting long, medium, and have a good chance, but the short-term forecasting, grasp not so big.The earthquake disaster prevention, the short-term forecasting truly decisive.References:

1, The cause of the earthquake

2, The characteristics of earthquake disasters

3, NOVA: Wave That Shook The World—Site and special report shot within days of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.4,changmengfei,Shockproof ,Please reference the historical experience[N].Procuratorate Daily, 2008-05-14.参考文献：

1, 地震灾害的成因

2,地震灾害的特点

3,新星：波浪摇动了世界——直击近日2004年的印度洋海啸的现场特别报道 4, 常梦飞，防震.请借鉴历史经验[N].检察日报, 2008-05-14.

第四篇：学术英语

1.词汇替换（这题全部出自课文后的formal words练习）

2.术语（20个的范围准备，考试考10个。学生必须自己熟悉术语的含义，考试的时候

要求考生根据描述写出术语。）

Iceberg Theory

2.Essay

3.Collective unconscious

4.Artistic merit

5.Literary theory

6.Gender studies

7.Figure of speech

8.Literary criticism

9.Genealogy

10.historical data

11.national identity

12.the pastness of the past

13.the Mandate of Heaven

14.historical consciousness

15.historiography

16.historian/historiographer

17.Paradox

18.epistemology

19.Metaphysics

20.formal developments 1.3.释义（给学生8句的范围准备，考试考2句）

1).The nature of artistic merit is less easy to define than to recognize.The writer need

not even pursue it to attain it.2).The test in individual cases would seem to be one of enduring satisfaction and, ofcourse, truth.3).By embracing literary theory, we learn about literature, but importantly, we are also

taught tolerance for other people’s beliefs.4).Although each reader’s theory and methodology for arriving at a text’sinterpretation differs, sooner or later groups of readers and critics declare allegiance

to a similar core of beliefs and band together, thereby founding schools of criticism.5).“History teaching by example” is one phrase that describes this use of a study of the past — a

study not only of certifiable heroes, the great men and women of history who successfully

worked through moral dilemmas, but also of more ordinary people who provide lessons in

courage, diligence, or constructive protest.6.The same aesthetic and humanistic goals inspire people to immerse themselves in efforts to reconstruct quite remote pasts, far removed from immediate, present-day utility.The method of conceptual analysis might sometimes seem picky, but unclarity or imprecision in our concepts is often what leads us into paradoxes and incoherence in our world views.Every claim, no matter where it comes from, is subject to scrutiny.Even common sense is not taken for granted, which leads

philosophers to put forward some very weird views.7.8.翻译来自第六单元的A课文

第五篇：学术诚信作业

浅析学术造假的原因和对策

引言

学术造假是指剽窃、抄袭、占有他人研究成果，或者伪造、修改研究数据等的学术腐败行为。学术造假首先是一种违背学术道德和科学精神的表现，是一种学风浮躁和急功近利的产物。学术造假既败坏了社会风气，又不利于科学研究的发展。长此以往，真正踏踏实实做学问的人很难竞争过依靠剽窃抄袭、篡改数据的造假者。这无疑会极大地打击那些真正搞科研的人的积极性。而且，学术作假者还会制造出很多不真实的成果。如果有人以他们的成果作为基础进行研究，必然难以成功。这就带来了科研生产力的浪费。一 学术造假的原因

无论古今中外，学术造假的现象一直存在。学术造假的危害虽不像生产商品那样对人们的身心健康和财产构成直接的损害。但从更深的层次去考虑，学术造假的危害更为严重。那为什么学术造假会在我国如此盛行呢？一些学者认为学术造假的原因有：功利原因（学术造假可轻易获得功名利益）、制度原因（包括学术管理体制行政化、学术评价体制不完善、学术监督制度缺位）和处罚过轻等。从深层次去分析，学术造假主要有以下原因：

第一，社会道德沦落，诚信缺失。这是学术造假的社会环境。为了革命的需要，我们曾经对传统道德进行了批判否定，代之以社会主义道德。社会主义道德体系尚未完善地形成就遭到了“文革”严重冲击和扭曲，文革结束后，我们还未来得及彻底拨乱反正，重建社会主义道德体系，改革开放就开始了。社会进入转型时期，各种道德价值观念（如资本主义的、封建主义的）影响、纷扰着国人，使整个社会处于一种道德失范状况，损人利己、惟利是图、背信弃义的道德观念严重侵袭人们的灵魂，社会道德沦落，诚信缺失。诚信被视为傻帽，造假视为能耐，于是乎，假冒伪劣产品泛滥。学术领域亦非净土，因此，学术造假之风也随之盛行。

第二，在职称评定、业绩考核上，过分重视“学术成果”，是导致学术造假的直接动因。现在社会上一反文革时期的轻知识轻学术的做法（这是社会进步，无可厚非），又过分强调个人的学术成果或研究成果，在绝大多数高校和研究机构，甚至一些党政事业单位，把科研成果作为衡量、评价、考核的最重要的硬指标，而考核科研成效最看重的是在什么级别的学术期刊上发表了多少学术论文，而其它方面诸如教学业绩、思想政治表现等都是软性指标。高校如此，尚情有可原，高校毕竟担负着学术科研的重任。中小学教师最重要的职责与任务是教书育人，却也纷纷效仿高校做法，提升“学术科研”的地位，在教师提拔重用、职称评定上也特别重视教师的学术科研成果，将学术科研成果提升到与教育教学业绩同等重要的地位，有时甚至实行学术科研成果一票否决制。这就使得许多中小学教师，他们育人育得很好，书也教得很好，态度勤勤恳恳，工作也扎扎实实，本来就是很合格的教师，但由于没有受过做学术的专门训练、或没有时间和精力从事学术研究、或没有兴趣进行学术研究，少有学术成果，他们在评职称、晋级晋升上往往吃亏；于是，只得赶鸭子上树，舍本逐末，也搞科研、也做学术。俗话说，隔行如隔山，他们大部分人是做不出成果来的，那么，就只有造假了。

第三，急功近利、浮躁的社会心理，这是导致学术造假的社会氛围。做学问，搞科研是一项不仅需要才华与灵感，更需要恒心与耐力，要守得住寂寞，耐得住清贫，还需要有献身学术、科学的精神，即要有即使一事无成也无怨无悔的心态与准备。由于当今社会，过分地将学术、科研成果与经济利益、社会地位甚至政治权利直接挂钩，导致人们从事学术研究的目的动机异化。在整个社会处于急功近利、浮躁的氛围下，难免有人将自己的学术成果夸大，进行学术造假以骗取功名，获取利益。

第四，学术管理制度不完善，给学术造假提供了机会和可能。主要表现为：一是学术管理体制行政化。目前，我国学术体制管理一直沿袭计划经济时代所形成的行政管理模式，对学术成就评价实行僵化的量化评估，重显示轻内容，重数量轻质量、重奖励轻实用，诱导人们着力追求立竿见影而不是有创新的研究；二是学术评价体制不完善。学术评价官本位化、人情化、关系化，甚至出现拉帮结派山头化，使得学术评价失去原本意义，好坏难辩，鱼目混珠，为学术造假洞开方便之门；三是学术监督制度缺位。我国目前尚未建立完善的学术监督制度及其相应的监督机构，对学术行为实行有效监督，这给学术造假活动留下广阔的空间和宽松的环境。

第五，对学术造假处罚不严厉，造假成本过低，使学术造假者缺乏必要的畏惧感。到目前为止，我国尚无对学术造假进行惩罚的法律，对学术造假处罚相对于一般造假而言简直是微不足道。对相关者的惩处也多以批评、教育或者扣发奖金为主，最严厉的莫过于科技部介入调查，最后也仅仅是造假者撤职收场，这无法对学术造假者形成足够的威慑。学术造假成本低，处理轻，获利大，导致越来越多的人乐此不疲。二 应对学术造假的对策

学术造假关系到科学的治学态度和科研精神，关系到高校和整个学术界的社会声誉，关系到当代大学生良好品德的培养和整个社会道德的进步，关系到教育事业的兴衰存亡和中华民族的复兴大业，直接影响到学术研究乃至国家和民族的进步，性质及其恶劣，若不及时阻遏，必将带来严重后果!因此，弘扬优良学风，端正学术道德，杜绝学术造假，维护学术尊严，通过各种得力措施有效打击学术造假行为，对学术造假者严惩不贷，让学术上真正有道德、有良知的人展示自己的身手，重树研究人员的良好道德风尚，建立解决高校学风问题、杜绝学术造假的长效机制，对改善高校科研氛围、提升高校科研实力、建设创新型国家，具有十分重要的现实意义!第一，完善法律法规，维护学术尊严。完善相关法律法规，确保学术打假有法可依。对于学术造假人的侵犯著作权等行为，我国《刑法》《著作权法》等相关法律有所规定，但条款中对侵犯著作权，专利权等行为，在追究侵权人的民事责任的情况下，赔偿数额较低，处罚力度不够，不利于权利人通过法律途径来追究学术造假人的侵权问题。在追究侵权人刑事责任的情况下，法律规定必须以营利为目的，而学术造假人的有些行为并不是直接以营利为目的，而是间接的获得一些好处，在这些情况下，法律没有明文规定，具有一定的漏洞，无法规制约学术造假人的侵权行为。因此，应当完善我国的《著作权法》《专利法》中关于侵权损害赔偿数额的规定，加大惩罚力度，最大限度的维护权利人的合法权益，使权利人树立起对法律的信任，在权利被侵害时能够拿起法律武器进行维权，不再纵容学术造假人的侵权行为。

第二，改革高校相关体制机制，净化学术风气。归根溯源，学术造假现象的大量存在，仍然是高校现行体制及学术评价制度本身引起的问题，必须解决高校现行体制和学术评价机制存在的弊端。改革高校职称评聘制度中不合理、不科学的因素，势在必行。在职称评聘中落实科学发展观，完善科研成果学术评价机制，要改变当前职称评聘中只看论文所发刊物级别、重视数量忽视质量、学术风气浮躁等现象，建立符合学术研究发展规律的科学评价体系。

第三，第三，加强和完善学术评价、监督制度体系建设。一要改革学术管理机制，改变当今只重形式和数量，不重内涵和质量的管理模式。建立一套与国际学术管理体系接轨的科学的、合理的学术质量评价体系。如对一篇论文或论著的评价着重看其被引用的次数和影响因子。二要建立独立的学术评价体系。改变当前学术评价机构行政化，权力地位重于学术的做法，实行专家评议制度。三要建立学术公示制度和异议制度，使造假的学术受到公众的监督，可大大地减少学术造假得逞的几率；建立学术责任制，对放任、或故意造成学术造假的责任人追究责任，这样就可以严格把守学术成果发表、评价、确认关，进一步降低学术造假得逞的几率。四要开展学术批评，坚持学术面前人人平等和实事求是的科学精神，对那些凭借社会地位或政治权力捞取学术资本的行为予以批评，确保学术领域的纯净。三 结语

学术打假不仅要靠严格执行相关法律法规制度，加大打击力度，还要靠学者自身、科研院校等学术界严格自律，以及社会和媒体舆论的监督，使得整个社会形成崇尚创新、学术自由的学术风气，为建设创新型国家提供精神动力和智力支持。