第一篇：英国-名词解释汇总
Chapter One Land and People
1.British Isles
2.Great Britain
3.Lake District
4.Common law
5.The Church of England
6.the British Commonwealth
Chapter Three History
1.Roman Conquest
2.Alfred the Great
3.William the Conqueror
4.Magna Carta
5.Great Council
6.The Hundred Years’ War
7.Black Death
8.The Wars of the Roses
9.The Gunpowder Plot
10.Renaissance
11.Christianity
12.Islam
13.Puritanism
14.The Bill of Rights
15.The Glorious Revolution
16.The Germanic tribes
17.The Enclosure Movement
18.The Industrial Revolution
19.The Reformation
Chapter Four Government and Politics
1.The British monarchy
2.The House of Lords
3.The House of Commons
Chapter Seven Education
1.Public School
2.Open University
3.Oxbridge
第二篇：英国文化 名词解释
1.The Kiwi
It is the name of one of the native birds in New Zealand.It is flightless.In colloquial English the Kiwi,capitalized,is also used to refer to a New Zealander.2.The Open Polytechnic in New Zealand
It is the largest educational institution in New Zealand.Most of its students study part-time.It offers more than 700 courses in a wide range of subjects.Multimedia learning is one of its characteristics.3.The Bill of Rights in the USA
It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It guarantees freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.4.“The Wizard of Menlo Park”
It refers to Thomas Alva Edison.He was the most famous of all American inventors.Among his many important inventions are electric lamp,phonograph,motion pictures and so on.As he was so clever and talented and his workplace were located in Menlo Park,New Jersey,he earned the title.5.Martin Luther King Jr.A black Baptist minister,he was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.In 1963,King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream”speech.As a civil rights leader,King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty,but also to raise the self image of the black.Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest,King was awarded the Nobel Peace-Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.6.The Strategy of Preemption in the USA
President Bush put forward the strategy of preemption.By preemption,when it determined that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to have such weapons,the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the US is attacked.This has come to be known as the Bush doctrine.7.Early Jazz Music
It appeared in the southern New Orleans at the end of the 19 century.It was a blend of folk music,work chants,spirituals,marches,and European classical music.Instruments are used as a trumpet,a trombone,and percussion instruments like the drum,banjo,and guitars.Jazz developed into the 1920’s with two different styles,namely,the Chicago style jazz and the New York style.8.The Canadian Identity
It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian,different from other countries,and the very reason for making Canada so special.For example,two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.9.The Canadian Mosaic
Canada is a nation of immigrants.When it is described as a mosaic,it means that the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their old customs,languages and traditions.This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.10.The Inuit
The Inuit used to be called the Eskimo who lives in far north of the arctic climate by hunting.Today,some of these people still live this way;while others make a living through selling carvings and handicrafts.th
第三篇：英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释
1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.3．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.4．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.5．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.6．Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet)
7．The Lake Poetsall lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.As a group, they followed no single “school” of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review.They are considered part of the Romantic Movement.8．Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.9． Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.、
第四篇：英国文学史-名词解释（模版）
名词解释
Heroic Couplet:a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Sonnet:14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.3．Blank verse:poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.4．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.5．Sentimentalism:it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century.It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.6．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.7．Lake Poets:the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.8．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.9．Realism:seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner.This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.10．Aestheticism:an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.11．Stream-of-Consciousness:it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author.It is a narrative mode.12．Dramatic Monologue:a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.13．Iambic Pentameter:a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.14．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.15．Elegy:a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual;may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death;a type of lyric poem.16．Canto:a section of a long poem.The cantos can be a great poem
17．Ode:a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects.Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine.Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc.This stanza was common to travel literature.18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet.The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文学史
中古时期
1.《贝奥武甫》: the natural epic of the English people;Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements
2.《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》
3.杰弗里 乔叟）：the Father of English Poetry;The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)
文艺复兴时期
1.:-the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.the first English Essayist;Essays《随笔集》-Of Studies, Of Truth(philosophical and literary works)
3.first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.:Poet's poet;The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)
5.:
Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)
17世纪英国文学
1.:the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分离：莫忧伤》
2.Paradise Lost《失乐园》（a revolt against God's authority), Paradise Regained《复乐园》（how Christ overcame Santa)——stories were taken from Bible
3.the son of Renaissance;Pilgrim's Progress《天路历程》(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)
18世纪英国文学
Novel：
1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism(novels, prose, dramas, poetry)
2.:representative of English realistic novel;(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)
3.(fictional, satirical-human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)
4.:the Father of English novel;The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《汤姆 琼斯》，satiric
Poetry：
5.:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》
6.:perfected in heroic couplet;An Essay on Criticism《论批评》
7.:pre-romantic;Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《经验之歌》-London, The Tiger
8.:A Red Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》
Drama:
9.:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal《造谣学校》
浪漫主义时期1798-1832
1.《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麦女》；features: poet of nature and human heart
2.the first critic of the Romantic school;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》
3.:vigorous, strong and beautiful;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰尔德 哈罗尔德游记》(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty);Don Juan《唐 璜》(a broad critical picture of European life);When We Two Parted《昔日依依别》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希腊》
4.Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》-赞颂西风，希望与其紧密相连;Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)
5.sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery;Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》
6.:Father of Historical Novel;combine historical fact and romantic imagination
7.wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic;Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》；Emma《爱玛》
8.《穷亲戚》;Dream-children《童年梦幻》;A Reverie《幻想曲》
维多利亚时期
1.summit： realistic novel
2.critical realist writer;humour, wit, happy endings;A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution);David Copperfield《大卫 科波菲尔》；Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》；Hard Time《艰难时世》；Great Expectations《远大前程》； Dombey and Son《董贝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》
3.: Vanity Fair《名利场》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time;to criticize the values measured by wealth)
4.:novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights;Adam Bede《亚当 比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《织工马南》
5.: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850;Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Crossing the Bar《过沙洲》
6.: dramatic monologues;My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》 7.：简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善于思考的女性，她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难。但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。《呼啸山庄》：描写吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄老主人收养后，因受辱和恋爱不遂，外出致富，回来后对与其女友凯瑟琳结婚的地主林顿及其子女进行报复的故事。
: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯 格雷》
20世纪英国文学
1.: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism;Tess of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔丝》；Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》
2.: From the Four Winds《四季的风》；The Man of Property《有产业的人》；The Silver Box《银盒》
3.《华伦夫人的职业》；Pygmalion《皮革马利翁》(transform a cockney-speaking flower girl into a woman as poised and well-spoken as a duchess);The Apple Cart《苹果车》
4.: aestheticism;The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林 格雷的画像》
5.《儿子和情人》； The White Peacock《白孔雀》
6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of-consciousness;feminist;To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《达洛维夫人》
7.《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic);Dubliners《都柏林人》
第五篇：名词解释
一、名词解释
26．宪法 就是规定一个国家的根本性问题，使民主制度法律化，集中体现统治阶级意志和利益，具有最高法律效力，反映阶级力量对比关系的国家根本法。27．中国人民政治协商会议
中国人民政治协商会议是中国人民爱国统一战线的组织，是中国共产党领导的，实现各民 主党派及其他爱国民主人士进行政治协商的重要机构。28．选举制度
选举制度是关于依照选举国家代表机关的代表和国家公职人员的有关制度的总称。其选 举内容一般包括选举的基本原则，选举权利的确定，组织选举的程序和方法，以及选民和代表
之间的关系等。29．民族区域自治
民族区域自治是在国家统一领导下，按照宪法和法律的规定，在少数民族居住的地方建立 自治地方，实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权，自主管理本民族区域瞒事务的政治制度。
30．政治权利和自由
是指宪法和法律规定的公民参与政治生活和国家管理，表达对国家事务、社会事务的意见 和建议的权利。1．宪法实施的监督 答：宪法实施的监督宪法实施的监督是为了保证宪法的贯彻实施，而对一切违宪活动所进行的审查和纠正。2．多党制 答：多党制是指在一国家内存在着三个以上的政党，其中没有一个政党能长期保持绝对优势，而只能靠选举时的一时获胜或与其它政党结成联盟来掌握国家政权的一种制度。3．差额选举 答：差额选举差额选举是相对于等额选举而言的，就是候选人的名额多于应选人名额的选举。4．结社自由 答：结社自由是指的公民为了一定的宗旨依照法定程序，组成或参加某种持续性社会团体的自由。5．国务院
答：中华人民共和国国务院，即中央人民政府，是最高国家权力机关的执行机关，是最高国家行政机关。1．柔性宪法
是指制定和修改宪法的机关和程序都与普通法律相同，即由国家的立法机关议员按普通立法形式通过，就可以制定或修改的宪法。
2．-党制，就是指一个国家的政权完全掌握在一个政党的手里，只有该党才是唯一合法的政党的制度。由于法律上禁令，这些国家的其它政党没有合法存在的机会，或者是由于历史的原因，这些国家尚未出现过其它政党。3．选举制度
选举制度是关于依照选举国家代表机关的代表和国家公职人员的有关制度的总称。选具体内容一般包括选举的基本原则，选举权利的确定，组织选举的程序和方法，以及选民和代表之间的关系等。4．经济制度
经济制度是指一国通过宪法和法律所确认和调整的，以生产资料所有制形式为核心的各种经济关系存在和发展的各种原则、规则和政策的总和。5．国家机构
就是一定的社会的统治阶级为实现其统治职能而建立起来的进行国家管理和执行统治职能的国家机关的总和。1．爱国统一战线
新时期爱国统一战线是在长期的革命建设过程中已经结成的由中国共产党领导的，有各 民主党派和各人民团体参加的，包括全体社会主义劳动者，拥护社台主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的广泛的爱国统一战线。它是在中国共产党领导下的政治联盟，是我国人民民主专政的重要内容之一。2．政权组织形式
国家的政权组织形式也称为国家政体，是指特定社会的统治阶级为治理社会所采取的政 权的组织形式；它是国家形式的一个重要方面。3．秘密投票
是指与记名投票或以起立、举手、鼓掌等公开表示自己意愿的方法相对立的一种选举方 法。它要求选举人只需在投票时在正式代表候选人名下注明同意或不同意’，也可以另选他人或者弃权，而无须在选票上署名。4．联邦国家
联邦国家是由若干成员单位（邦、州、共和国等）联合组成统一的复合国家。在联邦制的形式下，除联邦有一部宪法外，各成员单位都有自己的宪法，除设有联邦的立法机关与联邦政府外还设有自己的立法机关与政府，联邦与成员单位之间的职权划分由联邦宪法确定，各自在自己的范围内行使。5．批评建议权
是指公民对于国家机关及其工作人员的不当行为进行批评，并提出改善的建设性意见的 权利。
26．不成文宪法
是指以国家的一般法律、惯例或法院判例形式出现的宪法。27．政党制度
所谓政党制度，就是有关政党的产生、其法律地位和作用；政党的活动方式、其参与或影响国家政权的规定等各种制度的总称。28．政治制度
政治制度是指统治阶级实现其阶级统治的政权组织形式及其有关制度的总称，如国家的政权组织形式、国家的结构形式以及选举制度、文官制度、自治制度等。29．职业代表制
是指按职业团体划分选举单位选举代表或议员的制度。30．出版自由
出版自由是指公民以出版物形式表达其思想和见解的自由，它是言论自由的延伸，比言论自由有更深更广的影响。26．柔性宪法
是指制定和修改宪法的机关和程序都与普通法律相同，即由国家的立法机关议员按普通 立法形式通过，就可以制定或修改的宪法。27．政党制度
政党制度，就是有关政党的产生、其法律地位和作用；政党的活动方式、其参与或影响国家
政权的规定等各种制度的总称。28．直接选举
直接选举是相对于间接选举而言的，就是由选民直接投票选出代表机关的代表。是一种
比间接选举更为民主的选举方式。29．单一制
是指由若干个不具有独立性的行政单位或自治单位组成的单一主权的国家结构形式，是 由中央统一行使国家主权的国家。30．申诉权
是指公民本人或者其亲属遭到国家机关的不适当的处分或处罚时，或受到不公正的待遇 时，有权向有关国家机关申诉理由要求重新处理或者平反，或要求纠正对他的不公平待遇。1．国家性质，在宪法学上，国家性质一般是指以有关的宪法内容和宪法规范所规定和反映的一国在政治、经济和文化方面的基本特征以及该国社会制度的根本属性。2．多党制是指在一国家内存在着三个以上的政党，其中没有一个政党能长期保持绝对优势，而只能靠选举时的一时获胜或与其它政党结成联盟来掌握国家政权的一种制度。3．差额选举是相对于等额选举而言的，就是候选人的名额多于应选人名额的选举。4．国家结构形式是国家形式之一。指的是国家的内部构成形式，即国家的整体与部分之 间、中央与地方之间的相互关系。
5．结社自由是指公民为了一定的宗旨依照法定程序，组成或参加某种持续性社会团体的自由。
1．新时期爱国统一战线是在长期的革命建设过程中已经结成的由中国共产党领导的，有各民主党派和各人民团体参加的，包括全体社会主义劳动者，拥护社会主义的爱国者和拥护祖国统一的爱国者的广泛的爱国统一战线。它是在中国共产党领导下的政治联盟，是我国人民民主专政的这重要内容之一。
2．国家的政权组织形式也称为国家政体，是指特定社会的统治阶级为治理社会所采取的政权的组织形式；它是国家形式的一个重要方面。
3．即秘密投票，指的是与记名投票或以起立、举手、鼓掌等公开表示自己意愿的方法相对立的一种选举方法。他要求人选举人时只需在投票时在正式代表候选人名下注明同意或不同意，也可以另选他人或者弃权，而无须在选票上署名。4．联邦国家是由若干成员单位(邦、州、共和国等)联合组成统一的复合国家。在联邦制的形式下，除联邦有一部宪法外，各成员单位都有自己的宪法，除设有联邦的立法机关与联邦政府外还设有自己的立法机关与政府，联邦与成员单位之间的职权划分由联邦宪法确定，各自在自己的范围内行使。
5．批评建议权是指公民对于国家机关及其工作人员的不当行为进行批评，并提出改善的建设性意见的权利。
1．近代意义的宪法所谓近代意义的宪法，专指限制王权，规定国家机关权限、组织及其相互关系，确认公民权利、自由的国家根本法。
2．解释宪法是指由法定的机关对宪法条文的内容、词义及适用范围所作的具有法律效 力的说明。
3．两党制就是指在一个资本主义民主国家内，政治上存在着两个政党，它们通过控制 议会多数议席，取得组织政府的权利，交替地掌握政权，实施其纲领。
4．申诉权是指公民本人或者其亲属遭到国家机关的不适当的处分或处罚时，或受到不 公正的待遇时，有权向有关国家机关申诉理由要求重新处理或者平反，或要求纠正对他的不公平待遇。直接选举
5·职业代表制 是指按职业团体划分选举单位选举代表或议员的制度。
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