第一篇:航空运输企业核心竞争力各组成要素及其价值作用的分析研究
Market competition in the market continue to promote resource allocation at the same time, also make competitors through restructuring, allocation and integration of internal resources to the market resource allocation has reasonable share and
effective advantage.Air transport of fierce competition in the market in a certain social positive effect at the same time, also to the air transport enterprises and puts forward the most serious challenge.Face the competitive pressure of the market, a number of aviation transportation enterprises begin to adjust business strategy.For example, in the flight application, product promotion, the introduction of large models, develop new markets and other aspects, hoping that through the adjustment of strategy to attract and stabilize tourist market.In fact, these strategy adjustment or redistribution of resources around the aviation transportation enterprises should possess and the core competitive power to begin.Competitiveness is aviation transportation enterprises in market competition for resources allocation of basic survival skills, and aviation transportation enterprises operating on the basis of ability.The competitiveness of a variety of factors, but not every kind of factors are able to become competitive advantage.Advantage
competitiveness depends on the air transport enterprises in market competition the effectiveness and aviation transportation enterprises can in the competition from
competitors and enables companies to enter benign development of multiple function embodiment.In a certain sense, competitiveness and competitive advantage is the relative market development and competition changes in specific period reflected a kind of advantage or ability, along with changes in external factors and internal factors of the interference, even if the competitive advantage will be the environment changes in only a kind of ability to survive, for aviation transportation enterprise's long-term strategic development, these abilities can only play a role in a short period of time, are not enough to maintain air transport enterprises sustainable development strategy.How to maintain the sustainable development of aviation transportation enterprises, in order to determine the dominant position in the market competition? Construction of core competitiveness is aviation transportation enterprises in production and
operation management process to face an important task.Core competitiveness is more concerned about the long-term development of enterprises, competition in the market in essence different from competitors and the market resources of motive power.One, the concept of core competence and character
Core competence is the enterprise organization capital and social capital of the collection, organization capital refers to the organization to assume the task of the coordination of the assets, and social capital refers to the resources available to people used to obtain the income that part of the value of social structure, it acts
through the people of mutual relations between the change of organizational capital;“ reflects the coordination and organization of production technology, social capital has shown the importance of social environment ”, which can be embodied in the organizational structure, the latter can reflect enterprise culture.For air transport enterprises core competitiveness, aviation transportation enterprises core competitiveness should be based on the value chain of the industry as the basis, is one of the internal core resource(technical ability, organization coordinated ability, market ability of meeting an emergency and innovation etc)recombination and assigned to maintaining and enhancing continuous profits as the goal, to external resources coordination and with each associated party to meet the interest distributive complete operating system, and through the effective operation of the system to their own unique competitive advantage in stability and expansion of the market gains to achieve air transport for the long-term development strategy.Two, to build the core competence in the action in practice
Air transport enterprise development in the presence of multiple sources of
competition, the scale ranging from aviation company in the market competition to construct and establish different development way.Air transport enterprise presents these features, not a single factor can be generated, around the construction of core competitiveness among many factors, due to different factors combined to produce a different management strategy and tactics, but also bring different air transport enterprises of different management efficiency and market positioning.Air transport enterprises around the market operation, but not every air transport enterprises to construct and build its own brand core competitiveness.Construction of core competitiveness and not accomplish at one stroke, it is related to the internal scientific, effective management, relationship to the enterprise culture correctly, is related to the external social environment on which it made the effect evaluation and so on many aspects.But the establishment of core competitiveness will no doubt make enterprise take the last scientific, healthy development track, in the operation of the market will take it leisurely and unoppressively, winning a thousand miles.Three, to build the core competence of the key elements of the value analysis As mentioned, there are a lot of factors consisting of the competitiveness of
enterprises, but in a lot of factors only a few of the key factors in combination, can realize the enterprise 's overall efficiency and effectiveness.This article tries from the internal and external environmental factors, based on the enterprise value chain perspective of aviation transportation enterprises core competitiveness factor analysis.The internal factors in the development and change of enterprises is the survival and competitive power.From Michael Potter's value chain theory we can see in the value chain of enterprise system, is divided into two parts the behavior, whereby the
auxiliary and main behavior behavior.The auxiliary acts constitute a basic enterprise production operation, carry out the market activity security.Adjunctive behavior established mainly around can bring more benefit and social value of the main behavior of.That is to say, the enterprise supplementary behavior and main
complement each other, can play the efficacy, adjunctive behavior is the basis, main behaviour is benefit.Only based on the auxiliary acts on the main behavior can enterprises survival value, but also to create more business value and social value.Based on the enterprise value chain theory, combined with air transport enterprises external environment characteristics, composition of aviation transportation enterprises core competitiveness factors mainly include:
(a)the human resources especially the development and application of human resources
Enterprise's development is inseparable from the cultivation and development of talents.As a result of air transport enterprises unique profession characteristic and the demand, the demand for talent is mainly concentrated in the flight, aircraft maintenance, flight dispatching and other fields, the field of personnel training and absorption of air transport is essential for the normal operation of enterprises is the key link, the aviation transportation enterprise safety in production and development of the cornerstone.On the value chain theory, this kind of talented person belongs to the auxiliary behavior unit talented persons.With the modern enterprise management mechanism and development, aviation transportation enterprises begins talent focus from adjunctive behavior unit turned to the operation and development of enterprises to bring lasting benefits, enterprise value chain in the main unit of the marketing department.In the management of human resources, the human resources department of
enterprise development is the baron.Human resources department functions have been infiltrated into the company's strategic planning and development, into the managemant decision of the enterprise, for the enterprise development training, screening, and selected a variety of talents, and the appropriate personnel transport into the right job.In the talent screening and post deployment, have a scientific, strict management process, namely, establish and perfect the system of employee occupation career design.Talents have classes and functions of points, as the human resources
department of the company as a designer, different materials used in different places.In the personnel division should have a key distinction, namely human resources, human resources and labor resources in.Different positions have different demand for talents, the most easy to let the human resources department to ignore is the resource development and application.Along with the development of aviation
transportation enterprises market competition intensifies, the world different Airlines began to focus on the marketing department of human resources development, so as to realize the enterprise in the marketing strategic development goals and to create more value.Harntha airlines, British Airways, Singapore Airlines airlines and other well-known in the cultivation of talents is not only the recruitment of flight, aircraft repair and other fields have experienced talents, pay more attention to the marketing of human resources development, absorb and cultivate a group of professional,business and strong in high even the doctor, in the marketing strategy of the company of the development put forward many constructive solutions.(two)information technology development and application ability
With the development and popularization of the information technology industry, the aviation transport enterprise informatization demand is more and more high.The development of information technology and application already became the air
transport enterprises to enter the market of china.Information technology has not only confined to the internal exchange of information and statistics, it has become the air transport enterprises to enter the International Air Transport Association beachhead global market important carrier.Aviation industry the development of information technology trends and
characteristics for:
1, broadly speaking, refers to the aviation transportation enterprises to use modern information technology, the establishment of a set of applicable to the enterprise infrastructure operation and network.The enterprise through the network and each subsidiary body and external organization for information exchange and
communication, and according to the feedback information to take corresponding actions and measures.In this sense the aviation industry information technology, including the navigation system, dispatch release system, marketing system, human resources management system, financial accounting system and many more related to air transport enterprise operates the information network;in a narrow sense, refers to the air transport enterprises by using information technology, to establish a set of improve the marketing and operation of the network system.Through the network system to collect and transmit some of market behavior of enterprises related
information, and the information analysis and processing, make the enterprise in the market operation of decision-making.2, air transport enterprises in the development of the market potential, comprehensive application of aviation equipment, human resources and other aspects, the information technology and network dependence on more bonus.Information
technology on air transport enterprises mature development plays an irreplaceable role, while the information network to enable the expansion of aviation transportation enterprises route layout from a limited area expansion and extension to another with a potential of the region, in the market development, operation and other aspects of route layout, cost, perfect information the network to air transport enterprises to provide an intuitive, efficient operation data.Through scientific analysis and
assessment information often become aviation transportation enterprises dominate the market a main decision-making basis.United Airlines, Singapore Airlines and Lufthansa Airlines will become the main representative.3, information technology development and application promotion of aviation
transportation enterprises market resources to rational use.Air transport enterprise should be directed to the industry operating characteristics, human organizations market information network development, establishing a set of scientific, reasonable market information network system.The information network system should include the customer to airline information, airlines or between other organizations for cooperation between the operation of the project information, to track the
effectiveness, assessment and calculation and internal resource sharing and other basic content.System should focus on the inter-regional development to become a network of air transport market.In 4, along with the aviation market development, the integration of the global aviation market is growing, the major airlines to join to form some larger airline alliance.The
alliance between airlines to expand the regional market development and sales
network, the development of information technology has become the key factor of the alliance benefit.The development and design of new information network platform, between airline alliance in information sharing, equipment sharing, shared, airline cooperation gambling public house long, effective use of the company's capacity, to avoid the operation activities into the waste caused by, thus saving the company's operating costs.Air transport association is the trend of globalization, it is the cornerstone of airline brand effect.(three)fleet planning and network scale
Fleet planning and the introduction of aviation transportation enterprises the main investment, is the main consideration factor cost budget.To a certain extent, models and the introduction of operation is directly related to the survival and development of aviation transportation enterprises, scientific and reasonable fleet planning is aviation transportation enterprises to enter the market competition, expand the regional and global market key factors.Fleet planning is not only one kind of introduction and investment, but the company 's strategic development play a decisive role, fleet planning become the cost of aviation transportation enterprises strategy and marketing strategy is the key link, mainly has the following several aspects of the characteristics of:
1, the market value and the choice of location decision model type, influence of marketing strategy company hardware support;
2, the market environment of multiple variables determine the type of input and transportation arrangement;
3, marketing strategy for the regional market and global market decision supporting a variety of models in the partition of market operation, the company marketing strategy development and formulation for models of planning a complete implementation plan and programme;
4, fleet planning focused on cost leadership strategy, in aviation material supply, fleet maintenance, personnel training and so on more prominent its cost advantage;5, dimensions changes development highlight the fleet introduction and market demand closely, is the introduction of the latest hardware facilities and market demand closely and become the source of competitive advantage;
In 6, the updated models, rent, retired should fully consider the market economy environment requirements, continuously updated models become some strength of aviation transportation enterprises competitive a magic weapon.Network planning and design involves a variety of factors, including the boat authority control, route geography environment decides to apply the models, and the
competitor's competitive strategy, and strategy alliance network and so on many kinds of factors, route network planning to become air transport enterprise marketing strategy the important component, is the important resources of revenue
management.The route network structure design and adjustment should fully consider the
marketing effectiveness.As the models of the growth and the expansion of the market, the route network structure began to show a variety of changes.From the linear
structure into an annular structure, from the sector structure into spoke structure, from its route structure into a shared route structure.Route network structure and air
transport enterprise resource structure.Gauge model network structure has become the competitive advantage important link.(four)enterprise management and capital operation capacity;
Modern enterprise management and operation of an enterprise to have scientific definition.Organizational structure design, personnel allocation, process design and re-engineering, process monitoring and feedback, the leadership function of transformation and so on to establish a well-functioning business critical.Enterprise management in the formulation of policies and the marketing strategy at the same time, attention should also be paid to capital operation ability.Enterprise policy change in the listing Corporation's financing, investment will bring certain influence.The traditional mode of operation of the capital is aviation transportation enterprises how to expanded reproduction ability, in fixed asset investment, appreciation and value has done a number of follow-up development efforts.But with the rapid development of economy, the capital operation is also expanding.In addition to the main business to expand within the production investment at the same time, a number of aviation transportation enterprises is gradually expanding in the main business of the capital investment and operation, so that the air transport, tourism, catering, entertainment and other com., thereby reducing the cost of loss and bring the whole value chain benefit received a total of.With the aggravation of the market competition and the aviation business right restriction, by route control caused by capital market in the new field of flow and expansion.The competition of aviation enterprises, investment shares, holdings and so on, to a great extent broke through the air rights restrictions, the change of the regional air transportation market competition pattern.Capital penetration has also been expanded to the Union transport enterprise cooperation, through equipment sharing, personnel sharing, network sharing,information sharing, resource sharing, to strengthen the alliance competition ability, in the worldwide scale ranging from capital operation body form.In a certain sense, an air transport enterprise capital operation ability reflects a business decision of enterprise and market income level, is the senior management of the major test.(five)marketing development and innovation ability
Marketing and sales are the main activities of an important link, to the enterprise cash flow and return water
第二篇:企业核心竞争力的构成要素
企业核心竞争力的构成要素
核心竞争力是企业的灵魂,是企业存活于激烈的市场经济竞争的理由。一个企业从市场中脱颖而出被大众所认可、被消费者所接受,依仗的便是企业超出寻常的核心竞争力。针对单个企业来说,核心竞争力是企业的一种能力,各个企业其核心竞争力的个性化、差异化形成了各自的企业文化,个性化的企业文化熏陶出具有本企业特点的员工,这种潜移默化的影响会体现在其产品上被大众感知。其中得到大众认可,迎合大众口味的产品生产企业在市场竞争的大潮中得以生存下去。
企业的核心竞争力有哪些要素构成?人才、整合资源的能力、团队学习能力、执行力……这虽是个仁者见仁智者见智的问题,但可以确定的是企业的核心竞争力一定是因行业而异的,不同行业的企业核心竞争力不能简单照搬,相同行业的企业核心竞争力也会因企业的性质、规模、企业所处的地理位置、人文习惯而体现其多元化的特点。同时正因为相同行业企业间核心竞争力的多元化,而使相同行业企业的产品呈现多元化,从而使同行业间的激烈市场竞争得到缓解。
随着生产力的发展,社会结构发生了根本性的改变,原本以人们生活消费为主,即与衣食住行紧密联系、以商品交换为目的提供劳务的传统服务行业不再成为安置就业的主力,取而代之,一系列以高、新技术为代表的新型的产业链,组成知识含量高,以工业生产服务为核心的现代服务行业,包括金融、保险、通信、运输、租赁技术服务、设备安装维修、产品广告宣传等急需大量人才。
就保险行业企业发展的基本层面来看,构成企业核心竞争力的要素主要有以下几个方面:
一、决策力、支持力、执行力
决策力、支持力、执行力的相互配合,使企业成为一个灵活的整体。
1、决策力:企业高管层的决策能力,能体现企业首脑人物的远见卓识。决策力好比船的导航系统,企业这艘船能驶多久、能驶多远、将驶向何处,决策力起着至关重要的作用。一个企业在纷纷扰扰的大千世界除了既得利益,还不能忘了企业的社会责任。企业如果能解决人们生活中遇到的难题,给客户带来幸福的生活体验就会取得相应的回报。丰厚的利润会给员工带来稳定的收入,给企业带来充足的现金流,为企业的长远发展赢得资金投入。企业稳健的发展会给消费者、企业员工、社会公众等多方带来诸多益处。一个将承担社会责任考虑到企业决策中的决策力更容易受到多方的支持,更有助于决策力的执行。
2、支持力:一个决策的提出要争取大多数人的支持才能顺利得以执行。支持源于理解,理解源于意识的认同。相同的信仰、相同的信念,诸如“我们因为一个共同的目的而聚首”、“为了实现我们共同的理想而努力”,这种绝佳的支持力将企业上上下下紧紧凝聚在一起,使决策力成为合力。
3、执行力:执行力是一种行动,是改变物质的力量,是变化的因,决策与支持的果。英明的决策、果断的支持最重要落实到实际行动中实现目的。执行时不能盲从常需要变通,执行时出现问题要注意在取得大多数人理解、支持时对决策进行及时、适当的调整,以实现企业利益最大化,从而体现企业中个人价值的最大化。
决策力、支持力、执行力的相互配合,使企业成为一个灵活的整体。决策要正确,只有决策正确才能保证企业向着一个积极的方向发展,否则执行的高效只能让企业快速消亡;支
持要坚决,模棱两可的支持态度会让执行力大打折扣;执行要高效,高效的行动力是企业打造核心竞争力的关键。在正确的决策,在坚决的支持力如果没有人去执行也只是一纸空文,毫无意义。
二、人力、物力、财力
人力、物力、财力的有效管理,整合并充分利用企业现有资源打造出品质高、销路好、经得起市场考验的产品。
1、人力:以人为本的思想越来越受到人们的关注。一个国家、一个企业的兴盛与否归根到底是人的问题。对于人的培养与任用不能以一个统一的标准一以贯之,社会本源的的多元化决定了用人标准的多样性。不拘一格降人才,使人尽其才是企业留住人才,充分利用人力资源的主观能动性、创造性,在企业发展问题上发挥其重要的作用。其中优秀人才的阶梯发展、合理的人才晋升制度将人才自身发展与企业长远发展紧密联系,通过人的带动使企业的发展欣欣向荣。
2、物力:只有人力作用物力才能使人力、物力均发挥其该有的作用。没有物力,人力好比“巧妇”难为无米之炊。先进的器械设备;合理有效的企业组织结构;积极向上、以人为本的企业文化;与时俱进,高、新技术等先进生产技术,是构成先进生产力的要素。先进的生产力作用于产品会大大提高产品的品质,使得企业在市场竞争中更具竞争力。
3、财力:如果只把财力理解为充足的现金流,那么在企业实际经营中要想保持充足的现金流是一件极困难的事情。诸如企业与相关单位的合作关系、库存原材料、库存商品、市场及通畅的销售渠道等可充抵现金流的生产关系也是企业构成财力的重要组成部分。把财力理解为对资源的有效占有更能在企业经营管理中体现财力的作用。如何与相关单位保持良好的合作有效关系;如何将库存原材料及库存商品妥善保管,使长期具有其原有的高品质;如何营造良好的市场环境,保证通畅的销售渠道是直接影响企业盈利的大问题。
其中值得特别说明的企业与相关单位的合作关系中,企业组织的八大利益关联主体包括投资人、经营决策人员、管理实施人员、现场操作人员、产品客户、合作伙伴、社会公众和国家政府。明晰了八大利益关联主体的关注利益对调控人力、物力和财力有着至关重要的用途。简而言之,投资人关注投资回报;经营决策人员关注企业未来发展和长、短期效益;管理实施人员关注决策是否能够如期实施,实施效果是否同预想的一致;现场操作人员关注计划完成情况,操作的准确和高效;产品客户关注提高生活品质,解决实际问题,企业提供产品是否物美价廉;合作伙伴关注合作关系是否融洽,能否给企业带来丰厚的收益;社会公众关注企业能否主动承担相应的社会责任;国家政府关注企业合法经营,照章纳税,主动解决社会问题,化解政府压力。八大利益关联主体的业务往来贯穿与企业的生产经营全过程,对企业的发展至关重要,八大利益关联主体的既得利益得到有效关注就会使企业发展出现意想不到的效果,使企业如虎添翼。
人力作用于物力形成财力,人力的高低、物力的的优劣影响财力的品质和企业利润,在三者有机结合过程中,同时也是对人力的培养、提升和对物力的考验,有些物力的改变甚至会引发技术的革命。但就人力、物力、财力中某一方面而言,一个企业在某一方面有突出优势都会形成该企业的核心竞争力。但值得注意的是这种因素造就的市场优势都是暂时的,很快会被后来者居上。唯有将三者有机结合、相互作用才是形成企业核心竞争力不竭的源泉和动力。
三、品牌形象
以诚信为根、以信誉为本,树立值得信赖的企业大众品牌形象。
不同企业的品牌形象因企业的性质、组织形式、规模等不同具有其不同的内涵,以诚信为根、以信誉为本是企业立足于商的最基本信条,所谓“商以诚为本,人无信不立”正是
这个道理。以现代服务业中的保险业为例,保险产品是服务产品,与物质产品不同,它是一种无形商品,也就是一方提供给另一方的无形活动和利益。人们在购买保险产品之前是看不见成效的,挑选保险产品也只是挑选一种建议,通过投保书对商品进行申请,经过一个双向选择的过程,客户挑选到满意的产品,同时客户基本情况必须符合公司对保险客户提出的投保条件。其中需要强调的客户向保险公司所提供的个人基本情况必须属实,不得虚报、瞒报、漏报。保险合同生效后保险客户拿到的保险单是在出现某种情况后的公司履行义务或拒绝履行义务的依据。保单是一种合同,必须在双方诚信的前提下履行各自相应的权利和义务。基于保险产品的这种特点,诚信对保险客户和保险公司均显得尤为重要。
要做到诚信光靠宣传是远远不够的,一个做得到诚信的人或公司源于他的实力、源于他的能力、源于他的社会关系,源于那些实实在在的东西。一个努力做到诚信的企业,它的文化必然经过长时间的沉淀而变得厚重,同时只有厚重内敛的企业文化才有助于树立企业诚信的社会公众形象。
除此之外,保险公司对风险的整体管理、保险产品差别定价以及保险产品的创新和售前、售中、售后服务品质的提升同样是树立企业品牌形象,提升保险公司核心竞争力的重要因素。
保险行业是对风险进行管理的专业性极强的行业,通过对风险的识别、衡量、控制、融资、管理决策等一套系统、全面的管理过程,防范和控制风险。目前整体风险管理要好过传统的风险管理方式,能够给企业创造更丰厚的价值。所谓整体风险管理的思想是指以企业价值为分析基础,以整个企业所有经营和管理活动为考察对象,综合分析企业可能面临的所有的风险,借助风险分析、风险交流和风险管理等的风险管理方法和过程,充分利用不同风险可以相互抵消、相互影响、相互关联的性质,及时、有效的发现和控制那些对企业价值有负面影响的因素,挖掘和利用企业潜在的发展和获利机会。(《提高保险业核心竞争力》作者:李设环 邵建)
随着保险费率的逐步开放,为保险公司根据市场供求定价提供了契机。从保险机理来讲,保险是风险及其损失在总体投保人之间的分摊。由于有大量的被保险人,保险公司可以对损失进行较为准确的预测。保险公司通过收取一定的保费,对发生损失的投保人进行赔付,也就是将损失在一个大的团体之间分担,实现风险共担,达到风险汇聚安排的效果。公平保费理论所体现的最大公平在于保证保险人作为组织者收取合理的保费、同时获得合理的利润。公平保费可分解为期望索赔成本、管理成本和公平利润。公平保费的主要部分——期望索赔成本也是根据投保人群,以一定的模型模拟计算得出。这一过程中最重要的就是损失率的估算,比如寿险业务中的损失分布(死亡率的测算),即生命表的建立,在较长的时期内成为保险精算的核心工作。与一般商品不同,保险商品服务的对象是未来的风险以及风险带来的损失。由于未来的情形无法预计,投保人愿意的支付就取决于其对未来风险的评价和对保险商品效用的评价。显然,即使是对同一险种、不同的投保人对其价值也会有不同的评价,从而愿意支付的价格不同,在市场上就表现为不同的需求弹性,这就是所谓的保险差别定价。明确地说,保险差别定价的根据是按照不同的价格,直接把同种保险产品卖给不同的投资人;同一保险产品在不同的时间、不同空间索取不同价格;针对不同的投保人群,对保险产品做适应性调整,分别索取不同的价格。综上所述,在保险定价中,以精算为基础,在控制定价风险的前提下,根据需求差异进行定价,可使保险公司实现更好的盈利。(《保险差别定价的条件及其宏观意义》)
保险产品作为一种服务性产品必须与时代相适应。不同的时代、不同的社会条件出现不同的社会问题、不同的社会危机。保险是对危机及风险的有效管理,势必要与时代互动。产品和服务的创新与提升是促使保险公司长远发展的根本方法。保险产品的差别定价也能鼓励和促进保险产品的创新和保险公司售前、售中、售后服务品质的提升,与之形成联动效应,成为保险业企业的核心竞争力之一。
四、营销
宣传新理念、倡导新观念、创造购买需求,打造新型营销团队。
营销要选对市场,针对不同的产品服务于不同人群的不同需求。根据需求找对购买人群也就是选对市场,营销行为才能达到预期效果有效进行。营销往往离不开新理念和新观念。随着社会的进步,生产力的发展,一批由新理念、新观念指引下的新产品正悄然改变着社会大众的生活水平和生活习惯。更方便、更美观、更营养、更清洁的产品逐步代替原有商品,成为人们生活中必不可少的生活用品。因此在营销团队进行营销活动时,往往在销售产品同时宣传新理念,一些潜在的消费者在理解了新的理念,接受了新的观念之后产生了购买的需求成为消费者。于是打造新型的营销团队,将新理念和新观念转变成为购买需求成为创造营销业绩的关键。
参考文献:
《保险业诚信问题思考》
《保险差别定价的条件及其宏观意义》
《提高保险业核心竞争力》 李社环 邵健 《2010年中国金融稳定报告》 中国人民银行
《公司的核心竞争力》 普拉哈拉德(C.K.Prahalad)加里·哈梅尔(Gary Hamel)
第三篇:企业核心竞争力的内涵及构成要素
企业核心竞争力的内涵及构成要素
1.企业核心竞争力的内涵
核心竞争力是在特定的市场环境下,企业利用其特有的资源(如专利、只是产权、技术、人才等),通过创新形成独具的、支撑企业持久竞争优势的能力。企业有竞争力,但未必具有核心竞争力。一个企业要具备国际竞争力,不只是要有竞争力,而且必须具备核心竞争力。所以核心竞争力比一般竞争力层次要高。企业核心竞争力包含以下内容。
(1)企业创新的能力,包括市场创新能力、技术创新能力、管理创新能力等。如果企业创新能力强,哪怕企业现在还不具有很强的一种态势,也迟早会具有很强的竞争力。企业竞争力中最重要的是创新能力,其考量指标有如新技术的投入、开发研究经费在企业总收入所占的比重、专项数目、科研成果转化率等。
(2)开拓市场的竞争力,表现为提高市场占有率、增强新业务的开拓能力、加速知名品牌的形成能力、提高对市场变化的反应能力等
(3)规模竞争力。在一般情况下,在同样的技术条件和市场环境下,企业规模越大,产品成本就越低,从而销售价格就越低,在价格上就具有竞争优势。企业规模的考量指标包括资产规模、营业收入、用户数量等。
(4)管理和资源整合的竞争力。企业能否整合其掌握的自由(人力、物力、财力等资源),使各种要素充分发挥作用,就表现在管理能力的高低上。管理能力的考量指标涉及财务管理效益、资本运作能力、劳动生产率的高低、对信息的收集和处理能力等。
(5)环境竞争力,表现为企业是否具有行业环境竞争力等。这种优势因地域不同而发生变化。另外,政策环境如何让,政府是否支持、鼓励企业发展等也是环境竞争力的题中之意。综上所述,从普拉哈拉德和哈默给出的一个描述性概念开始,核心竞争力概念的内涵不断被丰富,涉及管理、产品、技术和能力等多方面,也就形成了企业核心竞争力的以管理观、只是观、技术观、文化观等作为思想基础的不同流派、不同视角的研究并不意味着看核心竞争力的研究是混乱的,恰恰相反,这种多样化的研究广泛而深刻地丰富了核心竞争力的内涵,也拓宽了核心竞争力的理论框架。这些不同视角的研究相辅相成,它们之间不存在替代的关系,未来核心竞争力理论的主要发展就是将这些不同观念下的理论进行全面综合。
核心竞争力可能是企业在发展过程中自然形成的,也可能是企业通过规划创建形成的。但是无论哪种方式,随着市场竞争的愈演愈烈,客观上都要求企业具备构建自身特定的核心竞争力的形成机制的运行机制。
第四篇:企业培训方案各组成要素分析
企业培训方案各组成要素分析
--明阳天下拓展培训
培训方案是培训目标、培训内容、培训指导者、受训者、培训日期和时间、培训场所与设备以及培训方法的有机结合。一般可以有以下几个组成要素:
第一,培训目标
培训目标的设置有赖于培训需求分析,在培训需求分析中我们讲到了组织分析,工作分析和个人分析,通过分析,我们明确了解员工未来需要从事某个岗位,若要从事这个岗位的工作,现有员工的职能和预期职务之间存在一定的差距,消除这个差距就是我们的培训目标。
有了目标,才能确定培训对象、内容、时间、教师、方法等具体内容,并可在培训之后,对照此目标进行效果评估。培训目标是培训方案的导航灯。有了明确的培训总体目标和各层次的具体目标,对于培训指导者来说,就确定了施教计划,积极为实现目的而教学;对于受训者来说,明了学习目的之所在,才能少走弯路,朝着既定的目标而不懈努力,达到事半功倍的效果。
第二,培训内容 培训内容包括三个层次,即知识、技能和素质培训,究竟该选择哪个层次的培训内容,应根据各个培训内容层次的特点和培训需求分析来选择。究竟选择哪个层次的培训内容,是由不同的受训者具体情况而决定的。一般来说,管理者偏向于知识培训与素质培训,而一般职员倾向于知识培训和技能培训,它最终是由受训者的“职能”与预期的“职务”之间的差异决定的。
第三,谁来主导培训
培训资源可分为内部、外部资源,内部资源包括组织的领导,具备特殊知识和技能的员工;外部资源是指专业培训人员,学校,公开研讨或学术讲座等。在众多的培训资源中,选择何种资源,最终要由培训内容及可利用资源来决定。
外部资源和内部资源各有优缺点,但比较之下,还是首推内部培训资源,只是在组织业务确实繁忙,分不开人手时,或确实内部资源缺乏适当人选时,才可以选择外部培训资源,但尽管如此,也要把外部资源与内部资源结合使用才最佳。
第四,确定受训者
岗前培训是向新员工介绍组织规章制度、文化以及组织的业务和员工。对于即将升迁的员工及转换工作岗位的员工,或者不适应当前岗位的员工,他们的职能与既有的职务或预期的职务出现了差异,职务大于职能,对他们就需要进行培训。而无论采用那种培训方式,都是以知识培训、技能培训和素质培训确定了不同受训者。在具体培训的培训需求分析后,根据需要会确定具体的培训内容,根据需求分析也确定了哪些员工缺乏哪些知识和技能,培训内容与缺乏的知识及技能相吻合即为本次受训者。
第五,培训时间
培训日期的选择,什么时候需要就什么时候培训,这道理是显而易见的,大多数新员工都要通过培训熟悉组织的工作程序和行为标准,即使新员工年进入组织时已拥有了优异的工作技能。他们必须了解组织运作中的一些差别,很少有员工刚进入组织就掌握了组织需要的一切技能,而晋升到新岗位或轮换到新岗位,从事新的工作,则产生新的要求,尽管员工在原有岗位上干得很出色,对于新岗位准备得却不一定充分,为了适应新岗位,则要求对员工进行培训。
此外,由于多种原因,需要对老员工进行不断培训。如引进新设备,要求对老员工培训技术;购进新软件要求员工学会安装和使用。为了适应市场需求的变化,组织都在不断调制自己的经营策略,每次调整后,都需要对员工进行培训。
更多相关信息,请访问明阳天下拓展培训网站!
第五篇:基于顾客价值的企业核心竞争力塑造
基于顾客价值的企业核心竞争力塑造
谢守祥/沈正舜
【专题名称】管理科学
【专 题 号】C
3【复印期号】2004年11期
【原文出处】《湖南行政学院学报》(长沙)2004年05期第21~22页
【作者简介】谢守祥,沈正舜,中国矿业大学管理学院,徐州 221008
满足顾客需要是企业生存与发展的基础。企业核心竞争力来源于对顾客价值最大化的创造过程。本文在探讨顾客价值与企业核心竞争力关系的基础上,围绕满足顾客需求和创造顾客价值,从顾客价值满足程度的角度对企业核心竞争力塑造进行分析,为企业提升竞争力提供了可选择的方向。
1.引言
顾客是企业存在的基础,只有当企业满足了顾客的需求与偏好,企业才能获得生存与发展机会。尤其是在市场主导权由企业转移到顾客、顾客成为左右企业兴衰存亡关键因素的今天,企业的核心竞争力必须以顾客需求为中心,并通过提供优质的产品和服务或以独特的方式最大限度满足顾客的产品和服务需求时才能获得。因此,为顾客创造价值是企业竞争优势的根本所在,也是企业核心竞争力的根本来源。
2.顾客价值与企业核心竞争力
顾客价值是指企业产品在消费和服务过程中使顾客需要得到满足的程度,也是指顾客在消费产品的过程中获得的利益大小,同时也包涵产品对顾客而言所具有的使用价值。[1]顾客价值同顾客需要有着密切的关系,顾客价值起源于顾客需要的满足程度。实际上,顾客需要的满足程度就是顾客价值,顾客价值可以作为顾客衡量需要满足程度的直接依据。由于顾客价值的主观性,即顾客自身通过产品和服务消费而获得的效用,只有顾客能亲身感受。顾客价值的主观性,使同一种产品由于不同顾客的感受不同,顾客价值也存在差异。同时顾客价值存在客观性,即顾客价值不能脱离产品和服务而凭空获得,必定来源于具体产品的消费。如果没有产品供顾客消费,顾客价值也无从谈起。[2]
企业核心竞争力,是相对于其他同类企业而言所拥有的独特而显著的竞争优势。这种核心竞争力通常具有以下特征:一是价值优越性,即企业在创造价值和降低成本方面比竞争对手更具优势;二是不可交易性,即核心竞争力无法像其他生产要素一样可以通过市场交易进行买卖,企业具有独占性;三是不可替代性,即核心竞争力的替代成本很高。正由于企业核心竞争力具有以上特征,使企业在创造了一个潜在的顾客群体或新兴市场后,可以给试图进入新兴市场并争夺顾客群体的竞争对手制造很高的市场壁垒。[3]所以,企业核心竞争力是企业拥有它所创造的顾客群体以及新兴市场的长期保障。
顾客价值的获得依赖于企业自身的核心竞争力。如果一个企业核心竞争力不强或在经营中能够被竞争对手轻易模仿,那么该企业所创造的顾客群体就非常容易被竞争者抢夺。如果企业在现有市场或新兴市场中遭遇其他市场进入者的有力竞争,使企业所创造的顾客群体和造就的新兴市场在很短的时间内被其他企业所抢占,企业会失去赖以生存和发展的市场空间,因此,只有在企业拥有较强的核心竞争力时,企业所提供的产品和服务不易于被竞争对
手模仿和复制,才能保证企业在激烈的市场竞争中获得稳定的利润收入,而不会被竞争对手夺取。
3.基于顾客价值的企业核心竞争力塑造
企业核心竞争力围绕创造顾客价值最大化来进行。这要求企业必须以顾客为中心进行思维,并充分识别顾客的关键需求,通过企业的重新设计来不断满足这种需求。以顾客为中心的思维,要求企业站在顾客立场来看待他们遇到的产品和服务问题,而不是通过听取市场人员汇报来处理顾客存在的问题。[4]以顾客为中心的思维起点是顾客,然后才转向企业的核心竞争力:顾客的需求——如何满足这种需求——找到解决方案——实现方案需要什么资源——使用这些资源所需的核心竞争力是什么。
在这种情况下,企业首先实施顾客关系管理,在理清顾客与企业之间联系后,重点通过改善顾客关系为顾客创造优异的价值。顾客关系管理的目标是提高顾客对企业的忠诚度,而根本实现途径也是创造优异的顾客价值。企业必须清楚的知道消费者购买产品时是如何考虑得失并进行选择的。如果一个企业追求的是最大化的顾客价值,就必须全面了解顾客购买企业产品的动机,是产品价值、消费习惯、还是情感?如果企业真正掌握顾客购买动机和决定购买产品的要素,并采用适当方式建立起购买关系,将更有助于企业去创建自身的核心竞争力。使顾客满意已不是企业的最终目标,只有让顾客感愉快而不仅是满意才能提高顾客的忠诚度。[5]
顾客购买企业的产品有首次购买还是重复购买之分,不同情况顾客关注的重点会有所不同。这要求企业不仅调查现有顾客,还要调查那些没有购买的顾客,为什么他们没有购买本企业的产品,并分析他们的购买行为。这对于分析企业的核心竞争力非常重要。首次购买的顾客可能更关注价值和品牌,而当顾客愿意重复购买时,说明顾客已经与企业建立了联系。因此,如果一个企业还处在培养顾客的基础阶段,那么企业必须弄清是什么因素吸引了新顾客。对于一个相对成熟的企业,最重要的是去了解顾客与企业建立了怎样的联系。企业一旦掌握了顾客与企业联系中哪些联系对顾客是最重要的,也就找到了顾客最关注的价值所在,企业就可以知道应该采取何种战略来加强这种联系,集中资源去创造最大的顾客价值。结果企业管理的重心将不再是产品而是顾客关系。
一般情况下顾客在购买产品时,关注重点是以最低价格满足他们需求的优质产品与优质服务,顾客总是优先购买那些购买欲望更强一些的产品。不同的顾客对同样产品的购买欲望有所不同,同样的顾客对不同的产品的购买欲望也不相同。[6]因此,企业必须在分析与顾客所建立联系基础上,找出对顾客来说最重要的价值领域,并考察这些价值领域受哪些因素的影响。比如,顾客关注的价值包括产品质量、价格、方便程度或是三者兼而有之?公司目前所采取的行动如何影响其产品和服务在顾客心目中的价值?找出这些因素后,就可以确定企业应采取何种行为更能有效的强化企业与顾客的关系。[7]因此,企业需要将自己看作解决方案的提供者,而不是产品或服务的提供者;要正确对待你的顾客潜在的问题,不要仅局限于企业本身和企业所提供产品方面的问题;要区别对待企业出售的产品和顾客购买的产品;要研究顾客用企业提供的产品做了什么,接下来是替他们做或是帮助他们做。[8]对于顾客价值最大化的实现过程,要求企业调整现有的考评体系。大多数企业按照企业自身的工作要求设置具体考评指标,按顾客价值要求,往往会出现企业认为考评最重要的内容,对顾客来讲毫无价值。在基于顾客价值的创造中,企业应该改善企业考评的方式和改变企业考评的侧重点,以充分体现顾客价值需求的内容。尽管这种做法会面临许多反对意见,但可提升企业顾客价值措施的执行,可以为企业带来多重利益。例如,如果从顾客的角度出发,测算整个订货过程所需要的时间,就会使企业自身的问题突显出来:企业的订货程序太
繁琐、对顾客也不够热情等。从而指导企业将精力放到最需要解决问题的地方。
相对竞争对手而言,企业拥有顾客价值,就能在竞争过程中有效地排斥竞争对手。为了从顾客价值中形成企业核心竞争力,需要企业全面了解竞争对手的状况和具体竞争策略。当市场上存在多个竞争对手时,掌握企业关键竞争对手以及他们是如何吸引顾客至关重要。围绕顾客价值,通过提供比竞争对手更为优质的服务和产品,可以最大化地从当前顾客群体中获取更多利益。同时在有利于提高顾客的转移成本的条件下扩大企业顾客群体。为了使企业顾客竞争策略有效,企业要加强与顾客沟通,从顾客沟通中获取顾客信息,了解企业在顾客心目中谁会是主要竞争对手。在市场上,提供同类产品的企业不止一家,顾客的消费也趋于理性,企业要借顾客要求提供产品的技术资料和服务的机会,不失时机地通过顾客沟通,来把握顾客的消费心理,并从中找出企业的关键竞争对手和竞争策略。通过比较竞争对手所创造的顾客价值,把握住顾客的需求以及顾客所关注的价值领域。企业就会明确知道企业在顾客心中的形象和地位。由此可知,加强与顾客沟通,企业才能把为顾客创造价值的信息有效的传递给顾客,做到比竞争对手更能满足顾客需求的策略。
从顾客价值方而来提高企业核心竞争力,要求企业充分关注两个问题,一是关注哪些是顾客价值中最关键的影响因素;二是关注竞争对手在顾客最关键的价值因素上的相对地位。通过与竞争对手比较分析,将企业有限的资源投入到最能创造竞争优势的地方,即顾客最关键的价值领域。这样,企业可以最佳的资源分配策略,实现为顾客创造最大化的价值。目前多数企业的传统做法是,习惯于将企业资源集中于企业认为最需要发展的地方,如企业自身最弱的领域。从实现顾客最大价值的角度分析,企业应集中有限资源,在给企业带来竞争优势的关键领域如留住顾客,为企业产品的市场扩张提供保证。
4.结语
顾客价值最大化是提升企业核心竞争力的主要来源。满足顾客价值最大化的过程,实际上是企业核心竞争力的塑造过程。企业从顾客价值创造中所获得的核心竞争力,不仅有利于挖掘顾客潜力,实现市场增量和产品扩容,而且可充分利用顾客价值的独占性来抵御竞争对手。以顾客价值为中心的竞争优势形成,企业必须充分识别顾客可接受关键价值领域,围绕顾客需要的价值,对企业现有产品和服务过程进行不断的改进,以提高产品和服务的价值含量,不断研制开发新的产品和服务,最大限度满足顾客新的价值需求,并通过合理安排企业有限资源实现顾客价值最大化。只有通过顾客价值最大化的创造活动,才能在市场竞争中使企业保持优势地位,留住顾客和扩大顾客群体,带来企业利益的增长。
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