第一篇：大学英语4翻译课文及课后答案,期末考试复习题完形填空15选10翻译十五选十选词填空Unit 6
Unit 6
“Don't ever mark in a book!” Thousands of teachers, librarians and parents have so advised.But Mortimer Adler disagrees.He thinks so long as you own the book and needn't preserve its physical appearance, marking it properly will grant you the ownership of the book in the true sense of the word and make it a part of yourself.HOW TO MARK A BOOK
Mortimer J.Adler
You know you have to read “between the lines” to get the most out of anything.I want to persuade you to do something equally important in the course of your reading.I want to persuade you to “write between the lines.” Unless you do, you are not likely to do the most efficient kind of reading.You shouldn't mark up a book which isn't yours.Librarians(or your friends)who lend you books expect you to keep them clean, and you should.If you decide that I am right about the usefulness of marking books, you will have to buy them.There are two ways in which one can own a book.The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you pay for clothes and furniture.But this act of purchase is only the prelude to possession.Full ownership comes only when you have made it a part of yourself, and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.An illustration may make the point clear.You buy a beefsteak and transfer it from the butcher's icebox to your own.But you do not own the beefsteak in the most important sense until you consume it and get it into your bloodstream.I am arguing that books, too, must be absorbed in your bloodstream to do you any good.There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard sets and best-sellers--unread, untouched.(This individual owns wood-pulp and ink, not books.)The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the day they were bought.(This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.)The third has a few books or many--every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.(This man owns books.)
Is it false respect, you may ask, to preserve intact a beautifully printed book, an elegantly bound edition? Of course not.I'd no more scribble all over a first edition of “Paradise Lost” than I'd give my baby a set of crayons and an original Rembrandt!I wouldn't mark up a painting or a statue.Its soul, so to speak, is inseparable from its body.And the beauty of a rare edition or of a richly manufactured volume is like that of painting or a statue.If your respect for magnificent binding or printing gets in the way, buy yourself a cheap edition and pay your respects to the author.Why is marking up a book indispensable to reading? First, it keeps you awake.(And I don't mean merely conscious;I mean wide awake.)In the second place, reading, if it is active, is thinking, and thinking tends to express itself in words, spoken or written.The marked book is usually the thought-through book.Finally, writing helps you remember the thoughts you had,or the thoughts the author expressed.Let me develop these three points.If reading is to accomplish anything more than passing time, it must be active.you can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and come up with an understanding of what you have read.Now an ordinary piece of light fiction, like, say, “Gone with the Wind,” doesn't require the most active kind of reading.The books you read for pleasure can be read in a state of relaxation, and nothing is lost.But a great book, rich in ideas and beauty, a book that raises and tries to answer great fundamental questions, demands the most active reading of which you are capable.You don't absorb the ideas of John Dewey the way you absorb the crooning of Mr.Vallee.You have to reach for them.That you cannot do while you're asleep.If, when you've finished reading a book, the pages are filled with your notes, you know that you read actively.The most famous active reader of great books I know is President Hutchins, of the University of Chicago.He also has the hardest schedule of business activities of any man I know.He invariably read with pencil, and sometimes, when he picks up a book and pencil in the evening, he finds himself, instead of making intelligent notes, drawing what he calls “ caviar factories” on the margins.When that happens, he puts the book down.He knows he's too tired to read, and he's just wasting time.But, you may ask, why is writing necessary? Well, the physical act of writing, with your own hand, brings words and sentences more sharply before your mind and preserves them better in your memory.To set down your reaction to important words and sentences you have read, and the questions they have raised in your mind, is to preserve those reactions and sharpen those questions.You can pick up the book the following week or year, and there are all your points of agreement, disagreement, doubt and inquiry.It's like resuming an interrupted conversation with the advantage of being able to pick up where you left off.And that is exactly what reading a book should be: a conversation between you and the author.Presumably he knows more about the subject than you do;naturally you'll have the proper humility as you approach him.But don't let anybody tell you that a reader is supposed to be solely on the receiving end.Understanding is a two-way operation;learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle.The learner has to question himself and question the teacher.He even has to argue with the teacher, once he understands what the teacher is saying.And marking a book is literally an expression of your differences, or agreements of opinion, with the author.There are all kinds of devices for marking a book intelligently and fruitfully.Here's the way I do it:
1.Underlining: of major points, of important or forceful statements.2.Vertical lines at the margin: to emphasize a statement already underlined.3.Star, asterisk, or other doo-dad at the margin: to be used sparingly, to emphasize the ten or twenty most important statements in the book.4.Numbers in the margin: to indicate the sequence of points the author makes in developing a single argument.5.Number of other pages in the margin: to indicate where else in the book the author made points relevant to the point marked;to tie up the ideas in a book, which, though they may be separated by many pages, belong together.6.Circling of key words or phrases.7.Writing in the margin, or at the top or bottom of the page, for the sake of: recording questions(and perhaps answers)which a passage raise in your mind;reducing a complicated discussion to a simple statement;recording the sequence of major points right through the book.I use the end-papers at the back of the book to make a personal index of the author's points in the order of their appearance.The front end-papers are, to me, the most important.Some people reserve them for a fancy bookplate, I reserve them for fancy thinking.After I have finished reading the book and making my personal index on the back end-papers, I turn to the front and try to outline the book, not page by page, or point by point(I've already done that at the back), but as an integrated structure, with a basic unity and an order of parts.This outline is, to me, the measure of my understanding of the work.
第二篇：大学英语4翻译课文及课后答案,期末考试复习题完形填空15选10翻译十五选十选词填空翻译
Unit1翻译
1)我们接到通知，财政部长将于次日接见我们。
We were informed that the Minister of Finance was to give us an audience /receive us the next day.2)我觉得很奇怪，他似乎不记得自己的生日。
I thought it odd that he didn't seem to remember his own birthday.3)学期论文最迟应在下星期二交来，可是至今大部分学生却几无进展。
Next Tuesday is the deadline for handing in the term papers, but most students have hardly made a dent in the work so far.4)看到学生人数不断减少，校长心里很难受。(pain)It pained the headmaster to find the number of students shrinking.5)在那个国家一般用现金付账，但支票变得普遍起来了，不久会代替现金作为人们结账的一种方式。
Cash is commonly used in paying bills in that country, but checks are becoming more popular and will, in a short while, replace cash as a way for people to settle their accounts.6)该公司声称，这条河流的污染不是它造成的。
The company claims that it is not responsible for the pollution in the river.Unit2翻译
1)比尔已是个成熟的小伙子，不再依赖父母替他做主。Bill is a mature young man who is no longer dependent on his parents for decisions.2)这个地区有大量肉类供应，但新鲜果蔬奇缺。There are abundant supplies of meat in this region, but fresh fruit and vegetables are scarce.3)工程师们依靠工人们的智慧发明了一种新的生产方法，使生产率得以提高。
Drawing on the wisdom of the workers, the engineers invented a new production method that led to increased productivity.4)他花了许多时间准备数学考试，因此当他获知自己只得了个B时感到有点失望。
He spent a lot of time preparing for his math exam.Hence he was somewhat disappointed to learn that he got only a B.5)我们有充裕的时间从从容容吃顿午饭。
We have ample time for a leisurely lunch.6)地方政府不得不动用储备粮并采取其他紧急措施，以渡过粮食危机。
The local government had to draw on its grain reserves and take other emergency measures so as to pull through the food crisis.Unit3翻译
1)萧伯纳在他一个剧本的前言中提出这样的看法：今天人们比在中世纪时更加迷信。
In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances the idea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages.2)丈夫死后，她只好独自挑起抚养五个孩子的经济重担。After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financial burden of raising five children by herself.3)证明或驳斥某个论点的最好办法之一是从亲身经历中举出例子。
One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from your own experience.4)亨特说贝蒂老是夸大他的缺点，这话很可能会引起一场争吵。
Hunt's statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults may well lead to a quarrel.5)我当时对她绝对信任，无论她告诉我什么，我都会相信。I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story she told me.6)一家人聚拢来讨论经济问题时，父亲一开头就说，每月存点钱是绝对必要的，遇到紧急情况，我们可以依靠积蓄。When the family gathered to discuss matters of finance, Father started off by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set aside some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings.Unit4翻译
有时，倒霉的事儿似乎会到处跟随着你。就举不久前我所遭遇到的事为例吧。一天我开车去附近一座城市出差，在一个十字路口，见到红灯亮起我便将车停了下来。可是，突然一辆黑色的别克车从后面向我的车子撞过来。我受了点伤。万分忿怒之下我咒骂着下了车，可却发现那车的女驾驶员像是被撞得不省人事了，她那坐在车后的小孩也受伤了。我只好在口袋中摸找手机报了警。几分钟后一辆警车开来，急忙将女士和小孩送往医院。而我却被告知要待在原处。事实上，尽管我对这事毫无责任，我在两小时后方得以离开现场。回到家，精神力气好像一点儿都没有了。至于出差的事么，我只好取消了。为此，我的工作也受到很大损失。至今，我仍搞不明白这车祸到底是怎么回事。Sometimes bad luck seems to follow you everywhere.Take, for instance, what happened to me not long ago.One day I drove to a nearby city on business.At a junction I pulled the car to a halt as the red light was on;however, a black Buick suddenly collided into my car from behind.I was slightly injured.Wild with anger I cursed and got out only to find that the woman driver of the other car appeared to have been knocked unconscious and her young child, who was sitting in the rear of the car, was hurt, too.I had to fumble in my pockets for my mobile phone and call the police.In a few minutes a police car came and rushed the lady and her child to hospital.I was, however, asked to stay where I was.In fact, I didn't leave the scene until two hours later although I was not to blame at all.By the time I got home all my energy seemed to have deserted me.As to the business trip, I had to cancel it.As a result, my work suffered enormously.Up to now, I still can't make sense of the accident.Unit5翻译
1)我确信这项所谓(so-called)明智的决定，与期望相反，会带来极其严重的后果。
I am convinced that, contrary to expectations, the so-called informed decision will bring very grave consequences.2)诚然，他曾欺骗你，但他已经承认自己做错了，并道了歉。所以你不应该老是以怀疑的态度对待他。
It's true he once deceived you, but he has admitted he has done wrong and apologized.So you shouldn't always treat him with suspicion.3)他在这个问题公开进行辩论之前就已表明了自己的立场。He had taken a stand on the issue before it was openly debated.4)在调查过程中，他们发现了种种形式的政治腐败，并揭露了许多贪官污吏(corrupt officials)。
In the course of their investigation, they discovered various forms of political corruption and exposed a number of corrupt officials.5)玛丽的两难处境是：把真相告诉老板从而失信于她的同事，还是让老板蒙在鼓里从而辜负他的信任。Mary's dilemma was whether to betray her colleagues by telling her boss the truth or to betray his trust by keeping him in the dark about it.6)首先，是什么使你认为这项规划会促进改革?其次，你怎么知道这些改革会让全县得到好处? Now, in the first place, what has made you think(led you to think)this program will promote reforms, and in the second, how do you know these reforms will benefit the whole county?
Unit6翻译
1)那位卫生部副部长一再强调把中西医结合起来是多么重要。
The vice minister of health has emphasized time and again how important it is to integrate traditional Chinese medicine with western medicine.2)热天很难保藏食品，使之保持新鲜与食用安全。很自然，许多人觉得在夏季还是不上饭店为好。
In hot weather it is rather difficult to preserve food and keep it fresh and safe to eat.Naturally, many people prefer not to eat in restaurants during the summer months.
After days of inquiry the police finally tied up the murder with the case of the recent escape from prison.5)我想劝说他们采纳我们的计划，首先因为这一计划所需资金较少，其次，不会造成环境污染。
I want to persuade them to adopt our plan, because, in the first place, it calls for less funds and, in the second place, it will not cause environmental pollution.6)父亲用绳子把芹菜(celery)扎在一起，放在河里浸了浸，然后拿到菜场去卖。
Father bound the celery together with a rope and dipped it in the stream for a while before he took it to the market for sale.Unit7翻译
1)法庭的判决引起史密斯先生的朋友们的气愤，他们相信他是无辜的。The court's judgment aroused anger among Mr.Smith's friends, who believed that he was innocent.2)当我们经过那家价格昂贵的餐馆时，父亲催我们快走，他说在这样高档的(fancy)地方用餐是大大超过我们的经济能力的。
As we passed the expensive restaurant, father hurried us along saying that it was well beyond our means to have dinner at such a fancy place.3)老师在评价一篇文章并给它打分(grade vt.)时，可能是根据总的印象而不是根据仔细的分析(analysis)。A teacher may evaluate and grade an essay on the basis of his general impression rather than on a detailed analysis.4)小狗(puppy)将我的一张画搞坏了，我真想对它发火，可它那十分可爱(cute)的样子使我不禁笑着把它从地上抱了起来。(be inclined to, ruin)I was inclined to get angry at the puppy for ruining my painting but he was so cute that I could not help but laugh and pick him up.5)爱德华(Edward)常常喜爱在那间可以眺望大海的房间里朗诵诗歌。
Edward was in the habit of reciting poems in the room overlooking the sea.6)安东尼(Anthony)彻夜未眠，因为他对于是否得插手此事举棋不定。
Anthony stayed up all night because he just could not make up his mind whether or not to take a hand in the matter.Unit8翻译 1)有朝一日人们不需要离开城市去寻求宁静。当我们撤到地下居所时，现在由城市占据的地面便可让位于公园和荒野，供人们休闲娱乐。
Someday people need not get away from the city to find peace and quiet.When we withdraw into underground dwellings, the surface ground now occupied by cities can be turned over to park and to wilderness for recreation.2)请你注意并非所有的学生都愿意出席毕业典礼(graduation ceremony)，所以学校才要求凡是想领取毕业证书(diploma)的毕业生(graduating students)都得出席。
Not all of the students, mind you, are willing to attend the graduation ceremony so the school has to require that all graduating students attend the ceremony if they want to receive a diploma.3)对于妇女在社会中的地位问题，我们的许多看法来自封建时代(feudal times),与今天的社会是格格不入的(not relevant)。
Many of the ideas we have about the role of women in society are derived from feudal times and are not relevant in today's society.4)如今人们的流动性比以往任何时候都大，这也许就是为什么移动电话十分普及的原因。
People today are more mobile than ever before;perhaps this is why mobile phones have become so common.5)几乎每个孩子都曾梦想去太空旅游，体会一下在失重(gravity-free)环境下生活是什么样子。(virtually)Virtually every child has dreamed of traveling in space and experiencing what it would be like to live in a gravity-free environment.6)我们学校鼓励学生独立思考(do independent thinking),不要受老师观点的束缚。(restrict)Students of our school are encouraged to do independent thinking and not to be restricted by the teacher's points of view.Unit9翻译
几年前我父母把我带到美国时，那里的一切对我来说都十分陌生。进入一所美国中学后不久，我就感到极其孤独寂寞，因为我英语能力（competence）的欠缺造成了我与新同学之间的隔阂。父母亲弄清楚我为什么情绪那么低落后，他们鼓励我提高自己的英语水平，鼓励我通过广泛阅读丰富自己的词汇。此后我花了许多时间阅读英语书籍与杂志。好的推理作品总会使我着迷，但最吸引我的是关于杰出的科学家的故事。我记得阿伯特·爱因斯坦给我留下了很深的印象，他的思想深刻地改变了人类关于空间、时间、物质和能量的基本概念。亚里士多德（Aristotle）写了四百本左右关于各种学科的著作，这真使我大为惊异。斯蒂芬· 霍金身体伤残而且不能说话，但他对科学却作出了杰出贡献。这真是奇迹啊！伟大的科学家的光辉业绩促使我下决心把一生献给科学事业。
When my parents took me to America several years ago, everything there felt very alien to me.Soon after I attended an American high school, I felt desperately lonely because my lack of competence in English formed a barrier separating my new schoolmates and myself.When my parents found out why I was in such low spirits, they encouraged me to improve myself in English and enrich my vocabulary by reading extensively.From then on I spent many hours reading English books and magazines.I was always intrigued by good mysteries, but what fascinated me most was stories of outstanding scientists.I remember I was greatly impressed by Albert Einstein whose ideas profoundly changed mankind's basic concepts of space, time, matter and energy.And I found it amazing that Aristotle had written about 400 books on a variety of subjects.Stephen Hawking is physically disabled and unable to speak;nevertheless, he has made a notable contribution to science.What a miracle!Brilliant deeds of the great scientists led / prompted me to make up my mind to dedicate my life to the pursuit of science.Unit10翻译
1)关键证人的缺席有可能削弱对被告的指控力度|(weaken the case against)。
The absence of the crucial witness was likely to weaken the case against the defendant.2)为了帮我们准备好参加辩论，教练要我们经常注意与我们自己的论点相悖的论点。(reverse)To prepare us for the debate, the coach wanted us to be always aware of arguments that are quite the reverse of ours.3)尤其是, 人们指望你表现出能激励和领导一班人的潜力。Above all you are expected to demonstrate a potential to motivate and lead the team.4)医生往往为自己能够医治好病人罕见的疾病而自豪。A doctor often prides himself on the ability to cure his patient of a rare disease.5)如果不按时将书归还图书馆或到期前不续借，就得按规定罚款。
If books are not returned to the library on time or not renewed before they are due, a fine must be paid in accordance with the regulations.6)总的来说，很少有人不抱怨自己的工作的，然而一旦他们没有机会工作了又会不高兴。
On the whole, few people do not complain about their jobs.On the other hand, they would be very unhappy if they got no chance to work.
第三篇：大学英语4翻译课文及课后答案,期末考试复习题完形填空15选10翻译十五选十选词填空Unit 10（模版）
Unit 10
Text
Do you view work as a burden or an opportunity? Are you the kind of person who looks for ways to save your energy or the kind that finds spending your energy satisfying? Why do people like to complain about work? Find the answers to question like these in the following essay.WHY PEOPLE WORK
Leonard R.Sayles
Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.We're all used to thinking that work provides the material things of life--the goods and services that make possible our modern civilization.But we are much less conscious of the extent to which work provides the more intangible, but more crucial, psychological well-being that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.Historically, work has been associated with slavery and sin and punishment.And in our own day we are used to hearing the traditional complaints: “I can't wait for my vacation,” “I wish I could stay home today,” “My boss treats me poorly,” “I've got too much work to do and not enough time to do it.” Against this background, it may well come as a surprise to learn that not only psychologists but other behavioral scientists have come to accept the positive contribution of work to the individual's happiness and sense of personal achievement.Work is more than a necessity for most human beings;it is the focus of their lives, the source of their identity and creativity.Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize one's potential.Many psychiatrists heading mental health clinics have observed its healing effect.A good many patients who feel depressed in clinics gain renewed self-confidence when gainfully employed and lose some, if not all, of their most acute symptoms.Increasingly, institutions dealing with mental health problems are establishing workshops wherein those too sick to get a job in “outside” industry can work, while every effort is exerted to arrange “real” jobs for those well enough to work outside.And the reverse is true, too.For large numbers of people, the absence of work is harmful to their health.Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself?” question, even though there may be no financial cares.Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they don't have their jobs to go to, and must fend for themselves.It has been observed that unemployment, quite aside from exerting financial pressures, brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless.But why? Why should work be such a significant source of human satisfaction? A good share of the answer rests in the kind of pride that is stimulated by the job, by the activity of accomplishing.Pride in Accomplishment
The human being longs for a sense of being accomplished, of being able to do things, with his hand, with his mind, with his will.Each of us wants to feel he or she has the ability to do something that is meaningful and that serves as a tribute to our inherent abilities.It is easiest to see this in the craftsman who lovingly shapes some cheap material into an object that may be either useful or beautiful or both.You can see the carpenter or bricklayer stand aside and admire the product of his personal skill.But even where there is no obvious end product that is solely attributable to one person's skill, researchers have found that employees find pride in accomplishment.Our own research in hospitals suggests that even the houskeeping and laundry staffs take pride in the fact that in their own ways they are helping to cure sick people--and thus accomplishing good deal.We're often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work;deep down most people regard their won capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality.Complaining is just part of working.After all, how else do you know who you are, except as you can demonstrate the ability of your mind to control you limbs ad hands and words? You are, in significant measure, what you can do.Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as much as possible.Just the opposite.It is energy expenditure that is satisfying.Just watch an employee who must deal with countless other people because his or her job is at some central point in a communications network: a salesman at a busy counter, a stock broker on the phone, a customer representative.They will tell you how much skill and experience it takes to answer countless questions and handle various kinds of personalities every hour of the day.Not everyone can interact with such persistence and over long hours, but those who do, pride themselves on a distinctive ability that contributes mightily to the running of the organization.But work is more than accomplishment and pride in being able to command the job, because except for a few craftsmen and artists most work takes place “out in the world,” with an through other people.Esprit de corps
Perhasps an example will make the point:
I remember viewing a half dozen me in a chair factory whose job it was to bend several pieces of steel and attach them so that a folding chair would result.While there were ten or twelve of these “teams” that worked together, one in particular was known for its perfect coordination and lightning-like efforts.The men knew they were good.They would work spurts for twenty or thirty minutes before taking a break--to show themselves, bystanders and other groups what it was to be superbly skilled and self-controlled, to be the best in the factory.When I talked with them, each expressed enormous pride in being a part of the fastest, best team.And this sense of belonging to an accomplished work group is one of the distinctive satisfactions of the world of work.One further word about work group satisfactions.Unlike many other aspects of life, relationships among people at work tend to be simpler, less complicated, somewhat less emotional.This is not to say there aren't arguments and jealousies, but, on the whole, behavioral research discloses that human relations at work are just easier, perhaps because they are more regular and predictable and thus simpler to adjust to than the sporadic, the more intense and less regular relationships in the community.And the work group also gently pressures its members to learn how to adjust to one another so that the “rough edges” are worked off because people know they must do certain things with and through one another each day.Beyond the team and the work group, there is the organization, whether it be company or hospital or university.The same pride in being part of a well-coordinated, successful unit is derived from being part of a larger collectivity.Working for a company that is thought of as being part of the best in the community can provide employees with both status and self-confidence.They assume, usually with good reason, that others regard them more highly, even envy them, and that they are more competent than the average because of this association with a “winner,” a prestigious institution.We in truth bask in the reflected glory of the institution, and we seek ways of asserting our membership so that others will know and can recognize our good fortune.New Words
第四篇：新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案
新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案
课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？
听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2
我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3
为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。
甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。”
典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。6
我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。
“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。
中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。
“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。
著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。
双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12
DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。
一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。Vocabulary
1.1)A.entertaining
B.entertainment
C.entertained
D.entertainer
2)A.recognizable
B.recognized
C.recognition
3)A.tempting
B.temptation
C.tempt
4)A.reasoned
B.reasoning
C.reasonable
D.reason
5)A.analyzed
B.analytical
C.analyst
D.analysis 6)A.valuable
B.valuation
C.valued/values
D.values
7)A.humorist
B.humor
C.humorous
D.humorless
8)A.understandable
B.understanding
C.understand
D.misunderstood
2.1)a sense of responsibility
2)a sense of safety/security
3)a sense of inferiority
4)a sense of superiority
5)a sense of rhythm
6)a sense of justice
7)a sense of shame
8)a sense of helplessness
9)a sense of direction
10)a sense of urgency
3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to
3)diverse arguments
4)I asked my boss for clarification
5)sensitive to light
6)Mutual encouragement
7)made fun of him
8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention
10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure
2)involved
3)end
4)behavior
5)disciplining
6)agreed 7)individually
8)first
9)response
10)question
11)attempt
12)voice
13)directly
14)followed
15)trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量
我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。2
打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。3
后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。”
因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。
多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。
那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。7
当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。8
尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。
那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” 10
“太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 11
怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。12
１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。
２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。14
３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。
４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。
当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17
那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。18
不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。
今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words
STEP ONE:
Column A
Column B
The compound words created through
day
throughout up
man
upbeat, uplift draw
eared
drawback teen
ready
teenage hand
conscious
handout, handwritten birth
back
birthday, birthstone chair
distance
chairman rag
beat
rag-eared ever
lift
ever-ready over
age
overdue, overage
long
due
long-distance, long-eared self
stone
self-conscious mile
out
mileage, milestone type
wishing
typewriter, typewritten well
writer/written
well-wishing, well-written
STEP TWO:
1)long-distance
2)upbeat
3)ever-ready
4)overdue
5)typewriter
6)milestone
7)handwritten
8)uplifted
9)self-conscious
10)rag-eared 11)birthday
12)throughout
13)drawbacks
14)chairman
15)teenage
2.1)A.intrigued
v.interest
B.intrigue
n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power
2)A.straining
v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength
B.strain
n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something
3)A.savor
n.taste;flavor
B.savored
v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can
4)A.treasure
v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable
B.treasure
n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited
v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit
n.trust;faith 6)A.boost
n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up
B.boost
v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note
n.a short, usually informal, letter
B.noted
v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed
v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it
B.sign
n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled
v.come to a certain amount
B.total
n.the whole amount
10)A.stuffed
v.fill something with a substance
B.stuff
n.substance or material
11)A.count
n.the number that is reached when something is being counted
B.count
v.be important
12)A.last
v.manage to remain in the same situation
B.last
n.the remaining part of something
13)A.complimented
v.express praise or admiration of somebody
B.compliment
n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood
n.a large number or amount
B.flooding
v.arrive in large numbers
15)A.contact
n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact
v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives
2)strategy
3)annual
4)deserve
5)spontaneous
6)sincere
7)investments
8)enterprise
9)follow up
10)characterized 11)lingered
12)acknowledged
4.column: 1)D
2)A
3)B
4)C
tough: 1)D
2)B
3)E
4)F
5)C
6)A 5.1)A.complementary
B.complimentary
C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery
B.stationary
C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist
B.typewriter
C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar
B.vague
C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad
B.pat
C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something
6)A.own
B.owed
C.owes
D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given
2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched
2)clever
3)solution
4)wasted
5)tolerate
6)hidden
7)dumb
8)subject
9)noise
10)extra
11)purchased
12)replaced 13)appreciation
14)hurried
15)warrant
16)strange
Unit 3 从文化角度看性别角色
在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。2
例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。
赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。
美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。
在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。Vocabulary
1.1)genetic
2)assign
3)noticeably
4)approved
5)Bias
6)deprived
7)constituted
8)participation
9)unintentional
10)postgraduate
2.conscious – unconscious
positive – negative
encourage – discourage
superior – inferior
directly – indirectly
biased – fair
sexist –
nonsexist
limited – unlimited
dependent – independent
appropriately – inappropriately
3.1)C
2)D
3)A
4)E
5)B
6)C
7)F
8)B 4.1)turn out
2)carry over
3)calling on
4)put away
5)fallen behind
6)take over Unit 4 关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考
教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。
如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品
了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。
现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。
受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。
创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。
遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。
然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。
在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。
具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。
给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。Vocabulary
1.1)confused, confusion
2)intelligence, intelligent
3)humorous, humor
4)strategy, strategic
5)motivated, motivation
6)combination, combined
7)creation, creative
8)pursuit, pursuing
9)multiplication, multiply
10)employ, employment
2.1)perfected
2)approaching
3)value
4)functions
5)approach
6)perfect
7)honor
8)function
9)honor
10)value 3.1)dismiss
2)consequences
3)promoting
4)applies
5)vital
6)scorned
7)conventional
8)original
4.1)consciously
2)innovative
3)unconsciously
4)determines
5)Imagination 6)aware
7)control
8)created
9)extension
10)technique
11)vulnerable
12)unfolding
13)joyful
14)gain
15)Apply Unit 6 风险与你
在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。2
对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。
风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 4
上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。5
例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？
在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7
通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。
我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 机器
mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character
2)end up
3)Rarely
4)casual
5)risky
6)all manner of
7)inform
8)sensible
9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of
2)all manner of
3)feed on
4)reduce…to
5)end up
6)associated with
7)focus on
8)turned to
9)participate in
10)involved in
第五篇：21世纪大学实用英语综合教程(第二册)课文翻译及课后习题答案unit 1
21世纪大学实用英语综合教程(第二册)课文翻译及课后习题答案unit 1.txt男人应该感谢20多岁陪在自己身边的女人。因为20岁是男人人生的最低谷，没钱，没事业；而20岁，却是女人一生中最灿烂的季节。只要锄头舞得好，哪有墙角挖不到？Unit 1
误会
佚名
他头发蓬乱，衣着肮脏，口袋里只有35美分。在马里兰州的巴尔的摩，他登上一辆公共汽车并径直走向了洗手间。他想如果他躲在洗手间里，便可以不付钱就乘车去纽约。但是坐在公共汽车后面的一位乘客看见了他。她拍了拍她前面那位乘客的肩膀说：“洗手间里有个流浪汉。告诉公共汽车司机。”那位乘客轻轻地拍了一下坐在他前面的人，说道：“告诉公共汽车司机，洗手间里有个流浪汉。
这口信通过一个又一个的乘客传到了公共汽车的前边。但在这一过程的某个环节，口信变了。当它传到公共汽车司机那儿时，已经不是“洗手间里有个流浪汉”，而是“洗手间里有颗炸弹”。司机马上在公路边停下车来并用无线电通知了警察。当警察到达时，他们让乘客下车并且远离汽车。然后他们关闭了那条公路。那很快就造成了15英里长的交通堵塞。警察在警犬的帮助下，在公共汽车上搜查了两个小时。当然，他们没有发现什么炸弹。
两个发音相似的英语单词给一个想从洛杉矶飞往加利福尼亚州奥克兰的人也造成了麻烦。他的问题始于洛杉矶机场。他以为听到广播中宣布了他的航班，所以他走向登机门，出示了机票并登上了飞机。起飞20分钟后，这人开始担心起来。奥克兰在洛杉矶的北边，但是飞机似乎正在向西飞，而当他向窗外望去时，他所能看到的全是大海。“这架飞机是去奥克兰吗?”他问航班服务员。航班服务员倒抽了一口冷气，“不，”她说。“我们去奥克兰——新西兰的奥克兰。”
因为有这么多英文单词发音相似，讲英语者之间的误会并不罕见。并非所有的误会都会导致公路关闭或乘客飞错大陆。大多数误会远没有这么严重。每天讲英语的人会相互问这样的问题:“你是说七十还是十七?”“你是说你能来还是不能来?”发音相似的单词对把英语作为第二语言的人来说，特别容易让人混淆。
一天早晨，一位生活在美国的韩国妇女到上班地点时，她的老板问她：“你拿到盘子了吗?” “没有„„”她回答说，心里却在纳闷，不知道他到底是什么意思。她在办公室工作。老板为什么问她盘子的事呢？一整天她都对老板的怪问题感到纳闷，但又不好意思开口问他。到了5点，当她准备回家时，她的老板说:“明天请准时上班。你今天早晨迟到了15分钟” “对不起，”她说。“我的车发动不起来，而且„„” 突然她停止了讲话并开始微笑起来。她这时才明白老板并没有问她“你拿到盘子了吗？”他问的是“你是不是起来晚了？”
Auckland 和Oakland。“一个盘子”和“起晚”。当发音相似的单词引起误会时，也许最好的处理方式就是一笑了之并从错误中吸取教训。当然，有时候很难笑得出来。那个没到Oakland却去了Auckland的人是不会想笑的。但即使是那场误会，最终的结局也还不错。那家航空公司支付了那人在新西兰的旅馆住房和用餐的费用，还支付了他飞回加利福尼亚的费用。“ 哦，还好，”那人后来说，“我一直就想要看看新西兰的。”
答案
1.passengers2.immediately3.similar4.wonder
5.continent
6.traffic7.misunderstandings 8.embarrassed9.flights
10.common
11.serious12.searched
1.got on2.head for3.tapped on the shoulder
4.pull over5.resulted in6.feel like7.By the time
8.turn out all right 9.in the end10.instead of
1.By the time I got home, I was too tired to do anything active.2.The two girls look too similar for people outside the family to tell them apart from each other.3.What in the world does mm stand for? The abbreviations that people use on the BBS are too confusing for me to understand.4.Because of TV, most people have become too lazy to make the effort to go to the cinema.5.Anne made a serious mistake yesterday because the test gave her too little time to decide on the correct choice.8
1.until I have really learnt the basics of the language.2.until the end of the book
3.until they have finished their speeches
4.until my teacher explained them in class with several examples
5.until I saw Sam Ward leave the building
6.until he got on a city bus
1.Because of the heavy snow, the passengers had to wait at the airport until midnight when the snow stopped.2.Twenty minutes after the train started, the two boys found that they had got on a train heading for Hangzhou instead of their hometown, Suzhoul.3.Similar-sounding English words often result in misunderstandings among English-speaking people.4.The driver heard an unusual sound from the car engine, so he pulled over immediately to check, but it turned out all right in the end.5.Mr.Lee felt very embarrassed when he realized that he had made a very common mistake among speakers of English as a second language.6.Mary felt like learning English and hoped she could learn it quickly, but soon found it was too difficult for her to learn in a short period of time.10
1.giving us heat and light
2.ranging in age from 4 to 16
3.Being invited to speak here
4.your encouraging words
5.sitting between Mary and Tom
6.leaving today’s work for Tomorrow
7.playing in the playground
8.taking a break
9.leaving me alone
10.taking mechanical things apart
英语之奥秘凯利
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