大学主题英语1 U1课文翻译及课后答案

第一篇：大学主题英语1 U1课文翻译及课后答案

Book One Unit One Enjoyment of Learning

Section A A Love Affair with Books PART I Background Information 1.Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city and former capital of Brazil, is the capital of Rio de Janeiro State.Rio, as is known, is the cultural center of the country as well as the heart of finance, communication, and transportation.2.Ernest Hemingway(1899 ~ 1961)

Ernest Hemingway is a great American novelist and short story writer.During World War I he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in France and then fought briefly as a soldier in Italy.After the war Hemingway worked as a journalist in Chicago.As one of the representative writers of the Lost Generation, Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme “grace under pressure” and created heroes who act this theme out.Hemingway received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.He’s been known for works like The Sun Also Rises(1926)(《太阳照常升起》), A Farewell to Arms(1928)(《永别了，武器》), For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940)(《丧钟为谁而鸣》), and The Old Man and the Sea(1952)(老人与海), etc.3.The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea is one of Erneast Hemingway’s most famous works.It was written in Cuba in 1951 and published in 1952.In 1954 it won the author the Nobel Prize for Literature.It is the story of a struggle between an old, seasoned fisherman and the greatest catch of his life.For eighty-four days, Santiago, an aged Cuban fisherman has been out on the sea.On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky trip, Santiago sails far beyond the island and ventures into the Gulf Stream.He catches a marlin, the largest fish he has ever seen.As Santiago sails on with the fish, the marlin’s blood leaves a trail in the water and attracts sharks, who devour the marlin’s precious meat, leaving only skeleton, head and tail.Santiago returns home empty-handed.In language of great simplicity and power, Hemingway describes the classic theme of courage in the face of defeat, of personal triumph won from loss.Some well-known quotes from this novel are: “Man is not made for defeat” , “A man can be destroyed but not defeated”.PART II Language Study

1.When I was young, I thought that reading was like a drug which I was allowed to take only a teaspoon at a time, but which, nevertheless, had the effect of carrying me away to an enchanted world.(Para.1)When I was a small girl, I thought that reading was like taking drugs.I could only read a little each time;however, this amount of reading had an enormous effect upon my life in that it took me into a charming world.The author here describes reading books by comparing it with taking drugs, which led her into a new world and later changed her life totally.By using words “like” and “as”, the figure of speech the author applies is called simile(明喻，直喻).More examples: “Time flies like an arrow”(光阴似箭), “She eats like a bird”(她吃得很少), “He smokes like a chimney”(他是个大烟鬼)；as white as snow(雪白), as brave as a lion(威猛如狮), etc.teaspoon: n.[C]

1)small spoon used for eating, for adding sugar to tea or coffee, or when cooking, for adding small amounts of a liquid or powder 茶匙，小匙

Add some sugar and milk in your coffee and stir it with a teaspoon.往咖啡里加糖和牛奶，用小匙搅一下。

Drop the dough onto a baking sheet with a teaspoon.用小茶匙把生面团一勺勺舀放到烤盘上。2)amount held by a small spoon 一茶匙容量

Help me mix a quarter cup of mashed strawberries with half a cup of cottage cheese and a teaspoon of sugar.帮我把1/4杯捣碎的草莓、半杯农家乳酪和一茶匙糖混合一下。He wants three teaspoons of sugar in his coffee.他想在咖啡里加三匙糖。

at a time: used for saying how many things there are in each group or on each occasion 每次，一次

Deal with each question separately, one at a time.问题要分开处理，一次一个。

Pass me the books two at a time.把书递给我，每次两本。

nevertheless: ad.despite a fact or idea that you have just mentioned, used as a way of showing how a sentence, phrase, or word is related to what has already been said 仍然；不过；尽管如此

It’s a difficult race.Nevertheless, about 1,000 runners participate every year.这是一场艰难的比赛。尽管如此，每年约有1 000名赛跑者参赛。Alexander II was an obscure but nevertheless interesting Scottish king.亚历山大二世是一位让人难以琢磨但仍然很有趣的苏格兰国王。

Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless.我们的失败是意料之中的事，尽管如此，还是令人失望。

effect: n.1)[C/U] change that is produced in one person or thing by another 结果；影响；作用 Scientists are studying the greenhouse effect on the environment.科学家正在研究温室效应对环境的影响。

Any change in lifestyle will have an effect on your health.生活方式的任何改变都将影响你的健康。

The serious drought in southwest and parts of eastern China will have some / no effect on China’s total grain output.中国西南地区以及东部部分地区的严重干旱将对全国的粮食总产量有一定/没有影响。Relaxation can reduce the negative effects of stress on the immune system.放松可以缓解压力对免疫系统的负面影响。

The leadership discussed a plan of economic measures to counter the effects of such a blockade.领导层研究出了一个方案，以经济措施抵制这种封锁带来的影响。

2)[C] appearance or reaction that is deliberately produced, for example, by a writer or musician（刻意营造的）效果，感受

The stage lighting gives the effect of a moonlit scene.舞台灯光产生月夜景色的效果。

Students should learn how they can achieve different stylistic effects in their writing.学生应该学会如何在自己的写作中呈现出不同的文风。

carry away: 1)become so excited or involved in something that you lose control of your feelings or behavior 忘乎所以，使狂喜

He let his anger carry him away.他愤怒得不能自制。

He was carried away by her beauty.他被她的美貌给迷住了。2)take away 带走，搬走

The wounded men were carried away.受伤的人们被抬走了。

Let’s carry away the refuse.让我们把垃圾运走。

2.As time went by and I took that drug again and again, I became addicted to it.Books became an intrinsic part of my life.(Para.1)As I grew up, I devoted myself more and more to reading and books had already become an important part of my life without which I could not live.(The author fell in love with books.)The author is now applying the figure of speech called “metaphor” as she indirectly compares reading books to taking drugs without using words such as “like” or “as”.More examples: the sunshine of her smile(她阳光般的微笑), “The rain came down in buckets”(大雨如注/大雨倾盆), etc.addicted: a.1)(fig.)enjoying a particular activity very much and spending as much time as one can 入迷的 Addicted webworms lose not only their time, but money as well.着迷的网虫不仅浪费了时间，也浪费了金钱。

My children are hopelessly addicted to television.我的孩子们都成了电视迷，简直是不可救药了。

2)unable to stop taking illegal or harmful drugs（吸毒）成瘾的，上瘾的 It doesn’t take long to become addicted to these drugs.服用这些毒品不要多久就会上瘾。

He admitted that he was addicted to cocaine and couldn’t get himself out of it.他承认自己吸食可卡因上了瘾，而且无法自拔。

intrinsic: a.(fml.)being part of the nature or character of someone or something;inherent 固有的；本质的；内在的 her intrinsic goodness 她那出自本性的善良

the intrinsic value of one’s work 某人作品的真正价值

He admitted the intrinsic merits of my idea, but said that it would need a lot of improvement before it could be put into practice.他承认我提的意见的内在价值，但又说这意见在付诸实施之前，需要作许多改进。

Providing service to the customer is intrinsic to a successful business.为客户提供服务是企业成功的根本。

3.faithful(Para.1): a.1)continuing to do or believe something, even in a difficult situation 忠诚的；恪守的；虔诚的

a faithful friend / servant / follower 忠实的朋友/仆人/追随者 Dr.Still gave years of faithful service to people in the community.斯蒂尔医生多年来一直恪守职责为社区的人们服务。

He remains faithful to his belief.他坚守自己的信仰。

Most dogs are easy to train and are very faithful and loyal to their owners.大部分的狗很容易训练也非常忠诚于他们的主人。

2)showing or describing something in a way that is exactly correct;accurate 逼真的，如实的；准确的

The painting displayed in the museum is a faithful reproduction of the original one.博物馆展出的画是原画逼真的摹本。

The carpets they made today remain faithful to their ancestors’ methods.他们今天编织的地毯沿用了祖先的方法。

4.fall in love(Para.2): start to have very strong feelings about someone / something 爱上某人/某事

I fell in love with her because of her kind nature.由于她善良的天性，我爱上了她。

Working with the well-known director closely, I fell in love with the cinema.与这位知名导演的紧密工作使我开始喜爱上了电影。5.I don’t even recall when I started to read and how.(Para.2)I cannot even remember when and how I began to read books.recall: vt.1)remember 回忆

Twenty years later my father could still clearly recall the event.20年后我父亲还能清楚地记起这件事。

I seem to recall that you said you would do that yesterday.我好像记得你说过你昨天要做那件事。

2)make one remember 使回想起

a style of film-making that recalls Alfred Hitchcock

一种使人回想起艾尔弗雷德·希区柯克的电影摄制风格

The music recalls my childhood memories.音乐勾起了我对童年的回忆。

6.remember(Para.2): v.1)(with noun or gerund or clause)bring back into one’s thoughts 记得；回忆起

I remembered the sharp sound as the car came towards me.我记得汽车向我驶来时发出的刺耳声音。

I remember her as a rather tall woman.如果我没有记错，她是一位身材较高的妇女。

Do you remember me asking you that same question? 你记得我曾问过你同样的问题吗？

She suddenly remembered that she had not locked the door.她突然想起她没有锁门。

2)(with infinitive)keep in the memory;not forget 牢记，记住；不忘记

Did you remember to post the letter?

你没有忘了寄信吧？

He never remembered to lock the door when he went out.他出去时从来不记得要锁门。

Note: The difference between remember doing something and remember to do something.I remember locking the door as I left the house.(= I locked the door and can call this event to mind now.)(我记得离开家时锁了门。)(现在还能回忆起这件事。)I remembered to lock the door as I left the house.(= It was in my mind then that I must lock the door, and I locked it.)(我离开家时没忘记锁门。)(我把门锁上了。)

7.In spite of this, every time I had an opportunity I would sneak somewhere with a book and read one page, two pages, three, if I were lucky enough, always feeling my heart beating fast, always hoping that my mother wouldn’t find me.(Para.2)Although my mother wouldn’t like me to read books, whenever I had a chance I would try to find a quiet place to do some reading.I was so nervous at that moment, for I feared to be found reading by my mother.in spite of: taking no notice of, or not prevented from;despite 虽然；不顾；尽管

In spite of a slight improvement in sales, the company is still making a loss.公司的销售情况虽然稍有改善，但还在亏本。

In spite of what you say, I still believe he is honest.不管你说什么，我还是相信他是诚实的。

In spite of his old age, he still leads an active life.尽管他年事已高，他依旧过着一种忙碌的生活。

in spite of oneself: although one did not want to expect to do so不由自主地

I laughed in spite of myself.我不禁笑起来。

I thought she had a good time in spite of herself.我想尽管她自己都不知道怎么回事，她还是过得非常愉快。

Note: In this sentence, the first “would” is an auxiliary verb, indicating a repeated action which happened in the past, usually with a strong personal feeling of the author.The second “would” indicates a wish in a sentence of subjunctive mood.Occasionally she would come to see us.她偶尔来看看我们。

Now and then an owl would call.不时会有猫头鹰叫。

I would do it if they would let me.要是他们让我干我是愿意干的。

opportunity: n.[C] chance to do something, or a situation in which it is easy for one to do something 机会，良机

I think this trip sounds like a wonderful opportunity.我觉得这次旅行听起来像是个绝妙的机会。

The program gives students the opportunity to learn more about global warming.这个节目让学生有机会了解更多有关全球变暖的情况。

I’d like to take this opportunity to thank all of you for coming.我愿借此机会感谢诸位的光临。

sneak:

vi.move somewhere quietly and secretly so that no one can see you or hear you 偷偷摸摸地 走；潜行

While his parents were busy, Joe sneaked off to play.父母正在忙碌时，乔偷偷地溜出去玩耍。

The cops sneaked around to the back door.警察蹑手蹑脚地绕到后门口。

vt.(sl.)take something secretly or illegally 偷偷地拿；偷窃 I sneaked the book out of my father’s study.我偷偷地从父亲的书房拿出了那本书。

She sneaked a chocolate when no one was looking.她趁没有人看时偷走了一块巧克力。

sneak a look / glance at: secretly take a quick look at someone or something 偷偷看一眼 I managed to sneak a look at the report on her desk.我设法偷偷看了一眼她桌子上的报告。

I sneaked a glance at Anna.我偷偷地看了安娜一眼。

8.For her, books were nothing.For me, they were everything.(Para.2)For my mother, books meant nothing;whereas for me, books meant everything.9.In my childhood I didn’t have a big choice of books.(Para.3)When I was small, there weren’t enough books for me to read.a big / wide choice of: much to choose from很多选择 There is a wide choice of software available for this model.适于这种型号使用的软件，有许多种类可供选择。

We found a big choice of vegetables in the market.我们看到市场上的蔬菜品种繁多。

10.At home, he loved to sit in his fantasy with all kinds of books.(Para.4)At home, my uncle loved to sit there, totally lost in the imaginary world as a result of the inspiration given by the books he was reading.fantasy: n.1)[U] imagination, esp.when unlimited or allowed complete freedom 幻想；胡思乱想 He indulged himself in fantasy when watching the television series Fantasy Island.在看电视连续剧《梦幻岛》时，他就沉湎于幻想之中了。

Fantasy and reality often overlap.幻想与现实时常部分交叉。

2)[C] something produced from the imagination, whether expressed in words or not 幻想（想象）的产物

The whole story is a fantasy.整个故事都是幻想出来的。

He is always having fantasies about becoming rich and famous.他老是抱着发财成名的幻想。

3)[C/U] genre of imaginative fiction involving magic and adventure, esp.in a setting other than the real world 魔幻小说，幻想小说

As a series of fantasies, The Lord of the Rings, written by John Ronald R.Tolkien(1892～1973), first appeared in 1945～1955 in trilogy: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.作为一部系列魔幻小说，由约翰·罗纳德·R·托尔金（1892～1973）创作的《指环王》于1945至1955年期间首次以三部曲形式出现：《护戒使者》、《双塔奇兵》和《王者归来》。

The stories of Poe are fantasies of horror.坡的小说属充满恐怖的幻想作品。

11.If he happened to read a bestseller or a romance, when he was done he would give it to my mother …(Para.4)

When my uncle finished reading a book, if it was a bestseller or a romance, he always gave it to my mother …

romance: n.1)[C] story of love, adventure, mystery, etc., often set in a distant time or place, whose events are happier or grander or more exciting than those of real life（常以古代或异域为背景，以爱情、历险、奇遇为内容、富于想象色彩的）浪漫故事/小说；浪漫作品；传奇 Her taste in fiction was for historical romances.她喜欢阅读历史爱情故事。

a romance about a king who married a beggar girl 一位国王娶了一个穷人家女孩的传奇故事

a cheap romance in a magazine 杂志中的低俗浪漫故事

2)[C] exciting, enjoyable love affair, esp.one that is not very serious and long-lasting（往往短暂而刺激的）罗曼史；浪漫关系；风流韵事

a holiday romance with a happy ending 结局圆满的假日艳遇

It was just a summer romance.那不过是夏日里的一段罗曼史。

3)[U] love, esp.when sentimental or idealized（尤指充满柔情或理想化的）爱情；恋爱；浪漫

There’s romance in the air between her and Michael.她和迈克尔之间有点恋爱的味道。

She wasn’t in a mood of romance.她没有心情谈恋爱。

Despite the age gap, romance developed.尽管存在年龄差距，爱情之花还是盛开了。

Spring is here and romance is in the air.春天来了，到处洋溢着浪漫的气息。

12.But I would get to read the precious book anyway, even if I needed to do this in a hiding place, little by little.(Para.4)

I would try every means to read the book which I wanted so much, even though I had to hide myself somewhere again and again to read the book, doing only a part of it each time.get to do…: have permission or an opportunity to do something that you want to do 得到允许/有机会做„„

Tom gets to go to Disneyland this summer.今年夏天汤姆可以去迪斯尼乐园了。

You’ll get to like it in time.你终究会喜欢它的。

precious: a.1)rare or very necessary and not to be wasted 宝贵的，可贵的 Salt is as precious as gold in many places.盐在很多地方同黄金一样珍贵。

My time is precious: I can only give you a few minutes.我的时间是宝贵的，我只能给你几分钟时间。

2)greatly loved or treasured by someone 珍爱的；心爱的；珍视的 precious works of art 艺术珍品

Her daughter is the most precious thing in the world to her.对于她来说，女儿就是掌上明珠。

13.series(Para.5): n.[C]

1)set of books, documents, etc.that are published with the same design in order to show that they belong to the same group 丛书；辑

a popular new series of children’s books 一套新出版的广受欢迎的儿童丛书 We’re publishing a new series on ethnic music next year.明年我们将出版一套新的关于少数民族音乐的丛书。

2)set of similar things that follow one after another 连续发生的一组类似事件；系列 They carried out a series of experiments to test the new drug.他们对这种新药物进行了一系列试验。

We need to do a series of tests before we do anything else.我们需要做一系列的测试后才能做别的事情。

3)set of television or radio programs that are all about a particular subject, person, or group of people（电视或广播的）系列节目 a hit television series 热门电视系列片

Tonight’s program is the second in a three-part series.今晚节目是一部三集系列片的第二集。

14.Although the books were old, for me they seemed alive, and for a long time I devoured

them, one by one, pretending that I was the heroine and my lover would soon come to rescue me.(Para.5)

The books were old, but the stories seemed to be fresh and lively to me.For a long time I kept reading them with great enthusiasm one by one, and I imagined myself getting involved in a romance there, waiting for my prince to come to me.devour: vt.1)read, watch, or listen to something with a lot of interest or enthusiasm热切地读，凝视，倾听

For 12 hours each day, he devoured books on mathematics, physics, and chemistry.他如饥似渴地攻读数理化，每天长达12小时。

He was already devouring detective fiction as a young child.他小时候就已经在如饥似渴地阅读侦探小说。

2)eat something very fast because you are hungry 狼吞虎咽地吃；吞食

The hungry boy was devouring his dinner.那个饥饿的孩子在狼吞虎咽地吃饭。

According to one estimate, spiders devour enough bugs worldwide in a single day to outweigh the entire human population.根据一项估计，全世界的蜘蛛一天内吞食的害虫数量足以超过人类的总数量。

rescue:

vt.save or set free from harm, danger, or loss 拯救；救援；使免遭（损失）

He rescued a child from drowning.他救起了一名落水儿童。

You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.我正感到尴尬，你为我解了围。

n.[C/U] act of saving someone or something from danger, failure, or unpleasant situation 营救 A rescue team is trying to reach the trapped miners.营救队正设法赶到矿工被困的地方。

We were about to close down the business, but the bank came to our rescue with a huge loan.我们几乎要停业了，但银行借出一大笔钱救了我们。

15.He didn’t come, of course.(Para.5)

In fact, my lover didn’t come to me.(The romance didn’t happen actually as it was only the author’s fantasy as a little girl.)

16.But inside myself I was taking my passion for books that would never abandon me.(Para.5)

I never left behind my desire for reading and pursuing knowledge.(Though I had to leave behind a lot of things in order to study and live in another city.)passion: n.1)[C] strong desire or enthusiasm for something 热情；极度喜爱，酷爱

Sports are the passion of the city’s masses.该市群众酷爱体育运动。

The English have a passion for gardens.英国人对花园情有独钟。

2)[C/U] powerful emotion such as love or anger（爱情、愤怒等）强烈的情感

She sang with great passion.她满怀激情地歌唱。

Passions run high when marriages break up and children are involved.当婚姻破裂且殃及孩子们的时候，人们的情绪就很激愤。

abandon: vt.1)leave(a person or thing or place)not intending to return;desert;forsake 离开（某人、某物或某地）；抛弃；遗弃；离弃 His natural mother abandoned him when he was five days old.他出生才五天生母就遗弃了他。

When the fire got out of control, the captain told the sailors to abandon the ship.当火势无法控制时，船长吩咐水手弃船逃生。

2)give up completely(esp.something begun)完全放弃（尤指已开始的某事物）abandon a project / plan / scheme 放弃一项方案/计划/设计 The match was abandoned because of bad weather.比赛因为天气恶劣而取消。

17.boarding school(Para.6):(or residential college)寄宿学校

A boarding school is a school in which most or all of the students live during the part of the year when they go to lessons.The students who live in boarding school are called boarders or resident students.Most British public schools are boarding schools.Cf.day school 日校，走读学校

A day school is a school whose students attend only during the day, returning home at night and at weekends.18.…the lives of saints and the miracles of Christ.(Para.6)

saint: n.[C](abbr.St or S;pl.Sts)person who is officially recognized after death by Christian church as specially holy and worthy of formal honor 圣徒，圣人 Joan of Arc was made a saint in 1920.1920年，贞德被追封为圣女。

It was a holy place, the shrine of a saint.这是个神圣的地方，一个圣徒的神殿。

Note: “the lives of saints” refers to the activities of the holy people in the Bible.According to the Bible, Christ worked many miracles, such as turning water into wine.miracle: n.[C]

1)action / event that cannot be explained according to the laws of nature and is considered to be an act of God 奇迹；奇事；不可思议的事 The story of the weeping statue is hailed as a miracle by some people.会哭泣的雕像的故事被一些人惊叹为奇迹。

It’ll need a miracle to save the company from ruin.需要出现奇迹，才能使公司免于破产。

Miracle is everywhere as long as you believe in yourself.只要你相信自己，奇迹无处不在。

2)excellent achievement or example of something 卓越成就

a miracle of modern technology 现代技术的一大奇迹

He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然种出了200个大得出奇的西红柿，每个重达两磅。

19.very(Para.6): a.(used for giving force to an expression)actual（用于加强语气）正是的This is the very pen he used when he was writing the book.他写这本书时用的正是这支笔。

I’ll go this very moment.我这就去。

The very thought of that terrible meal makes me feel sick.我一想起那顿糟糕的饭就恶心。20.spot(Para.6):

vt.1)pick out with the eye;see or recognize, esp.with effort or difficulty 找出，认出，看出

They’ve spotted us — let’s get out of here.他们已经发现了我们——咱们出去吧。

They were spotted by the police as they were entering the bank.他们进入银行时便被警察发现了。

2)(usu.pass.)mark with spots 使„„有斑点

I chose a white cloth spotted with green.我选择了一块带有绿色斑点的白布。

The dress is spotted with white and black dots.衣服上印有黑白小点。

n.[C]

1)small round area on a surface different in color from its surroundings 斑点； The flower is yellow with red spots.花是黄色的，带有红色斑点。He has a bald spot on the top of his head.他头顶有块斑秃。

2)particular place 地点，场所

We found him sitting in a sunny spot in the garden.我们发现他正坐在花园里一个阳光充足的地方。It took me about twenty minutes to find a parking spot.我花了差不多20分钟才找到停车的地方。

on the spot: at once;at the place of the action 立即；在现场 Anyone breaking the rules will be asked to leave on the spot.任何违反规则的人都要被责令立即离场。We’ll have a police officer on the spot immediately.我们马上派一名警察前往现场。

hit the spot: AmE(infml.)satisfy one’s hunger 满足某人的食欲 That pie really hit the spot, Michael.那个馅饼味道真合我口味，迈克尔。A cool glass of beer would really hit the spot.一杯冰啤酒正合我意。

a bright spot:(fig.)something encouraging despite the unfavorable situation 令人欣慰的事，亮点

It’s been a terrible week at the office, but there was one bright spot: the new assistant is very good.这个星期公司遭透了，还好新来的助手非常棒。

The one bright spot for the team last year was the match in France.这个队去年的一个亮点就是在法国的那场比赛。

21.intriguing(Para.6): a.very interesting, arousing the curiosity of, esp.because of being strange or mysterious 令人非常感兴趣的；引人入胜的；迷人的 an intriguing subject for future research 有待深入研究的有趣学科

To me that’s what is really intriguing about him.对我来说，他让人感兴趣的地方即在于此。

22.curious(Para.6): a.1)eager to know or learn, esp.about something unfamiliar or mysterious 好奇的；有求知欲的

Children are all curious about animals and how they live.孩子们对动物及其生活方式感到非常好奇。

A curious child is a teacher’s delight.老师喜欢有求知欲的孩子。（网络）

2)odd or unusual, esp.in a way that is hard to explain 奇特的；离奇的；难以解释的The visitors were attracted by a curious piece of 19th century art.参观者被一件19世纪的艺术珍品深深地吸引。

He felt a curious mixture of happiness and fear.他有一种幸福和恐惧交织在一起的奇特感觉。

23.…was already fascinated by Santiago, the fisherman.(Para.6)

…was already attracted by the hero and his story.fascinate: vt.capture the interest of;attract 迷住，吸引住；使神魂颠倒 The changing vivid colors of the sunset fascinated the eye.日落时变化多端的色彩使人看得入迷。

I’d be fascinated to know what you really think.我非常想知道你真实的想法。

The public is fascinated with the private lives of public figures.公众对社会名流的私生活具有浓厚的兴趣。We are all fascinated by new technology.我们都对新技术着迷。

24.…only one teaspoon at a time.(Para.7)

…each time I only read a little.The word “teaspoon” is used figuratively, meaning “a small amount of reading”.25.At the age of thirteen I was deeply in love with Ernest Hemingway.(Para.7)

When I was 13 years old, I liked Ernest Hemingway’s works very much.deeply: ad.1)very or very much 很；非常

deeply rooted customs / ideas根深蒂固的习俗/思想

deeply held beliefs / convictions / views 坚定不移的信仰/信念/观点

Opinion is deeply divided on this issue.对这个问题的意见分歧很大。

The government said it was deeply concerned about the situation.政府表示对局势非常关注。

2)long way down or through something 深深地 The needle had penetrated deeply into his skin.那根针深深地刺入到他的皮肤里。

The dog bit him deeply into his arm.狗咬了他的胳膊，咬得很深。

26.At that time I thought that my relationship with books was kind of odd, something that set me apart from the world.(Para.8)

At that time I considered my relationship with books strange.I was so indulged in the world of books instead of the real world around me that I felt myself to be different from the others in the world.kind of:(infml.)in a certain way, rather 有几分；有点儿 I guess I got kind of carried away, seeing you and Mom again.我想大概因为我又见到您和妈妈，有点晕头转向了。

In fact, she kind of enjoyed being in the minority, she says.其实，她说她还有点喜欢处于少数人的地位。

odd: a.1)different from what is ordinary or expected;unusual 奇特的，古怪的，异常的It’s odd that I cannot remember Mary’s address.奇怪的是我竟记不起玛丽的地址。

Mankind is very odd creature: one half censure what they practice, the other half practice what they censure.人类是非常奇怪的生物：一边指责自己的所作所为，一边做着自己所指责的事情。

2)not happening frequently or regularly;occasionally偶尔的

During the spring break, he did some odd jobs to earn a little pocket money.春假期间他打了点零工，以挣些零花钱。

The weather will remain cloudy with odd showers here and there.天气将仍为多云，部分地区偶有阵雨。

3)not integrally divisible by two（数目）奇数的，单数的Numbers like 3, 15, and 181 are odd numbers.3、5和181等数字都是奇数。

You must park your cars on the odd-numbered side of the street.请您务必将车停在街道两侧中门牌号码为奇数的那一侧。

4)separated from its pair or set（一双、一套中）单只的，不成双的an odd shoe 单只鞋

He went out wearing odd socks.他穿着不成双的袜子出门了。

set apart:

1)make someone or something special or different 使与众不同 Tom’s natural athleticism set him apart from other tennis players.汤姆天生的运动素质使他显得和其他网球运动员不同。Being good had been his way of setting him apart.他一贯以“为人诚实正派”使自己不同于一般人。

2)(usu.pass.)keep something separate in order to use it for a particular purpose（为特定用途）留出，划出 set some food apart for winter 储备一些食物过冬

Several acres of public land have been set apart for recreation.已经留出来几英亩的公共用地来建造娱乐设施。

27.Only when I read a short story by a Brazilian author, did I discover that other people could enjoy books as much as I did.(Para.8)Note: This is an inverted sentence using “only” at the beginning of a sentence to introduce an adverbial.Other examples: Only in this house do I feel safe and secure.只有在这个房子里我才感到安全。

Only in Paris can you buy these shoes.只有在巴黎你才能买到这样的鞋子。

28.For the first time I wasn’t alone.(Para.8)

For the first time in my life I found that I wasn’t the only person who enjoyed reading books.29.…to surmount another big challenge.(Para.9)

… to succeed in overcoming another difficulty.surmount: vt.1)(fml.)overcome;succeed in dealing with(esp.a difficulty)克服（困难等）

We had many problems to surmount before we could start the project.我们得克服许多困难才能着手做这项工作。

John was able to surmount all these obstacles to become an outstanding leader.约翰能够克服所有这些障碍并成为一位出色的领导人。

2)(usu.pass.)be above or on top of 置于„„之上

The house was surmounted by a tall chimney.屋顶上有一个高高的烟囱。

The peak is surmounted by the ruins of an ancient fort.峰顶有一座古老要塞的废墟。

30.For some years I was condemned again to the darkness;condemned to live without books, my friends, my guides, my lovers.(Para.9)

During the years when I was forced to give up reading books, which had been playing the important parts of friends, guides and lovers, I felt myself to be thrown back into the dark world of ignorance.condemn: vt.1)force someone into an unhappy state or situation 迫使„„陷入 His bad leg condemned him to a wheelchair.他的残腿使他离不开轮椅。

They were condemned to a life of hardship.他们不得不过着艰难的生活。

Most of the children will be condemned to spend their lives in abject poverty.这些孩子中，大多数都将终生生活在赤贫中。

2)express strong disapproval of 谴责；责备

The minister condemned the proposal as “very damaging”.大臣强烈指责这一提议“非常有害”。

We all condemn cruelty to children.我们一致谴责对儿童的摧残。

The law has been condemned by its opponents as an attack on personal liberty.这项法律被反对者指责为对人身自由的侵犯。

3)judge guilty 宣告„„有罪

He was condemned to life imprisonment.他被判无期徒刑。

They condemned him to be hanged.他们判他绞刑。

31.obstacle: n.[C] something which prevents somebody from achieving progress 障碍 We have managed to overcome all the obstacles that have been placed in our path.我们已设法排除了设置在道路上的一切障碍。

A lack of qualifications can be a major obstacle to finding a job.学历不足可能成为求职的主要障碍。

All major obstacles to peace have now been removed.所有通往和平的主要障碍都已被清除。

32.…they still hold a mystery for me…(Para.11)…for me books have always been a fascinating world(through which I was led into an unknown life)…

mystery: n.1)[C] something which cannot be explained or understood 神秘的事物；谜 It’s a mystery to me how she manages to work so fast.我真无法理解她如何做得那么快。

The exact origin of the universe remains a mystery.宇宙的确切起源仍然是个谜。

The police are trying to solve the mystery of his disappearance.警方试图解开他的失踪之谜。

2)[U] strange secret nature or quality 神秘性；神秘；不可思议性 I’d love to read stories full of mystery.我喜欢读充满神秘感的故事。

The trees and the mountains made a landscape with mystery and charm.树木和山脉构成了神秘而迷人的风景。

33.…which routes I am about to travel, which emotions I am about to sink into.Will this new book touch me as a woman, as a foreigner, as a romantic soul, as a curious person? Which horizon is it about to unfold to me, which string of my soul is it bound to touch, which secret is it about to unveil for me?(Para.11)

…every time I opened a new book, I felt curious about what new experience this book would offer me and what kind of emotional state this book would lead me into.Would this book have any emotional impact on me as a foreign woman with a romantic heart and an intense yearning for knowledge? What kind of new world would this book open before me? What effect would this book exert on me? What unknown thing of any sort would this book reveal to me?

route: n.[C] way or course taken(esp.regularly)from one place to another 路，路线（尤指固定路线）

What’s the shortest route from London to Cambridge?

从伦敦到剑桥的最短路线怎么走？

We’ve had to take two of the evening buses off this route because of a shortage of fuel.由于缺乏燃料，我们不得不取消了这条线路的两班夜车。

emotion: n.1)[C] any of the strong feelings of human spirit情感，感情

As a nurse I learned to control my emotions.作为护士，我学会了控制自己的情感。

He left the scene with mixed emotions.他百感交集地离开了现场。

2)[U] strength of feelings;excited state of the feelings 激情；感动 She choked with emotion when she spoke about her late husband.当她说起她已故的丈夫时，她情绪激动得哽住了。

She described the accident in a voice shaking with emotion.她以激动而颤抖的声音描述事故发生的经过。

be about to do: be going to happen or do something very soon 正要发生；即将做

We arrived just as the ceremony was about to begin.我们到时典礼正要开始。

I’ve never done any cooking and I’m not about to start now.我从来没做过饭，也不想从现在开始做起来。sink into: go gradually into a state of 逐渐进入„„状态

Don’t allow yourself to sink into grief.It can do no good.不要使自己陷入悲哀之中，这样一点好处也没有。

He sank himself word by word into the literature.他字斟句酌，陶醉于文学作品之中。soul: n.1)[C](usu.sing.)an individual 人，个人

He’s had a lot of troubles to put up with,(the)poor soul!他有好多烦恼的事，可怜的人！

There wasn’t a soul in sight.一个人影也没有。

2)[C] part of a person that is capable of thinking and feeling 心灵；精神 Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul.美色中看，美德感人。

They say that hardship is good for the souls.他们说艰难困苦对心灵有益。

3)[U] moral, or emotional nature of a person 情操；热情

She puts soul into her teaching.她在教学中倾注了自己的热情。

It was a very polished performance, but it lacke soul.这场演出技艺很精湛，但缺少真挚的情感。

horizon: n.1)[C] line in the distance where the sky seems to meet the earth 地平线 The sun was setting on the horizon.太阳刚刚落在地平线上。

The moon rose slowly above the horizon.月亮从地平线上冉冉升起。

2)(pl.)limit of one’s mental perception, experience, or interest 阅历的范围；眼界 Traveling has really helped to expand her horizons.旅行确实有利于开阔她的眼界。

Science gives us new horizons.科学给我们新的视野。

unfold:

vt.open something that was folded 展开；打开；摊开 Lewis unfolded the note and read it quickly.刘易斯展开条子并很快地看了一下。

We need to unfold the chairs before everyone arrives.我们必须在大家到达前把椅子都打开。

vi.become open after being folded 张开；伸展

The first bright green leaves were unfolding in the hedge.树篱上长出了翠绿的新叶子。

Modern films can show a rose unfolding.现代电影技术可以展示玫瑰开放的过程。string: n.1)[C] one of several long pieces of nylon, wire, or another substance stretched across a musical instrument, and used for producing sounds(乐器上的)弦

guitar / violin / harp strings 吉他/小提琴/竖琴弦

2)[C] group of similar or connected things 一连串，一系列（类似或相关的事物）

A string of cars traveled up the narrow mountain road.一长串汽车行驶在狭窄的山路上。

I was confused by a string of questions.我面临着一连串的问题。

3)[C/U] thin rope, usu.made of twisted fibers and used for tying things together 线；细绳 a parcel tied with string用细绳捆着的包裹

Puppets are worked by strings.木偶是用绳来操纵的。

The balloon was attached to a long string.气球系在一根长线上。

be bound to do: be certain or likely to happen, or to do or be something 一定会；很可能会 If you have problems at home, it’s bound to affect your work.如果你家里有问题的话，一定会影响你的工作。

You’ve done so much work that you’re bound to pass the exam.你下了这么大工夫，一定能考及格。

unveil: vt.uncover;announce something officially that was previously a secret 揭开；透露，使公布于众

They will be unveiling their new models at the Motor Show.他们将在汽车大展上首次推出自己的新款汽车。

In his statement, Brown unveiled a series of plans.布朗在陈述中首次提出了一系列计划。

34.After reading so many books that touch me deeply, each one in its special way, I understand now that my mother had a point when she tried to keep me away from books in my childhood.(Para.12)

I understand now that my mother had good reasons for stopping me from reading books when I was a child.My mother must have realized that books would influence me greatly and in various ways as they really did later.have(got)a point: said when you think someone’s idea or opinion is right（某人）说得有道理

You have got a point.If we’re going to work overtime, they’re going to have to pay us a lot extra.你说的是。如果我们要加班，他们就得额外给我们多得多的报酬

She has a point — some of the so-called family movies are the worst things you could take your kids to.她说得有道理——有些所谓的家庭影片是你能带孩子去看的最糟的东西。

keep sb./ sth.away(from):(make someone or something)stay away(from)（使）不靠近，（使）离开

The spectators have to keep away.旁观者不得靠近。

Children should be kept away from the river.不可让孩子们靠近河边。

He kept away from liquor and tobacco.他烟酒不沾。

Would you keep that dog away? 把那条狗牵走好吗？

35.She wanted me to stay in my little town, to marry a rich and tiresome man, to keep up with the traditions.(Para.12)My mother wished me to marry a rich but boring man and live an ordinary life as other women did in our small town.tiresome: a.making one feel annoyed or bored 令人讨厌的 Checking all the address labels was a tiresome task.核对所有的地址标签是件令人厌烦的工作。

Regular weeding is a tiresome but essential job.定期除草虽累人，但很有必要。

keep up(with): learn as fast or do as much as other people 赶上（人，潮流，形势等）a woman who always keeps up with the latest fashions 一个最赶时髦的女人 He reads newspapers every day to keep up with the latest happenings.他每天读报纸，了解最近发生的事情。

36.They made me dare to live another kind of life.They made me wish for more, and when I couldn’t have all I wished for, they were still there to comfort me, and to show me new options.(Para.12)

Books gave me courage to live a different life.Books gave me more hope for the future;and if my desires weren’t all fulfilled, it was books that eased my souls and showed new choices.comfort:

vt.make someone feel less sad, worried, or disappointed 安慰；宽慰

He went upstairs to comfort the baby.他上楼去哄婴儿。

She will be comforted to learn the news.听到这个消息她将得到安慰。n.[U] 1)physically relaxed state, without any pain or other unpleasant feelings 舒适，舒服

There is no comfort in the room.这个房间一点也不舒服。

There is plenty of room to lie down and sleep in comfort.有足够的空间可以躺下舒服地睡一觉。2)feeling of being less sad or worried about something than you were previously 安慰；慰藉

My mother was always there to offer comfort.我母亲总能及时出现给予安慰。

I found comfort in his words.我从他的话中得到安慰。

option: n.[C] thing that is or may be chosen 选择

She had no option but to admit the truth.她没有别的选择，只好说了实情。

We’ve discussed all the marketing options and decided to go for television advertising.我们对所有供选择的市场推广方案进行了讨论，决定选择电视广告。

We have three options for financing the house.我们有三种不同的供房方案。

The government has two options: to reduce spending or to increase taxes.政府有两种选择：或是削减开支，或是增加税收。

37.Books are dangerous;books are subversive.Because of them I left a predictable future for an unforeseeable one.(Para.13)

Books are powerful in that they may change people’s fate.Because I loved to read books, my entire life was changed from a small-town married life to something whose future is hard to predict.subversive: a.intended to destroy the power or influence of a government or an established belief（对于政府或已确立的信仰）破坏性的；颠覆性的 subversive speeches / warfare 颠覆性讲话/战事

They were expelled from the country for subversive activities.他们因为进行颠覆性活动被驱逐出这个国家。

predictable: a.1)that can be predicted or is to be expected 可预言的；可预料的

Most of the films we’ve reviewed this summer have had one thing in common — predictable plots.今年夏天我们评论过的大部分电影都有一个共同点——情节一看便知。The outcome of these experiments is not always entirely predictable.这些试验的结果并不是完全可以预测的。

2)always behaving or reacting in the same way 刻板的，墨守成规的；老套乏味的 Rock music is getting so predictable these days.摇滚乐近来变得愈来愈乏善可陈了。

How very predictable you are sometimes!你有些时候太墨守成规了。

unforeseeable：a.impossible to know about or expect 无法预见的；无法预料的 Too many unforeseeable political consequences could arise from such a decision.这一决定可能引发太多不可预见的政治后果。

She showed an unforeseeable willingness to discuss this awkward matter.没想到她好像很愿意讨论这个令人尴尬的问题。38.instead of(Para.13): in place of 而不是；代替

We should do something instead of just talking about it.我们应该有所行动，而不仅仅是在纸上谈兵。Instead of going to work thinking it’s totally boring, try to be positive.积极乐观起来，不要带着认为一切无聊透顶的心情去上班。

39.lackluster(Para.13): a.not lively, exciting, or impressive;uninspired 不精彩的；没有生气的；枯燥乏味的 The coach criticized his team’s lackluster performance.教练批评了球队死气沉沉的表现。

They are dissatisfied with their country’s lackluster economy.他们对自己国家的萧条经济不甚满意。

PART III Guided Writing

Learning to Write The task of writing has its own benefits for the writer:  Writing is a means of self-discovery.  Writing is a way to share these discoveries with a reader.The process of writing has its own rewards.To write clearly, the writer, whether a beginning college student or a professional author, must turn inward, listen to his or her inner voice, and give that voice expression.The results are often surprising.Effective writers are intellectually curious and driven by a need to understand their environment and their places within it.Writers not only write to express personal feelings, but also to share their discoveries with others — sometimes by providing the reader with useful information(i.e.to inform), by persuading the reader to accept the writer’s point of view(i.e.to persuade), or by entertaining the reader through humor(i.e.to entertain).Examples of informational writing include textbooks, technical manuals, and encyclopedias, and things like news articles in newspaper, etc.Persuasive writings include newspapers editorials and columns, print advertisements, sermons, letters of recommendation, and business proposals, etc.Magazine and newspaper columnists like to amuse the reader by relating a story or making fun of some aspect of their readers’ daily lives.And finally, any written communication involves risks on the part of the writer.“Will the reader enjoy what I have to say?” “Will the reader understand my message?” “Will the reader agree with my position?” All of these questions can lead initially to self-doubt.Yet for the writer who accepts these risks and communicates a message as well as he or she can, the most satisfying moment comes when the writing is finished and ready for the reader.Seeing the finished product, the writer can be proud of his or her accomplishment.Key to Guided Writing

Exercise 1.I

2.I

3.X

4.P

5.P

6.I

7.E

8.I

Now You Try It 1.The writer writes this article to, on the one hand, express her personal feelings towards books, namely, she loves book;on the other hand share her personal discovery regarding books, namely, books change her life.2.Books give me the greatest pleasure I can ever have.Part IV Key to Exercises II.1.The author thought that books were magical.By reading books, she was given the chances of stepping into another wonderful world.2.The author’s mother didn’t like her to read books since she thought that too much knowledge would ruin her daughter’s life.However forbidden fruit is always the sweetest.Mother’s disapproval would do nothing but encourage the author to seek any opportunity to read books.It was Uncle who greatly influenced the author’s reading habit since he loved to read books of all kinds and books she read were from him.3.Among a very small number of books at school, most of which were religious readers, the author found Ernest Hemingway by chance, and his works initiated her interest in literature.4.When the author left Brazil for America, the big difficulty was that she had no books to read.5.Books are the author’s lifelong companions without whom her life would be dull and unexciting.6.The author is a woman living in a foreign country, with a heart full of romance and curiosity.7.Mother was reasonably right because the author WAS carried away and chose an unusual kind of life as a result of reading books.8.No, she wasn’t.The “predictable” life was what most of the women had — “to keep up with the traditions.”

9.By using the present tense, the author expresses her attitude towards books.Books, as an indispensable part of her life, have already changed the author and will still influence her.10.The hunger for reading has led the author far away from home, venturing into a different world of life.And the passion for books have given the author full enjoyment of life.III.1.fascinates 6.odd

2.passion 7.abandon

3.predictable 8.fall in love

4.bound 9.miracle

5.obstacle 10.horizon IV.1.nevertheless 6.unfolded 11.opportunity 2.addicted 7.option 12.condemns

3.Kind of 8.rescued 13.heroine

4.In spite of 9.recall 14.soul

5.faithful 10.effect 15.at a time V.1.to 5.with 2.of 6.from

3.for 7.away

4.with 8.up VI.1.envious 6.furious 2.functional 7.changeable

3.painful 8.directional

4.masterful 5.knowledgeable 9.conventional

VII.1.Do I need to make a reservation for a room in Shangri-La Hotel? 2.You needn’t worry./ You don’t need to worry.He’s old enough to make his own choice.3.The house needs fixing up.4.Additional expenses don’t need reporting.5.To pass examinations you need to work effectively.VIII.1.need watering 2.needs a good wash/needs washing 3.you don’t need to apologize / you needn’t apologize 4.Need there be

5.Do I need to / Need I IX.1.He was so cruel that he was hated by everyone.2.His hometown has changed so much that he can hardly recognize it.3.The story is so interesting that I read it twice.4.He spoke so loudly that people in the next room could hear him.5.The city is so beautiful that it leaves a deep impression on foreign visitors.X.1.The girl was left alone in the room, weeping bitterly.2.They stood there for half an hour, watching the stars in the sky.3.We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing.4.I just stood there, feeling foolish and watching him.5.The thief sneaked out of the house by the back entrance, looking over his shoulder to see if he was followed.XI.1.Having given up the bad habit of smoking before bedtime, I no longer have to hear my wife complaining all the time.2.What sets him apart from other people of his age is that he is addicted to Peking Opera.3.She is so much in love with him that she’s ready to overcome any obstacle to marry him.4.Only after the result of the exam came out did I realize I would have to work harder to keep up with the others.5.As chief negotiator she has performed miracles in breaking down barriers between the two sides.6.You don’t need to worry.Men are not allowed to get into this room.7.If I had to make a choice between going to college and finding a job, I would choose the former instead of the latter.8.In spite of the instruction of taking one pill at a time, he took three all at once.Part V Translation

书之恋 小时候，我认为读书就像服用麻醉剂，一次仅可服一匙，但足以令我进入一个魔幻世界。随着时间的推移，一次次服用之后，我便对这一麻醉剂上了瘾。书就像这药剂，已然成为我生活中不可或缺的一部分，犹如我的朋友、我的导师、我的爱人。我最忠诚的爱人。2 一开始我从未想到自己会爱上书，甚至现在都回忆不起来自己是何时以及怎样开始读书的。只记得母亲不喜欢我读书。即便如此，一有机会我就会拿上一本，偷偷找个地方读上一两页；如果足够幸运不被发现的话，就可以读上三页。读书的时候心跳得厉害，总担心被母亲发现。对她而言，书百无一用；对我而言，书即是一切。小时候，因为我住在巴西的一个小镇里，书很难到我们镇上，因此我并没有很多书可读。不过，幸好舅舅是名飞行员。在家时舅舅总喜欢坐在那里读书，沉浸在书的世界里。每每读完一本畅销书或是一 本爱情小说，他就会把书送给母亲。母亲也爱读书，但她却不喜欢我读书。可无论如何我 都会想方设法读上那本宝贝书的，即便是要我躲起来一点点地读完整本书也罢。5 还记得有一套小书，已经很旧了，可我却觉得一点儿都不旧。很长一段时间里，我一本本如饥似渴地读着，把自己假想为书中的女主人公，等待心上人早日前来拯救。当然，他并没有来。倒是我离开了小镇，仅仅带着衣物到里约热内卢开始求学生活。但我心底却带着对书籍那永远挥之不去的深情。我被送到一所寄宿学校上学。教室的书架上大概有50本书，几乎都是关于圣徒生活和耶稣故事的。正愁没什么可读之时，我在书架的末端发现了一本尘封已久的小书。书的内容似乎与宗教无关，因为书名格外引人注意 ——《老人与海》。书的作者我以前从未听说过，叫欧内斯特·海明威。于是，我好奇地读了起来，没过几分钟就被书中的渔夫圣地亚哥深深地吸引住了。我太喜欢那本小说了，去姨妈家度周末时，我就问她是否有海明威写的书。她借给我一本《丧钟为谁而鸣》，我每周日去她家都要读一点，每次只读一点。那段日子里，我总是焦急地期待着下一个周日的到来。13岁时我便深深地迷恋上了海明威的作品。8 那时，我觉得自己与书的关系有些奇怪，它让我觉得自己与众不同。只是在读了一位巴西作家的小说之后，我才突然发觉有人同我一样爱着书。我第一次感觉到自己并非形单影只。我一生自始至终保持着那份对于书的热情。但在31岁搬到纽约的那年，这一热情却不得不经受了又一个巨大的考验。当时我几乎一文不名，所以不得不将所有的书都留在了巴西。而且，我对英语知之甚少，无法用英语阅读。有好几年，我又被打入黑暗的世界，被迫在没有书的天地中度日，离开了我的朋友，我的导师，我的爱人啊。但是对于书的深深爱恋让我还是克服了这一困难。我学会了英语，并且最终又可以赏读我最喜爱的作品了。书已成为我生命中的一部分，但对我而言，它仍然保持着一份神秘感。每每翻开一本新书，我都会问自己：我会从中发现怎样的乐趣，踏上怎样的征程，进入怎样的感情世界呢？它会触动像我这样的一个女人、一个外乡人、一个浪漫的人、一个好奇的人吗？它又将向我呈现什么样的景象，触动我的哪根心弦，为我揭开哪些秘密呢？ 我读过许多书，它们以各自独特的方式深深地打动着我。现在我终于明白了，儿时母亲试图让我远离书籍是有一定道理的。她想让我呆在小镇里，嫁给一个有钱的无聊男人，循规蹈矩地生活。但是书籍把我带离了家乡，为我插上了飞翔的翅膀，去找寻新的世界。书籍使我敢于尝试别样人生。它使我期盼更多，而当我所期盼的不能全实现时，它仍然在那儿安慰我，给我新的选择。是啊，母亲是对的。书是危险的，是有颠覆性的。正是因为书，我放弃了可以预见的未来，去追寻不可预知的明天。然而，如果要我重新做出选择，我仍然会选择书，而不是我可以拥有的枯燥乏味的生活。毕竟，离开了书，离开了我最忠实的爱人，我的内心深处还能找到什么快乐呢？

Unit One Enjoyment of Learning

Section B How to Find Time to Read PART I Background Information

1.Sir William Osler(1849 ~ 1919)

William Osler was born in Bond Head and raised in Dundas, Ontario, Canada.He trained in medicine at the University of Toronto and McGill, where he began his teaching career.In 1889 he became the first professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University.He was particularly expert in diagnosis of diseases of the heart, lungs and blood.His textbook, The Principles and Practice of Medicine, published in 1892 and frequently revised, was considered authoritative for more than 30 years.He helped create the system of postgraduate training for physicians that is followed today.His description of the inadequacy of treatment methods for most disorders was a major factor leading to the creation of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City.He moved to England in 1905 on being appointed Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, and was created a baronet in 1911.His ashes rest in the Osler Library, Montréal.William Osler has been considered the “best-known physician in the English-speaking world at the turn of the century.” 2.Oxford University

Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world and lays claim to nine centuries of continuous existence since it was established in 1168 in Town of Oxford, Oxford Region, England.As an internationally renowned centre for teaching and research, Oxford attracts students and scholars from across the globe.PART II Language Study 1.rate(Para.1):

n.[C]

1)speed at which something happens within a particular period of time 速度

Most people walk at an average rate of 5 kilometres an hour.大多数人步行的平均速度为每小时五公里。

Doctor monitors the patient’s heart rate.医生监控病人的心跳速度。

2)measurement of the number of times something happens or exists during a particular period 率

a high / low / rising rate of unemployment 高/低/不断增长的失业率

Local businesses are closing at the rate of three a year.地方企业正在以每年三家的速度关闭。

vt.consider that someone or something has a particular quality of 对„„作出估价；评价

The university is highly rated for its research.这所大学因其研究工作而受到高度评价。

Voters continue to rate education high on their list of priorities.选民们继续把教育看作是头等重要的大事。

2.You cannot maintain that average, however, unless you read regularly every day.(Para.1)

Make sure that you do a certain amount of reading every day, or you can’t keep the average reading speed of 300 words per minute.maintain: vt.1)make something stay the same;keep 保持；维持 The two countries have always maintained close relations.这两个国家一直保持着密切的联系。

Maintaining your current weight through exercise and healthy eating is important.通过锻炼和健康饮食来保持你目前的体重是很重要的。

2)make regular repairs to a building, road, vehicle, etc.so that it stays in good condition 修缮（房屋）；养护（道路）；修理（机器）

I can buy a car on a monthly payment plan, but I still will not have the money to maintain it.买车可以分期付款，但保养费我就付不出了。The house costs a fortune to maintain.保养这所房子花了不少钱。

average:

n.[C/U] usual amount, extent, or rate 常量；平均值 The paper receives an average of nearly 100 articles a day.那个报纸一天平均要收到近百篇来稿。

Incomes here are nowhere near the national average.这里的收入根本达不到全国的平均水平。a.around a usual or ordinary level or standard

a child of average intelligence 智力平常的孩子

I was just an average sort of student.我只是一个普通的学生。

3.Nor can you attain that speed with hard books in science, mathematics, agriculture, business, or any subject that is new or unfamiliar to you.(Para.1)You can not keep the usual reading speed when you read difficult books concerning subjects such as science, mathematics, agriculture, business, etc., or when the subject matter is new or not familiar to you.Note: This is an inverted sentence because “nor”(which is a negation)appears at the beginning of the sentence.Examples:

She isn’t rich;nor do I imagine that she ever will be.她现在不富，我看她将来也富不了。

He can’t see, nor could he hear until a month ago.他现在看不见，一个月之前他还听不见。

attain: vt.1)reach a particular age, amount, or level 达到（某一年龄、数量或水准）

Dolphins can attain speeds in water which man cannot yet surpass.海豚在水中可以达到人类无法超越的速度。Not all athletes attain this standard of physical fitness.并非所有的运动员都能达到这个身体素质标准。

2)succeed in achieving something, esp.after a lot of effort;achieve（尤指经过努力）达到，获得

attain success by hard work 通过努力工作获得成功 Most of our students attained five “A” grades in their exams.我们多数学生的考试成绩都是五个优。

hard books: books dealing with difficult subjects 内容艰涩难懂的书

unfamiliar: a.having no knowledge or experience of;not familiar 不了解的，不熟悉的 The joke would not be understood by readers unfamiliar with Jewish tradition.不太了解犹太传统的读者可能无法理解这个笑话。

That city is not unfamiliar to me.那座城市对我来说并不陌生。

4.The chances are you will never attempt that speed with poetry or want to race through some passages in fiction over which you wish to linger.(Para.1)It is likely that you will not try to read poetry at the speed of 300 words per minute(since poetry always calls for more contemplation);nor will you read through at such speed a fiction which fascinates you and which you’d like to enjoy bit by bit.(The)Chances are(that)…: It is likely(that)… 可能„„ The chances are ten to one that we’ll succeed.我们十有八九会成功。

The chances are that she’s already heard the news.她可能已经听到那条消息了。

fiction: n.1)[U] books and stories about imaginary events and people（虚构）小说 She has no rival in the field of romantic fiction.她写的浪漫小说谁也比不了。

Truth is often stranger than fiction.事实往往比小说更离奇。

2)[C/U] report, story, or explanation that is not true 虚构（的故事）；捏造的事；谎言

What he has said is a mere fiction.他说的纯属谎言。

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish fact from fiction in the book.有时很难区分书中的事实和虚构成分。

race: vi.move or progress swiftly or at full speed 快跑；快速移动 He raced to the bathroom when he heard Jack scream.听见杰克的尖叫声，他快速奔向浴室。

You’d better not race through it.You should pay more attention to the details.你最好不要一目十行。你应该更加注意细节。linger: vi.1)stay somewhere longer or spend longer doing something than necessary for your own enjoyment or benefit 逗留；留恋；磨蹭，拖延 He lingered about after all the others had gone.其他的人都离开后，他依然在附近徘徊。It is a dreary little town where few people would choose to linger.那是个沉闷的小镇，不会有几个人愿意在那里逗留。I like to linger over breakfast and read the newspapers.我喜欢一边慢腾腾地吃早饭，一边读报纸。

2)last or continue for a long time 长时间持续（或维持）The smell of fish lingered in the kitchen.厨房里仍有鱼腥味。

Did the ghost of that grand passion linger in some corner of his heart? 难道那种崇高的情感还萦绕在他心灵的某一角落吗? The custom still lingers on in some villages.此风俗在有些村里至今犹存。

Doubts about Tom’s honesty still linger on.人们对汤姆的诚实仍存有疑问。

5.…have no trouble at all absorbing meaning and pleasure out of 300 printed words every 60 seconds.(Para.1)

…have no difficulty at all understanding the meaning and enjoying the book at an average rate of 300 words per minute.absorb: vt.take in gradually 吸收

The walls of the house absorb heat during the day.房屋的墙白天吸热。

Anything black absorbs most of the light rays that fall on it.任何黑色的东西都能吸收照射到它上面的大部分光线。

6.Statistics are not always practicable, …(Para.2)

Statistics are not always true to facts / realities, …

practicable: a.able to be done or put into practice successfully 能实行的，可行的 turn principles into practicable policies 把原则变为切实可行的政策 The measures will be put into effect as soon as they are reasonably practicable.一旦切实可行，这些措施就会得到实行。7.multiplication(Para.2): n.[U]

1)process or skill of multiplying 乘法

the multiplication sign 乘号（×）

There will be simple tests in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.会有有关加、减、乘、除运算的简单的测试。2)large increase in something 剧增

This is the newest drug that can slow the multiplication of the AIDS virus.这是最新研发出来的可以减缓艾滋病毒剧增的药物。

Increasing gravity is known to speed up the multiplication of cells.众所周知，引力的增强会加速细胞的增长。

8.result in(Para.2): cause or produce something 导致；造成 A sudden change in temperature will inevitably result in rain.气温的骤变会不可避免地导致下雨。

Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver.这种药使用过量会损害肝脏。

The traffic accident resulted in the death of 14 passengers.车祸导致14名乘客死亡。

result from: arise as the actual, or followed as a logical, consequence 由„„而造成（产生），是„„的结果

The arrest resulted from an anonymous telephone call.一个匿名电话导致这些人被捕。

Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises resulted from his experience in the Spanish Civil War.海明威小说《太阳照常升起》源于他在西班牙内战的亲身经历。

9.grand(Para.2): a.1)very impressive 壮丽的，壮观的

How grand the mountains look in the early light!

晨曦中的群山是多么宏伟壮观！

We had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we climbed to the top of the mountain.当我们爬上了山巅时，看到了云海的壮观景象。

2)(colloq.)very good or enjoyable;great 极好的；美妙的 We’ve been having a grand time.我们开心极了。

I’ve had a grand rest.我已经美美地睡了一阵子。

10.vary(Para.3):

vi.be different in different situations（情况）有变化，相异

The students’ work varies considerably in quality.学生作业的质量甚是参差不齐。Customs vary from place to place.各地风俗习惯是各不相同的。

Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression.她的情绪由乐观变为极度消沉。

These ropes vary in length from 10 inches to 20 inches.这些绳子长10英尺到20英尺不等。

Test scores vary from school to school.测试成绩因学校而异。vt.change something 改变；更改

We may vary these rates in line with interest rates.我们可能改变这些费率，使之与利率一致。He has varied his method of study.他已改变了学习方法。

11.At some point, nearly all of the practicing doctors had been brought up on his medical textbook.(Para.4)At some moment almost all of the practicing doctors had been educated by Osler’s medical textbook.at some point: at some moment in time that is not made specific 有时 At some point I decided she was no longer my friend.有时我认定她不再是我的朋友了。At some point I like to be on my own.有时候我喜欢一个人待着。bring up(usu.pass.):

1)used for saying where and how someone lived when they were a child 伴着„„成长；在（某地）长大

These kids have been brought up on endless television.这些孩子伴着没完没了的电视节目长大。He was brought up on Mother Goose.他是读着《鹅妈妈童谣》长大的。He was born and brought up in India.他在印度出生和长大。2)care for, raise 养育

He was well / badly brought up.他受过很好/不好的教育。

It is harder to marry a daughter well than to bring her up well.养女易，嫁女难。

practicing: a.AmE(= practising)working in a particular profession 执业的 a practicing attorney 开业律师

12.His greatness is attributed by his biographers and critics not alone to his profound medical knowledge and insight to his broad general education, for he was a very cultured man.(Para.5)

His biographers and critics think that only profound medical knowledge itself is not enough to make possible the greatness of Sir William Osler, and that only general education itself is not enough to make possible the considerable insight of him, because Sir William Osler is very well educated, which makes him not only an expert in certain fields(such as the field of medicine)but also a person of broad knowledge.Note: This is a sentence with some of the words and phrases already omitted from it.The full version of the sentence should be: His greatness is attributed by his biographers and critics not alone to his profound medical knowledge, and his insight is attributed by his biographers and critic not alone to his broad general education, for he was a very cultured person.greatness: n.[U] quality of being great, in particular distinguished or eminent伟大，杰出 She is a woman destined for greatness.她是一个注定会有所建树的女人。

Michelangelo’s greatness was recognized in his lifetime.米开朗琪罗的伟大生前就被人们认可了。

attribute:

vt.1)regard something as being caused by 把„„归因于；把„„归咎于

He attributes his success to hard work / working hard.他把自己的成功归因于努力工作。

One day a neighbor asked him, “ To what do you attribute your good health and longevity?”

一天，一位邻居问他，“你认为健康长寿的原因何在？”

2)believe or say that something was written, said, painted, etc.by a particular person 认为„„由（某人）而作；认为„„出自（某人）

This song is usually attributed to Schubert.这首歌曲通常被认为是舒伯特的作品。

This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.人们通常认为这出戏剧是莎士比亚所写。

n.[C](fml.)quality or feature of someone or something 属性；特征；特质

Peter had all the attributes of a first-class athlete.彼得拥有一流运动员应具有的所有特质。

Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.耐心是教师最重要的品质之一。critic: n.[C]

1)someone whose job is to write or broadcast their opinions about things such as books, films, or plays, etc.（书、电影、戏剧等的）评论家，评论员 The critics loved the movie.评论家喜爱这部电影。

Michael is the paper’s literary critic.迈克尔是这家报纸的文学评论员。

2)someone who dislikes something and states their opinion about it 批评者；爱挑剔者

He is his own severest critic.他是个严以律己者。

She is one of the ruling party’s most outspoken critics.她是最直言不讳地批评执政党的一个人。

profound: a.1)showing great knowledge and understanding 博学的，渊博的 Much of what he said is very profound.他说的东西有很多非常深奥。

His intellect and range of interests were wide and profound.他的知识渊博，兴趣广泛。

2)important and having a strong influence or effect 深刻的，意义深远的 The impact of these changes will be profound.这些变化的影响将是非常深远的。This mission was profound in its implications.这一使命含意深刻。

insight: n.1)[C/U] chance to understand something or learn more about it 洞悉；深入了解；见解 The book offers a revealing insight into the mind of a violent murderer.这本书对于深入揭示暴力杀人犯心理有精辟的见解。I hope you have gained some insight into the difficulties we face.我希望你对我们面临的困难有所了解。

2)[U] ability to notice and understand a lot about people or situations 洞察力；领悟力 Children can sometimes show quite remarkable insight.儿童有时能表现出超乎寻常的洞察力。He was beginning to have a little insight into his friends.他这时已经多少看透了他的朋友了。

cultured: a.well-educated and polite and knowing a lot about music, literature, and other arts 有教养的；有修养的；有知识的；文雅的 He is a cultured man with a wide circle of friends.他是个交游甚广的文雅之士。

Cultured and fine manners are everywhere a passport to regard.得体的、优雅的风度常常是通行无阻的护照。13.He thought throughout the ages.(Para.5)Osler never stops thinking all his life.throughout:

prep.during the whole of a period of time or an event 在整个其间；自始至终；从头至尾

Movie music can be made memorable because its themes are repeated throughout the film.电影里的音乐很容易被人们记住，因为它的主题会在整部电影中反复出现。Pollution is a serious problem in major cities throughout the world.污染是全球各大城市的一个严重问题。

adv.in every part or respect 到处；全部地

It was a wonderful game and Johnson played brilliantly throughout.比赛非常精彩，约翰逊整场表现都非常出色。He remained silent throughout.他始终保持沉默。

14.find out(Para 5):

1)learn something by study or inquiry（经研究或询问）获知（某事物）

Can you find out what time the train leaves? 你能查出火车什么时候开吗?

I was relieved to find out that my healthy problems were just due to sleep deprivation.查出来我的健康问题只是由于缺少睡眠，我就放心了。

2)discover somebody who has done wrong, lied, etc.发现某人做错事、说谎等 He had been cheating the taxman but it was years before he was found out.他一直骗税, 但多年之后才被查出.The teacher was very angry when he found out that the students had been cheating.老师发现学生们一直在作弊异常生气。

15.But Osler’s problem was the same as everyone else’s, only more so.(Para.5)Osler was engaged with the problem faced by all the other people, and the problem he was faced with was even bigger.16.There was no time in a 24-hour day that did not rightly belong to one of these three occupations, except the few hours for sleep, meals, and bodily functions.(Para.5)Besides the few hours of eating, sleeping and dealing with bodily functions, the rest of Osler’s 24-hour day, as was very reasonable, was fully occupied with the busy work of being a physician, a teacher of physicians, and a medical-research specialist at the same time.rightly: ad.for a good reason 合理地；有充分理由地 The school was rightly proud of the excellent exam results.学校为这次出色的考试成绩感到骄傲，这是理所当然的。Whether rightly or wrongly, she is promoted to the position.不管是否合理，她还是被提拔到了这个位置上了。

belong to:

1)come from or be part of a group of similar things or people 来自；是„„的一部分

What party do you belong to?

你是哪个党派的？

We belong to the teaching profession.我们是当教师的。

2)be owned by someone 属于（某人）

The Porsche belongs to the woman next door.这辆保时捷是隔壁那个女人的。

All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people.中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。

occupation: n.1)[C/U] job or profession(esp.on forms and in formal writing)职业，工作 I suppose I was looking for an occupation which was going to be an adventure.我想我在找一份有冒险性的工作。What is your present occupation? 你目前从事什么职业？ 2)[C] pastime 消遣

Walking is now Dad’s favorite occupation.散步如今成了父亲最喜爱的消遣。

Bungee jumping is a dangerous occupation.蹦极是个危险的消遣方式。

3)[U] act of living or staying in a building, room, or other places（房屋等的）占有，占用；居住

Their occupation of the flat lasted only for six months.这套住房他们只住了半年。

The room showed signs of human occupation.这屋子显出有人居住的迹象。

4)[U] action of going into a place and taking control away from the people or government there 占领；占据

the Roman occupation of Britain 罗马帝国对英国的占领

The movie is about a story that happened during the Nazi occupation.电影讲述的是一个发生在纳粹占领期间的故事。

bodily: a.relating or affecting your body 身体的；肉体的bodily functions / changes / needs 身体功能/变化/需要

bodily harm(= physical injury)对身体的伤害

17.Osler arrived at his solution early.(Para.6)Osler soon found out the solution to the problem of how to find time to read.arrive at: reach(a conclusion or decision)得出（结论）；做出（决定）After many hours’ talk, the committee arrived at a decision.委员会讨论了几小时以后作出了一项决议。The two studies arrive at very different conclusions.两项研究得出大相径庭的结果。

solution: n.[C] way to solve a problem or deal with a bad situation 解决办法 Resorting to violence is not the best solution to the argument.使用武力不是解决争执的上策。

UN leaders are working hard to find a peaceful solution to the conflict.联合国领导人正在努力寻找和平解决这场冲突的方法。

18.bedtime(Para.6): n.[U] usual time for going to bed 上床时间，就寝时间 In this case, supper may be a light snack before bedtime.在这种情况下,“supper”可能指临睡前吃的夜宵。Drinking alcohol near bedtime is something which also causes snoring.临睡前喝酒也会引起打鼾。He is telling his son a bedtime story.他正在给儿子讲睡前故事。

19.keep sb.up(Para 6): prevent someone from going to bed 使熬夜

It’s late;I’d better not keep you up any longer.时间很晚了，我最好别再耽搁你了。

Don’t keep the children up too late.别让孩子们睡得太晚。

20.Over a very long lifetime, Osler never broke the rule once he had established it.(Para.6)

Throughout his long lifetime, Osler never broke the habit of reading 15 minutes before sleep from the time that he set up the rule for himself.lifetime: n.[C](usu.sing.)period of time when someone is alive 一生，终生 He achieved a lot in his short lifetime.他在短短的一生中取得了很多成就。

In your lifetime you must have seen many changes.你一生中一定目睹了许多变革。

once：conj.from the moment that;when 一„„便，一经，一旦

Once she arrives, we can start.她一来，我们就可以开始。

Once in bed, the child began to ask his mother to read stories for him.一上床，孩子就开始让妈妈为他读故事。

establish: vt.set up;begin;create 建立；创立；使开业

The company has established a new system for dealing with complaints.这家公司为应付投诉制定了一套新方法。

This school has established a successful relationship with the local community.这所学校与当地社区建立了良好的关系。

The government agreed to establish two committees to examine the proposals.政府同意成立两个委员会来审议这些提议。

21.We have evidence that after a while he simply could not fall asleep until he had done his 15 minutes of reading.(Para.6)

Evidence proved that soon after he set up his reading rule, Osler just could not go to sleep without doing his 15-minute bedtime reading.simply: ad.1)completely or as much as possible 完全地；非常；实在；的确

I’d had a hard day and was simply exhausted.我已经辛苦一天了，实在是疲惫不堪。Joe was simply astonished to hear their news.乔听到他们的消息时的确大吃一惊。2)merely 仅仅，只不过

I simply don’t believe what she said.我压根儿不相信她说的话。

I don’t like driving;I do it simply because I have to get to work each day.我不喜欢开车，而我之所以开车只是因为我每天必须去上班。3)in a very ordinary or plain way 简单地；朴素地

To put it simply, the new proposals mean that the average worker will be about 10% better paid.简单地说，新的建议意味着普通工人的工资将增加约10%。On her small income they live very simply.他们靠她微薄的收入过着非常简朴的生活。

22.In his lifetime, Osler read a significant library of books.(Para.7)Osler read a great number of books during his lifetime.significant: a.1)very large or noticeable 相当数量的；显著的I think we can save a significant amount of time.我想我们可以节省相当多的时间。

Due to successful management the company has got a significant rise in profits.公司管理有方，因此利润获得巨大增长。2)very important 重要的，意义重大的There will be a significant change in tax laws.税收法将有重大变革。

This is one of the most significant studies of the subject.这是该领域最重要的研究课题之一。

23.range(Para.7):

n.1)[C] group or series of similar things;selection or variety 成套或成系列的东西；种类

The hotel offers a wide range of facilities and services.酒店提供一系列设施和服务。

Our training programme covers all ranges of ability.我们的训练计划包括了对各种能力的培训。

2)(sing.)region between limits of variation, esp.scope of effective operation 变化幅度；变动范围；有效范围 Such a decision is not within the range of my responsibility.做这样的决定不属于我的职责范围。Several cars are available within this price range.在这个价格范围内，有几种汽车可供选购。

v.1)include a variety of things 范围涉及„„；范围在„„之间

The paper deals with the nation’s problems, ranging from runaway inflation to a lowering of literacy levels.这篇论文论及了国家所面临的诸多问题——从失控的通货膨胀到文化程度普遍下降等等。

His expression ranges from a painful glimpse to a slight smile.他的面部表情十分丰富，时而痛苦一瞥，时而莞尔一笑。

2)be included in a group of numbers, ages, measurements, etc.with particular fixed limits 处在„„范围内

The prison terms of the five men range from 35 years to 105 years.这五人的刑期从35年至105年不等。Costs range from 50 to several hundred pounds.花费在50英镑到几百英镑之间。

24.variety(Para.7): n.(sing.)number or collection of different sorts of the same general type 种种，各式各样的事物 People study yoga for a variety of reasons.人们出于各种各样的原因而学习瑜伽。

Students are offered a wide variety of courses in this department.这个系为学生开设各种各样的课程。

25.specialty(Para.7): n.[C] AmE(=speciality)

1)special field of work or study 专业；专门研究；专长 His specialty is barbecued steaks.烤牛排是他的拿手好菜。Her specialty is ancient Greek poetry.她专门研究的领域是古希腊诗歌。

2)particular fine or excellent product 名产品；特产

I can recommend the vegetable pie — it’s the specialty of the restaurant.我推荐一道蔬菜馅饼，它是这家餐馆的名菜。The menu changes daily, though the specialty is seafood.菜单每天都变，不过特色菜是海鲜。

26.Indeed, he developed from the 15-minute reading habit an avocational specialty to balance his vocational specialization.(Para.7)In fact, due to the 15-minute reading habit, Osler developed other talents beyond his professional work.balance: vt.treat different features or aspects in the correct relationship to each other 使均衡；使协调；权衡

We have to balance the needs and tastes of all our customers.我们得平衡所有顾客的需求和趣味。

Development has to be balanced against environmental concerns.发展必须与环境问题相协调。

n.1)[U] position in which your body remains steady and upright平衡

I struggled to keep my balance on my new skates.我穿着新冰鞋，努力保持平衡。

She cycled round the corner, lost her balance and fell off.她骑车拐弯时失去平衡，摔了下来。

2)[C] amount of money you have in your bank account 结余；结存

check your bank balance 核对银行结存

The current balance in your account is ￡1,800.现在你账户上的结余为1 800英镑。

specialization: n.[U] the study of a particular part of a wide subject 专门研究；专修 There is too much of specialization of subjects too early in our schools.在我们的学校里，分科过专且过早。

The course offers three areas of specialization — fine art, graphic design, and fashion.该课程有三个专业领域：美术、平面造型设计和时装设计。

27.authority(Para.7): n.1)[C] person, book, etc.whose knowledge or information is dependable, good and respected 权威者，大师，泰斗；权威著作

The book is widely acknowledged to be the authority on regional English expressions.这本书被广泛认可为有关不同地区英语表达的权威著作。He is an authority on Ming china.他是中国明朝瓷器的鉴赏权威。

2)[U] power to give orders and make others obey 权力，权威 He doesn’t have the necessary authority to make this sort of decision.他没有作这种决定的权力。

In practice it is difficult for the President to exercise his authority.实际上总统很难行使其权力。

He had absolute authority over his subordinates.他对下属有绝对的管辖权。

28.No universal formula can be prescribed.(Para.8)It’s hard to find a method that can apply to everyone.universal: a.of or for everything;widespread;general 普遍的;一般的 a subject of universal interest 一个普遍关心的题目 universal primary education 普及的小学教育

formula: n.[C](pl.-s or-lae)plan or method for dealing with a problem or achieving a result 方案；方法

The company’s winning formula includes excellent service and quality products.该公司获胜的法宝是优质的服务和产品。

A good education and hard work seem to be a formula for success.良好的教育和勤奋的工作似乎是通向成功的定则。

prescribe: vt.1)say what should be done or how something be done 规定；指示

The syllabus prescribes precisely which books should be studied.教学大纲明确规定了哪些是必读的书。

All the conditions prescribed by law have been complied with.法律规定的所有情况均已得到遵守。

2)advise the use of(a medicine etc.)开处方，下医嘱

What can you prescribe for the pain in my back, doctor?

医生，我背痛，你看该怎么办？

The drug should not be taken unless prescribed by a doctor.请遵医嘱服药。

29.Then all additional spare minutes are so many bonuses.And, believe me, the opportunity for reading-bonuses are many and unexpected.(Para.8)Apart from that fixed 15 minutes of regular reading, any extra time you can find to read is your unexpected gift.And this extra time is easy to find and usually comes out of your expectation.additional: a.extra and often more than expected 附加的；额外的

additional resources / funds / security 额外资源/附加基金/外加保安措施

The government is providing an additional $25 million to expand the service.政府打算另拨2 500万美元扩展该服务项目。

reading-bonus: something good that you get from reading beyond what you expect 阅读所带来的意外的好处

30.Last night an uninvited guest turned up to make five for bridge.(Para.8)

Last night a guest came unexpectedly so that there were five people ready for playing bridge.turn up: come somewhere unexpectedly or without making a firm arrangement（出其不意地或未做安排就）出现，来到 We thought he had been killed, but he turned up safe and sound.我们以为他已经遇害，但他却安然无恙地出现了。She failed to turn up for work on Monday.她星期一没来上班。

This is similar to waiting for a bus that never turns up.这类似于在等一辆永远也不会来的公共汽车。

bridge: n.[U] card game for four players developed from whist, in which one player’s cards are exposed on the table and played by his partner 桥牌 Make up a four for bridge at Sally’s.凑四个人到莎莉家打桥牌。Do you play bridge? 你玩桥牌吗？

31.I had the kind of paperback book at hand to make being the fifth at bridge a joy.(Para.8)Since bridge is a card game for four players, I didn’t join them.This turned out to be a joyful thing because I had a paperback book with me and by reading it I also enjoyed myself.paperback: n.[C] book with cover made of thick paper 简装书，平装书 Has this book come out in paperback yet? 这本书出平装本了吗？

His collection of poetry is now out in paperback.他的诗集现在以平装本的形式出版了。

Paperback editions of books are usually much cheaper than hard cover editions.平装本通常比精装本便宜得多。

at hand: quite close to you and easy to reach 在手边；在附近Help is always at hand if you need it.如果需要，你随时都能得到帮助。We believe that peace is at hand.我们相信和平近在咫尺。They live near at hand.他们就住在附近。

32.set out(Para.9): put something where it can be seen or used 放置；摆放 We will need to set out chairs for the meeting.我们要为会议摆好椅子。The meal was set out on a long table.饭菜摆在一张长桌子上。

33.in advance(Para.9): ahead of time, beforehand 预先，提前

Details of the meeting had been circulated well in advance.会议的详细内容事先已被传阅。We had to pay the rent two weeks in advance.我们不得不提前两周交付租金。

When you pay in advance, you receive a discount.若你提前付款，你就会享有折扣。

34.read(Para.10): a.(of a person)knowledgeable and informed as a result of extensive reading（人）书读得多的，有学问的，知识渊博的 Ada was well read in French and German literature.埃达对法国和德国文学涉猎甚广。

She is respected as a well-read woman.她学识渊博，受人尊敬。

PART III Reading Skills

Identifying the Topic Sentence A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with a single topic or idea.Usually, one sentence, called the topic sentence, states the main idea of the paragraph.All the other sentences are related to this topic sentence, explaining or supporting the main idea.Topic sentences are useful to readers because they guide them through sometimes complex arguments.As the thesis statement is the unifying force in the essay, so is the topic sentence in the paragraph.There are some rules for finding the topic sentence.1.The topic sentence is usually at the beginning, though it could be in any position in the paragraph.2.A topic sentence is usually more general than the other sentences, that is, it talks about many things and looks at a bigger picture.Plurals and the words many, numerous, or several often signal a topic sentence.3.Detail sentences are usually more specific than the topic, that is, they usually talk about one single or small part or side of an idea.Also, the words for example, i.e., that is, first, second, third, finally, etc., often signal a detail.4.Most of the detail sentences support, give examples for, prove, talk about, or point toward the topic in some way.You may try this trick to ensure that you are having a topic sentence: switch the sentence around into a question.If the other sentences seem to answer the question, then you’ve got it.The Positions of Topic Sentences

Topic sentences usually occur at the beginning or end of the paragraph.Much less frequently, topic sentences may appear in the middle of the paragraph or may simply be implied. At the beginning of the paragraph:

Topic sentences appear most frequently as the first sentence in a paragraph.This position helps readers become oriented immediately to the paragraph’s topic and facilitates communication.For example: A midwinter vacation at Club Tropic has its good points and bad points.The beaches are clean and uncrowded.The surrounding countryside is lush and soothing to winter-weary eyes.Furthermore, being able to take sailing and scuba diving lessons, while friends back home shovel snow, makes the outdoor activities extra-enjoyable.On the other hand, several features of Club Tropic are substandard.The food is poor, and, because the club is isolated, eating elsewhere is impossible.Security could also be better, as thefts from several guests’ rooms indicated.So for some vacationers, nice scenery and fun activities may not be enough  to offset the possibility of poor service and lax security.At the end of the paragraph:

If the topic sentence is not the first sentence in the paragraph, it is often the last sentence in the paragraph, summarizing or generalizing the paragraph’s information.For example: Beginning at breakfast with flying globs of oatmeal, spilled juice, and toast that always lands jelly-side down, a day with small children grows into a nightmare of frantic activity, punctuated with shrieks, cries, and hyena-style laughs.The very act of playing turns the house into a disaster area: blankets and sheets that are thrown over tables and chairs to form caves, miniature cars and trucks that race endlessly up and down hallways, and a cat that becomes a caged tiger, imprisoned under the laundry basket.After supper, with more spilled milk, uneaten vegetables and tidbits fed to the cat under the table, it’s finally time for bed.But before they fall blissfully asleep, the children still have time to knock over one more bedtime glass of water, jump on the beds until the springs threaten to break, and demand a last ride to the bathroom on mother’s back.Constant confusion is a way of life for parents of small children. In the middle of the paragraph:

The interior position is not very emphatic, therefore topic sentences are less frequently found there.But sometimes the writer creates a different form of emphasis — one based on tension rather than on position — to offset the emphasis lost by not using the beginning or ending sentence slot.In the following example, the first sentence is limiting;but is the turn word that introduces the topic sentence.When we think of Gandhi fasting, plastering mud poultices on his belly, and testing his vow of continence by sharing a bed with his grand-niece, we can easily regard him as a fanatic who happened to be politically lucky.But the links between his private fads and his political methods turn out to be quite logical.Gandhi’s pursuit of personal rigors helped him to achieve a rare degree of discipline that allowed him to approach political crises with amazing courage.The example of his self-control, furthermore, was contagious;a more worldly man could not have led millions of his countrymen to adopt the tactic of nonviolent resistance. The topic sentence is simply implied: Sometimes, the writer doesn’t give a clear topic sentence.Instead, the main idea of the paragraph is implied by the details or examples given.Implied main idea of a paragraph is very popular in narratives.The readers can usually get the main idea by analyzing the logical relationship among the sentences in the paragraph.For example: Until the War of 1812, the United States had always bought its manufactured goods, especially its fine cloth, from England.During the war, however, the United States could neither sell its raw materials, nor buy manufactured goods in European markets.There were nothing to do but manufacture its own goods.By the end of the War of 1812 there were nearly 150,000 men and women working in cotton and woolen mills in the United States.We have no figures on the number of workers employed in the various stages of iron production, but we know that the iron industry had greatly increased.Besides the cloth and iron works, there was a great leather industry, including shoe factories, saddle shops, and harness-making shops, while American hatters were able to supply the market with wool hats and fur caps.By analyzing the details and examples given in this paragraph, we can get the main idea of this paragraph which is implied: After the War of 1812 the United States was far less dependent on Europe for its manufactured goods.Key to Reading Skills

Exercise 1.C.(The passage describes at length exactly how the parents were the big winners, making statement C the topic sentence.It’s the one general sentence that could sum up the paragraph.)2.B.(After this sentence is introduced, the remaining sentences describe the many deaths that have resulted from efforts to climb Mount Everest.)

PART IV Key to Exercises I.1.B 6.A 2.D 7.C 3.D 8.A

4.C 9.C

5.D

10.D

II.1.specialist 6.additional 11.arrived at 2.established 7.statistics 12.average 2.significant 6.occupation

3.universal 8.grand 13.critic 3.specialty 7.at hand

4.unexpected 9.attained 14.insight

5.turn up 10.lingered 15.variety III.1.maintained 5.outstanding

4.attempt

8.Chances are(that)IV.1.absorb 6.authority 2.varies 7.range

3.attributed 8.calculations

4.solutions 9.throughout

5.physician 10.formula PART V Translation

惜时如金破万卷 如果你是一位普通读者，你就能以每分钟300词的速度阅读一般性读物。但是，除非你每天坚持，否则就不能保持这个平均速度。如果读的书是有关科学、数学、农业、商业方面的，或是关于一门全新的、你不甚了解的科目，要达到这个阅读速度也会很难。你若想以此速度阅读诗歌或品味故事段落，那就更不可能了。但是如果读小说、传记或者关于旅行、爱好、个人兴趣方面的书，一位普通读者可以毫不费力地以每分钟300词的速度理解文章意义，享受阅读乐趣。尽管统计数据并不总是与事实相符，但看看下面这些数据：假如一位普通读者读普通读物平均每分钟能读300词，15分钟就能读4 500词。一周七天读31 500词，一个月四周是126 000词，一年12个月阅读的词汇总量可以高达1 512 000词。这就是一位普通读者读普通读物每天只读15分钟，在一年中所能阅读的词汇总量。书的篇幅从60 000词到100 000词不等，平均起来大约每本书有75 000词。阅读水平属于中等的读者，读普通读物，每天读15分钟，一年就可以读上20本。这个数目非常可观，是美国公共图书馆人均借阅量的四倍，然而这却并不难实现。威廉•奥斯勒爵士是当代最伟大的内科医生之一。他曾任教于约翰斯·霍普金斯（大学）医学院，在牛津大学结束了执教生涯。当今许多杰出的内科医生都曾是他的学生。曾经有一段时间，几乎所有执业的医生都是读他的医学教科书成长起来的。传记作家和评论家们认为，威廉•奥斯勒爵士的杰出不仅仅来自其渊博的医学知识，他卓越的见解也不只源于其丰富的通识教育，实际上，他是一位文化修养极高的全才。他一生都在思考。他知道，学习人类精华的惟一途径，是读人们写下的东西。但是，奥斯勒也有着常人都有的困难，而且更大。他是位忙碌的内科医生，而且要从事内科临床教学，同时他还是个医学研究专家。除了睡觉、吃饭、去卫生间的几个小时，他一天24小时中的其它时间都理所当然地被上述三项工作占去了。奥斯勒很快想出了解决问题的办法。他用每天睡前的15分钟读书。如果就寝时间定为晚上11点，他就从11点读到11点15分。如果研究工作进行到凌晨2点，他就从2点读到2点15分。自从立了这个规矩以后，年复一年，整个一生中他持之以恒，从未破例。事实上这样开始后不久，他如果不读上15分钟书简直就无法入睡。在奥斯勒的一生中，他读了数目相当可观的书籍。不妨心算一下，若每天阅读15分钟，这样坚持50年，你会读多少书呢？想想吧，人的一生中可以涉猎多少有趣的东西和纷繁的学科啊。奥斯勒就阅读了大量医学专业以外的书籍。事实上，由于养成了每天阅读15分钟的习惯，他得以在专业之外发展了他的业余专长。在研究英国文学的学者中，奥斯勒是公认的研究17世纪英国散文大师托马斯·布朗爵士的权威，他有关托马斯·布朗的藏书被认为是世界一流的。我们还可以举出众多事例说明奥斯勒在医学研究、医学教学改革以及现代临床方法运用等方面的贡献。但是，我们这里所谈的重点在于，他极好地解答了我们每一个工作繁忙的人必须回答的问题：如何才能找出时间读书？ 这个问题没有固定的答案。每个人每天都必须找到自己的那15分钟。最好每天时间固定，那么这固定时间以外的许多阅读时间就是给我们的额外奖赏。相信我，额外的阅读机会很多，甚至是始料未及的。昨晚有位客人突然造访，这样打桥牌的人就多了一个。我手边刚好有本书，这样我虽没能打上桥牌，但同样乐在其中。读书需要有毅力，这是惟一的要求。有了毅力，无论多忙，你总会找出用来读书的15分钟时间。你要确保身边随时有本书，从开始阅读那刻起，这15分钟阅读时间一秒钟也不能浪费。把要看的书提前准备好，穿衣时放进口袋里；再放一本在床头；在浴室里放一本；在餐桌旁也放一本。你每天总能找出15分钟读书的。这意味着，一周下来你就会读完半本书，一个月读两本，一年读20本，一生就会读1 000本，甚至更多。轻而易举地，你就能成为一位博学之士。Unit One Enjoyment of Learning

Section C What’s the Secret to Getting Good Grades?

PART I Translation Techniques

Literal Translation and Free Translation Translating methods are undoubtedly the core problems we are faced with in the translation process.There are many kinds of translating methods, and among them literal translation and free translation are the two most commonly used.Literal translation is sometimes called word-for-word translation.It is aimed at preserving both the contents and the form of the source language text in accordance with the cultural tradition.During the translation process, we are supposed to replace individual source text words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language.Free translation is also known as sense-for-sense translation.It lays more stress on the transfer of the meaning or the “spirit” of a source language text than on the accurate reproduction of the original wording.Unlike literal translation, free translation is aimed at producing a text that conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture.As to how to use literal translation and free translation properly, the discussion can be dated back to the ancient times when Buddhist scripture and the Bible were translated.Now people seem to have reached a general consensus that we should translate literally if possible, otherwise we just appeal to free translation.In other words, literal translation should be adopted whenever possible and free translation adopted whenever literal translation is not so good a choice.Therefore, literal translation and free translation are not contradictory, but complementary.Both can be used in translating words, idioms, proverbs and sentences.1.Words

Example 1: the moon

literal translation: 月亮

free translation: 玉兔；月桂；婵娟 Example 2: 笔记本（电脑）

literal translation: notebook free translation: laptop

2.Idioms

Example 1: to teach a pig to play on a flute

literal translation: 教猪吹笛 free translation: 对牛弹琴 Example 2: 人云亦云

literal translation: to repeat what others say free translation: to have no views of one’s own 3.Proverbs

Example 1: The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.literal translation: 最坏的车轮最会嘎嘎响。

free translation: 才学最差，叫喊最响；出力最少，抱怨最多。

Example 2: 树倒猢狲散。

literal translation: When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.free translation: When an influential person falls from power, his hangers-on disperse.4.Sentences

Example 1: He had one foot in the grave.literal translation: 他的一只脚踏进了坟墓，离死不远了。

free translation: 他已是风烛残年。

Example 2: 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。

literal translation: A dog’s mouth doesn’t spit out an ivory.free translation: A filthy mouth cannot utter decent language.It can be concluded from the above examples that some words, idioms, proverbs and sentences can be translated both literally and freely, so it is up to the translator to decide according to the context whether to adopt literal translation or free translation.Generally speaking, literal translation is used more in translating laws, political articles, academic works and news reports, while free translation is used more in translating lyrics, poetry, prose, plays, novels as well as biography.Key to Translation Techniques

Exercise 1

1.中国人的纪律性天下无双。

2.我那时预感他肯定要领着咱们去见祖先了。3.鲁思一直在扰乱别的孩子，所以我把她撵了出去。4.船到桥头自然直。

5.直译：她解雇约翰时流着鳄鱼的眼泪。意译：她解雇约翰时假装伤心。6.你以为我是好欺负的吗？ 7.直译：小鱼吃不了大鱼。意译：胳膊拧不过大腿。

8.直译：再丑的罐儿也不愁配个盖儿。意译：再丑的姑娘也不愁找不着婆家。9.舌头闯祸，脖子遭殃。

10.希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不过几年，就被彻底击败了。

Exercise 2 1.If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.2.People of accomplishment never let a day slip by doing nothing.3.He has been wedded to translation.4.Laziness is his Achilles’ heel.5.When I think about what she said to me, it still makes my blood boil.6.We may call him Adam when we meet again.7.Don’t shed crocodile tears over his leaving.8.Speak of the devil(and he will appear).9.All eyes were on the President during the recent crisis.10.Mao Tse-tung was well bred, but inside he was made of steel.PART II Key to Exercise 1.N 6.N 2.N 7.NG 3.Y 8.Y

4.N 9.Y

5.Y 10.NG

PART III Translation

高分秘诀 作为一名毕业班的学生，基于个人经验以及对许多成绩优秀学生的调查，我总结出了一套应对大学课程、永不挂科的方法。这些方法是每位学生在校获得好成绩的秘诀。2 归根结底不就是要成绩么？毕竟，来念大学都是事出有因的，而只有及格才能取得学分或学位。很多人在高中时未曾努力学习过，而且，学东西也主要是老师教。然而，大学与高中大不相同。说到过科你只能靠自己。事实上，有时你会发觉似乎没人在乎你是否通过。因此，必须想出取得好成绩的学习策略。你迟早要只身拼搏于云云书海，而后坐在教室里面对着一张考试卷。是心里惴惴不安地盯着它发呆，还是信心十足地速战速决，就全看你的学习技巧了。在与我交谈的优等生中，大部分人认为，以下八条学习小窍门会使你取得优异的成绩。1．选择学习地点。你所看到的在餐厅或游戏厅里“学习”的学生，其实他们收获甚微。当受到他人或噪音的干扰时，你根本就没法学进去。如果坐在图书馆里你也总是发觉自己不是凝望窗外的浮云就是观望穿梭于书架间的学生，那么，连图书馆也不是学习的好地方。为了学习，找个宁静的地方独自安坐下来，这需要勇气。但你不得不这样。在家里找一间安静且单调的房间吧，或在图书馆寻一个安静且单调的角落吧。这样，当你坐在那里时，就只有学习这一件事可做了。2．进入学习状态。当你坐下来的时候，就应该怀有这样一种态度：我要学习了。不要无聊地在笔记本上信手乱画甚至列起了超市购物单。坚定信念：现在就是学习，这样才能尽快去做自己更感兴趣的事儿。3．犒赏自己。如果你鏖战良久，又收效甚多，不妨款待自己一下。这是你应得的。许诺给自己点奖励借以鼓舞自己的斗志。任何礼物都可以——看最喜爱的电视节目，放松一下洗个澡，或一碟双份巧克力冰淇淋。4.先浏览内容。对于一个像“阅读第五章125页至150页”这样的作业,很多学生一坐下就直接翻到125页开始阅读，很快就发觉一头雾水，不知所云。在最后的十分钟时间里,他们一直在遥想孩提时代或畅想晚餐盛宴。最后当磨磨蹭蹭读完,记住的内容已所剩无几。为防止这种情况的出现，首先要浏览整章，即浏览标题、副标题、各章节标题、插图、第一段和最后一段。努力思考作者如此这般组织章节的意图，做标题或标注成粗体字的部分到底重要在哪儿？浏览之后，你应该能够对本章节的要点心中有数。只要你不是那种进电梯前头不抬眼不睁，然后一不留神跌入电梯井的粗心大意之人，你很快就会体会到这么做的价值。5．边学边记笔记。这听起来有些麻烦，但却很有效。材料读完后，应再复习一遍，然后在页边记下关键词和词组。这样，考试前复习本章时，记在书边上的“‘合理化’的定义”或“有关同化的例子”这样的简便记录就会非常有用。如果材料特别难，就把笔记单独记在一张纸上，记下定义、例子、一览表和大意，这样就可以把一整章内容压缩成简单易懂的寥寥数笔。6．完成阅读和记录后要及时复习。有人坚持认为自言自语成效显著。自己跟自己说说这章的重点，一旦你能大声地把它们说出来，那它们在你脑子里扎的根就更深了。若非如此，那肯定就意味着你并未真正理解。7．放弃。这听起来也许有点儿自相矛盾，但当你学到一定程度时就应该停下来。不过每次至少应连续学上一个小时。东一下西一下地学个十分八分是毫无用处的。头脑发 沉，眼睛布满血丝时就不要再学了。身心俱疲时，你是学不到什么东西的。8．必要时参加大学学习技巧培训班。不必为报名参加技巧学习课程而犹豫不决或尴尬不已。许多学生说没有培训课程的辅助，他们是不会通过考试的。新学期的新鲜感过后，必须安下心来，准备度过漫长的学习征途。如果遵循上述建议，当考试来临时你就会胸有成竹。最后，大学时代可以成为一段令人激动的美好时光。你必定会有所收获。当学有所得时，这个世界将会变得更加趣味盎然。

第二篇：新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案

新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案

课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？

听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。

甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。”

典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。6

我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。

中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。

“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。

著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。

双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。

一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量

我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。2

打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。3

后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。”

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。

多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。7

当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。8

尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。

那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” 10

“太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 11

怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。

２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。14

３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。

当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17

那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。18

不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 从文化角度看性别角色

在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。2

例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。

赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。

美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。

在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考

教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品

了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。

现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。

受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。

创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。

遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。

然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。

在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。

具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。

给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 风险与你

在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。2

对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。

风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 4

上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。5

例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？

在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7

通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。

我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 机器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up

6)associated with

7)focus on

8)turned to

9)participate in

10)involved in

第三篇：21世纪大学英语第三册课文翻译及课后答案(1-2)

21世纪大学英语读写教程课文翻译（第三册）（1-2）上学的孩子们中间有一种普遍的错误想法，即认为他们的老师当年都是些神童。不管怎么说，除了不像一般孩子那样生性贪玩、不愿学习的书呆子之外，还有谁愿意长大后当老师呢？

我竭力向我的学生们解释我在他们心目中的形象----一个在青春期热衷于书本和作业的人----有一点被扭曲了。相反，我极为憎恨义务教育。我永远都无法接受在鱼儿上钩时不得不去上学的想法。

但是，在我中学二年级的时候，发生了一件美妙而又激动人心的事。爱神丘比特瞄准他的箭，正好射中了我的心。突然间，我喜欢上学了，而这只是为了能够凝视英语二班里那张可爱的脸。

我的公主坐在卷笔器旁边，那一年我削的铅笔足以点燃一堆篝火。可黛比却远远超出了我的期望。将我们隔开的不仅有五排课桌，还有约50分的智商。她是英语二班的尖子，拉里维太太的掌上明珠。

偶尔，黛比会发觉我在盯着她看，这时她便会露出一个闪烁着智慧光芒，令我心跳加快的微笑。这是一个标志着希望、使我暂时忘记将我们分开的智力上的鸿沟的微笑。

我想尽办法去跨越那条鸿沟。有一天，我经过超市，突然想到了一个主意。橱窗里的一块广告牌称商店正以29美分的特价供应一套百科全书的第一卷。其余各卷则为每卷2.49美元。

我买下了第一卷----从Aardvark（土豚）到Asteroid（海星）----然后开始了在知识世界中的冒险历程。打那以后，我将成为一个事实探寻者。我将成为英语二班的首席智者，以渊博的知识使我的公主倾心于我。我全都计划好了。一天，在自助餐厅排队时，我的第一个机会来了。我往身后一看，她正好在那儿。

“嘿，”她说。

我犹豫了一下，然后润了润嘴唇说，“知道凤尾鱼是从哪儿来的吗？”她显得有点惊讶。“不，我不知道。”

我松了口气。“凤尾鱼生活在咸水里，淡水里很少见。”我不得不讲得很快，以便在我们到达收银台之前，道出所有的细节。“渔民们在地中海和邻近西班牙、葡萄牙的大西洋海岸捕捉凤尾鱼。”

“真有意思，”黛比一边说一边疑惑地摇着头。显然我已经给她留下了一个挺深的印象。

几天之后，在一次消防演习时，我装作不经意地走到她身边，问，“去过阿留申群岛吗？”

“从来没去过，”她答道。

“也许是一个旅游的好去处，但我肯定不愿意住在那儿，”我说。

“为什么不愿意呢？”黛比说，这正中了我的计。

“呃，那儿的气候太险恶。在群岛的100多座岛屿中，没有一座有树木。地上遍布岩石，几乎没有植物能在上面生长。”

“我想我连去旅游也不愿意，”她说。

消防演习结束了，我们开始排队进入大楼，所以我不得不赶紧再谈谈土著居 1

民。“阿留申人身材矮小，体格健壮，有着深色的皮肤和黑色的头发。他们以鱼为主食，他们设陷阱捕捉北极狐和海豹，以获得它们珍贵的毛皮。”

黛比惊讶地睁大了眼睛。

一天，我正在图书馆里浏览书刊。我发现黛比坐在一张桌子旁，正专心致志地做着一个填词游戏。她皱着眉头，显然被一个词难住了。我弯下身去问我是否能帮上忙。

“一个意为东方女佣的四字母词，”黛比说。

“试一试amah,”我以闪电般的速度说。

黛比填入空格，然后转过头惊讶地盯着我。“我真不敢相信，”她说。“简直不敢相信。”

那个光辉灿烂的、充满欢乐的、富有浪漫色彩的二年级就这样继续着。黛比似乎很喜欢我们的简短交谈，全神贯注地听着我的每一句话。自然，我读得越多，信心也越强。

在教室里，我也渐渐让别人感到了我的存在。一天，在一次关于柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》的讨论中，我们碰到了albatross（信天翁）这个词。

“有谁能告诉我们信天翁是什么吗？”拉里维太太问。

我立刻举起了手。“信天翁是一种大鸟，主要栖息在赤道以南的海域，不过也有可能在北太平洋发现它们。信天翁身长达4英尺，翼幅是鸟类中最大的。它以鱼类和带壳的水生动物为食。信天翁胃口很大，吃饱后便很难再飞上天。”许久，教室里鸦雀无声。拉里维太太无法相信她刚刚所听到的内容。我偷偷地瞥了黛比一眼，对她使劲眨了眨眼。她自豪得笑容满脸，也对我眨了眨眼。我未能察觉到的是那一阵子黛比正同一个邻近学校的三年级学生约会----一个平均分为C+的篮球运动员。这一发现对我打击很大，有一度我真想忘掉所有学过的东西。当时我已攒够了钱买第二卷----从Asthma（哮喘病）到Bullfinch（红腹灰雀）----但我真想去买一只篮球。

我觉得自己不仅受到了伤害，而且还遭到了背叛。就象阿伽门农一样，不过感谢上帝，后果并没有那么严重。

最终我从伤痛中恢复了过来。第二年，黛比搬离了这个街区，转到了另一所学校。很快，她便成了记忆中的人物而已。

虽然最初的动力没有了，但我却继续钻研百科全书，以及越来越多的其它书籍。已经品尝过知识的美酒，此时我已无法改变我的前进方向了。因为：“一知半解，为害匪浅：

开怀畅饮吧，否则就不要品尝埃里亚圣泉。”

亚历山大? 蒲柏如此写道，见第十四卷----从Paprika（红灯笼辣椒）到Pterodactyl（翼手龙）。

Vocabulary（词汇）

Ⅲ

1.compulsory 2.relish 3.confidence 4.consequences 5.incentive 6.henceforth 7.invest

8.perceive 9.passion 10.scheming

Translation（翻译）

Ⅻ

正在上学的孩子们中有一种普遍的错误观念，即他们的老师们曾是些神童。不管怎么说，除了不像一般孩子那样生性贪玩、不愿学习的书呆子之外，还有谁愿意长大后当老师呢？

我竭力向我的学生们解释他们对我的印象——一个青春期沉溺于书本和家庭作业的人——有所偏差。恰恰相反，我极为憎恨义务教育。我永远都无法接受当鱼儿正在咬钩时不得不去上学的想法。

ⅪⅡ

1． Tom was translation to our school last year.He hung on Miss Yang’s every word in class and soon became the apple of her eye.2． Seeing his daughter graduate from high school,he felt a surge of love and pride that he couldn’t express in word.3． Last year when Mr.Li began first venture into the stock market,becoming a millionaire was beyond his wildest dream.4． On my holiday ,I was lucky enough to witness some wild seals feeding on fish.I took sXXXXXX photos of them,but unfortunately they were all out off focus.5． The price has been going steady with the actress for three years and nothing can alter their decision to get married next week.6． It is complete misconstruction that the poor do not need compulsory education because they do not even have enough to feed on.But without education,how can people ever overcome their poverty.7． All of David’s classmates are completely stumped---no one can work out how he became a top student overnight.8． It was obvious that her rejection of his proposal hit him hard, but in time he recoverd from his wounds.一位真正的女权主义者应该接受上救生船的优先权吗？查尔斯? 克劳瑟莫

你在泰坦尼克II号轮上。它刚撞上一座冰山，正在下沉。像上一次一样，没有足够的救生船。船长喊道：“妇女和孩子们先上！”但这一次，人们听到了另一个声音：“为什么妇女先上？”的确，为什么？大获成功的电影《泰坦尼克号》的部分魅力在于那个时代的服装，那个时代的奢华，和那个时代的偏见。时隔多年，观众能够欣赏这些东西。然而，奇怪的是，电影中的所有那个时代的观念中，“妇女和儿童优先”这一古老的海事传统却被现代观众全盘接受了。听一听观众对那些试图同女士们一起----或抢在她们前面----偷偷溜上救生船的坏家伙发出的嘘声就知道了。

但是将妇女和儿童归为一类难道不是一种与时代极不相称的行为吗？难道任何一个自尊的现代人----更不用说女权主义者----不该视其为对女性的侮辱而加以反对吗？

然而如今这种做法仍像1912年时一样普遍。看看这些几乎是随意从最近的报纸上摘选的例子吧：

“入侵者枪杀了印第安人，其中大多数为妇女和儿童„„”

“200名平民被杀，其中大多数为妇女和儿童„„”

“在阿米奇的大屠杀中，103名穆斯林被杀，其中包括33名妇女和儿童„„”

在一个妇女驾驶战斗机、经营跨国公司的时代，这种将成年妇女与儿童归为一类的惯常做法，怎能不让人皱眉蹙额呢？在阿米奇好像也有70名成年男子被杀。那么有多少名成年妇女被杀呢？不清楚。在事态严重时，在鲜血开始流淌或者轮船开始沉没时，你就会发现她们是和孩子们算在一起的。

孩子们之所以有权享受特殊照顾有两个理由：无助和无辜。他们还不具备推理的能力或来自经验的智慧。所以，他们不能自卫（不能照料自己），无可指责（不可能真正犯罪）。这就是我们给予他们特殊保护的原因。在紧急情况下，我们有责任先救他们，因为他们软弱无助，已将生命交付于我们手中。在战时，他们应该受到特殊豁免权的保护，因为他们不可能会威胁或冒犯任何人。

“妇女和儿童”这句话将我们在五岁的孩子们身上看到的依赖性和道德上的单纯也赋予了妇女。这样一种态度在男性特权占统治地位的时代也许还讲得通。考虑到1912年时妇女被视为软弱无能的情况，在安排救生船的座位时，确实不宜突然宣布一种性别平等的新标准。这种礼让----同在公共汽车上给女士让座一样，只不过更有点紧迫----对当时加在妇女身上的法律和社交限制是一种补充，或许在一定程度上是一种补偿。

但我们正在进行广泛的社会重组，在教育、就业、政府、管理、体育运动中给妇女以平等地位，在这样一个时代，是什么使妇女享有儿童的特权，并将她们贬至儿童的地位呢？

进化心理学家们也许会说女士上救生船是一种为繁衍物种而形成的本能：妇女是必不可少的生儿育女者。如果全部妇女和只有为数不多的男子幸存下

来，一个村庄可以重新人丁兴旺，但如果全部男子和只有为数不多的妇女幸存下来，情况则不然。因为从生物学的角度来讲妇女比男子更为珍贵，所以进化论的影响使我们把给予未来的另一颗种子----儿童的那份保护生命的礼让给予了她们。

然而，这种逻辑的问题在于它那种对妇女的简单贬低令人沮丧。这完全像遗传学家的那个老笑话----蛋要生蛋只有变成鸡----的一种翻版。但人类绝不仅仅是下蛋的鸡。传统的礼让绝不只是伪装掩盖下的生存策略。那我们为什么说“妇女和儿童”呢？

也许事实上是“妇女为了儿童”。最基本的亲情纽带来自于母亲。父母同等的养育固然伟大，但是妇女，从哺乳、抚育到安抚的拥抱，能够以男性做不到的方式养育子女。就这样，因为我们珍视孩子，所以妇女就该位居其后。孩子们需要她们。

但是儿童中心论只能解释到这一步为止。如果船上没有孩子又会怎样呢？你现在是在泰坦尼克III号轮上，这次是一群未婚者的航游。没有孩子，没有父母。瞧！撞上了冰山！快上救生船！马上行动！

我的镜头设计是这样的：男士们出于完全非理性的英雄主义，应让女士们优先上船。而女士们出于纯粹女权主义者的自尊，应予以拒绝。

结果呢？僵局。这部电影怎么结局呢？它应该怎么结局呢？快，轮船正在下沉。

Vocabulary

Ⅲ

1.complement 2.indispensable 3.privileges 4.strategy 5.constraints 6.entitled

7.survival 8.instinct 9.randomly 10.faculty 11.urgent 12.depressing

Translation

Ⅹ

儿童之所以又资格享受特殊的照顾基于两种原因：不能自主和无知。他们既没有推理的能力，也没有实战经验。所以他们没有防卫能力，也不可指责。这就是我们给予他们特殊保护的原因。在紧急情况下，我们有责任先救他们，因为无助的他们已将生命交给了我们。

Ⅺ

1． The ability to fend for oneself is indispensable to any adult , but real maturity is more than just a set of survival strategies.2． On Children’s Day,kids are entitled to free entry to all the city parks.It’s a way of compensating them for the long hours they spend in school all your.3． You’re giving more priority to your personallife than to your studies.It’s no wonder your grades are suffering.4． Given that most women nowadays have jobs outside the home ,it’s natural that they object to their husbands treating them like housekeepers.5． Quite a number of American millionnaires owns at least two house and private plane.6． When John recovered unexpectedly from cancer,his doctors attributed it to his strong will and faith in the future.7． There is no practical reason to perpetuate the custom of opening doors for women,let alone the tradition of “women and children first”.8． Many feminists object to the notion that men can’t nurture children as well as women can

第四篇：大学英语第课后翻译答案

1.她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location)这一问题上持有不同意见。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在当地一家银行找到一份出纳员的工作，但不久因不称职而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.这项建议在会上一宣布，她就站起来提出异议。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏资金，他们正在想办法吸引外资。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.这个房间有股霉味，一定是好久没人住了。1)那小女孩跑得太快，身体一下失去平衡，跌倒了。3)千万别说可能会被人误解的话。4)我被他们互相矛盾的意见搞糊涂了，不知如何去做才是。6)体育代表团团长在少先队员向他献上一束鲜花时愉快地笑了。8)我相信比较高级的|(higher)|动物是由比较低级的|（lower）|动物进化而来|（develop from）|的这一学说。3)吉姆的朋友说，他们那个城市的噪音污染十分严重，但是他们只好忍着。4)汤姆起初认为，凭他的知识、技术和经验，一定能够找到一份称心如意的工作。5)冷静耐心地处理这个微妙(delicate)问题是明智的。6)迪克以为，如果他拆不开那台机器，那么很可能厂里别的工人也拆不开。7)你是否认为公共汽车司机应对乘客的安全负完全的责任？ 1)在当地政府的领导下，村民们奋起应付由水灾造成的严重粮食危机。2)这个展览会很受欢迎，吸引着源源而至的参观者。3)妈妈上楼来查看我们这些孩子时，我转过身假装睡着了

完形填空：

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing 1.她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location)这一问题上持有不同意见。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在当地一家银行找到一份出纳员的工作，但不久因不称职而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.这项建议在会上一宣布，她就站起来提出异议。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏资金，他们正在想办法吸引外资。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.这个房间有股霉味，一定是好久没人住了。

1)那小女孩跑得太快，身体一下失去平衡，跌倒了。3)千万别说可能会被人误解的话。4)我被他们互相矛盾的意见搞糊涂了，不知如何去做才是。6)体育代表团团长在少先队员向他献上一束鲜花时愉快地笑了。8)我相信比较高级的|(higher)|动物是由比较低级的|（lower）|动物进化而来|（develop from）|的这一学说。3)吉姆的朋友说，他们那个城市的噪音污染十分严重，但是他们只好忍着。4)汤姆起初认为，凭他的知识、技术和经验，一定能够找到一份称心如意的工作。5)冷静耐心地处理这个微妙(delicate)问题是明智的。6)迪克以为，如果他拆不开那台机器，那么很可能厂里别的工人也拆不开。7)你是否认为公共汽车司机应对乘客的安全负完全的责任？ 1)在当地政府的领导下，村民们奋起应付由水灾造成的严重粮食危机。2)这个展览会很受欢迎，吸引着源源而至的参观者。3)妈妈上楼来查看我们这些孩子时，我转过身假装睡着了 完形填空：

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing

第五篇：新编大学英语4课文翻译和课后习题答案

Unit 1享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？

1听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？

2我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。

3为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。

4甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。”

5典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。6我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。

8中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽

默形式。

9“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。

10著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。

11双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。

12DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式,其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。

13一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。

Unit 4关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考

1教育界和商业界的专家们说,具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。

2如果1925年迪克•德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品 了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。

3现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。

4受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。

5创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。

6遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。

7然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。

8在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。

9具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。

Unit 6风险与你

1在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较

采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。

unit7

我们这些教师对于在你们身上取得的教育成就一点都不感到自豪。

我们培养你们去适应的是一个根本不存在的世界——事实上也是不可能存在的。在这里度过的四年时间里，你们一直以为失败是不会留下任何记录的。

要是学得不好，一个最省事的办法就是中途退出（不修这门课），在布朗大学你们学会了这一点。

但是，从现在开始，在你们要涉足的世界里，失败是要给你留下疤痕的。

知难而退也会使你变成另一个人。走出布朗，知难而退的人绝不是英雄。

你们可以跟我们争辩，说服我们为什么你们的错误不是错误，为什么平庸的作业是优秀的，为什么你们会对普普通通并不出色的课堂报告感到骄傲。

回想一下，毕竟你们中的大多数人在你们所学的大部分课程中都得了高分。

因此，在这里分数并不能作为区分优秀学生与学业平平的学生的依据。

但是，今后，在你们所要去的世界里，你们最好不要为自己的错误辩护，而应该从中吸取教训。

假如你们要求得到你们不该得到的表扬，诋毁那些不给你们表扬的人，这是不明智的做法。多年来，我们创造了一个完全宽容的世界。这里所要求于你们的仅仅是一点微不足道的努力。当你们没有按约定的时间赴约时，我们就再约时间。当你们没有按期交作业时，我们装作不在乎。

更糟糕的是，当你们的言谈枯燥无味时，我们却装作你们说的是重要的事情；当你们喋喋不休、不知所云时，我们认真倾听，似乎你们说的东西事关重大；

当你们把根本没有花心思写的作业扔到我们桌上时，我们不仅拜读，甚至批改给评语，好像值得为你们这样做似的。

当你们犯傻时，我们装作你们聪明过人；当你们老生常谈、毫无想象力、平平淡淡时，我们

却装作像在听什么美妙绝伦的新鲜事情一样；

当你们要不劳而获时，我们拱手奉上。所有这一切究竟是为了什么？

对这一切尽管你们可以想入非非，但我们决不是因为想要讨你们的欢心，而是因为我们不想让你们来啰唆。一个简单的办法就是作假：微笑，让你们轻轻松松都得B。

在这一类的演说中人们往往习惯于引用，在此让我来引用一个你们从来没有听说过的人的话，这个人是拉特格斯大学的卡特·A.丹尼尔教授。

他说：“大学毁了你们，让你们阅读那些不值得一读的论文，听那些不值得一听的评论，甚至要去尊重那些无所事事、孤陋寡闻、极不文明的人。

为了教育，我们过去不得不这样做，但是今后不会有人再这样做了。

在过去的50年中，大学使你们丧失了得到充分培养的机会。

由于大学成了一个轻松、自由、包容、体贴、舒适、充满乐趣、好玩的地方，它没有对你们尽到责任。但愿你们今后好运。”

这就是为什么，在今天进行毕业典礼之际，我们没有任何可引以自豪的东西。

哦，对了，还有一点。尽量不要像对待我们那样去对待你们的同事和老板。

我的意思是，当他们把你们想要但不是你们应得的东西给了你们时，要善待他们，不要侮辱他们，不要在他们身上重演你们与父母之间的那种糟糕的关系。

这一切，我们也都忍受了。

正如我刚才所说的，这不是为了讨你们的欢心。

有一些年轻人只能在同龄人的眼中找到自我，是一些愚昧无知的人，竟然肤浅到以为教授们关心的不是教育，而是自己的人缘。实际上，很少有教授在乎这类年轻人是否喜欢他们。我们容忍这一切，只是为了摆脱你们。摒弃我们在教学中给你们造成的这些假象，投身到真实的生活中去吧。