中科院研究生院英语A作文总结

第一篇：中科院研究生院英语A作文总结

第一段：Over the past few years, XX has become the most popular ~~in china.It is estimated that …

There is no doubt that XX have play an increasing important role in modern society.However, its ~~is no small matter at all.或:Amid fierce competition on ~~/(job markets), ~~/(a desirable job)is the utmost concern of many graduates.If I have to make a choice between XX and XX, I would rather choose the former.第二段：To start with, ~~~

Despite the lack of compelling evidence,(…)is believed to ~~.So XX should avoid/X doing …whenever possible.或：the first reason for my choice is that …

Over the past two years, getting employed ~~ has become increasingly difficult for someone.第三段：Moreover(/Secondly), ~~ has become an overwhelming … for someone, who are likely to do …, and …;Excessive use of … is not only ~~, but … 或者~~ have difficulty providing for /doing …, which is why I’m reluctant to add to their trouble by doing ~~.第四段：Last but not least, … With ~~, I can pursue … when I … ~~ is closely related to … In this way, I can enhance ~~

第五段：There are other negative effects to ~~

However, we have to admit that its benefits outweigh its harm.What counts is to use it properly in order to ensure your mental and physical health.或:This is why I prefer to … However, what’s said above doesn’t mean that ~~are of little importance.或：So, we can come to conclusion that the new policy contributes to relieving the pressure of population age, improving the ability of children to communicate with others and enhancing the stability of society.So, why not to endorse the new policy?

第二篇：专访中科院研究生院招生办主任高随祥

2013年考研大战已经开始，很多考生再为报考那个学校而发愁。为此，《求学.考研》联合跨考教育推出了“专访考研院校招生办老师”的专题活动，以下是中科院研究生院招生办主任高随祥介绍中科院考研的相关信息。

记者《求学.考研》：高主任您好！中科院研究生院作为一所专业培养硕士研究生及博士研究生的科研院所，每年的报考、录取情况如何？

高随祥：中科院硕士研究生每年的报考人数接近2万人，博士的报考人数为1万人左右。2011年，中科院共招收硕士生7272人，博士生5520人。其中硕士生中有2683人是通过推免方式录取的。中科院的硕士生整体录取率大概是2.7:1，个别热门的专业如心理学、控制科学与工程、化学工程与技术、环境科学与工程、药学、数学、信息与通信工程等学科，其报名录取比要高一些，达到3:1以上。地处西部地区的研究所如西安、云南、成都、贵州、兰州、新疆等地，报名录取比低于2:1。北京、上海、广州、南京地区也有一部分研究所报名录取比不足2:1，如空间科学与应用研究中心、理化技术研究所、力学研究所、上海技术物理研究所、上海天文台、声学研究所东海研究站、广州地球化学研究所、南海海洋研究所、南京天文光学技术研究所、南京地质古生物研究所等。中科院的博士生整体报名录取比大概是

2.1:1。

《求学.考研》记者：导师欣赏哪些类型的学生？他们身上都有哪些特质？

高随祥：既聪明又踏实的学生是每个导师都喜欢的。聪明就是他悟性很好，一点就通。但是这样的学生可遇而不可求。悟性与先天因素有关，但也可以通过后期培养训练得到补充，不过这不是一两天能培养出来的，至少要从中小学就开始接受训练了。科学院这个环境下，我们也做过一些分析，有大成果的大科学家到底是什么样的？我们现在大概有个倾向性的意见，就是聪明但不踏实的学生，心思太活没法专注，那么一般不会在学术上有大的成果出来。踏实就是他能坐的住，心不是浮的，比较专注，不会这山望见那山高。再有就是你让他做什么事，他能认认真真、老老实实的去完成，持之以恒。认真、专注、踏实、勤奋，这样的品质是科研工作最重要的。如果没有既聪明又踏实的特质，导师一般会偏重更踏实一点的学生。另一个重要的品质就是对专业的热爱，有的学生根本不知道自己到底喜欢什么，兴趣点在哪里，这样就很难有追求的目标和动力。能力方面主要还有自主学习的能力、逻辑思维的能力、与人交往的能力等等。

“社会环境要改变，要从事科研成为被羡慕和敬仰的职业！”结束了对高教授的采访，他的这句话，让我们不禁反思，这不仅是整个社会需要思考的问题，也是我们每个人都需要认真思考的。科学技术是第一生产力，科教强盛才能兴国。每一个做研究的人，都是值得敬仰的，向那些奋战于科研一线的人们致敬！。

《求学.考研》记者：都说考中科院的研究生不会有学费上的压力，是不是我们的奖学金待遇非常好？中科院接收保送生的比例有多大？

高随祥：中科院除了工商管理硕士、软件工程硕士等一部分专业学位硕士，以及定向和委托培养的研究生外，其他硕士和博士研究生都不收取学费。中科院给博士研究生的奖学金待遇每个月是2800元的标准，有些研究所可以给到3000多元。硕士生一般第一年是每月800元，第二年每月有1000元。除此之外，中科院还设有多种冠名奖学金。

保送主要是指优秀本科生推荐免试为硕士研究生。中科院自己没有推免生，推免接收的都是其他高校具有推免资格的优秀本科生。而且，不是只接收985和211院校的本科学生。只要有推免资格的院校的优秀学生都欢迎，都可以进行推免。到北京以外的研究所申请推荐

免试的竞争激烈程度相对来说会小一些，具体的推免情况，大家可以查看各个研究所在官方网站上公布的信息。

《求学.考研》记者：就您个人而言，您觉得自己人生最有意义的经历是哪一段？

高随祥：念硕士和博士期间，是我觉得人生最有意义的一段经历。这段时间的锻炼对后来是非常有帮助的，基本上奠定了后来的工作基础。那时候读研究生的人大多都是确确实实是想学东西，想提高自己的能力，因此专注于自己的专业。我认为专业无所谓好坏，学任何一个专业只要你喜欢，有钻研的精神，踏踏实实去做，一样都能成功。如果这山望见那山高，接触了不少学科，但是所有学科都学的蜻蜓点水一般，那不见得就是综合素质高。综合素质不是学了好多东西，而每一样都是皮毛。做学问能否取得成功有两样事最重要，一是兴趣，另一个是专注，其次才是方法和技巧。希望现在的学生无论是选专业、做学问、还是找工作，都不要太功利，不要只看到眼前。

第三篇：中科院考博英语作文材料

Kobe Bryant can be a good case of how diligence works in our life.When asked by one of his friends that what is the secret of his success, he replied with humor and implication that，“Do you know how Los Angeles looks like at 4 o'clock AM ? I know.”Obviously, how could he, one of the greatest basketball players throughout the history of mankind who was once deemed not appropriate for playing basketball, have achieved unprecedented success in NBA without diligence ?

科比.布莱恩特是一个证明勤奋是如何起作用的很好的例子。当被他的一个好朋友问到他成功的秘诀的时候，他幽默而又意义深远地回答到：“你知道洛杉矶凌晨四点的样子吗？我知道。”很明显，这位曾经被认为不太适合打篮球的、人类历史上最伟大的篮球运动员之一的科比，如果没有勤奋的话，怎么可能在美职篮获得史无前例的成功呢？

Thomas Edison，one of the greatest inventors and entrepreneurs throughout the history of mankind, could be best case of how persistence works in the course of pursuing success.Just imagine, having experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts, how could he have succeeded in inventing the first electric lamp and changed the world without persistence?

人类历史上最伟大的发明家、企业家之一的爱迪生就是坚持如何在追求成功的过程中起作用的最好的例子。试想一下，如果没有坚持，他如何能够在经历了数以千计的失败的尝试后依旧不放弃，直至最后发明出第一盏点灯并改变全世界呢？

To further illustrate the importance of being patient, I would like to take Thomas Edison as a case in point: as one of the greatest inventors throughout the history of mankind who experienced thousands of times of unsuccessful attempts in the course of scientific inquiry, how could he have invented the first electric lamp and changed the world without patience and persistence ?

为了进一步证明能够耐心的重要性，我想以托马斯.爱迪生作为例子：作为人类历史上最为的、在科学探索中经历数以千次的失败尝试的发明家，如果没有耐心和坚持，他如何能够发明出第一盏电灯并且改变世界？

Besides, surveys conducted by some biographers have also demonstrated that almost all of the great men and celebrities have built their mansion of success on the bedrock of adversities.Take Georgia Washiton, one of the greatest founding fathers of the United States of America, as a case in point：to break away from the British Empire and became an independent country，he led the American War of Independence.However，problems and challenges such as inexperience of war, adverse weather condition, shortage of ammunition and smallbox arose.Confronted with such an adversity, he became more mature and composed, and then won the Revolutionary War finally through his courage and wisdom resulted from supassing adversity.而且，由一些传记作者展开的调查也已经发现，几乎所有的伟大的人物和名人都将自己成功的大厦建立在逆境的基石上。以美国最伟大的开国之父之一乔治亚.华盛顿为例，为了脱离英国的殖民统治，建立一个独立的国家，他领导了美国独立战争。但却遇到了诸如战争经验不足、气候条件恶劣、弹药不足及天花肆虐等各种问题和挑战。面对这样的逆境，华盛顿变得更加成熟镇定，并最终用自己战胜逆境的勇气和智慧，赢得了这场战争的最后胜利。

Honesty can be a more noble quality than intelligence,abilities and anything you can learn from books.George Washington，one of the most influential founding fathers of US, was not only famous for his wisdom, courage and political talent，but also his honesty.When he was a little boy, out of curiosity he chopped down the cherry tree planted by his father.Confronted with his father's query，he did not lie to him but admitted his fault frankly.Then, his father exclaimed with gratification，“an honest boy is more valuable than one thousand trees!”

诚实甚至是比智慧、能力和任何你能从书上学到的知识更为高尚的品质。美国开国之父乔治亚华盛顿，不仅以他的智慧、勇敢和政治才能闻名，更以诚实为人闻名。在小的时候，他曾经砍掉了父亲栽种的一株樱桃树，面对父亲的询问，他没有撒谎，而是诚实地承认了自己的行为。他的父亲感叹：“一个诚实的孩子胜过一千株樱桃树”！

Jeremy Lin, one of the most famous Chinese American basketball players, can be a good case of how confidence works in the course of pursuing success.He was once a common and little-known player at Harvard University.When fell on his evil days and became homeless, he could only live in his friends' home and sleep on the sofa.Without confidence and diligence, how could he have distinguished himself from other excellent players and achieved unprecedented success in NBA?

作为最著名的华裔篮球运动员之一的林书豪就是证明自信在追求成功的过程中是如何起作用的最好的例子。他曾经只是哈佛大学校队的一名普通运动员，落魄的时候，无家可归，甚至只能住在朋友的家里。如果没有强大的自信心和自身的努力，他怎么可能在高手如林的美职篮赛场上脱颖而出并且最终取得史无前例的成功呢？

第四篇：中科院研究生院2014年研究生提高奖助力度

中科院研究生院2014年研究生提高奖助力度 2013-08-23 10:20

中国科学院研究生院2014年硕士研究生招生简章已发布，从中国科学院大学研究生处获悉，2014硕士和博士研究生招生将按照国家规定进行研究生教育投入机制改革，对新入学研究生收取学费，同时将完善研究生奖助政策体系，提高优秀在学研究生的奖助力度。由毕业研究生自行联系用人单位，按毕业生与用人单位“双向选择”的方式，落实就业去向。定向或委托培养硕士生毕业后按培养协议到定向或委托单位就业。

国科学院大学隶属于中国科学院，由设在北京的校本部、分处全国各地的120个研究所共同组成，是一个以北京为中心、联系和覆盖全国的教育实体。校本部负责统一组织和管理中国科学院系统各科研院所的招生和培养工作，各研究院所是研究生招生的具体实施单位。中国科学院拥有一大批学术造诣深厚的学术带头人和导师队伍，有处于国际学术前沿和国家战略需求的研究项目、良好的科研条件、广泛的国内外学术交流途径以及鼓励创新的文化环境，在理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、哲学、教育学、文学、经济学等学科门类的众多领域具有明显的学科优势。

中国科学院大学学位授予专业涉及哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学10大学科门类覆盖了53个一级学科，遍布各地的研究生培养单位拥有3个国家实验室、88个国家重点实验室、143个中国科学院重点实验室、12个国家工程研究中心、18个国家工程技术研究中心，并设有100多个博士后科研流动站。中国科学院大学现有在学研究生3.8万余名，其中博士研究生约占50%。

中国科学院大学学位授予专业涉及10大学科门类，拥有一级学科博士学位授权点39个，二级学科博士学位授权点166个，另有“电子与信息”领域工程博士专业学位授权。还拥有应用统计硕士、应用心理硕士、翻译硕士、农业推广硕士、药学硕士、工程硕士、工程管理硕士、工商管理硕士8个类别专业学位授权点，其中工程硕士专业学位授权的领域22个。遍布各地的研究生培养单位拥有3个国家实验室、84个国家重点实验室、143个中国科学院重点实验室、12 个国家工程研究中心、19个国家工程技术研究中心，并设有169个博士后科研流动站。中国科学院大学现有在学研究生3.96万余名，其中博士研究生约占 49%。

2014年共有121个研究所、14个院系招收硕士学位研究生，计划在哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学10 大学科门类的200余个专业招收硕士研究生7600余名(其中含全日制专业学位硕士研究生1700余名，少数民族高层次骨干人才计划200余名)。

第五篇：中科院考博英语

考博英语范文总结十篇

一、Television Program and Their Effect on children

Television programs regularly entertain, educate, effect and even frighten the majority of our children.Most children are allowed to watch whatever program is on, with little thought on the effect that particular show will have on a child.Most programs can be classed as beneficial or harmful, according to what effect the program might have on a child.The beneficial television programs are mainly thouse that educate the young.There are often specials on animal life.A few regular children’s programs develop the child’s interest in school-type learning by stressing numbers and the alphablt, and that encourages him or her to be creative.The beneficial commercials, such as those on anti-smoking, anti-litter, and health, should be included in this category.On the opposite side are the shows, which are generally harmful to children.Many commercials, especially those sponsoring the children’s programs, are deliberately written to create a desire for an unnecessary product such as sugar coated cereals and candy.All adult programs that include violence or sex scenes can at best fill a child’s mind with confusing or misleading ideas, and could possib ly harden the child to violence.Thoughtful parents will definitely not allow their children to view the bad programs.A child’s viewing time should be limited to watching educationlly benefical programs.二、―The younger generaton knows best‖

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were.The same comments is made from generation to generation and it is always true.It has never been truer than ti is today.The young are better educated.They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents.They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideas of their elders.Events, which the older generation remembers vividly, are nothing more than past history.This is as it should be.Every new generation is different from the one preceded it.Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume thaty they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer.They don’t like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened.And this precisely what the young are doing.They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency.They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds.What they reject more than anything is conformity.Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery.Wouldn’t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab grey suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solven their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can anything be right with the rat —race? Haven’t the old lost touch with all that is important in life?

There are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly.Their record over the past forty years or so hasn’t been exactly spotless.Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guilance.Today, the situation might reversed.The old—if they are prepared to admit it — could learn a thing or two from their children.One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not ―sinful‖.Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life.It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure to shed restricting inhibitions.It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future.This emphasis on the present is only to be expressed because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the constant threat of complete annihilation.This is their glorious heritage.Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it ?

三、How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big Cities

With the development of modern industryu, more and more people are flowing into big cities.Accordingly, the housing problem in big cities is becoming more and more serious.People have offered many solutions to this problem.I think building satellite cities in the suburbs is more practical.The fresh air and beautiful secnery in the suburbs will be appealing to the city citizens, who suffer from air pollution, noises, etc.in the overcrowded city.With more people leaving the city, more space will be available for those remaining.The housinmg problem in big cities will thus be solved.四、Public Transportation

As part of domestic modernization, public transportation needs to be developed urgently in China.I can illustrate some examples.There does not only exist serious traffic jams but also crowded buses, underground and railways.Commuters find it hard to get to work on time due to overcrowded buses or tubes.Travelers could hardly get on buses in big cities during weedends owing to fewer buses and more people.When Spring Festival is drawing near, there is much greater –ressure on public transportation since it has to deal with a large number of travelers rushing home.And travelers need special arrangements to go home.In a word, public transportation has become bottleneck to the advanc of Chinese economy.To solve the above-mentioned problems, the departments concerned should carry out the following steps: to build more roads, highways or railways and to add buses or trains to the original lines.But ther funds have to be raised both from the government and the public.There are three sources for fund raising.One is to raise the fares for all kinds of all transportation vehicles.Another is to increase the prices for various vehicles on sale.The third is to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money to raise the prices of petrol and diesel oiil in addtion to the governmental funds.If all this money collected is used to improve transportation services, the situation will be bettered and favorable.The third step to take is to introduce new technology in order to raise the efficiency of vehicles.For instance, the speed of trains can be increased as much as two times so that two times as many people can be held.In this way, the pressure on public transportation can be dramatically alleviated.So in a word, we need to introduce new technology to raise the speed of vehicles while having built even wider roads and added more efficient trains and huses.五、Human Education

The other day, a professor from Peking University gave a lecture ―Chinese Intellectuals and Written Cultural Text‖.In his lecture, he held that Chinese intellectuals have lost the written cultural text since the May 4th movement.His opinion set us thinking that the loss of traditional humane education resulted in a crisis of cultural education.With the rapid development of economy, the living standard of the Chinese people has improved a lot in terms of material wealth.In a period when economics take priority, people pay more aned more attention to profit.At present, moneymaking and pleasure seeking are becoming a popular fashion.On the other hand, there appears a barren field of spirit in today’s society.It has become unexpectedly hard to rebuild the paradise of traditional culture.Ideological confusion, moral decline and a chaotic cultural market, all this shows that it is the high time to have something done in order to tackle the problem of cultural orientation.Our times call for an ideal humane education.It is unwise to discard traditional Chinese culture as a whole.Some of the elements of this culture can be made use of in the reconstruction of our spiritual civilizaiton directly or wit5h some adaptation.Our attitude towards tradition should be ―discarding the dross and selecting the essence‖.The humane education of the past can serve as a supplement to our Marxist education.It should start from primary school.In this way, our children will get educated so as to be possessed of a perfect personality.The national morale will be deeply rooted in people’s mind, and will help push forward the growth of economy.To sum up, we can find it badly necessary to build up an ideal humane education.We should find an efficient way to develop our humane education and dig out5 more resources form traditional Chinese culture.六、Criticism on Television

A lot of people believe that television has a harmful effect on chldren.A few years ago, the same criticisms were made of the cinema.But although child psychoilogists have spent a great deal of time studying his problem, there is not much evidence that television brings about teenager’s crimes.For people in the modern worlds share the views of parents a hundred years ago.In those days, writers for children carefully avoided any reference to sex in their books, but had not inhibitions about including scenes of violence.The evidence collected suggests, however, that neither the subject, nor the action in itself frightens children.The context in which cruely or violence occurs is much more important.A good guide to what is psychologically healthy for a small child is therefore provided by a television series in which a boy and a girl are supposed to be exploring distant planets with their parents.In each story, they encounter strange monsters and find themselves in dangerous situations but the parents are reassuring and sensible, as a child’s paprents should be in real life.There is an adult character who is a coward and liar, but both the children are brave and , of course, every story ends happily.In my view, children should be exposed to the problems of real life as soon as possible, but they cannont help seeing these through news programs.When they are being entertained, the healthiest atmosphere is one which the hero and heroine are children like themselves who behave naturally and confidently in any situation.七、he ony thing people are interesed in today is earing more money

Once upon a time there lived a beautiful young woman and a handsome young man.They were very poor, but as they were deeply in love, they wanted to get married.The young people’s parents shook their heads.―You can’t get married yet.‖ They said.Wait till you get a good job with good prospects.So the young people waited until they found good jobs with good prospects and they were able to get married.They were still poor, of course, they didn’t have a house to live in or any furniture, but that did’t matter.They young man had a good job with good prospects, so large organizations lent him the money he needed to buy a house, some furniture, all the latest electrical appliances and a car.The couple lived happily ever after paying off debts for the rest of their lves.And so ends another modern romantic fable.We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earlist years to be acquistive.Our possessions, yours and mine are clearly labeled from early childhood.When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surpise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn.We spend the whole of ourlives keeping up with our neighbors, the Joneses.If we buy a new television set , Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one.If we buy a new car, we can be sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars: one for his wife and one for himself.The most amusing thing about this game is that Joneses and all the neighbors who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc.It is not only affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money.Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever.The wheels of industry must be kept turning.Built-in obsolescence provides the means;goods are made to be discarded.Cars get tinnier and tinnier.You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education.Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake.Every course of studies must lead somewhere.i.e.to a bigger wage packet.The demand for skilled personnel for exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them.Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the highest bidder.The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens.While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richers and the poor, poorer.八、Communication and Language

One of the first things we think about when we hear the word communication language.There are thousands of languages spoken around the world today.In fact, linguistis say that there may be as many as 10000.Speaking with others is an important means of communication, but we can also communicate without using words, that is by nonverbal communication.Nonverbal communication includes voice quality, eyes movement, facial expression and body movements such as gestures and change in body position.But many people do not realize that everyone uses nonverbal communication.Sometimes, we ―say‖ more with our face and gestures that we do with our voices.Books, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, are other means of communication.Today we can also communicate over long distance with the help of communications satellites.Some scientists say that soon machines will be developed for sending message through the earth.The technology necessary to build these machines is very complex.But the language we speak every day is much more complex than the most modern communication technology.九、Cooperation Goes with Competition

In our times, cooperation and competition spread over the world.Both of them speed up the wheel of economy and enrich the intelligence of mankind.It is possible to accomplish a complicated program by only one person now.As we know, the more cooperation a company depends on, the more efficient it will become in business.Furthermore, we can’t avoid competition in our exchanges.From time to time, we compare ourselves with others, expecting to catch up with others.This is the spirit of competition, by which we pursue the highest goal.It is only by competition in the market that a company can raise its reputation.Were it not for competition, say, all of us would not enjoy what we have achieved.十、he Rise of Intellectual Property Protection

Intellectural property scarcely existed in the vocabularies of academic researchers and administrators even 15 years ago.Now it is an ever-present part of discussions on research policies and directions.This new importance of intellectual property in academia reflects a changing view on ther relationships of research at universities to the surrounding society.Until recently, research at universities has been relatively isolated from demands of economic utility,and education of graduate students has emphasized a career in academic research as the final goal.Now almost all research universities in the United States have technology licensing operations.The number of U.S.patents granted to American universities in a year rose from about 300 in 1980 to almost 2000 in 1995.The direct economic impact of technology licensing on the universities themselves has been relatively small.In contrast, the impact of university technology transfer on the local and national economies has been substantial, and leads to the concusion that the Licensing Act()is one of the most successful pieces of economic development in recent history.It has been estimated that more than 200000 jobs have been created in the United States in product development and manufacturing of products from university licenses, with the number increasing fairly rapidly as the licenses mature.Intellectual property terms have become vitally important.The company wants to be assured that it can use the results of the research-and that these results will not be available to their competitors.But most universities insist that transfer of research results is key to their identity and mission and will not agree to keep the project results secret.The key to resolving this dilemman is to grant patents: the university will publish the results, but will first agree to file patents that will protect the company’s privilege in the commercial market place.