第一篇：英美政治制度比较综述
英美政治制度比较综述
11级中药二班 11020100232
王艳红
英美政治制度比较综述
【摘要】英国和美国是当代世界最主要的资本主义国家，两国的政治制度既有相同点，又各自有着自己独特而显著的特点。有比较才能显示出区别。通过对两者进行系统而全面的比较研究，以更好地突出两者各自的特性。英国和美国在宪法、选举制度、政党制度、议会制度和政府体制等方面都存在着差异，着重从这几个方面进行比较。【关键词】英国美国政党制度议会制度政府体制美国是联邦制国家，政权组织形式为总统制，实行三权分立与制衡相结合的政治制度和两党制的政党制度。英国是单一制国家，政权组织形式为内阁制，实行君主立宪的政治制度和两党制的政党制度。
英美政治制度相同性比较
国家性质相同。英国和美国都是资本主义国家，资本阶级是国家的统治阶级，国家是资产阶级进行统治的工具，国家坚决维护资产阶级的利益。
政党形式相同。英国和美国都是实行两党制的国家。在英国，工党和保守党通过议会选举轮流执掌国家政权；在美国，共和党和民主党通过竞选总统轮流执掌国家政权。英美政治制度差异性比较
一、英美国家结构形式比较
西方国家结构主要有两种形式,即单一制和复合制。
英国是实行单一制的国家。它有单一的宪法，有统一的国家最高权力机关，国民具有统一的国籍。国内各行政单位和自治单位均受中央政府统一领导，没有脱离中央实行独立的权力，对外不具有国家的外部标志。在对外关系上是一个国际法主体。
美国是实行复合制中的联邦制的国家。它由许多个州结合在一起组成联盟国家。在内部事务中,联邦和各个州自成体系。它有在全国范围行之有效的联邦宪法，有最高的国家立法机关、最高国家行政机关和最高国家司法机关，来管理全国的共同性事物，各州也有自己的宪法及在本州进行活动的权力机构。联邦和各州依宪法划分各自的权力范围。联邦中央政府管辖全国的外交、军事、财政、立法等事务，各州必须遵守联邦宪法，并在不违反联邦宪法的条件下有权制定本地区的宪法和法律，管辖本地区财政、税收、文化、教育等项具体事务。联邦是主权国家，对外是一个国际法主体。
二、英美宪法比较
英国是典型的拥有不成文宪法的国家，英国是世界资产阶级宪政之母。它的宪法体系极为宠杂，主要包括各种宪法性法案,判例和宪法性惯例。它的特点是：成文与不成文相结合、人民通过法律规则取得他们的各种权利、议会的至尊、不明确的三权分立。
英国宪法是长期政治历史发展的产物，它没有统一、完整的书面形式，而是由成文的法律和不成文的习惯、惯例构成。
美国的宪法是世界上第一部成文宪法。在发展的过程中,美国宪法形成了四项主要原则：分权和制衡、联邦制、权力有限的政府和司法审查。虽然这些原则依然是宪法的基础，但通过正式修正、司法解释、立法和惯例四种主要方法，宪法已有了很大改变。但正是这种改变才使它得以延续至今。
美国宪法贯彻了彻底的三权分立和制衡，规定了立法、司法和行政的分立。国会、联邦法院和总统各司其职，乃至联邦政府、州政府和地方政府之间分工也十分明确，规定了总统、国会和最高联邦法院的权力的相互制衡和相互约束。
三、英美选举制度比较
英国的选举集中在议会议员的的选举。共党和保守党通过议会选举，争取议会多数议席，由议会选举中的多数党组成行政机关，由多数党的领袖担任政府首脑并进行组阁，行使国家的行政权力。
美国的选举主要是集中在总统的选举。共和党与民主党通过总统竞选，胜出的一方取得国家政权，由总统领导组成联邦政府，由总统任命国务卿具体行使行政权力。在美国，总统选举决定着国家领导权的归属。另外，美国的国会选举同样至关重要。两党在国会选举中，力争成为多数党，以控制国会，实行国家最高权力。如果总统与国会多数党是一致的，那总统行使行政权就不会受到阻力，要是出现不一致的情况，那么，总统在行使行政权的时候就会受到来自反对党的种种阻力。
在美国，选举是“有钱人的游戏”，用于选举的费用较高，选举活动的程序也比较复杂。这与美国总统制这个政权组织形式是密切相关的。
四、英美政权组织形式比较
英国是实行君主立宪制的内阁制国家。内阁制是指由内阁总揽国家行政权力并对议会负责的一种国家政权组织形式。总统制的特征是：内阁由议会产生，并对议会负责；内阁和政府首脑居于国家权力的核心地位；虚位元首处于三权之外。
美国是实行总统制的国家。总统制是指总统任国家元首以及政府首脑，并独揽国家行政权力的一种国家政权组织形式。总统制的特征是：三权完全分立并且密切制衡；总统居于国家权力的核心地位，拥有很大的权力。
内阁制和总统制最大的区别在于立法机关和行政机关的关系不同。在内阁制下，选民选举产生议会，由议会产生内阁，内阁对议会负责，议会对选民负责，立法机关与行政机关有融合的一面；而在总统制下，立法机关和行政机关分别由选民选举产生，分别对选民负责，分权较为彻底。在英国，政府首脑掌握国家行政权，国家元首仅是国家的代表，而在美国，总统一身二任，既是国家元首又是行政首脑。
五、英美政党制度比较
英美两国是实行两党制最典型的国家。两党制就是一个国家内两大居于垄断地位的政党通过定期选举，和平地轮流交替执政的政党制度。以英国为代表的内阁制的两党制和以美国为代表的总统制的两党制，是两党制的两种类型，其区别在于，英国两大党的争夺主要是在议会中展开的，而美国两大党的斗争集中在对总统位置的争夺。
在美国的大选中，只有共和党与民主党可供选民选择，其他的一些小党根本不可能获得议席。由于共和党与民主党在许多问题上有着相同的看法，再加上美国政党相当“灵活”，以及选票的自然分流，党派内讧在美国就很少出现。而英国的政党数目较多、意识形态不尽相同、组织机构相当完善，这使得选民对政党的信仰非常坚定，通常会按照党的要求发表个人的看法或者进行投票选举。
英国具有独特的反对党制度，内阁成员均为清一色的同党议员，政党轮流执政通过议会选举进行，获胜者组织执政内阁，反对党组成与执政党相抗衡的“影子内阁”。
美国就不存在执政党与在野党的严格区分，一般以在总统选举中获胜的政党为执政党，失败者则为在野党或反对党。政府的组成不决定于政党在国会中议席的多少，而是取决于总统的选择。政府的更迭不取决于国会选举，而决定于总统选举。两党壁垒并不森严，两党的社会基础没有明显的差异。
六、英美议会制度比较
英国议会行使立法权，分为上议院和下议院。上议院又称为贵族院，主要由世袭贵族、被封的终身贵族、上诉法院法官和教会主教等组成。下院称为平民院、众议院，议员由普选产生，每五年选举一次。大选中获多数议席的政党为执政党，其党魁由国王任命为首相，组成内阁，内阁对下院负责并受其监督。
美国立法机关是国会，由参、众两院组成。国会每两年一届，众议院议员任期两年，到期全部改选，参议员任期6年，每届国会届满时改选1/3，参众两院议员皆由选举产生，参议员代表各州的选民，众议员代表的是各选区的选民。参众两院地位和权力平等，立法权由两院共同行使，任何一院通过的法案必须送交另一院通过，任何一院对另一院通过的法案都拥有绝对的否决权。参议院现有议员100名。当选参议员必须年满30岁，作为美国公民已满9年，当选时为选出州的居民。副总统是参议院的当然议长。众议员数按各州人口比例分配，每州至少1名。众议院现有议员435名，众议员由直接选举产生，必须年满25岁，作为美国公民已满7年，当选时为选出州的居民。众议院议长由全院大会选举产生。
在美国，两院议员长期连任现象极为普遍。议员不得兼任其他政府职务。
七、英美政府体制比较
英法两国在其政治体制中，都是行政权力优先，但两国适应各自的国情，采取了不同的结构和方式。
英国实行的是二元行政体制。这种议会制下的二元行政体制是君主制长期演变的结果。原来由君主享有的权力逐渐转移到政府和首相手中。国家元首虽然体现了国家和政权机构的连续性，但没有权力也没有办法实施自己的政策，只能扮演一种象征性的国家元首角色。在英国,国王是世袭的国家元首，同时是政府首脑、国家武装部队总司令和英国国教世俗领袖。但国王作为有职无权的虚君，有象征国家、保障宪法和维护国家统一三种职能。
美国实行的是一元制行政体制。总统由普选产生，握有重要的否决权，集国家元首、政府首脑、多数派政党代言人和国家武装部队总司令于一身，拥有很大的实权。
英国的政府体制以内阁政府为其最高行政机关。首相是内阁首脑，居于实际行政首长的地位，由在大选中获得下议院多数议席的政党或政党联盟的领袖担任，但形式上还是由君主指定。内阁是政府的核心，是首相行使权力的工具。
美国的行政权归总统所有。国务院是联邦政府主管外交并兼管部分内政事务的行政部门。它是美国政府中成立最早的部级机关，在政府各部中居首席地位。国务院的行政首长是国务卿，由总统任命(经参议院同意)并对总统负责，是仅次于正、副总统的高级行政官员。联邦行政机构，又称行政各部、内阁各部。国务院居内阁各部之首，首脑国务卿为总统的主
要外交顾问，负责全面指导、协调和管理美国对外事务，也是内阁头号成员和国家安全委员会成员。
英美两国同属西方文明体系，两国政治制度是是文明的重要组成部分，对世界各国政治制度建设颇具影响。比较两国政治制度的异同,有助于进一步认识西方政治文明，不断借鉴西方西方政治制度模式，加快中国现代政治文明建设。
第二篇：英美文学史
The division of the history of British literature
1,Early and medieval English Literature The Anglo-Saxon Period---Norman Conquest 449-1066 The Medieval English Period(1066-1485)
2,The Renaissance Period(1485Tudor Dynasty—1603 the death of Elizabeth)
3,The Seventeenth-century period(1063-1688)Early period literature(English Bourgeois Revolution)and Restoration literature(1066 Restoration-1688 Glorious Revolution)
4,The Eighteenth Century(1688-1798)新古典主义
5，The Romantic Period(浪漫主义时期)（1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads—1832 Sir Walter Scott’s death）
6,Victorian period(1837—1901)This period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria(1827—1901)
7,Modern Period(1900---)The modern period of English literature began with the 20th century.Chapter1, the Renaissance Period(1485---1603)
Features of English renaissance literature
Humanism is the essence of the renaissance The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English renaissance The greatest achievement of renaissance literature are poetry and drama
Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales
The playwrights A.Christopher Marlowe(1564—1593)马洛 29岁 主要作品：
（1）Tamburlaine the Great(帖木儿大帝，1587)（2）Doctor Faustus(浮士德博士的悲剧)（1589）（3）The Jew of Malta(马其他岛的犹太人，1590)The Jew is the archetype of Shylock in Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare
B.William Shakespeare(1964—1616)主要作品：
The types of plays历史剧
a, Historic plays(the king Henry series)b, Comedy(merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, as you like it, a midsummer night’s dream)
四大戏剧
Portia c, Black comedies(the tempest)d, tragedy(Hamlet, King Lear，Othello, Macbeth)四大悲剧
Renaissance poetry
A, Edmund Spenser(1552—1599)The faerie queene 《仙后》
B, William Shakespeare(1564—1616)154 sonnets :十四行诗
PART2 the early seventeenth---century(1603—1660)The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution 2.1Cultural and political background 1,English revolution(the puritan revolution)Kong—parliament---civil war from 1642—1649 The Bourgeois dictatorship was established, and Cromwell(1649—1669)became the Protector of the English Commonwealth.The Parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660.Then followed the Restoration period.----Influence on literature----Pamphlets 2,Science Galileo---推翻地心说
influence on literature---multi—valued
Poetry John Milton(约翰 弥尔顿1608—11674)主要作品：3 long narrative poems 1, paradise lost ,1667
2, paradise regained(复乐园，1671)3，Samson Agonistes(力士参孙，1671)
John Donne(1572—1631)The founder of the metaphysical school of poetry is JOHN DONNE.玄学派诗歌 主要作品：
早期：elegies and satires(挽歌与讽刺)Songs and sonnets(歌与短歌)后期：holy sonnets(圣歌集)Hymn(圣父赞美诗)
Prose John Bunyan(约翰 班扬，1628--1688)The pilgrim’s progress(天路历程)，a religious fable(characters: submissiveness柔顺、loyalty , hope)
Francis Bacon Essays “of study”论学习
Plays: John Dryden All for love : a tragedy dealing with the same story as Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra
Chapter 3 the eighteenth century（1688—1798）Neoclassical period(1660—1789,18th century)
1.历史背景
(1)compromise between the aristocracy and bourgeoisie---comparatively peaceful)(2)Industrial Revolution---rapid economic growth---British became the first powerful capitalist in the world
Fictions
1,Daniel Defoe(丹尼尔 笛福，1660—1731)Robinson Crusoe(1719)
2,Jonathan Swift(1667—1745)斯威夫特 Gulliver’s Travel(1726)《格利夫游记》（1）to Lilliput小人国
（2）to brobdingnag巨人国
（3）to;aputa(flying island)飞岛
脱离实际的试验（4）to the country of the Houyhnhnms慧马国
3，Henry Fielding(1707—1754)亨利 菲尔丁 Tom Jones(汤姆 琼斯，1749)Joseph Andrews(约瑟 安德鲁传，1742)
Achievements of Fielding 1,founder of the English Realistic novel 2, father of the English novel 英国小说之父
4，Richardson
Pamela Clarrisa(the first tragic novel in English literary history)
5,Laurence Sterne Tristram Shandy 项迪传
Poetry 1,Pope
Works: essay on Criticism
The Rape of the Lock
Essay on Man 2,Thomas Gray:感伤主义
从古典主义诗歌向浪漫主义诗歌过渡的最重要的英国诗人 Works: Elegy Written in a country churchyard
3,Oliver Goldsmith The deserted village:荒村
PROSE
1,Richard Steele and “the tattler”
2, Joseph Addison and the “spectator” 3,Samuel Johnson
“a dictionary of the English language”
Play: Sheridan: the most important English playwright of the 18th century The rivals;The school for scandal
THE ROMANTIC PERIOD(1798—1832)Imagination: Singularity(奇异）Simplicity: Nature: back to nature
Pre—romanticism: William Blake, Robert Burns Romanticism: Wordsworth.Coleridge Late—Romanticism: Byron, Shelly, John Keats
1,William Blake Song of innocence Songs of experience
2,Rovert burns A red red rose Auld lang syne:友谊地久天长 William Wordsworth To the cuckoo I wandered lonely as a cloud My heart leaps up The solitary reaper
Samuel Taylor Coleridge THE REIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER LUBLA KHAN
George Gordon Byron(1788—1824)CHILDE HAROLD’S PILGRIMAGE CAIN（该隐，1821）
DON JUAN(唐 桓，1818—1823)PERCY BYSSHE SHELLY(1792—1822)ODE TO THE WEST WIND(西风颂，1819)“if the winter comes, can spring be far behind?”
John keats(1795—1821)ODE TO THE NIGHTINGALE ODE ON A GRECIAN URIN ODE TO AUTUMN
Jane Austen(简 奥斯丁，17775—1817)（1）SENSE AND SESIBILIY,1811（2）PRIDE AND PREJUDICE,1813（3）MANSFIELD PARK(曼斯菲尔德花园，1814)It reveals the amour—propre of human being
（4）PERSUASION,1918劝告
It contracts the true love and pinch pennies
（5）NORTHANGER ABBEY ,诺桑觉寺，1818 It satirizes the popular Gothic knightly lyric in the 18th century
Chapter6 the Victorian Period
English critical realism QUEEN VICTORIA(1837—1901)
Victorian literature(1)NOVEL became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought(2)Writers exposed all kinds of social evils—poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, corruption, snobbery ………
Writers such as Dickens, Thackeray, Mrs Gaskell, Ruskin, Bronte sisters showed their primary concern about the people in the primary concern about the people in the society with sympathy for the poor and the unfortunate and become the major voice of unfortunate and become the major voice of the literary would by presenting a faithful picture of the horrible capitalist England.Major writers of the period(1)Charles Dickiens(1812—1870)
主要作品： 17部小说 早期
(1)PICKWICK PAPERS(匹克威克外传，1833—1850)(2)OLIVER TWIST(雾都孤儿，1838)(3)NICHOLAS NICKLEBY(尼古拉斯，尼克尔比，1839)(4)THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP(老古玩店，1841)(5)DAVID DOPPERFIELD(大卫科波菲尔，1850)(6)DOMBEY AND SON(董氏父子，1848)后期（1）（2）（3）（4）
BLEAK HOUSES, 荒凉山庄，1853 HARD TIME,艰难时世，1854 A TLE OF TOW CITIES, 双城记
GREAT EXPECTATIONS(远大前程，1861)(2)，William Makepeace Thackeray VALITY FAIR:名利场
The title was taken from BUNYAN’S PILGRIM’S PROGRESS MAJOR CHARACTERS Amelia sedley and Rebecca sharp
(3)，Elizabeth Gaskell, Mrs Gaskell Gaskell was one of the English writers to describe in a novel the class struggle between the workers and the capitalists in “THE HUNGRY FORTIES”
Mary Baron: contains a vivid picture of the class conflicts which prevailed at that time North and South
(3)Bronte Sisters(勃朗特姐妹)(4)
CHARLOTTE BRONTE(1816—1855)JANE EYRE(1847)
Emily Bronte(1818—1848)WUTHERING HEIGHTS(1847)CATHERINE OR CATHY MOODY HEATHCLIFF
Anne Bronte(1820—1849)
5)George Eliot 主要作品：
Scenes of clerical life(牧师生活的一瞥)Adam bede 亚当 贝德
The mill on the floss:弗洛斯河上的磨房 Middlemarch: 米德尔马契
Literay trends at the end of the century 1, neo—romanticism Robert Louis Stevenson Treasure Island 2,Aestheticism Oscar Wilde The picture of Dorian Gray A Woman of No importance An ideal husband The importance of being earnest 3, Naturalism Thomas Hardy,1840==1928(1)the return of the native,1878(2)the Mayor of Casterbridge,1886(3)Tess of the D’Urbervilles,1891(Tess, Angel Clare, Alec)(4)Jude the Obscure,1896
CHAPTER7
THE MODERN PERIOD The characteristics of modernism Major themes: the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.From the public to the private, from the objective to the subjective Casting away almost all the traditional elements in literature like story, plot, character, chronological narration, which are essential to realism.As a result, the works created by the modernist writers can often be labeled as anti-novel or anti-drama.1, James Joyce,1882--1941 主要作品：
Dubliners,都柏林人
A portrait of the artist as a young man ,青年艺术家的肖像 Ulysses,1992,尤利西斯
Finnegans wake 1939 费尼根们的觉醒
2,William Somerset Maugham
Of Human Bondage The Man and Sixpence
3,Josepph Conrad Lord Jim Heart of Darkness
4,E.M, FOSTER A Passage to India Howards End Aspect of the Novel
5, D.H Lawrence Sons and lovers(Oedipus complex)The rainbow Women in love Lady chatterley’s lover
6,Virginia Woolf-------stream of consciousness novels The voyage Out Mrs.Dalloway To the lighthouse Orlando A Room of one’s own
English Literature after the WWII
1,William Golding The lord of the files The inheritors
2,John Fowles The French Lieutenant’s Woman(法国上尉的女人)The collector
WOMEN LITERATURE 1,Virginia Woolf 2, Doris Lessing The Grass is singing The golden notebook 3,Irish MURDOCK The black prince Under the net The unicorn
Poetry of modern Period 1,W.B.YEATS
Sailing to Byzantium When you are old No second troy
2, T.S.Eliot The love song of j.Alfred Prufrock The waste land Four quartets
3,Phlip Larkin(the movement poet)
Major playwrights of the period
A , George Bernard Shaw,1856—1950 The best dramatist since Shakespeare Promoted social reform with “drama of ideas.”
主要作品：
widowers’ house(鳏夫房产，1892)MRS.Warren’s Profession 沃伦夫人的职业，1894 Pygmalion:皮革马利翁，卖花女，窈窕淑女，my fair lady or
Samuel Beckett Waiting for Godot The theater of the Absurd
the flower girl AMERICAN LITERATUR
AREMERICAN LITERATURE
I American Puritanism ,1620---end of the 18th century
II American Romanticism(the end of 18th cutury—1861)III The Realistic period(1861—1900)IV the modern Period(1900--)V The Postmodern Period(1945---)
American Puritanism(1620—the end of 20th century)Jonathan Edward,1703—1758 Freedom and the will,1754
Benjamin Franklin 1706—1790 Poor Richard’s Almanacs 1732 The Autobiography 1788
II American Romanticism ,the end of 18th century—1861
“the American Renaissance”：美国文艺复兴
New England Transcendental Movement:新英格兰超验主义运动
这个时期的主要作家及作品： Washington Irving;华盛顿 欧文
James Fenimore Cooper 1789—1851,库伯 Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫 华尔多 爱默生 Henry David Thoreau 梭罗
Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔 霍桑 Herman Melviile 赫尔曼 麦尔维尔
Edgar Allan Poe 艾伦 坡
Walt Whitman 华尔特 惠特曼 Emily Dickinson 迪金森
Washington Irving ,1783—1859 The father of American literature: 美国文学之父
The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame
The legend of sleepy Hollow 断头谷 Rip Van Winkle瑞普 凡 温克尔
James Fenimore Cooper 1789—1851 The pioneers 拓荒者
The last of the Mohicans:最后的莫西干人 The Prairie: 草原
The Pathfinder 探路者 The deerslayer:猎鹿人
Ralph Waldo Emerson :拉尔夫 菲尔多 爱默生 1803--·881 主要作品：
Nature 1836 自然
The American scholar 1837 美国学者 Self-Reliance 1841 自立 The over—soul 1841 超灵
Self-trust is the first secret of success
A great man is always willing to be little
The first wealth is health
We are all wise for other people, none for himself
Henry David Thoreau 梭罗 An active transcendentalist 主要作品：
Walden:瓦尔登湖
A week on the concord and Merrimack rivers：康科德和麦里马科湖的一周 Nathaniel Hawthorne :纳撒尼尔 霍桑，1804—1864
The scarlet letter,1850 Hester Prynne Dimmesdale Pearl DR.Chilingworth
The minister’s black veil: 牧师的黑面纱
Herman Melville 1819—1891 主要作品
Peua Ahab Moby—dick
Edgar Allan Poe
Poe was father of many things, one of which is psychoanalytic criticism, the other being the detective story 诗：
Annabel Lee To Helen 短篇小说
The Fall of h HOUSE of Usher The purploined letter The golden bug
Walt Whitman:华尔特 惠特曼
American poet, journalist and essayist, best know for Leaves of Grass:草叶集，1855 The father of American Modern poetry
Leaves of Grass:草叶集，1855 Includes the following famous poes Song of Myself自我之歌
There was a child went forth 有个小孩在长大 I hear America Singing 我听见美国在唱歌
Free Verse O Captain!My captain!Our fearful trip is done The ship has weathered every rack ,the prize we sought is won, The poet is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting
But O heart!Heart!Heart!O the bleeding drops to red
Where on the deck my captain lies Fallen cold and dead
Nothing Gold Can Stay
Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold Her early leaf’s a flower But only so an hour Then leaf subsides to leaf So eden sank to grief So dawn goes down to day Nothing gold can stay
By Robert forst
Emily Dickinson
1775poems in her life Them : religion death love ,nature
作品：
I died for beauty---but was scarce Apparently with no surprise Tell all the truth but tell it slant Success
Success: Success is counted sweetest By those who ne’er succeed To comprehend a nectar Requires sorest need
The realistic period ,1865—1914 The American civil war ,1861—1865 Two results 1,futher industrialization mechanization, urbanization, development of transportation and communication 2,westward movement;by 1890, the last of the first 48 states were settled
这个时期的文学写作特点 1, realism现实主义 2,local color地方特色 3,naturalism自然主义
4,feminist movement:女权运动
Emily Dickinson, Harriet Beecher stowe, Sarah Orne Jewett Kate Chopin Edith Wharton Willa Cather
主要作家、作品
Mark Twain 1835—1910 Local colorism Humor Language(vernacular language)
主要作品
The celebrated jumping frog of calaveras county 1865 The innocents abroad 1869 The adventures of tom sawyer 1876 The prince and pauper 1881 Life on the Mississippi 1881 The adventures of huckleberry finn 1885(汤姆索亚历险记续集)A Connecticut yankee in king Arthur’s court 1889 The man that corrupted hadleyburg 1900 The mysterious stranger 1916
Henry James 1843—1916
Psychological realistic writer, short-story writer, playwright, critic Essayist,22novels and over 100 short stories and some critical commentaries
The creative life of Henry James can be divide into 3 distinctive periods
1,1865—1881 ,the American 1877,daisy mille 1878, The portrait of a lady,1881 These novels won hom international fame and reveal James fascination with his “international them”
Or American innocence in face of European sophistication 2.1885—1897,tales of subtle studies of interpersonal relationships
The Bostonian 1886 The tragic muse 1890
3,1895—1916 ,the summit of his art and thus the major phase: on international them ,and on people’s psychology The turn of the screw The wings of the dove The ambassadors The golden bowl Thematic concern: The international theme The meeting of American and Europe, with European decadence ,and its moral and psychological complications
Significance 1, the forefather of literature of “Stream of consciousness” 2,Point of view
William Dean Howells
The rise of Silas Laspham It is a fine specimen of American realistic writing
Thematic tern :middle class Genteel realism
Howells
middle class
genteel realism James
upper class
psychological realism Twain lower strata of
society localism
American Naturalism: pessimistic realism Naturalism: a genre of literary thoughts originated form the view of a French writer, Emile Zola
Writers: THEODORE Dreiser Stephen crane JACK LONDON THEODORE DREISER 1871—1945 作品
The financier The titan
An American tragedy The stoic
2,stepphen crane Maggie:a girl of the streets The red badge of courage Jack London The calla of the nature The sea wolf Martin eden(4)O henry The gift of the magi The cop and the anthem
Women writers Mrs stowe(harrie beebher stowe)Uncle tom’s cabin
Kate chopin The awakening A story of an hour
Willa cather My Antonia
Death comes for the archbishop
第三篇：英美文学评论（范文模版）
（六）英美文学（评论）
该方向主要研究英美文学史及各时期的文学流派，作家，作品的文体与写作风格。论文可选择做某一文学理论或作家作品的分析、评论，比较中西文学作品或作家，分析作品中的主题或人物角色。学生可以进行：
1．文学流派研究； 2．作家研究；
3．作品评论或分析； 4．文学批评理论研究；
5．中西文学作品的比较研究等。
主要参考书目包括：
1．阿尼克斯特著，载馏龄、吴志谦等译《英国文学史纲》，人民文学出版社，1980。2．艾弗·埃文斯著，蔡文显译《英国文学简史》，人民文学出版社，1984。3．陈嘉《英国文学史》（1-4卷），北京：商务印书馆，1983。4．陈嘉（编）《英国文学作品选读》（1-3卷），北京：商务印书馆，1983。5．马库斯·坎利夫著，方杰译《美国的文学》，中国对外翻译出版公司，1985。
6．Altick, Richard, and Andrew Wright.Selective Biography for the Study of English and American Literature.6th ed.New York: Macmillan, 1979.(此书专为学生编辑，是精心挑选的介绍英美文学家的资料汇编。)7．Elliott, E., ed.The Columbia History of the American Novel.New York: Columbia Press, 1991.8．Harner, James L.Literary Research Guide: A Guide to Reference Sources for the Study of Literatures in English and Related Topics.New York: MLA, 1981.9．Holman, C.Hugh, and William Harmon.A Handbook to Literature.5th ed.New York: Macmillan, 1986.(一部详细介绍文学术语和精要介绍文学运动的辞书。)10．Kuntz, Joseph M.and Nancy C.Martinez.Poetry Explication: A Checklist of Interpretation Since 1925 of British and American Poems Past and Present.Boston: Hall, 1980.11．Leary, Lewis.American Literature: A Study and Research Leary, Lewis.American Literature: A Study and Research Guide.New York: Martins Press, 1976.12．MLA International Bibliography of Books and Articles on Modern Language and Literature.New York: MLA, 1921—.(每年更新版本，是一本查阅有关文章和著作的参考资料。)13．Preminger, Ales, ed.Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poel-ics.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975.(诠释各种诗歌技术名词和诗歌运动。)14．Richetti, J., ed.The Columbia History of the British Novel.New York: Columbia Press, 1991.15．Sampson, G.The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.（五）英美文学（评论）
1.一个值得同情的复仇者--评希思克利夫被扭曲的心路历程 1.小议《红字》中红字的寓意
2.试论马克·吐温短篇小说的幽默特色 3.浅析惠特曼的死亡哲学 4.英汉诗歌里的移情比较研究
5.善恶交织的心灵挣扎--透过小说《威廉·威尔逊》和《黑猫》看艾伦·坡的善恶观 6.论《美国丽人》一片中人物的两面性 7.论海明威小说中的死亡主题
8.奏响生命的新乐章--浅析艾丽丝.沃克的《紫颜色》 9.从《苔丝》看哈代小说的悲剧意识 10.谈简·爱的叛逆性格 11.狄更斯和《圣诞颂歌》 12.哈姆雷特的悲剧人生
13.布莱克诗中反映的社会现实 14.欧·亨利短篇小说的艺术手法
15.《阿甘正传》:美国传统价值观的呼唤与回归 16.《老人与海》的象征艺术
17.迷惘的一代—海明威及其相关作品评析 18.苔丝形象的分析与悲剧命运的解读 19.《苔丝》两个中译本的异化与归化分析
20.论《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》的思想·人物·艺术 21.狄更斯《远大前程》中叙事技巧的分析 22.评《傲慢与偏见》的女性意识和艺术特色 23.论《傲慢与偏见》中幽默风格的翻译
25.文学作品中英汉恭维赞赏语比较——《茶馆》与《傲慢与偏见》
第四篇：英美文学
Analysis of Robinson Crusoe
2009级师范三班刘静 Robinson Crusoe is written by Defoe(1660 ~ 1731), known as the father of English novel and the periodical literature.He is the father of the English novel and periodical literature, who was born in a family which was against the Anglican Protestant.His father is a businessman, doing business.His article influenced the later development of journal articles and newspaper.Because the speech, he was repeatedly arrested.At the age of 59 Defoe began writing fiction as a novelist, show remarkable ability.Robinson Crusoe Robinson is Defoe's first novel, is also one of the most famous novels.It is based on a British seaman on a deserted island alone for 4 years in exile records and creation.Robinson is the heroine of Defoe works in accordance with their ideals and created the character, he killed out of doing business, living on a desert island for 28 years, overcome all sorts of unimaginable difficulties.He start empty-handed, develop the island, not only to their own survival, and create a new world.He was a pioneer in the image, a real asset class hero.In this figure embodies the western ocean civilization tradition, with the outward development of curiosity, desire to conquer and spirit of adventure, praised the strength quality and working spirit.The novel opens English realistic novel road.In this novel, there are so many about the Wonderful part, but two points impress: one is the author of the narrative language easy to understand.In front of the book, the author use a lot of space to introduce Robinson in the sea to sea before, whether does not listen to parents' guide, but follow the guidance of the soul, the careful psychological description, the author description most incisive.Two is a fascinating story, the protagonist of nearly thirty years of life vividly in front of us, let our eyes as if emerging from a young life.Robinson Crusoe is to let a person look after all that the most primitive, most of my books, not only because it is the wonderful, and it gives us the modern enlightenment.The most qualities I learn from Robinson Crusoe is not his hard-working and brave, but his amazing mental capacity.One can imagine, a single large living alone on a desert island life ten years, no one to accompany him, even the most basic, and a person simply talk for a while to do.The deserted island there is no house, no rice, can only rely on his own hard to create a piece of heaven and earth.The first nonwhite character to be given a realistic, individualized, and humane portrayal in the English novel, Friday has a huge literary and cultural importance.Recent rewritings of the Crusoe story, like J.M.Coetzee’s Foe and Michel Tournier’s Friday, emphasize the sad consequences of Crusoe’s
failure to understand Friday and suggest how the tale might be told very differently from the native’s perspective.Besides his importance to our culture, Friday is a key figure within the context of the novel.Friday’s sincere questions to Crusoe about the devil, which Crusoe answers only
indirectly and hesitantly, leave us wondering whether Crusoe’s knowledge of Christianity is superficial and sketchy in contrast to Friday’s full
understanding of his own god Benamuckee.In short, Friday’s exuberance and emotional directness often point out the wooden conventionality of Crusoe’s personality.Despite Friday’s subjugation, however, Crusoe appreciates Friday much more than he would a mere servant.Crusoe does not seem to value intimacy with humans much, but he does say that he loves Friday, which is a
remarkable disclosure.Crusoe may bring Friday Christianity and clothing, but Friday brings Crusoe emotional warmth and a vitality of spirit that Crusoe’s own European heart lacks.This novel shows that we need to believe ourselves, where there is a will, there is way.Use our hands, then see a new world.What is more, we are not only live ourselves in the world, we need to care about others.Be brave, and
never lose hope.
第五篇：英美文学
术语解释：
Couplets: a rhymed pair of Iambic pentameter lines.Blank verse: unrhymed Iambic pentameter lines.Sonnet: 14 Iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme schemes.2.The conquest: In the year the Normans headed by which is mainly about 4.The Canterbury Tales, in Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of Boccaccio’s Decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were written.5.William Shakespeare, one of the first founders of realism.6.In the first period of his work Shakespeare wrote:
1590The Second and Third part of King Henry VI
1591The First part of King Henry VI
1592The Life and Death of King Richard III;The Comedy of Errors
1593Titus Andronicus;The Taming of the Shrew
1594The Two Gentlemen of Verona;Love’s Labour’s Lost;Romeo and Juliet
1595The Life and Death of Richard II;A Midsummer Night’s Dream
***8Much Ado About Nothing;The Merry Wives of Windsor;The Life of King Henry V
1599The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;As You Like It
1600Twelfth Night, or, What You Will
In the second period:
1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida;All’s Well That Ends Well
160416051606Antony and Cleopatra
1607The Tragedy of Coriolanus;Timon of Athens
1608Pericles, Prince of Tyre
In the third period:
1609Cymbeline, King of Britain
1610The Winter’s Tale
1612The Tempest;The Life of King Henry VIII
7.Hamlet.To be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a listener.To die, to sleep, no more.8.Francis Bacon is scientist, philosopher, essayist.John Donne, a metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)
John Milton, his Paradise Lost, which tells how Satan rebelled against God and how Adam and Eve were driven1
out of Eden.John Bunyan, The plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, the first English novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。Is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero Robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of capitalism.John Swift, his Gulliver’s Travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。Attack the Britain
parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe Gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that time.Henry Fielding is the father of English novel.John Smith is the first American writer.Thomas Jefferson is the writer of The Declaration of Independence.The literature of romanticism period is from American War of Independence to before the Civil War.combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on
surrealism.His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express
Transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。
Henry David Thoreau is the beginner of transcendentalism.Herman Melville, American novelist, proser and poet.Moby Dick, in which shows the struggle between
mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature properly.He wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.诗歌鉴赏
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?我能否将你比作夏天？
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，And summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,转眼会云雾迷蒙。
And every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于无常的天命。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。
Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。
全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。
二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美
Sonnet 29
When, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，I all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,And look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，Wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，Featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，Desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，With what I most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；
Yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，Haply I think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，Like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地
From sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：
For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，That then I scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。
赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab
cdcd efef gg。
To a Waterfowl《 致 水 鸟 》
-----by William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特
Whither, 'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，While glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；
Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，Thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？
总结：As the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, I wonder where you(waterfowl)are
going?
Vainly the fowler's eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；
As, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，Thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。
总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and safe.Without success, a hunter(fowler)might try to
bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening sky.Seek'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，Of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？
Or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，On the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？
• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? Are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?
There is a Power whose care有上苍把你关照，Teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，The desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，Lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。
• 总结：There is a Power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of air.You may be wandering and alone, but you are not lost.All day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕动翅膀，At that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，Yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，Though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。
总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is coming.You have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath you.And soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，Soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；
And scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，Soon o'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。
• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your goal.Soon your journey will
end.Soon you will descend to your summer home.There, you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall grasses.Thou'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，Hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；
Deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，And shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。
• 总结:I can no longer see you, but I will never forget the lesson you taught me.He, who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔，In the long way that I must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，Will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。
赏析：There are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.
点击咨询 