第一篇：21世纪大学英语 读写第二册句子翻译答案（模版）
1.老伴60多岁中风去世时When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.2.两位业余画家上个月 Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professors.3.当20世纪80年代中期 When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.4.在结束了其第二届宰相任期After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.5.大选失败之后After his failure in the election campaign, Dr.Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.6.只要你一辈子不停的努力工作As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.7.我们现在必须唤醒人们认识到环境 We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.8.那位官员因卷入一件That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.Reading Analysis
9.我们班女生占大多数 Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast, their class is made up of males only.10.美孩子通常每天看3小时电视 American children can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework during most their after-school time.11.他开发的一系列新研究方法His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success.He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.12.讨论直接涉及他的未来He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.13.这些问题连续不断地出现 The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.14..张华是近年来涌入美国As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on traditional Chinese philosophy.15.首先 杨先生努力工作 To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr.Young work so hard.He is committed to educating the young and tires to motivate them to get ahead in life.16.我们剩下的时间不多了As time was running out, we drove even faster in the hope that we could make it to the airport in time.、1.当那份临时性工作When this temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.2.为了确保他们To ensure that their ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translators.3.作为一名文化翻译 As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese
employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside of his field of expertise.4.乔治用某种方法说服Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.5.美方经理与日方经理Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts.But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.6.所有的日方雇员All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they run into.7.我的日语口语还不足以My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well.Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.8.张大夫对中医有精深的理解with a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, dr.Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who came to China to study Chinese medicine.Reading analysis
第二篇：21世纪读写第二册参考句子翻译
21世纪读写第二册参考翻译
Unit 1
1.When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.2.Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professionals.3.When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.4.After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.5.After his failure in the election campaign, Dr.Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.6.As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.7.We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.8.That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.Unit 2
1.Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast, their class is made up of males only.2.American kids can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to do their homework most of the time after school.3.His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success.He said that he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.4.He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.5.The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device must be readjusted.6.As one of the Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on the traditional Chinese philosophy.7.To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr.Yang work so hard.He is committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.8.As time was running out, we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it to the airport in time.Unit 3
1.When the temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.2.To ensure that their joint ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translator.3.As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside his field of expertise.4.Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.5.Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts.But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.6.All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.7.My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well.Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.8.With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, Dr.Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who have come to China to study Chinese medicine.Unit 4
1.Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.2.Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.3.A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.4.She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.5.He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.6.When talking about his success, Mr.Smith is very prone to exaggeration.7.The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.8.In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of.Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.Unit 5
1.The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the
money herself.2.With the small income from her restaurant job, Mary could barely make(both)ends meet.That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.3.In the first two semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.4.Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at least a master’s degree, if not a Ph.D.Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.5.Only if you throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.6.In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile.But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary.She wanted to do something more creative.7.A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.8.When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
第三篇：翻译答案大学英语精读第二册
Unit1 1.她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有点意外。
The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.4.当全部乘客都向出口处(exit)走去时，他却独自留在座位上，好像不愿意离开这架飞机似的。
While all the other passengers made for the exit, he alone remained in his seat as if unwilling to leave the plane.5.这封信必须交给威尔逊博士本人。
The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。
While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？
What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 8.猎人一看见有只狐狸从树丛中出现并向他设下(lay)的陷阱(trap)方向跑去，脸上顿时闪出了兴奋的表情。
The hunter’s face lit up with excitement as soon as he saw a fox emerge from among the bushes and run in the direction of / make for the trap he had laid.Unit2 1)会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。
It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。
By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work.3)他很可能会因视力不好而被拒收入伍。
It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight.4)委员会成员在新机场最佳选址(location)这一问题上持有不同意见。
The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。
Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's.6)我们产品质量的稳步提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。
The steady rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of our equipment.7)吉姆本想按照自己的判断行事，但他没有这样做，因为作为军人他得服从命令。
Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didn't because as a soldier he had to obey the order.8)如果让我来决定我们是要一个没有自行车的城市呢，还是要一个没有汽车的城市，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。
Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a city without bikes or one without cars, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.Unit3
1)她在当地一家银行找到一份出纳员的工作，但不久因不称职而被解雇了。
She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.2)很明显是他的年轻助手在经营这家书店。
It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.3)这项建议在会上一宣布，她就站起来提出异议。
No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.4)比尔已向哈佛大学申请助教职位，但他得到它的可能性很小。
Bill has applied to Harvard University for a teaching assistantship, but his chances of getting it are slim.5)由于缺乏资金，他们正在想办法吸引外资。
Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.6)这个房间有股霉味，一定是好久没人住了。
The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.7)就业余爱好而言，珍妮和她妹妹几乎没有什么共同之处。
As far as hobbies are concerned, Jane and her sister have little in common.8)不言而喻，青年人的教育对于一个国家的未来是至关重要的。
It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the future of a country.Unit4
1)那小女孩跑得太快，身体一下失去平衡，跌倒了。
The little girl ran so fast that she was thrown off balance and fell over / down.2)他致力于研究工作的精神(devotion to research)给我留下了很深印象，但我对他那些深奥的理论丝毫不感兴趣。
I was impressed by his devotion to research but I did not have the slightest interest in his profound theories.3)千万别说可能会被人误解的话。
Be sure not to say anything capable of being misunderstood.4)我被他们互相矛盾的意见搞糊涂了，不知如何去做才是。
I was so bewildered by their conflicting advice that I did not know how to act/what to do.5)起初，这个复杂问题使他们感到灰心丧气，但经过仔细思考后他们终于研究出了解决办法。
At first this complicated problem frustrated them, but after thinking it over carefully they finally worked out a solution.6)体育代表团团长在少先队员向他献上一束鲜花时愉快地笑了。
The head of the sports delegation beamed with delight when a young pioneer presented him with a bunch of flowers.7)这学期我们都学习得不错，我真不明白为什么我们的英语老师单单表扬了班长一个人。I really don't see why our English teacher should single out our monitor for praise since we have all done quite well this term.8)我相信比较高级的|(higher)|动物是由比较低级的（|lower）|动物进化而来（|develop from）的这一学说。
I believe in the theory that the higher animals developed from the lower ones.Unit6 1)只要你不断努力，你迟早会解决这个难题的。
If / As long as you keep(on)trying, you will be able to resolve this difficult problem sooner or later.2)我们预料我们的计划会受到抵制(resistance)。
We anticipate encountering / that we will encounter resistance to our plan / our plan will meet with resistance.3)吉姆的朋友说，他们那个城市的噪音污染十分严重，但是他们只好忍着。
Jim's friends said that the noise pollution in their city was terrible, but they had to live with it.4)汤姆起初认为，凭他的知识、技术和经验，一定能够找到一份称心如意的工作。
At first Tom thought that with his knowledge, skill and experience he was bound to find a satisfactory job.5)冷静耐心地处理这个微妙(delicate)问题是明智的。
It would be wise / advisable to handle this delicate problem with calmness and patience.6)迪克以为，如果他拆不开那台机器，那么很可能厂里别的工人也拆不开。
Dick thought that if he wasn't able to take the machine apart, chances were that no other worker in the plant could, either.7)你是否认为公共汽车司机应对乘客的安全负完全的责任？
Do you think bus drivers should take full responsibility for the passengers' safety? 8)你不必再去多想那些判断上的失误了。重要的是尽量避免再犯。
You needn't dwell on your mistakes in judgment any more.What's important is to try your best to avoid repeating them
Unit8 1)巨额投资(investment)使这一地区的经济得以迅速发展。
Vast amounts of investment have enabled the economy of the area to grow rapidly.2)他们为新建一所医院开展了一场筹款运动。
They launched a campaign to raise money for a new hospital.3)成功在于勤奋(diligence)，诺兰医生就是一个很好的例证。Success lies in diligence.Dr.Nolen is a case in point.4)他们都具有很高的道德标准，决不会受诱惑接受如此贵重的礼品。
Men of high moral standards, they are never to be tempted into taking such expensive gifts.5)有迹象表明，不少工厂正面临着十分困难的局面。
There are indications that numerous factories are faced with a very difficult situation.6)警方找到谁是罪犯的重要线索后，在几小时内就以武装抢劫罪拘捕了他。
The police arrested the criminal on a charge of armed robbery several hours after they found an important clue to his identity.7)调查显示，对某些人来说，退休往往会造成心理上的病痛。
Investigation has revealed that retirement tends to cause psychological troubles for some people.8)医疗队并没有一味抱怨当地医院较差的工作条件。比如，好几位医生就曾用自己的钱购置了简单的医疗器械。
The medical team did more than complain about the relatively poor working conditions at the local hospital.For instance, several doctors bought simple medical instruments with their own money
Unit9 1)一切都表明他的计划出了毛病。
Everything points to the fact / indicates that something has gone wrong with his project / plan.2)作者认为，我们不应想当然地以为那些智力测验得分高的人在实际工作中就一定能干得好。
The author argues that we should not take it for granted that those who score high on intelligence tests will naturally do well in practical work.3)我挑出几条英语习语（idiom），考了一下我的同班同学。I picked out some English idioms and tried them on my classmates.4)三位教授被请来对新教员设计的教案作出评估。
Three professors were asked to make an evaluation of the teaching plans devised by the new teachers.5)这对我们来说是个很小的损失，不要大惊小怪。
It is a very small loss to / for us.Don't make such a fuss over it.6)他比任何对手的得分都高得多，证明他不愧为一个胜利者。
He scored far more points / much higher than any of his rivals and proved himself a worthy winner.7)这两只动物外貌很相似，但它们属于不同的种类。
The two animals are similar in appearance, but they belong to different species.8)我并不确切知道他申请的贷款（loan）银行是否会给他。
I don't know for sure whether the bank will grant him the loan he has applied for.
第四篇：21世纪大学英语(第二册)翻译答案
第一单元
“‘在画画呢!’她大声说道。‘多么有趣。可你还在等什么呢? 把画笔给我---大的那支。’她猛地用笔蘸起颜料，还没等我缓过神来，她已经挥笔泼墨在惊恐不已的画布上画下了有力的几道蓝色。谁都看得出画布无法回击。我不再迟疑。我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的牺牲品扑了过去。自那以后，我再也不曾害怕过画布。”
1.When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.2.Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professors.3.When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.4.After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.5.After his failure in the election campaign, Dr.Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.6.As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.7.We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.8.That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.第二单元
儒教也为亚洲人的成功提供了另一个要素。在孔夫子的哲学中，家庭起着最重要的作用----这种定向引导人们为家庭的荣誉而学习工作，而不仅仅是为了他们自己。一个人永远无法报答他的父母，而且在亚洲人中间还有一种责任感、乃至负罪感，这是一种如同新教哲学在西方一样的强大力量。
9.Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast, their class is made up of males only.10.American children can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework during most their after-school time.11.His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success.He said he owed all this to his parents‟ encouragement.12.He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.13.The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.14.As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on traditional Chinese philosophy.15.To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr.Young work so hard.He is committed to educating the young and tires to motivate them to get ahead in life.16.As time was running out, we drove even faster in the hope that we could make it to the airport in time.第三单元
从一开始，乔治就被所有的日本雇员欣然接受。日方经理通常不信任任何被派去代表美方业主的人，但乔治生性随和，没有人把他看作是对自己职业的一种威胁。所以他们喜欢就广泛的各类问题征求他的意见，包括大洋彼岸他们的合作伙伴的古怪行为。公司上下的工程师们都珍视乔治的专业知识和他友好而技能熟练的帮助，他们已养成了一有问题----任何问题，就找他帮忙的习惯。办公室里的秘书们都热衷于帮助这个讨人喜欢的单身汉学习日语。
1.When this temporary job came to an end, George was offered a
permanent job, which he accepted at once.2.To ensure that their ventures in Japan are profitable, the American
companies need cultural translators even more than language translators.3.As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside of his field of expertise.4.Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant‟s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.5.Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American
managers and their Japanese counterparts.But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.6.All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included,appreciated George‟s frequent help with the multitude of problems they run into.7.My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well.Please don‟t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.8.with a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, dr.Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who came to China to study Chinese medicine.第四单元
成功鼓励人们重复过去的行为，因而远不及失败这个老师来得好。你可以从一次极糟的晚会中学会如何举办一次成功的晚会，从第一次不当的选房中学到下次选房时要注意些什么。即使一次看似彻底的失败也能激发新的思路，引起方向的改变。
1.Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.2.Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.3.A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.4.She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for challenges of the real world.5.He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.6.When talking about his success, Mr.Smith is very prone to exaggeration.7.The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.8.In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of.Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.第五单元
要做到工作学习两不误很困难。“我要一直熬夜学习，每天一大早又要去上班。我上课时很难集中思想，上班时也很难受，因为我实在太累了，”她说。不过她第一学期最后还是得了两个A。.1.The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.2.With small income from her restaurant job, marry could barely make(both)ends meet.That‟s why she found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.3.During her first semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify the scholarship.4.Anyone who wants to find employment in/ with that company must have at least a master‟s degree;if not a Ph.D.otherwise he or she will not be accepted.5.Only if you completely throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.6.In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile.But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary.She wanted to do something more creative.7.A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.8.When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.第六单元
他被称为“活着的最有才华的人”，“20世纪后期最伟大的天才”，以及“爱因斯坦的继承人”。因《时间简史》一书而闻名遐迩为众人所知的斯蒂芬霍金是一个多重意义上的明星科学家。霍金擅长于用一种为非科学家所喜爱的文体揭示宇宙的奥秘，这种天赋使他声誉鹊起，也使他的书在英国和美国都成了畅销书。该书因在《星期日泰晤士报》十大畅销书名单上持续了184周，并在全世界销售了500多万册而在《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》上赢得了一席之地——对一本科学书籍来说，这简直是前所未闻的成功。
1.Stephen Hawking, a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology has been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.2.Every time he releases a new record, the singer dreams of its/ it earning a place in the „top-ten‟ list one the radio.3.Located to the northwest of London, Oxford University is well known/ noted far and wide for its academic excellence.4.An intellectual giant, Einstein was responsible for modern man‟s new concept of time and space.5.This medical research is aimed at finding new treatments for inherited blood diseases, because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.6.This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university.A private school initially, it has now become a world-famous university specializing in theoretical research.7.Two years ago, bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager.Luckily he won a scholarship to the state university.8.Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college, Prof.white, the then Chair of the Physics department, recalls: “ He impressed me as a very bright student with an instinctive insight into physics.”
第五篇：新视野大学英语第二册读写教程课文翻译
新视野大学英语二级读写教程翻译（第一版）
Unit 1 时间观念强的美国人
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美国人认为没有人会停止不前。如果你不求进取，就会落伍。这种态度造就了一个决心投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是工作。人们一直在说: “只有时间才能支配我们。” 人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待的。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的使用作出解释;我们还要因时间而收取费用。时间是一种宝贵的资源。许多人都深感人生的短暂。一旦人生的光阴逝去，就不能复返了。我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。
外国人对美国的第一印象很可能就是：每个人都显得匆匆忙忙—常常是处于压力之下。城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了想赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。白天人人都急急忙忙地吃饭则部分地体现了这个国家的生活节奏。工作时间被认为是宝贵的。在公共用餐场所，人们等着别人吃完，这样可以轮到他们，以按时赶回去工作。你还会发现汽车司机开车很鲁莽, 人们推搡着在你身边过去。你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈及与陌生人的随意闲聊。不要觉得 这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人不得当地“浪费”时间。
许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒喧。他们也会怀念那种喝着招待客人的茶或咖啡的礼节性交往, 这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。他们也许还会想念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评估他们的客人的，更不用说他们会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去高尔夫球场。既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人的，我们就开门见山地谈生意。因此时间老是在我们的耳朵里嘀嗒嘀嗒地响着。因而我们千方百计地节约时间。我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流, 而不是通过直接接触。虽然面对面接触令人愉快，但却要化更多的时间, 尤其是在马路上交通拥挤时。因此我们把大多数个人间的拜访放在下班以后的时间里或周末的社交聚会上进行。
就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或完全没有关系。在有些国家里, 没有当面接触就做不成大生意, 需要面对面的交谈。在美国，最后协议通常也需要本人签字。然而现在人们越来越多的是在电视屏幕上见面，开电信会议不仅能解决本国的问题，而且还能— 通过卫星—解决国与国之间的问题。美国无疑是一个电话王国。几乎每个人都在用电话做生意、与朋友聊天、安排或取消社交约会、说声 “谢谢”、购物、或去获得各种信息。电话不但能免去你的走路之劳，而且还能为你节约大量时间。其部分原因在于这样一个事实：美国的电话服务是一流的，而邮政服务的效率则差劲多了。有些初来美国的人很可能来自其它的文化背景，在那里人们认为工作太快是一种失礼。在他们看来，如果不是花一定时间来处理某件事的话，则这件事就好像是无足轻重的，不值得给予适当的重视。因此，人们觉得用的时间长会增加所做事情的重要性。但在美国，能迅速而又成功地解决问题或完成工作，则被视为是有水平、有能力的标志。通常，工作越重要，投入的资金、精力和注意力就越多，其目的是 “使工作开展起来”。
UNIT2 世界各地的环境保护
--------世界上大部分地区不存在环保意识。绝大多数国家只顾经济发展，而不顾经济发展对全球生态环境的影响。但近年来，随着环境损害的日益严重，世界各地已经出现了许多变化的迹象。下面就是几个正在采取环境保护新举措的国家的例子。
加拿大
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当欧洲的探险者刚踏上新大陆时，后来成为加拿大东部和新英格兰的沿海渔场盛产鳕鱼及其他鱼类。号称大浅滩的海域是当时世界上产鱼最多的渔场。
500年以后的今天，过度捕捞已使鱼的数量减少到危险的程度。针对这一情况，加拿大关闭了这一捕鳕海域，并对其他鱼类的捕捞量也作出严格限制。
加拿大在20世纪70年代也曾采过取类似措施来保护鲱鱼的数量，最终鲱鱼的数量得到了恢复。但是专家们说，由于时下的滥捕，某些鱼类可能永远也恢复不到原来的数量了。政府也面临着来自加拿大渔民的抗议。因为禁渔和捕鱼数量的减少，现在己有大约4万渔民失业。
哥斯达黎加
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这个中美洲国家为保护其热带雨林的生态多样性，已制订出世界上最为雄心勃勃的的规划之一。这个国家许多地区的树木已被砍伐殆尽，而且土地流失范围十分广。但是人们制订了一系列新的环境保护法，还新建了占四分之一国土面积的公园和自然保护区，目的是要保护哥斯达黎加现存的森林。巴西
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巴西是全世界最大的热带丛林-亚马逊雨林的生长地。几十年来，巴西政府一直在致力于开拓和开发亚马逊雨林，给这个地区及其居民带来了严重的环境灾难。
但在1991年，在世界各地环境保护者的压力下，巴西彻底改弦更张。它取消了原本旨在鼓励砍伐亚马逊雨林的税收优惠，而且还批准了给新的森林保护项目提供资金的计划。
养牛场场主、矿工和移民们反对这个措施，继续破坏森林, 虽然破坏速度比过去已放慢。去年，矿工们为了争夺印第安人的土地而杀死了一群居住在亚马逊雨林里的印第安人后，冲突扩大了。巴西政府承诺，将保护该地区的土著居民，但人们对这个承诺的可信度仍心存疑虑。
东欧
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东欧各国，包括波兰、匈牙利、捷克和斯洛伐克共和国，被认为是世界上工业化国家中污染最严重的。开挖煤矿时逸出的重金属已经污染了这个地区的许多水域。河流、土地及森林的污染是如此严重，以至现在其中的许多在生物学上来讲已经死亡。
通过签订一系列专门性条约，东欧国家已与许多其它国家，包括美国，设立了用来净化环境和改善该地区发电厂的特别基金。此外，德国和捷克共和国已签订了一项条约以保护易北河，使之不再进一步被污染。专家们说该条约可被视为保护该地区其它河流，包括奥德河和多瑙河在内，的典范。
加纳
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加纳的人口一直在以每年3.2%的速度增长。这种人口激增已导致了该国许多地方森林的消失及对现存农田过度耕作。森林正在以每年278平方英里的速度被砍伐。
针对这一情况，政府鼓励当地村庄建立更多的共有农田。为恢复荒地的地力，它资助人们种植诸如木薯、玉米、棉花之类的经济作物和植树造林。观察家们称该计划已成功地巩固了该国的农业基础，而且还给村民们带来了新的财源。但是要知道这些措施是否会产生足够的影响来减缓砍伐森林的速度，尚须时日。印度尼西亚
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印度尼西亚人传统上偏爱大家庭，他们的主要宗教伊斯兰教不赞成节制生育。但是这个人口达1.88亿的国家正在为了给其人民提供足够的食物、住房和工作机会而苦苦挣扎。印尼政府近几年来已发动了一场大规模的广告宣传运动来鼓励节制生育，并提出了鼓励措施，如提供免费去沙特阿拉伯的麦加-伊斯兰教的诞生地-的机会。
印尼政府已成功地扩大了实行节制生育的范围，节育人口已从20年前的10%增加到今天的49%。其结果是每个妇女从平均生育5.6个孩子下降到平均生育3个。印尼政府希望到2005年的时候，每个妇女的平均生育数可下降到2.1个。但是因为该国的人口基数十分大，要想达到政府的人口目标，印尼还必须再转变几百万人的思想，让他们接受节制生育的观念。
UNIT3 跨国婚姻
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我和盖尔计划举行一个不事张扬的婚礼。在一起相处的两年中，我们经历了一对情侣在学着相互了解、理解和尊重时常常出现的磕磕碰碰。但在这整整两年间，我们坦诚地面对了彼此性格中的弱点和长处。
我们之间的种族及文化差异不但增强了我们的关系，还教会了我们彼此间要宽容、谅解和开诚布公。盖尔有时不明白为何我和其他黑人如此热衷于种族问题，她好像忘记了美国社会中种族仇恨更加微妙的表现形式，这一点令我感到惊讶。
作为一对居住在美国、异族通婚的夫妻，我和盖尔对未来不抱丝毫幻想。相互信任和尊重是我们俩永不枯竭的力量源泉。
许多夫妻因为错误的理由结了婚, 结果在10年、20年或30年后才发觉他们原来是合不来的，他们在婚前几乎没有化时间去了解彼此，他们忽视了严重的性格差异，指望婚姻会自然而然地解决各种问题。我们希望避免重蹈复辙。下列事实强调了这样一点：已经结婚35年的盖尔父母正经历着一场充满怨恨、令人痛苦的婚变，这件事给了盖尔以毁灭性的打击, 并一度给我们正处于萌芽状态的关系带来了负面的影响。
当盖尔把我们计划举办婚礼的消息告诉她家人时，她遇到了一些阻力。她的母亲德博拉过去一直赞成我们的关系，甚至还开过玩笑，问我们打算何时结婚，这样她就可以抱外孙了。但这次听到我们的消息时，她没向我们表示祝贺，相反却劝盖尔想想清楚自己的决定是否正确。
“这么说我跟他约会没错, 但是如果我跟他结婚，就错了。妈妈，是不是因为他的肤色？” 盖尔后来告诉我她曾这样问她母亲。
“首先我必须承认, 刚开始时我对异族通婚是有保留的，也许你甚至可以把这称为偏见。但是当我见到马克时，我发现他是一个既讨人喜欢又聪明的年轻人。任何一个母亲都会因为有这样一个女婿而感到脸上有光的。所以，这事跟肤色没有关系。是的, 我的朋友们会有闲话。有些朋友甚至对你所做的事表示震惊。但他们是生活在一个和我们不同的世界里的人。因此要明白，马克的肤色不是个问题。我最大的担心的是你也许跟我当初嫁给你爸爸一样，是因为错误的原因而嫁给马克的。当年我和你爸爸相遇时，我也把他看作是个可爱、聪明、讨人喜欢和善解人意的人。一切都是多么新鲜、多么令人兴奋。而且我们俩人都认为-至少在表面上是如此-我们的婚姻是理想婚姻，而且一切迹象都表明是会天长地久的。直到后来我才明白，在我们结婚时，我并不十分理解我所爱的人-你的爸爸。” “但是我和马克呆在一起已有2年多了,” 盖尔抱怨道。“我们俩一起经历了许许多多的事情。我们彼此已很多次看到对方最糟糕的一面。我可以肯定时间只会证明我们是彼此深情相爱的。”
“你也许是对的。但我还是认为再等一段时间有好处。你今年才25岁。”
盖尔的父亲戴维-我还未见过他的面-以知女莫若父的态度来对付我们的决定。他问的问题基本上和盖尔母亲的问题相同: “干吗这么匆忙？这个马克是什么人？他是什么公民身份?” 当他得知我在公民身份部门遇到的问题时, 就怀疑我是因为想留在美国而娶他的女儿的。
“不过爸爸，你这话讲得太难听了,” 盖尔说。
“那么干吗要这样着急？拖一段时间再说，拖一段时间再说,” 他重复说着。
“马克以前是有过公民身份方面的问题，但他总是在自己处理这些问题,” 盖尔辩解道。“ 事实上，当我们在讨论结婚的时候，他清楚地表明了这样一点：如果我对任何事情有怀疑, 我完全可以取消我们的计划。”
她的父亲开始引用统计数据说明异族通婚的夫妻离婚率比同族结婚的夫妻要高，而且还列举了接受过他咨询的、在婚姻上有麻烦的异族通婚夫妇的例子。
他问道：“你考虑过你以后的孩子可能会遭受的苦难吗？”
“爸，你是个种族主义分子吗?”
“不，当然不是。但你必须得现实一点。”
“也许我们的孩子会遇到一些问题。但谁的孩子不会呢？ 但是有一样东西他们将会永远拥有：我们的爱和奉献。”
“那是一种理想主义的想法。人们对异族通婚生下的孩子是会很残酷的。”
“爸爸，到时候，我们自己会操心的。但是假如我们在做什么事之前，必须把所有的疑难问题全部解决的话，那么我们几乎就什么都干不成了。”
“请记住，回心转意是永远不会太迟的。”
UNIT4 到国外求学
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选择去美国完成中学学业的巴西青年所面临的挑战。
830号班机。起飞时间：晚上十时四十五分。
乍一看，这不过是又一架飞往加州洛杉矶市的普通班机。然而对于飞机上的38个年龄在15到18岁之间的年轻乘客来说，这是一次全新经历的开始： 他们将远离家人去国外留学，度过他们生命中的10个月。美国平均每年要接待78，000名中学学历程度的外国学生，其中3，000个来自巴西。他们都是因为同样的原因赴美的--学会流利的英语、完成中学学业以及尽可能了解有关美国生活方式的方方面面。在每个学期结束时，只要这些学生能通过期末考试，美国当局就会向他们颁发证书，巴西是承认这种证书的。
对大多数学生来说，至少要经过6个月的精心筹划才能作出到国外学习的决定。“对我来说，” 17岁的格洛里亚·马卡托说: “学会讲英语及体验这种经历比从美国政府那里拿到一张证书更为重要。” 其他人则向往能继续上大学。桑德罗·罗德里戈·德·巴洛斯明确表示: “我想做一名音乐指挥家，而且我已经选择好了美国最好的音乐学院。”
正如他们所说的那样，事情并不总是那么顺利。甚至那些计划在美国完成两个学期中学课程的年轻学生也很难找到接待家庭。很少有学生在到达这个国家时，就把一切细节都安排妥贴了的。格洛里亚·马卡托是其中的一个幸运者。在出国前，她收到了2封信及几张她的新“父母”的照片。格洛里亚说: “我认为一切都取决于你怎样回答巴西这边的海外留学公司寄给你的问卷调查。举个例子说吧, 我是不惜纸墨的。我甚至描写了我的四条狗，还说我每个星期天都去做礼拜。” 她达到了目的。美国人笃信宗教（绝大多数美国人都是基督教徒), 而且宠物在他们心里占有特殊的地位。虽然可以减免一小部分所得税, 接待海外留学生的美国家庭是不向学生收钱的。
每个孩子的个人用品、娱乐、长途电话及衣服都得自己掏钱。每个月的这些费用加起来就要 200 到 300 美元。怕万一生病，每个学生都得办一张医疗帮助卡。健康保险不包括艾滋病、人工流产和自杀后的治疗，也不支付治疗牙齿和配眼镜的费用。
事实上，大多数学生在离家时，都知道他们将在没有原来所习惯了的父母照顾的情况下自己生活, 学会自己照料自己。然而，他们没有人会独自整理行装。父母们一直在给他们出主意，甚至帮他们装箱打包。这些小青年在做这类事的时候常常显得缺乏实践经验。他们带了许多不必要的东西。一个来自巴西南部的学生把2个大箱子塞得满满的，此外，还得考虑她随身携带的行李。结果她无法一个人带着这么多东西踏上旅途。
对许多学生来说，在机场与亲友告别是他们最难受的时候。即使朋友们及家人支持他们出国留学, 但在此时此刻说声再见却是很困难的。帕特里夏·卡格利恩说: “抛下你所爱的人，特别是男朋友, 是很不容易的。我在飞机起飞的时候哭了，到了飞机上还在哭。”
学生们在等待美国国内班机把他们带到在美国的临时家庭时又紧张了一阵。从那以后，每个人都得自己照料自己了。没有人真正知道自己该如何去适应这新的环境。虽然大多数外国学生将留在加利福尼亚州，但也有人要被送往德克萨斯、亚利桑那、爱达荷、俄克拉荷马及弗吉尼亚等州去。
几天以后，普遍的抱怨就是食物了。“虽然我的适应能力很强，可我真的很想念米饭和豆类菜肴。这里的食物看上去不太有营养。” 费尔南多·安德雷德哀怨地说。大多数年轻人遇到的另一个大问题，就是他们远在他乡、倍思亲人。
留学计划中有一条与时间有关的重要规定，这是由接待家庭的 “父母” 制定的。根据这条规定, 这些十几岁的孩子们在周末晚上必须回家。“他们真的很严格吶,” 刚学完第一学期的朱莉安娜·马蒂尼说。“你必须在晚上十点半以前到家。如果做不到,就会受罚。”
刚到美国时, 有些孩子对英语几乎一窍不通。在这种情况下，唯一的解决方法就是请私人语言教师。这样就增加了留学的费用，加上飞机票，估计费用大约为3,800 美元。
UNIT5 我为女儿抽烟哭泣
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我的女儿会抽烟。她做家庭作业时，脚搁在前面的长凳上，计算机嗒嗒地跳出几何题的答案。我看着那包已抽了一半、她随意扔在紧靠手边处的骆驼牌香烟。我拿起香烟，走到厨房里去仔细察看，那里的光线好一点--谢天谢地，那是有过滤嘴的。可我心里却感到十分难过。我想哭。事实上，站在厨房煤气灶旁边, 我确实哭过。我手里捏着一支雪白雪白的香烟，制作得非常精致。那可是会致我女儿于死地的东西啊。当她抽“万宝路”及“运动员”牌香烟时，我硬起心肠, 不让自己感到难过。我认识的人当中没有那个抽过这两种牌子的香烟。
她不知道我父亲、也就是她外公生前抽的就是骆驼牌香烟。但是在他开始抽机制卷烟之前--那时他很年轻、也很穷，但眼睛炯炯有神--他抽的是用阿尔伯特亲王牌烟丝自己手工卷制的香烟。我还记得那鲜红的烟丝罐头，上面有一张维多利亚女王的丈夫阿尔伯特亲王身穿黑色燕尾服、手拿一支手杖的图片。
到40年代末、50年代初，我的家乡乔治亚州的伊顿镇上已没有人再自己手工制作卷烟了（而且几乎没有女人抽烟）。烟草业，再加上好来坞电影--影 片中的男女主角都是老烟鬼--把像我父亲那样的人完完全全争取了过去, 他们无可救药地抽烟上了瘾。然而我父亲看上去从来就没有像阿尔伯特亲王那样时髦。他还是一个贫穷、过于肥胖、为养活一大家人而拼命干活的男人。他浑身漆黑，嘴里却总叼着一支雪白的香烟。
我记不清父亲是什么时候开始咳嗽的, 也许开始时并不明显, 他早晨一下床点燃第一支香烟时才有点微咳。到我16岁, 也就是我女儿现在这般年龄时，他一呼吸就呼哧呼哧的，让人感到不安；他上楼时每走三、四级楼梯就得停下来休息一会儿。他常常一连咳上一个来小时。
肺病把我父亲折磨得虚弱不堪, 一个严冬，他死于被叫做“穷人的朋友”的疾病--肺炎。他咳嗽了这么多年，我想他的肺部已没有什么完好的地方了。去世前几年，他的呼吸已经很虚弱了，他总得倚靠着某个东西。我记得有一次全家聚会，当时我女儿才2岁，他抱了她一会儿，好让我有时间给他俩拍张照片。但是很明显，他是费了好大劲的。他生命行将结束前, 主要是因为他的肺功能已极度受损，他才戒了烟。戒烟后他的体重增加了几磅，但当时他太瘦了，所以没人注意到这一点。
我到第三世界国家去旅行时，看到了许多像我父亲和女儿那样的人。到处都有针对他们这两类人的巨大广告牌：强壮、自信或时髦、年龄较大的男人, 以及漂亮、“世故”的年青女人，都在吞云吐雾。就像在美国的市中心区和印第安人的居留地上发生的事一样。在这些贫困的国家里，那些本应该化在食物上的钱却流进了烟草公司。久而久之，人们不但缺少食物，而且还缺少空气，这样不但大大地削弱了孩子们的体质，还使他们染上了烟瘾，最终还会致他们于死地。我在报纸及我订阅的园艺杂志上看到, 烟蒂的毒性是很强的：一个婴儿如果吞下了一个烟蒂，就很有可能会死去； 沸水加一把烟蒂就成了很有效的杀虫剂。
作为一个母亲，我感到深深的痛苦。有时我有一种无能为力的感觉。我记得自己怀孕时，吃东西的时候是多么当心啊！之后在教她如何安全穿过马路时，又是多么耐心啊！有时我纳闷：自己这样做到底是为了什么? 难道是为了她今后大半辈子有气无力地挣扎着呼吸，然后再像她外公那样自己把自己毒死？
我特别喜欢一条写在受伤害妇女收容所里的语录： “人间平安，始于家庭。” 我认为世上所有东西都是如此。我还想起了另一条写给那些想戒烟的人们的语录： “每个家庭都应该是禁烟区。” 抽烟是一种自我毁灭，而且也毁灭着那些不得不坐在你身边的人。那些人偶尔也会取笑或抱怨抽烟，可常常只能无可奈何地坐在一边看。我现在意识到了，当我还是一个孩子时，许多年中我实际上是一直坐在旁边，看着我父亲自杀。对那些生意兴隆的烟草公司的巨头们来说，能在我家取得这样一种胜利，肯定是够满意了。
UNIT6 人如其名
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在她人生最初的24年里，人们一直叫她黛比--一个和她漂亮的容貌和优雅的风度不相配的名字。“我的名字老是使我觉得自己应该是一个女厨子,” 她抱怨道。“我真的不想要黛比这个名字。”
一天，在填写一张申请一个出版业工作职位的表格时，这位小姐一时冲动,用她的中名林恩替换了她的名字黛比。“这是我一生中干过的最漂亮的事,”现在她对人这样说。“我一停止称自己为黛比，我就对自己感到比较舒坦了……而且其他人也开始更认真地对待我了。” 在成功地通过那次工作面试两年后，这位昔日的女服务员现在成了一位成功的杂志编辑。朋友和同事们都叫她林恩。
当然, 黛比(或林恩)的职业成就并不是改名带来的，但是它肯定给她带来了好处，虽说改名仅使她对自己的才能增加了一点点自信。社会科学家认为你叫什么名字会影响你的生活。自古至今，名字不仅被用来识别人，而且也被用来描述人。圣经上说： “……人如其名 ……”，此外韦伯斯特大词典也对名字作了如下的定义： “表达某种特点的一个或几个字, 这种特点被认为反映了某人或某事的本质、或描述了某人某事，常表示嘉许或不喜欢的意思。” 请好好注意这几个词：“嘉许或不喜欢。” 不管是好是歹，诸如友好或拘谨，相貌平常或漂亮妩媚等品质特征已经和你的名字连在了一起，甚至在他人见到你这个人之前就已经知道了你的这些品质和特征。
名字已成为特定形象的组成部分, 任何一个被称为“相貌平常的珍妮”或“普普通通的乔”的人都能证明这一点。后面的那个名字特别使我烦恼，因为我的名字也叫乔。有些人认为这个名字使我更适合于做一个棒球运动员而不是，比如说，艺术评论家。然而，尽管有此不利，我确实曾一度努力想成为一名评论家。即使如此，一家著名杂志一直拒绝把“乔”作为我的文章的作者署名，而是用我名字的首字母 J.S.来代替它。我怀疑假如我的名字是比较文雅的阿瑟、或艾德里安的话，我的名字早已完整地出现在杂志上了。
当然, 有积极含义的名字对你是有好处的，甚至能促进你结交新友。最新调查表明：美国男人认为苏珊是最有吸引力的女性名字，而女人则认为里查德和戴维是男人中最有吸引力的名字。我认识一个女人，她拒绝了一次由第三方安排的、与一个叫哈里的男人的约会，因为“这人听上去没劲”。可就在几天后的一个晚间聚会上，她走到我身边，催逼着我把她介绍给一个给人以深刻印象的男人；他们俩人整个晚上都在互送秋波。“哦”，我说“你指的是哈里呀。”她听了后感到很尴尬。
虽然我们中大多数人会认为自己没有这样的偏见看法，但在某种程度上，我们都有对名字产生固定看法的毛病。老老实实地坦白：你碰到一个名叫奈杰儿的木匠会不会感到惊讶呢？ 或是一个叫伯撒的物理学家呢？抑或是一个叫梅尔的教皇呢？ 正如我的一位女性朋友在照看一批托儿所里的四岁儿童时所发现的那样, 我们常常把由名字引起的固定想法加到他人身上。“在托儿所里,有一次我想叫一个名字为朱利安的、活跃的小男孩静静地坐下来看书, 同时把一个喜欢沉思的、名叫罗里的孩子推出去打球。因为他们的名字，我把他们的性格给搞混了！”
很明显，这样的偏见也会影响课堂效果的。在一项由圣迭戈州立大学的赫伯特·哈拉里及乔治亚州立大学的约翰·麦克戴维主持的研究中，与名叫迈克和戴维的作文卷子相比，教师老是给卷上名字为埃尔默和休伯特的男孩写的文章打较低的分数, 实际这是同样的两份卷子。但是教师的偏见不是造成课堂得分差别的唯一原因。坦普尔大学的托马斯·V·巴斯博士和路易莎·塞雷达里恩发现：那些名叫琳达、戴安娜、芭芭拉、卡罗尔及辛迪之类的女孩们在评分客观公正的智力测验和学业成绩测验中的成绩比那些名字不太有吸引力的女孩要好。（一个与之配套的研究表明：女孩受同龄人欢迎的程度也与她们的名字受欢迎的程度有关系。虽然对男孩来说这种关系不太明显。）
虽然你父母很可能打算让你的名字一辈子用下去，但记住, 他们选这个名字的时侯，也许还没有见过你呢。而且, 当他们选择这个名字时，他们所重视的希望和梦想也许不符合你的希望和梦想。假如你的名字看上去不再跟你相配时，不要苦恼；你不必一辈子用这个名字。影星们经常改名，而且是怀着某种决心这样做的，你也可以这样做。
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