第一篇：【艺术类院校大学英语第一册】课文翻译及课后答案
英语第一册 课文翻译及课后答案（9~16）
第九单元 歌剧的性质
三百多年以来，歌剧已经成为一种最吸引人的音乐娱乐形式。各具独特的魅力与和他有关的一些分不开——咏叹调，歌唱家和角色，更不用说它的首映夜了。卡门，咪咪，维奥莱塔，特里斯坦无论是在现实中还是故事中，是什么样的人物能拥有一代又一代那么重视的观众呢？
歌剧就是演唱出来的戏剧。它把声乐、器乐资源---独唱家、合奏，合唱团、乐队、芭蕾与诗歌、戏剧、表演、哑剧、舞台场景、还有戏服等办法融合起来。把多种元素融为一体并不简单，这一点一直让音乐史上一些最有聪明才智的人大伤脑筋。乍一看，歌剧似乎不太可能让观众那么容易相信它。因为它呈现给我们的是一些人沉浸在剧情中不用对话用歌声来表达感情。有理由问这样一个问题（从歌剧诞生以来文学家们既已经尖锐地问过了）：一种这么不自然的艺术如何让人信服呢？这个问题忽略了一点：让艺术一直都具有激情的最基本的东西：不是去复制自然，而是提高我们对自然的意识。的确，现实中的人们不会对唱，也不会像莎士比亚笔下的人物那样用无韵诗对话，他们也不住在为方便观众看见里面而缺少一面墙的房间里。所有的艺术使用一些艺术家和观众都能接受的传统，歌剧使用的传统比诗歌、绘画、戏剧、或电影更明显但本质有不一样。一旦我们已经接受毯子能飞的事实，也就很容易相信它也可以带上把王子的行李。歌剧在诗化的戏剧中具有独特的作用。他利用人类的声音以其独有的力量把人类最基本的情感——爱、恨、妒嫉、快乐、悲伤对观众形成强大的冲击。现实的逻辑在歌剧的舞台上被艺术超越现实的逻辑所替代，被音乐对心灵产生的力量所替代。
Structure
V.1.Paul couldn’t dance, neither could he sing.2.My bother Joe never learned to swim, neither does he want to start now.3.I was not surprised at the news and neither were my family.4.Cathy had hardly said anything today, neither had her mother.VI.1.those
2.those
3.ones
4.one
5.that
Translation
VIII.1.An opera is a drama that is sung.But they are not different in kind.2.He will give up the dream once he accepts the fact that he can’t be a good actor.3.Movie, opera, painting and poetry are all alluring forms of art.4.A special glamour of opera is that it combines the resources of vocal and instrumental music with other diverse elements into a unity.5.Mary does not like Ballet, nor does she like drama, not to mention opera.第十单元
威廉•莎士比亚
威廉•莎士比亚是世界上最伟大的剧作家和最好的用英语写作的诗人。他也是最受欢迎的作家。没有一个作家的作品像他那样被如此多的国家的人广为阅读。威廉莎士比亚比别的作家更理解人。他创作出人物所具有的意义超越了剧本反映的时间和空间。这些任务是独立的个人，他们在生活中抗争者，向现实中的人们一样，有时成功，有时又以痛苦和悲哀的结局告终。莎士比亚写了至少37部喜剧，表现了他在各方面学科的指示。包括音乐、法律、圣经、军事科学、舞台、艺术、政治、海洋、历史、狩猎和体育运动。莎士比亚出生在一个小镇上的中产阶级家庭，18岁结婚后不久就离开家乡去了伦敦。几年内就成了伦敦城的注脚演员和剧作家。到16162年时，他已经是英国最受欢迎的剧作家了。
威廉•莎士比亚是最伟大的英语语言文学天才。尽管今天的人们记住他是因为它是最早的英语剧作家，然而他早在16世纪90年代就因为抒情诗 和叙事诗 而享誉世界了。在写出《亨利四世上篇后》他第一次作为剧作家获得成功。接下来的二十多年，他写了一系列的广受称赞的剧本，这些剧本大体上分三类，历史剧、喜剧、悲剧或悲喜剧。他的历史剧和戏剧都很成功。但是毫无疑问，莎士比亚的盛誉在于它在《罗密欧与朱莉叶》、《澳赛罗》和《哈姆雷特》等悲剧中对人物所作的深刻的探索。在统治了伦敦剧场20多年后，他回到了家乡，过着比较安逸的舒适的生活，直到1616年去世。
Structure
V.1.The Americans spend Christmas Day just as Chinese People spend Spring Festival.2.English is taught in your country just as Spanish is taught in ours.3.Animals feel pain just as we do.4.He is keen on disco just as I am fond of classical music.VI.1.He was ill for about one month, which set him back a lot in his studies.2.It was raining hard, which kept us indoors.3.He said he had lost the book, which was untrue.4.Jim’s first novel was published, which may hardly believe it.Translation
1.He found a good job shortly after he arrived America.2.Shakespeare is not only the greatest playwright but also one of the most popular poet in the world.3.The earth runs around the sun just as the moon runs around the earth.4.He lived in relative ease and comfort in the countryside.第十一单元
假如你是个演员，在台上忘了自己的台词，那你会怎么办呢？
机智的反应
有些剧目十分成功，以致连续上演好几年。这样一来，可怜的演员们可就倒霉了。因为他们需要一夜连着一夜地重复同样的台词。人们以为，这些演员们一定会把台词背得烂熟，决不会临场结巴的，但情况却并不总是这样。
有一位名演员曾在一出极为成功的剧目中扮演一个贵族角色，这个贵族已在巴士底狱被关押了20年。在最后一幕中，狱卒手持一封信上场，然后将信交给狱中那位贵族。尽管那个贵族每场戏都得念一遍那封信，但他还是坚持要求将信的全文写在信纸上。一天晚上，狱卒决定与他的同事开一个玩笑，看看他反复演出这么多场之后，是否已将信的内容记熟了。大幕拉开，最后一幕戏开演，贵族一个人坐在铁窗后阴暗的牢房里。这时狱卒上场，手里拿着那封珍贵的信。狱卒走进牢房，将信交给贵族。但这回狱卒给贵族的信没有象往常那样把全文写全，而是一张白纸。狱卒热切的观察着，急于想了解他的同事是否记熟了台词。贵族盯着白纸看了几秒钟，然后，眼珠一转，说道：“光线太暗，请给我读一下这封信。”说完，他一下子将信递给了狱卒。狱卒发现自己连一个字也记不住，于是便说：“陛下，这儿光线的确太暗了，我得去把眼镜拿来。”他一边说着，一边匆匆下台。贵族感到非常好笑的是：一会儿工夫，狱卒重新登台，拿来
一副眼镜以及平时使用的那封信，然后为那囚犯念了起来。
Structure
V.1.Mother insisted that we should be back before 9 in the evening.2.The teacher insisted that he should read the book once again before he writing the report.3.The monitor insisted that we should put on a short play at the English evening.4.The director insisted that the novel should be made into a film.VI.1.His reactions are so quick that no one can match him.2.He was so tired that he couldn’t wake up.3.They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.4.He is such a marvelous joker that you can’t help laughing.VII.1.went on working 2.go on living 3.went on to tell 4.went on to show
Translation
IX.1.Some movies are so successful that they run for months on end.2.The actress will be cast in the role of a queen in her next film.3.He soon learnt the lines by heart.4.She nodded, smiled, and went on stitching.5.One would expect them to know their parts by heart.Yet this is not always the case.第十二单元
你知道吗，第一批舞蹈大师是在意大利出现的，就连芭蕾这个词也起源于意大利语，源生于动词“舞蹈”。你还想多了解一些舞蹈的知识吗？
舞蹈简史 舞蹈的历史和人类在地球上生存的历史一样久，运动艺术是最古老的艺术之一，实际上这并不足为奇，因为我们周围的许多事物处于永恒的运动状态。江河奔腾，潮涨潮落，季节交替，日夜更迭。我们因害怕而哭喊，因吃惊而举手，或者伸出手去拥抱所爱的人。处在一个自身运动的世界里，人们总是通过舞蹈跳出他们对于世界的情感。舞蹈的起源可追溯到史前时代。早在舞蹈成为复杂艺术之前，人们就喜欢摇摆，转圈，踩出节奏，如同现在小孩仍在玩耍的那样。意识到自然力的运动，史前人类以各种方式舞蹈，他们希望这些方式能取悦那些力量或给这些力量以新的威力。猎人在出发狩猎前狂舞，武士在战斗前跳舞。部落为驱除魔鬼，祈求神灵恩赐而举行舞蹈。有祈求降雨的舞蹈，有庆祝丰收的舞蹈，有祝贺诞生的舞蹈。有表明青春期发育的舞蹈，有举行婚礼的舞蹈，有举行葬礼的舞蹈，也许还有只为娱乐而举行的舞蹈。
从某种意义上说，所有利用人体的运动所产生的舞蹈都是相似的，但是由于人体活动方式多种多样，舞蹈在文化之间差异大得惊人。不过，根据其功能或目的，将舞蹈分类还是可能的。例如，根据目的，舞蹈可分为三大类：跳舞者自娱自乐的舞蹈，为取悦神灵的舞蹈，也有取悦别人的舞蹈。
象亚洲的大多数艺术一样，亚洲舞蹈通常与宗教联系在一起，或许具有忏悔祈祷的特征。印度舞蹈的某些形式成为精神舞蹈，因为印度人相信世界是由舞神洛德诗华 创造的。印度人发展了舞蹈，它不仅包括胳臂和腿部的复杂活动，还包括诸如颈、鼻、腕、眼等身体部位的活动，这些活动在西方舞蹈中并不受重视。古代西方文明中最有影响的要数希腊文明。希腊人相信舞蹈是受神灵的启示而产生的，这种艺术在希腊宗教、教育和戏剧中起着举足轻重的作用。
Structure
V.1.Finding the door unlocked, I went into the kitchen.2.Hoping to find buried treasure, he entered the cave.3.Wanting to do something useful, she taught some school children French free.4.Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made effort not to damage it.Translation
VIII.1.Customs vary greatly from country to country.2.The world population can be divided into 3 broad categories according to its skin color.3.The origins of Fine Arts are rooted in the prehistoric past.4.In the children’s minds, summer is associated with picnics.5.Dance played an important part in Greek religion, education, and theatre.第十三单元
著名勤奋的表演者，38岁的乌韦·素兹是芭蕾界赫赫有名的舞蹈指导兼芭蕾舞总监。
为了心中的芭蕾
在德国如果一家歌剧院被迫精简，通常是舞蹈演员首先感到压力。这便是莱比锡歌剧院的遭遇。有一个人对确保芭蕾舞团的存活功不可没。三十八岁的舞蹈指导兼芭蕾舞总监乌韦·素兹因全力挽救莱比锡芭蕾舞团及其对德国舞蹈事业的贡献刚刚获得著名的德国舞蹈大奖。身为古典舞及现代舞大师的乌韦·素兹被不少评论家誉为德国最佳舞蹈指导。他十八岁时发觉了自己对舞蹈的狂热，对此至今仍津津乐道。
乌韦：我接触舞蹈艺术就像处女成为母亲，完全是机遇使然。我想对这问题你可能会再问我一次。每当我编写舞蹈设计时，每当我想到莫扎特及其音乐时，每当我试着写出开始的几个舞步时，我便知道那是我的工作，是单纯的跳舞远不能及的。三十来岁的乌韦·素兹已有二十二年的国际事业。自91年开始他已是莱比锡芭蕾舞团的芭蕾舞总监兼主要舞蹈指导。他以自己对巴赫的创意激动着评论家和观众。不久前他赢得蛮夷戏剧奖，现在又获得德国舞蹈大奖。但尽管如此，多年来，乌韦仍要挣扎着维持公司，避免其成为莱比锡市严格、繁琐的制度的牺牲品。
乌韦：由于莱比锡市的经济状况，我被迫或多或少去亲自演出每晚的芭蕾，这样一直持续了八年。我尝试不一次次重复演出节目，以免让观众厌倦。我想我一定有些疯了，坚持了这么久。那种斗争是残酷的，经常是你死我活的斗争。没有正常人能够忍受。
他还要再多捱两年，然后与莱比锡市的合约才到期。他认为到时的情况要看资金而定。因为就艺术上来说呀几乎愿为观众做一切演出，甚至是像《睡美人》这样的老掉牙的戏。
Structure
V.1.Henry couldn’t take part in the sports meet because of his broken leg.2.We were sorry to hear that Mr.Davidson had to retire at the age of fifty because of his poor health.3.They didn’t go to the concert because of the storm.4.It was because of the noise that I didn’t fall asleep.VI.1.as far as I am concerned
2.as far as the acting and music are concerned 3.As far as ability is concerned
4.As far as we students are concerned
Translation
VIII.1.I have made sure that her conclusion was based on the facts.2.Uwe Scholtz, master of classical and modern dance hailed by many reviewers as Germany’s best choreographer.3.I’m forced to do more or less every ballet evening myself.4.I bumped into Sally purely by chance.5.We were thrilled to hear your wonderful news.第十四单元
你看过电影《卧虎藏龙》吗？你知道谁是这部电影的导演吗？
导演李安
《卧虎藏龙》在星期日（美国当地时间）赢得了四项学院奖，其中包括最佳外语片奖，最佳摄影奖，最佳艺术指导奖和最佳原创音乐奖。星期一，美国洛山矶的华裔们涌出家门为导演李安喝彩，激赏他通过电影使中国文化引人注目。
1954年李安出生于台湾。他于1983年毕业于纽约大学电影制作专业。在第二个儿子出生时，他在银行里只有26美元的存款。李安在家里劳碌了六年，他一边打理家务，一边梦想着自己的电影制作事业。李安的父亲是个中学校长，他总是为儿子设定很高的标准。因此，李安知道他命里注定得做大事。第二个儿子出生的那天，他意识到自己再不能整天在家洗盘子了。突然有了灵感，李安写了两个剧本并把它们拿去参加比赛。让他惊讶的是自己竟获得了第一、二等奖，还有16000美元的奖金 —一笔可使他的剧本搬上银幕的资金。有了这笔钱的资助,李安的好莱坞之梦有了实现的可能。《推手》和《喜宴》是李安的两部精心之作，这两部影片一经上映便广受好评。
在随后的五年里，李安执导了5部电影，其题材均是有关美国和英格兰生活的故事。虽然李安在好莱坞已声名鹊起，但他仍然心系东方文化。他渴望能用电影讲述一个女子和一场宝剑争夺战的故事，来向西方的观众展现中国武术的魅力。过了好些年，李安才觉得自己足够成熟去着手《卧虎藏龙》的制作。
这部电影的巨大成功让蛰伏已久的李安得到了回报。《卧虎藏龙》在北美赢得了一亿多美元的票房收入。而他的运途还不止于此。李安继续制作其他的影片，其中《绿巨人》是（2003年）暑期的一部卖座电影，该片已经赚了好几百万美元。就是这样的绿花花的美元确保李安在好莱坞有了未来而不必再在自家厨房里终日劳碌。
Structure
V.1.The man sat behind us, his dusty face masking his age.2.She noticed a man following her, her heart beating fast.3.The girl sat at the corner, tears streaming down her cheeks.4.The train being late, we missed our plane.VI.1.It was not until after his death that he was recognized as a talented artist.2.It was not until bedtime that Tom remembered to do his homework.3.It was not until recently that she knew much about computer.4.It was until after midnight that the party came to an end.Translation
VIII.1.The film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon lets the western audiences see the beauty of Chinese martial arts.2.Not until he though of himself as a mature director did he undertake that film.3.She is always dreaming of making a name for herself in Hollywood some day.4.Ang Lee’s film Brokeback Mountain deals with the gay romance.This film won four best awards of the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, including the best director award for Ang Lee.5.The cast’s excellent performances assure the film’s success.第十五单元
你对电影节有所了解吗？事实上，很多著名导演和演员都在追求下列电影节所颁发的奖项。
电影 节 巡 礼
在某些特定的小镇城市或者地区举办的电影节通常是一年一次或两年一次的盛事，他们是新影片的展示会。大部分的电影节都包含竞争的因素。影片被送交评委会审评，继而一个或几个奖项被评出。电影节也经常是电影制造商与潜在的发行商会面并完成发行交易的市场。第一届电影节是1932年在威尼斯举办的，当时他是两年一度的艺术节的一部分，旨在提高“新型的电影艺术在其他艺术中的地位”。1934年电影节重办了一次，后他就成了独立于两年一度的艺术节的一年一度的盛会。
1951年举办了第一届柏林电影节。其中三个电影节──嘎纳电影节、威尼斯电影节、柏林电影节──现在是国际上公认的三大电影节。尽管存在丑闻和政治混乱，例如这些不好的因素曾困扰过1968年嘎纳电影节，1970年柏林电影节和1973年威尼斯电影节，但电影节的重要地位从未改变过。而他们的主要奖项──嘎纳的金棕榈奖，威尼斯的金狮奖和柏林的金熊奖──仍然是电影奖项中的重要荣誉。
电影节现在遍布各地，目前世界范围内有四百多个电影节，并且每年的数量仍在增加。这种增加的一个原因是国家和地方政府都意识到电影节不仅会推动文化的发展，而且会吸引游客。
尽管电影节不乏观众，但对于经常出入电影院的观众来说，他们并非十分吸引人。并且它们对于主流的好莱坞电影的巨大收益影响甚微。他们主要是展示艺术电影，、独立的影片作品和非英语影片的地方。但是这些影片也依靠电影节来吸引大众的主意。电影节也为在电影业中工作的人们提供了会面、交易和策划新项目的机会。从这两点上来说，电影节有助于滋养电影业，并使他获得勃勃生机。
Structure
Ⅴ.1.He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read.2.Hemingway won not only Pulitzer Prize but also Nobel Prize.3.Beethoven wrote not only long compositions but also short compositions.4.Christmas is not only a time for amusement, but also a day for family reunion.Ⅵ.1.What 2.that
3.that…which 4.what 5.that.Translation
Ⅷ
1.Cannes, Venice, and Berlin are currently recognized as the leading international film festivals in the world
2.On both points, then, film festivals help to nourish and revitalize the film industry.3.To governments, film festivals serve not only as a source of cultural development, but also as tourist attractions.4.Though film festivals rarely lack audiences, to some people, they are perhaps of limited interest
5.There are many excellent Chinese films have ever won the Golden Lion.第十六单元
勇敢的心
在《勇敢的心》这部影片中，梅尔.吉布森吉制片人、导演和主演于一身，震撼肋997年奥斯卡，夺得最佳影片和最佳导演奖。影片的故事发生在13世纪后期，威廉.华莱士在异乡生活多年后回到苏格兰的家乡。苏格兰国王去世后没有子嗣，于是暴虐的异教徒、英格兰国王“长脚爱德华”篡夺了王位。华莱士领导一支组织松散但勇猛无比的军队，立志要打败强大的英格兰军队。在著名的斯特灵战役中，华莱士率领他的军队大胜英格兰军队。华莱士被苏格兰贵族封爵，继续将战斗延伸到了苏格兰南部边界，并且勇夺约克城。爱德华一世对始料不及的局势感到震惊，由于不能依靠无能的儿子爱德华王子，长脚国王将他的儿媳伊莎贝尔王妃派去与华莱士商讨休战。最终，华莱士战败，并被他的朋友出卖。
华莱士(对苏格兰贵族)：我和你们之间的不同在于，你们认为这片土地上的人民活着就是为了确保你们的地位，而我则认为你们享有的地位是为了让人民获得自由。我就是要确保他们拥有自由。
华莱士：苏格兰的子孙们，我是威廉华莱士。苏格兰人：威廉.华莱士身高七英尺！
华莱士：是的，我也听说过，他杀过上百人！如果他在这里，他会从眼睛里喷出火球，把英格兰人吞噬！（大笑）我就是威廉.华莱士！我看到在我眼前，一支众乡亲组成的军队，立志要抗击暴政。你们作为自由人来到这里参加战斗，你们就是自由人。你们用那份自由干什么？你们愿意战斗吗？
苏格兰人：战斗？为反抗暴政而战斗？不，我们会逃跑，这样才能活命。
华莱士：是的，战斗，你可能会牺牲；逃跑，你会活下来，起码活一阵子。很多年之后，你会死在你的床上，你是否愿意从今往后的所有这些年的时间来换取一个机会，就一个机会---回到这里告诉我们的敌人，他们可以夺取我们的生命，但他们永远不能夺取我们的自由！！
Structure
1.Give him an inch, he will take a mile.Turn on the television or open a magazine, you will see advertisements showing happy, balanced families.Spare the rod, you will spoil the child.4
Imagine yourself to be successful, it may be true for you to succeed in your life.VI.1.Seeing
2.Seen
3.followed
4.Following
Translation
VIII.1.The president felt astonished by the unexpected terror attack on the eleventh of September.2.There is a great difference between how to read and how much you read.3.It is the director who leads her to the stage on which the best Oscar actress stands.4.In the past ten years, they had to rely on petrol for food.5.Medical scientists have made stunning achievements in fighting against diseases.
第二篇：新视野大学英语第一册课后翻译答案
新视野大学第三版英语课后翻译原文及答案
Unit 1 原文：
Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals(基础)of modern Western philosophy.He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics.His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions.He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology（认
识论）and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed.Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy.His fame was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he constructed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect(宗派).翻译：
苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域做出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他
在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。
原文：
孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家（Confucianism）的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”（sage）。
他的言论和生平活动记录在《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。翻译：Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history.He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”.His words and life story were recorded in The Analects.An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius.Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture.Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society.In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community.Unit 2 Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on December 25 by millions of people around the world.It commemorates（纪念)the birth of Jesus Christ.The festival dated from as early as 336 AD.Gradually it evolved into a religious as well as secular（非
宗
教的)celebration, celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians.Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public holiday around the world.Christmas customs differ in different countries.Popular modern customs of the holiday include an exchange of Christmas cards and gifts, Christmas singing, church attendance, the display of various Christmas decorations and trees, family gatherings, and a special meal preparation.To small children, the festival is full of fantasy and surprise.Legend（传说)has it that Santa Claus will enter each house through the chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children on Christmas Eve.Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival heighten economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has also become a significant event and a key sales period for businesses.翻译： 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在1 2月2 5日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元3 3 6年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞节风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。原文：
每 年 农 历（Chinese lunar calendar）八 月 十 五 是我 国 的 传 统 节 日 —— 中 秋 节（the Mid-Autumn Festival）。这时是一年秋季的中期，所以被称为中秋。中秋节的一项重要活动是赏月。夜晚，人们赏明月、吃月饼，共庆中秋佳节。中秋节也是家庭团圆的时刻，远在他乡的游子，会借此寄托自己对故乡和亲人的思念之情。中秋节的习俗很多，都寄托着人们对美好生活的热爱和向往。自2008年起，中秋节成为中国的法定节假日 翻译：
According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival.This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn.One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon.On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes.The festival is also a time for family reunion.People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival.There are many customs to celebrate the festival, all expressing people's love and hope for a happy life.Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.Unit 3 原文：
he London Underground is a rapid transit（交
通
运
输
系统)system in the United Kingdom, serving a large part of Greater London.The underground system is also known as the Tube, due to the characteristic shape of the subway tunnels.It all started in the mid-1800s.The Tube wasthe world's first underground train system, with the first section opening in 1863.Since then it has grown to an underground masterpiece(杰作)of 12 lines, 275 stations, and over 250 miles of rail track, 45% of which is underground.It is the fourth largest metro system in the world in terms of route miles.It also has one of the largest numbers of stations.As an affordable and easy way to get around London, the Tube remains the first choice for millions of commuters each day, as well as tourists visiting the city on holidays.The Tube has been an international icon for London.The London Underground celebrated its 150 years of operation in 2013, with various events marking the milestone(里程碑).翻译：
伦敦地铁是英国的一个快速交通运输系统，服务于大伦敦的大部分地区。地铁系统因其地铁隧道的典型形状也被称为地下管道。伦敦地铁始建于19 世纪中期，是世界上最早的地下铁路系统。它的第一段地铁于1863 年开始运营。自此，伦敦地铁不断延伸，发展成为一个包括12条线路、275个车站、铁轨总长超过250 英里的地铁杰作，其中有45％在地下运行。就路线长度而言，它是世界上第四大地铁系统，也是车站数量最多的地铁系统之一。作为一个走遍伦敦的经济便捷的途径，伦敦地铁一向是每天数百万通勤者以及在节假日游历伦敦的游客的首选。伦敦地铁已成为伦敦的一个国际标志。2013 年伦敦举办了各种各样的活动，庆祝地铁运营150 周年，纪念这一里程碑。原文：
中国航天业开创于1956年。几十年来，中国航天事业创造了一个又一个奇迹。1970年，中国成功发射了第一颗人造地球卫星，成为世界上第五个独立自主研制和发射人造地球卫星的国家。1992年，中国开始实施载人航天飞行工程（manned spaceflight program）。2003年，中国成功发射了“神舟五号”载人飞船，使中国成为第三个发射载人飞船的国家。2007年发射了“嫦娥一号”，即第一颗绕月球飞行（lunar-orbiting）的人造卫星。2013年，第五艘载人飞船“神舟十号”发射成功，为中国空间站的建设打下了基础。翻译：
China's space industry was launched in 1956.Over the past decades, China's space industry has created one miracle after another.In 1970 China launched its first man-made earth satellite, ranking China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch man-made earth satellites.In 1992 China began to carry out the manned spaceflight program.In 2003 China launched Shenzhou-5, a manned spaceship.The successful launch made China the third country to launch manned spaceships.In 2007 Chang'e-1, the first lunar-orbiting man-made satellite, was sent to space.In 2013 Shenzhou-10, the fifth manned spaceship, was launched successfully, laying the foundation for building the Chinese Space Station.Unit 4 原文：
As one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China, Marco Polo is perhaps the most well-known foreign merchant and voyager to the Chinese people.He traveled extensively（广
泛地)with his family, journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295.He remained in China for 17 of those years.His book The Travels of Marco Polo depicts his journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the Far East, including China, India, and Japan.From his written accounts the Westerners learned of porcelain, coal, gunpowder, printing, paper money, and silk for the first time.The wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used in the late 15th and the 16th centuries duringthe age of the European voyages of discovery and conquest（征服).In the centuries since his death, Marco Polo has received the recognition that failed to come his way during his lifetime.Marco Polo's story has inspired countless other adventurers to set off and see the world.译：
作为通过中国游历亚洲的首批欧洲人之一，马可•波罗可能是中国人最熟知的外国商人和航海家。从1271 年到1295 年，他和他的家人游历广泛，遍及欧洲和亚洲。期间，他在中国留居了17 年。他的著作《马可•波罗游记》描述了他游历亚洲的旅程，让欧洲人首次全面领略了包括中国、印度和日本在内的远东地区的情况。从他的文字叙述中，西方人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火药、印刷术、纸币以及丝绸。在15 世纪末和16 世纪欧洲发现与征服的大航海时代，马可•波罗所
翻记录的大量新的地理信息得到了广泛使用。在他去世后的这几个世纪里，马可•波罗获得了他在有生之年未曾获得的赞誉。马可•波罗的故事鼓舞了其他无数的探险者去踏上征程，发现世界。原文： 郑和是中国历史上最著名的航海家（maritime explorer）。公元1405 年，明朝的统治者为了稳固边防（border defense）和开展海上贸易，派郑和下西洋（the Western Seas）。在此后的28 年里，郑和带领船队七下西洋，前后出海的人员有10 多万人，访问了30 多个国家和地区。船队纵横南亚、西亚，一直到非洲大陆。郑和下西洋是世界航海（navigation）史上的壮举，它展现了郑和卓越的航海和组织才能，同时展现了明朝的国力和国威（national strength and prestige），加强了明朝和海外各国之间的关系。翻译：
Zheng He was the most famous maritime explorer in Chinese history.In 1405 AD, the ruler of the Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He on a voyage to the Western Seas in order to strengthen border defense and develop trade by sea.In the following 28 years, Zheng He led his fleet, made seven voyages to the Western Seas with over 100,000 crew members in total, and visited more than 30 countries and regions.The fleet traveled far into South Asia and West Asia, and made all the way to the continent of Africa.Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas were a great feat in the world's navigation history.It showed Zheng He's outstanding navigation and organization talents;meanwhile, it exhibited the national strength and prestige of the Ming Dynasty, and strengthened the relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the overseas countries.Unit 5 原文：
The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 BC.The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus（宙斯).The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games.The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic Games were held in Paris.Some 3,000 athletes from 44 nations competed that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony.The Winter Olympics debuted（问世)that year, including such events as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding and the biathlon.Eighty years later, when the 2004 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first time in more than a century, nearly 11,000 athletes from 201 countries competed, breaking the then record of participating countries.翻译：
有关古代奥林匹克运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前776年。古代奥运会每4年举办一次，在8月6日与9月19日之间的一个纪念宙斯的宗教节日期间举行。第一届现代奥运会于1896年在希腊雅典举办。奥运会的标志由五个大小相同的套环组成，代表着五大洲的联合和来自世界各地运动员的大聚会。奥运会真正腾飞、成为一项国际体育盛会是在1924年之后，即第8届奥运会在巴黎举办之后。这一年，来自44个国家约3,000名运动员同场竞技，并且第一次在奥运会上增加了闭幕式这一仪式。同年，冬季奥运会首次亮相，比赛项目包括花样滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季两项运动。80年后，2004年夏季奥运会在相隔一个多世纪后再次在雅典举办，来自201个国家的近11,000名运动员展开竞技，创下参赛国数量之最。原文： 太极拳（Tai Chi）是一种武术（martial arts）项目，也是一种健身运动，在中国有着悠久的历史。太极拳动作缓慢而柔和，适合任何年龄、性别、体型的人练习。太极拳既可防身，又能强身健体，因而深受中国人的喜爱。太极拳在发展的过程中，借鉴并吸收了中国传统哲学、医术、武术的合理内容（element），成为特色鲜明的一项运动。作为中国特有的一种运动形式，太极拳也越来越受到众多外国朋友的喜爱。翻译：
Tai Chi is a kind of martial arts, and a fitness exercise as well.It has a long history in China.With slow and gentle movements, Tai Chi is suitable for people of any age, sex, or body type to practice.It can be used to provide self-defense as well as build the body.Therefore, it has become very popular among Chinese people.During its development, Tai Chi borrowed and absorbed desirable elements from traditional Chinese philosophy, medicine, and martial arts, and it has developed into a sport with unique features.As a unique sport in China, Tai Chi is also gaining increasing popularity among many foreign friends.Unit 6 原文： Gap year(间
隔
年)refers to a period of time
—not necessarily a year — in which students take time off and do something other than schooling, such as travel or work.The year out is most commonly taken after high school and before going to university.During this time, a student might travel, engage in volunteer work or undertake(承担)a working holiday abroad.A new trend is to participate in international education programs that combine language study, home stays, cultural exchange, community service, and independent study.The practice of taking a year out developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.It has grown very popular among students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.In the United States, however, the practice of taking a year off remains the exception（例外).But in recent years, taking a year out has become slightly more common for Americans.Some 40,000 American students participated in 2013 in gap year programs, an increase of almost 20% since 2006.Universities such as Princeton University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formal policies allowing students to defer(期)admission.翻译：
延间隔年指的是学生休假不去上学而去旅游或工作等的一段时间，但不一定是一年。间隔年通常选在高中毕业和进入大学之前的一段时间。在这段时间里，学生可以旅游、参加志愿者工作或者在国外边打工边度假。一种新潮流是参加集语言学习、住家、文化交流、社区服务和自主学习于一体的国际教育活动。间隔年的做法于20世纪60年代兴起于英国。它在英国、澳大利亚、新西兰和加拿大已经变得非常流行。但是在美国，间隔年的做法仍然只是个别现象。不过近年来，间隔年对美国人来说变得稍微普遍起来。2013年有大约四万美国学生参加了间隔年活动，比2006年增加了近20%。普林斯顿大学、哈佛大学、麻省理工学院等大学都有明文规定允许学生延迟入学。原文：
改革开放以来，中国的教育事业得到了快速发展，取得了引人瞩目的成就。中国政府把教育摆在优先发展的地位，坚持科教兴国（revitalize the country），全
面
提
倡
素
质
教育(quality-oriented education)。同时，积极推进教育公平，保障人人有受教育的机会。中国的教育成就反映在两个不同的层面：一个是全面普及了九年义务教育（nine-year compulsory education），另一个是实现了高等教育大众化（mass higher education）。教育的发展为中国的经济发展和社会进步作出了重大贡献。近年来，为适应社会、经济发展的需要，中国政府不断加快培养各领域的急需人才。翻译： Since its economic reform and opening-up to the world, China's education has gone through rapid development and made remarkable achievements.The Chinese government gives top priority to the development of education, persists in revitalizing the country by science and education, and fully advocates quality-oriented education.Meanwhile, it actively promotes equality in education to guarantee everyone access to education.China's achievements in education can be reflected in two different layers: One is the popularization of the nine-year compulsory education;the other is the realization of mass higher education.The development of education has made significant contributions to China's economic development and social progress.In recent years, to satisfy the needs of social and economic development, the Chinese government has sped up the training of qualified personnel urgently needed in various fields.Unit 7 原文：
The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs.The most important thing to understand Americans is probably their devotion（深爱)to “individualism”.They have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destiny.Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions.They resist being thought of as representatives of any homogeneous(由同类组成的)group.When they do join groups, they believe they are special, just a little different from other members of the same group.Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans assign privacy.Americans assume people “need some time to themselves” or “some time alone” to think about things or recover their spent psychological energy.Americans have great difficulty understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person and who dislike being alone.翻译：
在所有美国人的信念中，最基本、最强烈的信念可能就是崇尚个人自由。要理解美国人，最重要的也许就是了解他们对“个人主义”的热爱。生活中他们很早就开始受到教育，把自己看成独立的个体，对人生中自己的处境以及自己的前途命运负责。美国人认为自己的思想和行为高度个性化。他们不愿被视为任何同质群体的代表。如果确实加入了群体，他们也认为自己有特别之处，与同一个群体中的其他成员有着些许的差别。与美国人对个人主义赋予的价值紧密相关的是他们对个人隐私的重视。美国人认为，人“需要有自己的时间”或者“有时间独处”，用来思考事情，或者恢复他们所消耗的心理能量。美国人很难理解那些总想与人结伴、不爱独处的外国人。原文：
为人诚信，以和为贵是中华民族的传统美德。“和”的思想体现在很多方面。在处理人与人的关系上，中国传统思想主张“和为贵”以及“家和万事兴”，从而创造一个和谐的社会环境。在人与自然的关系上，人类应当学会认识自然，尊重自然，保护自然。人与人、人与社会、人与自然都需要“和谐”。如今，和谐发展依然是我们的治国之本和管理人才之道。随着我国社会经济和文化的发展，“和”的思想更加深入人心。中国正在向构建社会主义和谐社会的目标迈进。翻译： Integrity and harmony are traditional Chinese virtues.“Harmony” is demonstrated in various aspects.In regard to interpersonal relations, traditional Chinese thoughts hold that “Harmony is most precious” and “A family that lives in harmony will prosper”.A harmonious social environment can be created based on these principles.As for relations between human beings and nature, people should learn to understand, respect and protect nature.Harmony is essential to interpersonal relations, relations between human beings and society, as well as between human beings and nature.Nowadays, harmonious development is still the way of running the country and managing talented personnel.With the development of China's society, economy and culture, the idea of “harmony” goes even deeper into people's hearts.China is on its way toward the goal of building a harmonious socialist society.Unit 8 原文：
As the world's only truly universal global organization, the United Nations(UN)has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend(超越)national boundaries and cannot be resolved by any one country acting alone.The initial goals of the UN are safeguarding（保护)peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress.In recent years, the UN has been faced with new challenges, such as climate change, international terrorism and AIDS.While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its primary efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide range of activities to improve people's lives around the world — from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy.The UN and its specialized agencies have helped the world become a more hospitable（热
情
友
好的)and livable place and brought great benefits to people around the world.翻译：
作为世界上唯一一个真正具有普遍性的世界组织，联合国已经成为处理超越国界、而且任何一个国家都无法独立解决的问题的首要论坛。联合国最初的宗旨是维护和平、保护人权、建立国际公平正义的框架以及促进经济和社会进步。近年来，联合国又面临着新的挑战，诸如气候变化、国际恐怖主义和艾滋病等。现在，解决争端及维护和平仍然是联合国最主要的任务。除此之外，联合国及其专门机构还致力于各种旨在改进世界人民生活的活动，从赈灾到教育和妇女进步，再到原子能的和平使用。联合国及其专门机构推动世界成为一个更加友好、更加宜居的地方，为全世界人民带来了福祉。原文：
新中国成立后，中国坚持（persist in）独立自主的和平外交政策，在外交领域取得了巨大成就。截至2011年，中国已与172个国家建立了外交关系（diplomatic relations）。近年来，随着中国综合国力的提升（enhancement），中国在国际事务中的作用越来越重要，中国的国际地位得到进一步提升。在地区性事务中，中国积极推动各种区域合作，为维护地区和平、促进地区发展作出了重要贡献。中国外交（diplomacy）将高举“和平、发展、合作、共赢”的旗帜（banner），在和平共处五项原则的基础上，通过全面发展同各国的友好合作，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界作出不懈的努力（make unremitting efforts）。翻译：
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has persisted in the independent foreign policy of peace, and made tremendous progress in foreign affairs.By 2011, China had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries.Over recent years, with the enhancement of its comprehensive national strength, China has been playing an increasingly important role in international affairs, and China's international status has been further enhanced.In regional affairs, China actively promotes all kinds of regional cooperation.It has made important contributions in maintaining regional peace and promoting regional development.China's diplomacy will hold high the banner of “peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit”.On the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and through all-round and friendly cooperation with various countries, China will make unremitting efforts to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.
第三篇：大学英语精读第三版第一册英语课后翻译答案
无非（1）班委团
Unit 1 英语期末考试翻译背诵
1、史密斯太太对我抱怨说，她经常发现与自己的十六岁女儿简直无法沟通。
Mrs.Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossble to commynicate with her 16-year-old daughter.2、我坚信，阅读简写的（simplified）英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。
I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary.3、我认为我们在保护环境不受污染（pollution）方面还做得不够。
I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution.4、除了每周写作文外，我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。
In addition to /Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis ,our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation.5、我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。
We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester.6、经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力，而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。
Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear , but will also help you build your speaking skills.7、如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题，请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。
If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me.And I’ll explain them in greater detail.8、那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语，这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese.That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years.Unit 2
1、幸好附近有家医院，我们立刻把他送到了医院。
Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once.2、胜利登上乔治岛后，船长向指挥部发了一份无线电报。
After succeeding in landing on George Island, the captain sent a radio message to his headquarters.3、他决心继续他的实验，不过这次他将用另一种办法来做。
He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he’ll do it another way.4、她读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。
When she read the novel, she couldn’t help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside.5、玛丽觉得单靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。
Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself.6、我们认为他不能在一刻钟内走完那段距离，但他却成功地做到了这一点。
We didn't think he could cover the distance in a quarter of an hour, but he succeeded in doing it.7、甚至在他的医生告诉他患有肺癌之后，奇切斯特仍不肯放弃环球航行的宿愿。
Even after his doctor told him he had lung cancer, Chichester would not give up his old dream of sailing round the world.8、我正忙着在做一种新的捕鼠(rats)装置时，马克走来拖着我出去看花展了。
I was busy making a new device for catching rats when Mark came and dragged me out to a flower show.无非（1）班委团 无非（1）班委团
Unit 3
1、那位演员似乎很乐意在剧中扮演一个次要角色。
That famous actor seemed content to play a minor part in the play.2、国庆节要到了，咱们把寝室彻底打扫一下吧。
National day is round the corner.Let’s give our bedroom a thorough clean.3、她非常勉强地同意让一位年青的医生为她作手术。
She agreed, very reluctantly, to be operated on by a young doctor.4、他们已安排好让我们明天去游览长城，我相信我们在那儿一定会玩得很开心。
They’ve arranged for us to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.I’m sure we’ll have a good time there(we’ll enjoy ourselves there).5、老人读完信后失望之极，竟用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。
After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore it into little bits with trembling fingers.6、老两口为他们的孙子感到骄傲，因为他在第二十六届奥运会上获得了两块金牌和一枚铜牌。
The old couple were proud of their grandson, who got/won two gold medals and one bronze medal at the 26rd Olympic Games.7、即使他的祖母不能来参加他的生日宴会，她也会寄给他一件可爱的礼物。对这一点汤姆深信不疑。
Even if his grandmother could not come to his birthday party, she would send him a lovely present.Tom was sure of that.8、昨天是玛丽的二十岁生日。她父亲寄给她一双靴子，她母亲为她买了一盒巧克力糖。而她的男朋友则给她一束红玫瑰。
It was Mary’s twentieth birthday yesterday.Her father sent her a pair of boots.Her mother bought her a box of chocolates.And her boy friend brought her a bunch of red roses
Unit 4
1、接受这份工作就得经常在周末上班，但约翰并不在意。
To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind.2、众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。
It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much..3、我祖父母说，发明电视的那个人曾住在他们那个地段。
My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood.4、我提议咱们会后马上去办公室找史斯密教授，邀请他参加我们的英语晚会。
I propose that we go to find Prof.Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening.5、她因那病开过两次刀，身体十分虚弱，几乎站不起来。
Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.6、教育家们认为，伴随着电视机长大的一代人，在电视机前花的时间太多，以致没有足够的时间学习了。Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study.7、我真希望你能拿出一个比这更好的解决办法来。
I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this
无非（1）班委团 无非（1）班委团
8、乍一看，这幅画并不好，但经过仔细观察，我们才发现它的的确观察，我们才发现它的确是一幅杰作。At first glance the picture didn’t look very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.Unit 5
1、史密斯医生从窗口望出去，突然看到一个年轻人正向他的诊所奔来。
Looking out of the window, Dr.Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic.2、艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。Amy used to drink nothing but coffee.3、迈拉得知丈夫在事故中受了伤便哭了起来。
Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident.4、我们好几天没有看见怀特小姐了。她是病倒了还还是怎么了？
W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days.Has she fallen ill of something?
5、研究所所长亲自查明一切都没有问题。
The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right.6、伦尼今天早晨上学又迟到了。他应该早一点起床的。肯定是昨晚睡得太迟了。
Lennie was late for school again this morning.He ought to /should have got up earlier.He must have stayed up too late last night.7、嗨，你不应该把那些孩子赶跑。他们是来帮忙的，不是来捣蛋的。
Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids.They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble.8、对护士来说，坚持这项规定是很重要的。It is important for nurses to stick to this rule.Unit 6
1、据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。
It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood.2、罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。
The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands.3、煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。
The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions.4、我很想买下这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。
I’d like very much to buy the English dictionary Unfortunately , I haven’t got enough money on me.5、我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。
I’d like to talk over with you the English translation of the article before sending it to Mr.Hobbs
6、那位外国专家希望在三年内达到所有的目标。
The Blacks happened to be at the cinema when their house caught fire.7、一个科学家要跟上本领域的新发展，你认为必须做些什么？
What do you think a scientist must do in order to keep up with the latest developments in his field?
8、作者认为，如果优秀工人经常得到加薪和提级，他们就会有更大的生产积极性。
The author thinks that if excellent workers get frequent pay increases and promotions, they will have greater incentive to produce.无非（1）班委团 无非（1）班委团
Unit 7
1、萨姆买不起他极想要那种照相机，因为那相机太贵了。
Sam could not afford(to buy)the camera he longed for because it was too expensive.2、整个上午他都在忙惊天动地写那篇故事，只是偶尔停下来喝杯茶。
He was busy writing the story all the morning , only breaking off occasionally to have some tea.3、他是个富人家的儿子，不过看上去已经家道中落了。
He is the son of a wealthy family, but he seems to have come down in the world.4、他常利用她缺乏(lack)生意头脑(business sense)而欺骗她。He often took advantage of her lack of business sense to cheat her.5、王教授，请您赏光来参加我们星期六的英语晚会好吗？
Prof.Wang , would you do us a favor by coming to our English evening this Saturday?
6、看外表他一点也不像是个八十多岁的老人。
He does not seem to be an old man in his eighties, considering his appearance.7、他们肯定没打算把他培养成一名工程师，我猜想他们永远也不会这样做。
Undoubtedly they do not have the intention of making an engineer of him, and I suspect they never will.8、我怀疑这家工厂什么质量控制也没有。经过一周的观察，我发现情况果真如此。
I suspected there was no quality control whatsoever in the factory.After making observations for a week I found it was indeed the cases.Unit 8
1、她弯腰捡起手帕在桌子上把它弄平。
She stooped to pick up the handkerchief and smoothed it out on the table.2、他那句话的含意是他想在政府部门找个工作。
The implication of his statement is that he'd like a job in a government department.3、她停顿了一会，用一块小手帕擦了擦嘴，然后又继续给我们讲衬衫厂里发生的事情。
She paused a moment, wiped her mouth with a small handkerchief and then went on to tell us what had happened in the shirt factory.4、亚当斯先生发现他十三岁的儿子正从他的皮夹子里偷钱大为震惊。
Mr.Adams was greatly shocked to find his 13-year-old son stealing money from his wallet.5、“请不要打断我，”亚当斯先生对妻子说：“我正在跟汤姆谈他刚才做的事情。”
“Please do not interrupt me , ” said Mr.Adams to his wife.“I’m talking to Tom about what he was just done.”
6、我怎么能为他讲的话负责呢？
How can I be responsible for what he says?
7、小男孩急于想减轻那位妇人的痛苦，但不知道该怎么办。
The young boy was eager to make the woman less unhappy, but he did not know what to do.8、他努力控制住自己的感情，假超前享受没有听见那个令人悲痛的消息。With an effort, he held in his feelings and pretended not to hear the sad news.Unit 9
1、某些化学药品不该混和在一起，因为它们可能引起剧烈的反应。
Certain chemicals should not be mixed, as they may have a violent reaction.2、最近的事件证明他们对政府新的外交政策所持的态度是正确的。
Recent events have proved that their attitude to the government's new foreign policy is correct.无非（1）班委团 无非（1）班委团
3、这位古希腊哲学家似乎能够用简单的文字表达复杂的思想。
This philosopher of ancient Greece seemed able to put complicated thoughts into simple words.4、那个国家一再卷入战争。
Over and over again, the nation has got involved in foreign wars.5、我们就这个问题进行了一番非常热烈的讨论，然而要确切地说出每个人讲了些什么却不容易。
We had a very heated discussion about the question.However, it’s not easy to tell exactly what each person said.6、在过去二十年中，对于癌的起因的研究在数量上有了很大的增长。
In the past twenty years, there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the cause of cancer.7、人们学习的能力似乎是无限的。
There seems to be no limit to human beings' ability to learn.8、科学家们一致认为更好地了解人脑将有助于人们充分利用其无限的潜力。
Scientists all agree that a better understanding of the human brain will help man to make full se of its limitless potential.Unit 10
1、教授走进教室时，我们正兴致勃勃地讨论中东的形势。
We were caught up in a discussion about the situation in the Middle East when the professor walked into the classroom.2、一辆卡车驶进了学校积雪覆盖的操场。
A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school.3、午夜后某个时候，敌人被迫撤退了。
Sometime after midnight, the enemy was/were forced to retreat.4、就是在那间斗室里，他们勤奋地工作着，憧憬着美好的未来。
It was in that small room that they worked diligently and dreamed of better days to come.5、老太太听到铃响，便从椅子上站起来，向门口走去。
When she heard the bell ringing, the old lady rose from her chair and made her way to the door.6、经过一天的战斗，我们的士兵成功地占领了敌人的一些重要阵地。
After a day’s fight, our soldiers succeeded in taking over some important enemy positions.7、老妇人愤愤地大声叫喊说，那个女店员欺骗了她。
The elderly woman angrily exclaimed that she had been cheated by the shop girl.8、我上汽车不久就注意到一个外貌很怪的男人。他穿着一件不合身的上衣，一动不动地坐在位子上。
Soon after I boarded the bus, I noticed a strange-looking man.He wore an ill-fitting coat, and sat rooted in his seat.无非（1）班委团
第四篇：大学英语精读第三版第一册英语课后翻译答案
Unit 1
1、他这次考试的失败使他意识到定期复习功课的重要。
His failure in the exam has made him aware of the importance of reviewing his lessons regularly.2、请一定不要忘记离家前你父母对你说过的话。
Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you before you left home.3、我确信她的英语知识对这项工作来说是足够的了。I'm sure her knowledge of English is adequate for the job.4、这篇文章的目的是告诉学生怎样培养良好的学习习惯。
The purpose of this article is to tell the students how to develop good study habits.5、在当今时代，人们越来越多地依靠计算机(computers)来解决各种各样的问题。
In our age, people depend more and more on computers to solve various kinds of difficult problems.6、略读不仅可以帮助你对将要阅读的东西有所了解，还可以帮助你读得快些，提高你的阅读理解力。
Skimming not only helps you get some idea of what you are going to read but also helps you read faster and improve your comprehension.7、有些人以为男孩子比女孩子聪明。然而，事实未必如此。
Some people believe that boys are cleverer than girls.This is not necessarily the case, however.8、即使智力一般的学生也可以通过改进学习习惯习惯而成为优等生。
Even students of average intelligence can become top students by improving their study habits.Unit 2
1、幸好附近有家医院，我们立刻把他送到了医院。
Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at one.2、胜利登上乔治岛后，船长向指挥部发了一份无线电报。
After succeeding in landing on George Island, the captain sent a radio message to his headquarters.3、他决心继续他的实验，不过这次他将用另一种办法来做。
He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he’ll do it another way.4、她读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。
When she read the novel, she couldn’t help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside.5、玛丽觉得单靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself.6、我们认为他不能在一刻钟内走完那段距离，但他却成功地做到了这一点。
We didn't think he could cover the distance in a quarter of an hour, but he succeeded in doing it.7、甚至在他的医生告诉他患有肺癌之后，奇切斯特仍不肯放弃环球航行的宿愿。
Even after his doctor told him he had lung cancer, Chichester would not give up his old dream of sailing round the world.8、我正忙着在做一种新的捕鼠(rats)装置时，马克走来拖着我出去看花展了。
I was busy making a new device for catching rats when Mark came and dragged me out to a flower show.Unit 4
1、接受这份工作就得经常在周末上班，但约翰并不在意。
To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind.2、众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。
It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much..3、我祖父母说，发明电视的那个人曾住在他们那个地段。
My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood.4、我提议咱们会后马上去办公室找史斯密教授，邀请他参加我们的英语晚会。
I propose that we go to find Prof.Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening.5、她因那病开过两次刀，身体十分虚弱，几乎站不起来。
Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.6、教育家们认为，伴随着电视机长大的一代人，在电视机前花的时间太多，以致没有足够的时间学习了。
Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study.7、我真希望你能拿出一个比这更好的解决办法来。I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this.8、乍一看，这幅画并不好，但经过仔细观察，我们才发现它的的确观察，我们才发现它的确是一幅杰作。At first glance the picture didn’t look very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.Unit 7
1、萨姆买不起他极想要那种照相机，因为那相机太贵了。
Sam could not afford(to buy)the camera he longed for because it was too expensive.2、整个上午他都在忙惊天动地写那篇故事，只是偶尔停下来喝杯茶。
He was busy writing the story all the morning , only breaking off occasionally to have some tea.3、他是个富人家的儿子，不过看上去已经家道中落了。
He is the son of a wealthy family, but he seems to have come down in the world.4、他常利用她缺乏(lack)生意头脑(business sense)而欺骗她。He often took advantage of her lack of business sense to cheat her.5、王教授，请您赏光来参加我们星期六的英语晚会好吗？
Prof.Wang , would you do us a favor by coming to our English evening this Saturday?
6、看外表他一点也不像是个八十多岁的老人。
He does not seem to be an old man in his eighties, considering his appearance.7、他们肯定没打算把他培养成一名工程师，我猜想他们永远也不会这样做。
Undoubtedly they do not have the intention of making an engineer of him, and I suspect they never will.8、我怀疑这家工厂什么质量控制也没有。经过一周的观察，我发现情况果真如此。
I suspected there was no quality control whatsoever in the factory.After making observations for a week I found it was indeed the cases.Unit 9
1、某些化学药品不该混和在一起，因为它们可能引起剧烈的反应。Certain chemicals should not be mixed, as they may have a violent reaction.2、最近的事件证明他们对政府新的外交政策所持的态度是正确的。
Recent events have proved that their attitude to the government's new foreign policy is correct.3、这位古希腊哲学家似乎能够用简单的文字表达复杂的思想。
This philosopher of ancient Greece seemed able to put complicated thoughts into simple words.4、那个国家一再卷入战争。
Over and over again, the nation has got involved in foreign wars.5、我们就这个问题进行了一番非常热烈的讨论，然而要确切地说出每个人讲了些什么却不容易。We had a very heated discussion about the question.However, it’s not easy to tell exactly what each person said.6、在过去二十年中，对于癌的起因的研究在数量上有了很大的增长。
In the past twenty years, there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the cause of cancer.7、人们学习的能力似乎是无限的。
There seems to be no limit to human beings' ability to learn.8、科学家们一致认为更好地了解人脑将有助于人们充分利用其无限的潜力。
Scientists all agree that a better understanding of the human brain will help man to make full se of its limitless potential.Unit 3
1、那位演员似乎很乐意在剧中扮演一个次要角色。That famous actor seemed content to play a minor part in the play.2、国庆节要到了，咱们把寝室彻底打扫一下吧。
National day is round the corner.Let’s give our bedroom a thorough clean.3、她非常勉强地同意让一位年青的医生为她作手术。She agreed, very reluctantly, to be operated on by a young doctor.4、他们已安排好让我们明天去游览长城，我相信我们在那儿一定会玩得很开心。
They’ve arranged for us to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.I’m sure we’ll have a good time there(we’ll enjoy ourselves there).5、老人读完信后失望之极，竟用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。
After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore it into little bits with trembling fingers.6、老两口为他们的孙子感到骄傲，因为他在第二十六届奥运会上获得了两块金牌和一枚铜牌。
The old couple were proud of their grandson, who got/won two gold medals and one bronze medal at the 26rd Olympic Games.7、即使他的祖母不能来参加他的生日宴会，她也会寄给他一件可爱的礼物。对这一点汤姆深信不疑。
Even if his grandmother could not come to his birthday party, she would send him a lovely present.Tom was sure of that.8、昨天是玛丽的二十岁生日。她父亲寄给她一双靴子，她母亲为她买了一盒巧克力糖。而她的男朋友则给她一束红玫瑰。
It was Mary’s twentieth birthday yesterday.Her father sent her a pair of boots.Her mother bought her a box of chocolates.And her boy friend brought her a bunch of red roses.Unit 5
1、史密斯医生从窗口望出去，突然看到一个年轻人正向他的诊所奔来。
Looking out of the window, Dr.Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic.2、艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。Amy used to drink nothing but coffee.3、迈拉得知丈夫在事故中受了伤便哭了起来。
Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident.4、我们好几天没有看见怀特小姐了。她是病倒了还还是怎么了？ W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days.Has she fallen ill of something?
5、研究所所长亲自查明一切都没有问题。
The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right.6、伦尼今天早晨上学又迟到了。他应该早一点起床的。肯定是昨晚睡得太迟了。
Lennie was late for school again this morning.He ought to /should have got up earlier.He must have stayed up too late last night.7、嗨，你不应该把那些孩子赶跑。他们是来帮忙的，不是来捣蛋的。
Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids.They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble.8、对护士来说，坚持这项规定是很重要的。It is important for nurses to stick to this rule.Unit 6
1、据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。
It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood.2、罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。
The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands.3、煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。
The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions.4、我很想买下这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。
I’d like very much to buy the English dictionary Unfortunately , I haven’t got enough money on me.5、我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。
I’d like to talk over with you the English translation of the article before sending it to Mr.Hobbs.6、那位外国专家希望在三年内达到所有的目标。
The Blacks happened to be at the cinema when their house caught fire.7、一个科学家要跟上本领域的新发展，你认为必须做些什么？
What do you think a scientist must do in order to keep up with the latest developments in his field?
8、作者认为，如果优秀工人经常得到加薪和提级，他们就会有更大的生产积极性。
The author thinks that if excellent workers get frequent pay increases and promotions, they will have greater incentive to produce.Unit 8
1、她弯腰捡起手帕在桌子上把它弄平。
She stooped to pick up the handkerchief and smoothed it out on the table.2、他那句话的含意是他想在政府部门找个工作。
The implication of his statement is that he'd like a job in a government department.3、她停顿了一会，用一块小手帕擦了擦嘴，然后又继续给我们讲衬衫厂里发生的事情。
She paused a moment, wiped her mouth with a small handkerchief and then went on to tell us what had happened in the shirt factory.4、亚当斯先生发现他十三岁的儿子正从他的皮夹子里偷钱大为震惊。
Mr.Adams was greatly shocked to find his 13-year-old son stealing money from his wallet.5、“请不要打断我，”亚当斯先生对妻子说：“我正在跟汤姆谈他刚才做的事情。”
“Please do not interrupt me , ” said Mr.Adams to his wife.“I’m talking to Tom about what he was just done.”
6、我怎么能为他讲的话负责呢？ How can I be responsible for what he says?
7、小男孩急于想减轻那位妇人的痛苦，但不知道该怎么办。
The young boy was eager to make the woman less unhappy, but he did not know what to do.8、他努力控制住自己的感情，假超前享受没有听见那个令人悲痛的消息。With an effort, he held in his feelings and pretended not to hear the sad news.Unit 10
1、教授走进教室时，我们正兴致勃勃地讨论中东的形势。
We were caught up in a discussion about the situation in the Middle East when the professor walked into the classroom.2、一辆卡车驶进了学校积雪覆盖的操场。
A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school.3、午夜后某个时候，敌人被迫撤退了。
Sometime after midnight, the enemy was/were forced to retreat.4、就是在那间斗室里，他们勤奋地工作着，憧憬着美好的未来。
It was in that small room that they worked diligently and dreamed of better days to come.5、老太太听到铃响，便从椅子上站起来，向门口走去。
When she heard the bell ringing, the old lady rose from her chair and made her way to the door.6、经过一天的战斗，我们的士兵成功地占领了敌人的一些重要阵地。
After a day’s fight, our soldiers succeeded in taking over some important enemy positions.7、老妇人愤愤地大声叫喊说，那个女店员欺骗了她。
The elderly woman angrily exclaimed that she had been cheated by the shop girl.8、我上汽车不久就注意到一个外貌很怪的男人。他穿着一件不合身的上衣，一动不动地坐在位子上。Soon after I boarded the bus, I noticed a strange-looking man.He wore an ill-fitting coat, and sat rooted in his seat.
第五篇：新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案
新编大学英语4课文翻译及课后答案
课内阅读参考译文及课后习题答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么东西令人开怀？
听了一个有趣的故事会发笑、很开心，古今中外都一样。这一现象或许同语言本身一样悠久。那么，到底是什么东西会使一个故事或笑话让人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2
我是第一次辨识出幽默便喜欢上它的人，因此我曾试图跟学生议论和探讨幽默。这些学生文化差异很大，有来自拉丁美洲的，也有来自中国的。我还认真地思考过一些滑稽有趣的故事。这么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3
为什么听我讲完一个笑话后，班上有些学生会笑得前仰后合，而其他学生看上去就像刚听我读了天气预报一样呢？显然，有些人对幽默比别人更敏感。而且，我们也发现有的人很善于讲笑话，而有的人要想说一点有趣的事却要费好大的劲。我们都听人说过这样的话：“我喜欢笑话，但我讲不好，也总是记不住。”有些人比别人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音乐、数学之类的才能一样。一个真正风趣的人在任何场合都有笑话可讲，而且讲了一个笑话，就会从他记忆里引出一连串的笑话。一个缺乏幽默感的人不可能成为一群人中最受欢迎的人。一个真正有幽默感的人不仅受人喜爱，而且在任何聚会上也往往是人们注意的焦点。这么说是有道理的。
甚至有些动物也具有幽默感。我岳母从前经常来我们家，并能住上很长一段时间。通常她不喜欢狗，但却很喜欢布利茨恩—我们养过的一条拉布拉多母猎犬。而且，她们的这种喜欢是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的时候就常常戏弄外祖母，当外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜欢的那张舒适的椅子上时，布利茨恩就故意把她卧室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母刚好够不到的地方蹦来跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起来去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母从椅子上一起来，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，从它那闪亮的棕色眼睛里掠过一丝拉布拉多式的微笑，无疑是在说：“啊哈，你又上了我的当。”
典型的笑话或幽默故事由明显的三部分构成。第一部分是铺垫（即背景），接下来是主干部分（即故事情节），随后便是妙语（即一个出人意料或令人惊讶的结尾）。如果这个妙语含有一定的幽默成分，这个笑话便会很有趣。通常笑话都包含这三部分，而且每部分都必须交代清楚。如果讲故事或说笑话的人使用听众都熟悉的手势和语言，则有助于增强效果。6
我们可以对幽默这种娱乐形式，进行分析，从而发现究竟是什么使一个有趣的故事或笑话令人发笑。举例来说，最常见的幽默有以下几种，包括了从最显而易见的幽默到比较微妙含蓄的幽默。
“滑稽剧”是最明显的幽默。它语言简单、直截了当，常常以取笑他人为乐。说笑打闹这种形式过去是、现在仍然是滑稽说笑演员和小丑的惯用技巧。它为不同年龄、不同文化背景的人们所喜爱。几乎本世纪的每个讲英语的滑稽说笑演员都曾以这样或那样的方式说过下面这则笑话。一位男士问另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的贵妇是谁？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么贵妇，那是我老婆。”这个笑话的幽默之处在于第二位男士说他的妻子不是一位贵妇，也就是说她不是一个高雅的女人。这个笑话并没有因为经常讲而变得不再那么好笑。由于这是一个经典笑话，观众都知道要说什么，而且因为大家对这个笑话很熟悉而更加珍爱它。
中国的相声是一种特殊的滑稽剧。相声中两名中国喜剧演员幽默地谈论诸如官僚主义者、家庭问题或其他一些有关个人的话题。相声随处都能听到，无论是在乡村的小舞台上，还是在北京最大的剧院里，抑或在广播、电视上。它显然是中国人家喻户晓的一种传统的幽默形式。
“俏皮话”不像滑稽剧那样浅显，它是因语言的误用或误解而引人发笑。我特别喜欢的一个例子是三位年长的绅士在英国乘火车旅行的故事。当火车慢慢停下来时，第一位绅士问道：“这是Wembley(温布利)吗？”“不，”第二位绅士说：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位说道，“让我们下车喝杯啤酒吧。”我们知道上了年纪的人往往耳背，因此会把Wembley（温布利）听成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）听成了thirsty（渴了），这样一来就为第三位老人的妙语做好了铺垫。
著名的中国漫画家和幽默家丁聪便是一位俏皮话大师。在他的一幅幽默漫画中，一位老师说：“你为什么一字不改地抄别人的作业？”那位年轻的学生回答道：“我没有一字不改地抄。我把作业上的名字改成自己的了。”在丁聪的另一幅经典漫画里，一位生气的父亲问道：“告诉我，1加2等于几？”儿子说：“我不知道。”这位不耐烦的父亲接着说道：“比方说，你、你妈妈和我，我们加起来一共是几个，傻瓜？”儿子得意地回答道：“是三个傻瓜。” 这些故事无论是漫画还是笑话，是由演滑稽剧的喜剧演员说还是由搭档的相声演员讲，都为各地人们所喜爱。人们喜爱这些有趣的故事，因为它们贴近现实生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙语十分有趣。
双关语是一种更微妙的俏皮话。它使用的技巧是利用发音相似的词或同一个词的不同意思。有些批评家认为双关语是最低级的幽默，但我不同意这种观点。双关语与其他形式的幽默相比需要更细微、更巧妙的语言技巧；然而，简单的双关语甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，谜语或脑筋急转弯问题常使用双关语做铺垫、制造故事情节，而且更多地是用在妙语部分。双关语是我最早懂得的幽默。记得大约在五岁时我听到了下面这个谜语。一个人问：“什么东西整个儿是黑的、白的和红的？”另外一个人通常猜不出来，于是问道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出谜语的人回答：“是报纸。”如果你知道在英语中“red（红色）”和“read（读）”的读音一样但意思完全不同，答案就很明显了。12
DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法语中的“一语双关”）是双关语的特殊形式, 其中的词或短语有双重意思。两个意思往往很不相同，一个比较恰当，另一个往往比较粗俗—但并不总是这样。我喜欢那个关于一位中学教师和校长因看见学生在学校操场上接吻而感到担心的故事。故事并不过火。那位教师对学生们说；“我和校长已经决定停止在学校操场上接吻。”听到笑声，她意识到她没有把意思表达清楚，于是补充说：“我的意思是不能再在我们的鼻子下面发生接吻这样的事了。”当然，这个解释并没有纠正她的第一句话，反而使这个笑话的双重含义变得更加好笑。
一些专业的幽默家认为如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不够巧妙。他们不喜欢在幽默中过多使用有色情意味或粗俗的语言，而且觉得大多数幽默家缺乏创造性。的确，现在有些幽默令人震惊，但我认为这不是幽默的过错。幽默本身是活泼健康的，它还会继续生存下去，只因为每天都有有趣的事情发生。一些有幽默感的人会看到听到这些有趣的事情，并把它们编成妙趣横生、令人开心的笑话和故事。Vocabulary
1.1)A.entertaining
B.entertainment
C.entertained
D.entertainer
2)A.recognizable
B.recognized
C.recognition
3)A.tempting
B.temptation
C.tempt
4)A.reasoned
B.reasoning
C.reasonable
D.reason
5)A.analyzed
B.analytical
C.analyst
D.analysis 6)A.valuable
B.valuation
C.valued/values
D.values
7)A.humorist
B.humor
C.humorous
D.humorless
8)A.understandable
B.understanding
C.understand
D.misunderstood
2.1)a sense of responsibility
2)a sense of safety/security
3)a sense of inferiority
4)a sense of superiority
5)a sense of rhythm
6)a sense of justice
7)a sense of shame
8)a sense of helplessness
9)a sense of direction
10)a sense of urgency
3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to
3)diverse arguments
4)I asked my boss for clarification
5)sensitive to light
6)Mutual encouragement
7)made fun of him
8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention
10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure
2)involved
3)end
4)behavior
5)disciplining
6)agreed 7)individually
8)first
9)response
10)question
11)attempt
12)voice
13)directly
14)followed
15)trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量
我当体育编辑，最早是为蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企业导报》工作，当时我很少收到体育迷的来信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封来信把我吸引住了。2
打开来信，我看到了下面的话：“关于老虎队的述评很不错，再接再厉。”签名的是体育编辑堂?沃尔夫。当时我只是一个十几岁的小伙子（为每一竖栏写一英寸文字，稿酬总计达15美分），因此他的话最鼓舞人心了。我把这封信一直放在书桌的抽屉里，后来它的边角都卷起来了。每当我怀疑自己不是当作家的料时，重温一下堂的便笺，就又会树起信心来。3
后来，我逐渐对堂有所了解，知道给各行各业的人写快捷而鼓舞人心的便笺是他养成的习惯。他告诉我说：“当我使别人充满信心时，我也感觉好极了。”
因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75岁。电话与悼函像潮水般涌向报社，都来自于曾经得到过他激励（文字）的人们。
多年来，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他们关心别人，常写一些鼓舞人心的话语，因为我觉得，他们这样做是很有意义的。在这样一个惯于冷漠、无动于衷的世界上，这种便笺给人们带来了温暖和安慰。我们都时不时地需要鼓励，大家知道几行赞扬的话会改变一个人的一天，甚至一生。
那么，这些激励人心的便笺的作者为什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避写，是因为他们太看重人们的看法。他们担心会被误解，怕别人觉得他们自作多情或者言不由衷。还有，写也要花时间，远不如打电话方便。7
当然打电话的缺点是：说过的话留不住。而一张便笺使我们的良好意愿显得更加珍贵。便笺是白纸黑字记录在案的东西，而且我们写下的字可以反复阅读，细细品味并珍藏起来。8
尽管写便笺会多花一些时间，但一些非常忙的人也在这么做，其中包括乔治?布什。有人说，他政治上的成功在很大程度上归功于他那枝随时准备写字的笔。这是怎么回事呢？在他整个职业生涯中，每次与人们接触之后，他几乎都随后写封信，内容亲切——一句赞美之辞，一行表扬的话，或一段感谢语。他不仅写给朋友和同事，还写给萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借伞给他的人，后来收到他热情的赞扬信，感到很惊讶。
那些通常做作的公司高层经理们，其领导作风只能被形容为强硬、冷漠、脱离群众。甚至这些人也开始学习写便笺去鼓舞人心，且从中获益匪浅。唐纳德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天写便笺鼓励同事当作一件日常工作。该公司在80年代时走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功劳。“我只不过匆匆地在备忘录或信的角上写一些鼓舞人心的话，然后传递出去，”他说道。“每天最重要的一段时间，就是鼓舞那些为你工作的人的那10分钟。” 10
“太多的时候，”他发表自己的看法说，“那些我们真正喜欢的人并不知道我们是怎么看待他们的。太多的时候，我们会以为，我并没有说过什么批评的话，为什么非得去说好话呢？我们忘了，人类需要正面的肯定或鼓励——事实上，我们靠这个取得进步，获得成功！” 11
怎样才能写出振奋精神、温暖人心的信呢？只要我们怀有要表示感激之情的心愿。写这种便笺的高手都具有我所谓的 “４S”技巧。12
１）真诚(sincere)。没人要听虚假的赞美。
２）简短(short)。如果不能用三句话表达出你的意思，你很可能过火了，写得太长。14
３）具体(specific)。赞扬一位业务伙伴 “演讲精彩”太笼统含糊；告诉他“关于沃伦?巴菲特的投资策略讲得很精彩”才是一语中的。
４）自然(spontaneous)。这使得便笺充满了生气，洋溢着热情，并使读者的心灵长久地感受这种生气和热情。
当你非得到处找写信用品时，写出来的东西就难以自然，因此我总是把纸、信封和邮票放在手边，甚至在旅行时也是如此。信封信笺不需要很花哨，重要的是要表达的思想。17
那么，你周围又有谁值得你写便笺表示感谢或鼓励呢？一位邻居？为你服务的那位图书馆管理员？一位亲戚？你的市长？你的伙伴？一位教师？你的医生？你不必富有诗意。如果你需要一个写的理由，就找一个生活中的重要事件，例如你们共同参加的某个特殊事件的周年纪念日、生日或者节日。例如，过去的25年里，我总是为远方的朋友每年准备一张圣诞卡，而且常常在上面亲笔写上一句感谢或祝贺的话。鉴于圣诞节的氛围，就一年来所取得的成功与得到的好运特意表示谢忱似乎是最恰到好处的。18
不要吝啬你的赞美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聪明的”、“最漂亮的”这种最高级的表达法——使大家都感到高兴。即使你的赞美之词稍稍超前了一点也没关系，记住，梦想的实现往往孕育于期望之中。
今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神导师诺曼?文森特?皮尔的一封温暖的赞扬信。这张小小的便笺上满是鼓舞人心的词句，这促使我坐到了打字机前来完成几封我早就该写的信。我不知道这些信会不会使别人的一天别有意义，但是，对我自己确实如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃尔夫所说的：使别人充满信心，也就使我自己感觉很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words
STEP ONE:
Column A
Column B
The compound words created through
day
throughout up
man
upbeat, uplift draw
eared
drawback teen
ready
teenage hand
conscious
handout, handwritten birth
back
birthday, birthstone chair
distance
chairman rag
beat
rag-eared ever
lift
ever-ready over
age
overdue, overage
long
due
long-distance, long-eared self
stone
self-conscious mile
out
mileage, milestone type
wishing
typewriter, typewritten well
writer/written
well-wishing, well-written
STEP TWO:
1)long-distance
2)upbeat
3)ever-ready
4)overdue
5)typewriter
6)milestone
7)handwritten
8)uplifted
9)self-conscious
10)rag-eared 11)birthday
12)throughout
13)drawbacks
14)chairman
15)teenage
2.1)A.intrigued
v.interest
B.intrigue
n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power
2)A.straining
v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength
B.strain
n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something
3)A.savor
n.taste;flavor
B.savored
v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can
4)A.treasure
v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable
B.treasure
n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited
v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit
n.trust;faith 6)A.boost
n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up
B.boost
v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note
n.a short, usually informal, letter
B.noted
v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed
v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it
B.sign
n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled
v.come to a certain amount
B.total
n.the whole amount
10)A.stuffed
v.fill something with a substance
B.stuff
n.substance or material
11)A.count
n.the number that is reached when something is being counted
B.count
v.be important
12)A.last
v.manage to remain in the same situation
B.last
n.the remaining part of something
13)A.complimented
v.express praise or admiration of somebody
B.compliment
n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood
n.a large number or amount
B.flooding
v.arrive in large numbers
15)A.contact
n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact
v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives
2)strategy
3)annual
4)deserve
5)spontaneous
6)sincere
7)investments
8)enterprise
9)follow up
10)characterized 11)lingered
12)acknowledged
4.column: 1)D
2)A
3)B
4)C
tough: 1)D
2)B
3)E
4)F
5)C
6)A 5.1)A.complementary
B.complimentary
C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery
B.stationary
C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist
B.typewriter
C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar
B.vague
C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad
B.pat
C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something
6)A.own
B.owed
C.owes
D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given
2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched
2)clever
3)solution
4)wasted
5)tolerate
6)hidden
7)dumb
8)subject
9)noise
10)extra
11)purchased
12)replaced 13)appreciation
14)hurried
15)warrant
16)strange
Unit 3 从文化角度看性别角色
在过去的几十年里，已经无数次地证实了这样一个事实：构成男子阳刚之气和女子阴柔之气的各种不同类型的行为、情感、和兴趣都既是遗传又是文化熏陶的结果。在成长的过程中，每个孩子学会了细微的行为举止，数量之多数以百计，这一切都带有文化的烙印，成了他们性别特征的一部分。有些行为举止是直接学到的。也就是说，别人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的规矩, 女有女的标准。另一些跟性别有关的具体举止是无意识地或间接地学会的，因为文化为女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目标以及成人的榜样各不相同。2
例如，最近对美国公立学校的一项研究显示，在教育中存在一种男孩比女孩更受偏爱的文化偏见。据研究人员反映，这种偏爱是无意的、不知不觉的，但它确实存在，并每年都在影响着数百万计学生的生活。为了研究在教育中存在的性别偏爱，戴维?赛德克博士和迈拉?赛德克博士夫妇录制了教师在课堂上课的情形。他们的研究显示，许多自认为无性别偏爱的教师惊奇地发现，从录像带上看他们竟是那么偏心。从幼儿园到研究生课程，都可以看到教师们请男生回答问题的次数远比女生多。这对学习过程有着巨大的影响，因为总的来说，那些积极的课堂活动参与者对学习更加乐观有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事实上，在20世纪60年代末期，当美国东北部多所最好的女子学院向男生开放之后，教授们和女学生们都发现男孩们正在“接管”课堂讨论，而女生积极参与的程度则明显下降。近年来，在法学院和医学院的课堂上也发现了类似的情况：与男生相比女生处于次要的地位。
赛德克夫妇所做的研究显示，教师有时候会按照固有的性别模式给女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任务，这样便不知不觉地使女孩子不能像男孩子一样积极地参与。例如，有位教师在给幼儿园的孩子上自然科学课时，不断地让小男孩去操作科学“实验”，而让女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用课堂材料动手操作是早期教育的一个重要方面，这些女孩子就这样被剥夺了重要的学习经历，这会影响到她们今后的整个人生。
美国教师中一个具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅长数学和自然科学，这些学科都是“难懂的”、“适合于男性的”，而女孩会在语言和阅读技能上比男孩强。这是教育中性别偏见的另一种表现。结果美国的男孩们确实在阅读上出了问题，而在数学方面女孩尽管在九岁以前一直比男孩强，但此后却落在了他们后面。这成了预言自我应验的一个例子。然而这些特征是文化造成的，而非遗传的原因。例如，在德国，读书学习都被看作是“适合于男性的”，于是在阅读上有问题的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性别，女孩和男孩在阅读上就旗鼓相当。
在教育过程中对女孩和男孩的不同态度始于家庭。例如，有一项研究显示了这样一种情况：让学龄前儿童看一幢房子的图片，然后要他们说出家里允许他们走开多远，这时男孩所指的范围要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范围很有限，而且离家很近。女孩们不像男孩那样受到鼓励去发展求知欲和动手能力，尽管这些正是与外部世界打交道时有用的；对女孩灌输的结果是：对自己家外面的世界充满了恐惧，且期望别人对自己的优良品格和循规蹈矩的服从精神加以认可。这类教诲从家庭一直延续到课堂。于是，在课堂里我们常常可以看到女孩们更依赖教师，更注重作业的形式和整洁而非内容，更在乎她们所给的答案是否“正确”而不在乎智力方面的独立自主以及分析能力和创造能力的提高。教育过程占据了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分时间，社会则通过这一过程加强了它固有的价值观，并按其传统的、期望的模式造就了不同性别的人。Vocabulary
1.1)genetic
2)assign
3)noticeably
4)approved
5)Bias
6)deprived
7)constituted
8)participation
9)unintentional
10)postgraduate
2.conscious – unconscious
positive – negative
encourage – discourage
superior – inferior
directly – indirectly
biased – fair
sexist –
nonsexist
limited – unlimited
dependent – independent
appropriately – inappropriately
3.1)C
2)D
3)A
4)E
5)B
6)C
7)F
8)B 4.1)turn out
2)carry over
3)calling on
4)put away
5)fallen behind
6)take over Unit 4 关于创造力的培养——鼓励孩子思考
教育界和商业界的专家们说, 具有创造性是通向光明前程的关键。本文将介绍一下学校和家长如何才能鼓励孩子发展这一至关重要的能力。
如果1925年迪克?德鲁听从了他老板的意见，也许我们就不会有遮护胶带这种用品
了。现在我们几乎离不开它。德鲁当时就职于“明尼苏达制造和矿业公司”，通常称为3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一种用于胶带有黏性那面的物质，黏性很强，能使物体粘在一起。但是老板却不让他做进一步的研究。最后德鲁只好利用自己的时间改进了这种胶带。这种胶带现已被人们广泛使用。而他原来工作过的3M公司也从自己的失误中吸取了教训：现在该公司鼓励员工抽出15%的工作时间专门用来开动脑筋搞创新。
现在这种策略已被越来越多的公司所采用，而且全国各地的专家认为，对待孩子也应仿效这种做法，无论是在家里还是在学校。他们认为，如果我们教育孩子进行创造性思维，他们就能在明天的社会中更好地发挥作用。
受益于创造性的不只限于音乐和艺术领域。能取得成功的学生和成人都是那些会寻求各种办法解决问题的人。
创造性并非与生俱来，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一个人智力高并不意味着他必然能创造性地发挥才智。创造性是指能利用已有的资源想出新点子，而这些点子有助于解决某方面的问题。
遗憾的是，学校还没有想到要促使学生发挥创造性。许多教育者十分看重考试分数，强调阅读、写作和数学能力，往往因追求正确的答案而牺牲了对创造性的培养。其结果是，孩子们能够反馈所学的知识，却不知道如何灵活地应用知识。比如，他们可能熟记乘法表，却不会用它来解决数学应用题。
然而，在有些学校里，教育者们正逐渐认识到这一问题，并致力于研究能启发学生创造性的新的教学方法。一些教师把基础知识和要求学生发挥想象力的活动结合起来。比如，教师不再简单地问学生哥伦布何时发现了新大陆，他们可能让学生思考如果哥伦布首先到达的不是加勒比地区而是纽约，情况会是如何。要回答这一问题，学生必须应用自己掌握的关于哥伦布、纽约和加勒比地区的知识。教师们认为即便学生的回答会很可笑，也毫无关系，这也许是通向创造性的重要一步。专家认为，在课堂以及在家里，必须允许孩子们有些荒唐的念头。家长和教师们则有责任和孩子共同努力，使那些念头成为切实可行的建议。最好的办法是通过提问来鼓励孩子，同时对他们的想法和新点子表示赞赏。专家认为必须创造一个可以自由发挥创造力的氛围，一个尊重和赞赏而不是鄙视或不理会荒诞想法的环境。
在家里，家长可以做一些鼓励孩子发挥创造力的事情。如果遇到合适的问题，家长可以就该问题征求孩子的意见，让他们参与决策。家长可以帮助孩子了解不同的决策将会带来的各种后果。家长还应鼓励孩子大声谈论他们正在做的事情。思维能力和语言能力是紧密相关的。大声地谈论有助于提高语言能力和思维能力。
具有幽默感对于开发孩子的创造力也非常重要。当家长表现出幽默时，孩子们就看到了最地道的创造性。从本质上看，幽默跨越了常规界限，打破了固有模式。要创造往往也得如此。
给孩子一些选择的余地也很重要。应该允许孩子自己做决定并清楚其后果，要让孩子从尽可能早的年龄开始这样做。做决定有助于培养思维能力，即便只是在午餐的两种食物的选择上做决定也行。随着孩子慢慢长大，家长应让孩子自己做主支配时间或金钱；当他们作出错误的决定时，不要不假思索地给予过多的帮助。这种做法可能会使孩子迷惑不解，但这没有关系。因为富有创造力的人有很强的动力，使他们能够从混乱中创造秩序。这是他们的一个最重要的特点。Vocabulary
1.1)confused, confusion
2)intelligence, intelligent
3)humorous, humor
4)strategy, strategic
5)motivated, motivation
6)combination, combined
7)creation, creative
8)pursuit, pursuing
9)multiplication, multiply
10)employ, employment
2.1)perfected
2)approaching
3)value
4)functions
5)approach
6)perfect
7)honor
8)function
9)honor
10)value 3.1)dismiss
2)consequences
3)promoting
4)applies
5)vital
6)scorned
7)conventional
8)original
4.1)consciously
2)innovative
3)unconsciously
4)determines
5)Imagination 6)aware
7)control
8)created
9)extension
10)technique
11)vulnerable
12)unfolding
13)joyful
14)gain
15)Apply Unit 6 风险与你
在说不定的某个时候，我们大家都曾充当过疑病症患者的角色,只凭一些轻微的症状便怀疑自己得了某种可怕的病。有的人只要一听说一种新的疾病，就会去检查，看自己是否可能患了这种病。然而，对疾病的恐惧并非我们唯一的恐惧。同样，患病的危险也并非我们唯一会遇上的危险。现代生活中充满了各种各样的威胁，诸如对我们生命的威胁，对我们平和心境的威胁，对我们家人的威胁，对我们未来的威胁。从而产生了好些问题，我们不得不问自己：我买的食品安全吗？给孩子们的玩具会伤害他们吗？我们家的人是不是不该吃熏肉？我度假时会不会遭抢劫？我们的疑虑就无休止地增加。2
对生活中风险的担忧与疑病症有相似之处；二者的恐惧或忧虑皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之间也存在一个明显的差别。疑病症患者通常可以求助于医生，以便澄清疑虑——要么你得了你所怀疑的疾病，要么你没得。但当涉及到其它形式的风险时，事情就要困难得多，因为对许多风险来说，情况并不那么简单。
风险几乎总是一个可能性的问题而无确定性可言。你也许会问：“我该不该系安全带？”如果你坐的车要与其它车正面相撞，那当然该系安全带。倘若你的车侧面被撞，结果你被困在车里，又因安全带装置遭破坏而无法挣脱，那怎么办呢？这是否意味着你该再花些钱在车内安一个保险气袋呢？同样，在正面相撞的情况下，保险气袋完全可以救你一命。但是，万一正当你在高速公路上开车时，保险气袋突然意外充气膨胀，从而导致了本来绝不会发生的事故，那又该如何是好？ 4
上面说的这一切，只是从另一角度说明我们所做的事没有一件是百分之百安全的。有些风险——常常是潜在的重大风险——与我们的每个业余爱好、所做的每项工作、所吃的每种食物有关，换句话说，与所进行的任何活动有关。但我们又不能，也不该因危险存在于我们将要做的每件事，而变成战战兢兢的神经症患者。有些活动是比其它活动更危险。关键在于要让自己了解相应的风险，然后相机行事。5
例如，两车相撞时，大车总的说来要比小车安全些。可究竟能安全多少呢？答案是这样：在一起严重的车祸中坐小车丧生的可能性是坐大车的两倍左右。然而，大车通常比小车贵（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此给环境带来了更大的风险！）。那么我们该怎样确定什么时候值得为降低风险增加花费呢？例如，避免风险最保险的做法也许是去买一辆坦克或装甲车，从而把撞车时死亡或受伤的风险降到最小。然而，即便你买得起，这笔额外的费用以及忍受坦克或装甲车所带来的不便是否值得呢？
在我们尚不知所涉及的风险程度之前，我们还无法回答这些问题。那么，我们该如何去衡量风险程度呢？有些人似乎认为答案只不过是一个简单的数字。例如，我们知道每年大约有25,000 人死于车祸。相比之下，每年只有大约300人死于矿山事故和灾难。这难道就意味着乘坐汽车要比采矿危险得多吗？未必。事实是，在美国每年大约有两亿人经常性地以车代步；而大概只有70万人从事采矿作业。我们评估一种风险时，所需要的有关数字是一个比率或分数。该分数的分子告诉我们在某个特定时期由于从事某种特定活动而丧生或受伤的人数；其分母告诉我们在这一时期从事这种活动的总人数。这样，所有的风险程度都是由比率或分数表示，其大小介于0（无风险）到1（完全风险）之间。7
通过把所有风险都简化为这种比率或分数，我们便可以开始比较不同种类的风险，如比较采矿与乘坐汽车。这个比率越大，也就是说它越接近1，那么有关活动的风险就越大。在刚才讨论的例子中，我们可以用每一活动中死亡的人数除以参与该活动的总人数，从而找出汽车旅行与采煤的相对安全性。此处，我们可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽车旅行的风险是每一万人中大约有一人丧生；而就采矿而言，其危险程度是每一万矿工中大约有四人死亡。所以，尽管在车祸中丧生的人远比采矿要多，其实后者的风险是前者的四倍。这些比率使我们能够对毫不相干的活动或情形的危险性加以比较，即便差别如苹果与橘子那样大也能比较。如果你反对冒险，你就会选择风险比率较小的活动。如果你无所畏惧，那么你往往会对高比率不太在乎，除非它们大得令人难以承受。
我们一旦明白了风险是永远无法从任何情况中完全去除的，因而就没有绝对安全的事，我们也就会明白问题的关键不是要彻底避免风险，而是要理智地管理风险。风险管理需要两大要素：常识以及与我们可能要承担的风险的性质和程度相关的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 机器
mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character
2)end up
3)Rarely
4)casual
5)risky
6)all manner of
7)inform
8)sensible
9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of
2)all manner of
3)feed on
4)reduce…to
5)end up
6)associated with
7)focus on
8)turned to
9)participate in
10)involved in
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