第一篇：21世纪大学英语读写教程(第二册)课后翻译答桉
读写译翻译答案
【Unit1】
l 老伴60多岁中风去世时，那位72岁的退休教授不胜悲痛。无人依靠的生活对他来说将是非常困难的。
When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.l 两位业余画家上个月在伦敦举办了一次个人画展。许多人前去参观，其中包括一些著名的专业画家。
Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it including a few celebrated professionals.l 当20世纪80年代中期，7名宇航员在“挑战者”号的灾难中遇到困难时，全世界一下子陷入了震惊与悲痛之中。
When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.l 在结束了其第二届首相任期之后，她仍积极参与政治事务。当政府遇到困难时，她屡次前来帮忙。
After completing her second prime ministry she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.l 大选失败之后，史密斯博士隐退到一个小村庄，在那里尝试工作。
After his failure in the election campaign Dr.Smith retired to a small village where he tried his hand at farming.l 只要你一辈子不停地努力工作，你在回忆里往事时就会感到心满意足的。
As long as you keep working hard all your life you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.l 我们现在必须唤醒人们认识到环境保护的重要性。否则很快就为时太晚了。We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection or it will be too late.l 那位官员因卷入一件政治丑闻而被撤职。如果早知会落到这般地步，他当初也许就会以不同的方式行事了。
That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen he might have acted differently.【Unit2】
l 我们班女生占大多数。相比之下，他们的班级全由男子组成。
Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast their class is made up of males only.l 美国孩子通常每天看三小时电视，而中国孩子必须将放学后的大部分时间用于做家庭作业。
American children can usually watch TV(for)three hours a day whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework most of the time after school.l 他开发的一系列新研究方法使他获得了巨大的成功。他说这一切都得归功于他父母的鼓励。
His development of a series of new research methods led to his great success.He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.l 讨论直接涉及他的未来，而他却被排斥在外，对此他表示愤慨。
He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his
future.l 这些问题连续不断地出现，这表明这台新仪器必须重新调试。
The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new
device has to be readjusted.l 张华是近年来涌入美国一流大学的亚裔学生之一，他说他的许多思想都基于传
统的中国哲学。
As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American
universities in recent years Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on
the traditional Chinese philosophy.l 首先，杨先生如此努力工作并非只是为了钱。他一心为了教育青年人并设法激
励他们在各方面都取得进步。
To start with it is not merely money that makes Mr.Young work so hard.He is
committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.l 我们剩下的时间不多了，于是我们把车开得更快，希望能及时赶到机场。
As time was running out we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it
to the airport in time.【Unit3】
l 当那份临时性的工作结束时，人家给乔治提供了一份永久性的工作，他马上就
接受了。
When this temporary job came to an end George was offered a permanent job
which he accepted at once.l 为了确保他们在日本的合资企业盈利，那些美国公司比之语言翻译来说更需要
文化翻译。
To ensure that joint ventures in Japan are profitable the American companies
need cultural translators even more than language translators.l 作为一名文化翻译，乔治渴望帮助那些就许许多多事情来向他求救的日方雇
员，包括属于他专业知识范围内和之外的问题。
As a cultural translator George was eager to help the Japanese employees who
came to ask his advice on a great many matters both within and outside of his
field of expertise.l 乔治用某种方法说服美方经理接受了日方会计师的决定，从而缓解了两人之间的冲突。
Somehow or other George persuaded the American manager to go along with
the Japanese accountant’s decision thus smoothing over the conflict between the
two.l 美方经理与日方经理之间的确有时会发生冲突和争论。但由于双方都很有见识
进行妥协，才防止了这些冲突和争论激化为感情大战。
Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers
and their Japanese counterparts.But since both parties have the good sense to
compromise these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional
battles.l 所有的日方雇员，包括人事经理在内，都很感激乔治在他们遇到的众多问题上
所给予的经常帮助。
All the Japanese employees the personnel manager included appreciated
George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.l 我的日语口语还不足以很好地表达我的思想，所以如果我有时说了些愚蠢的话，请不要生气。
My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well.Please don’t
get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.l 张大夫对中医有精深的了解，英语也掌握的不错，所以他完全有资格培训前来
中国学习中医的外国医生。
With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good
mastery of English Dr.Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who
have come to China to study Chinese medicine.【Unit4】
l 庇护孩子不让他们知道自己已经失败对于他们的成长和发展是绝对无益的。
Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but
beneficial to their growth and development.l 爱默生认为在失败和成功之间并无天壤之别。
Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and
failure.l 一个成熟的人是一个善于把失败变为成功的人。
A mature man is one who is good at turning failure into success.l 她醉心于在溜冰方面取得的成功，从未对现实世界的挑战做好准备。
She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice-skating that she never
prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.l 当他得知自己的公司已经破产时，完全崩溃了。
He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company
bad gone bankrupt.l 史密斯先生在谈到他的成功时，往往夸大其辞。
When talking about his success Mr.Smith is very prone to exaggeration.l 这家公司开始只卖收音机，但现在已扩大营业范围，销售电脑了。
The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling
computers as well.l 事实上，失败并不是可怕的东西。一旦我们学会应用它，它就能对我们的成长
和发展做出积极的贡献。
In fact failure is nothing to be afraid.Once we learn how to use it it can make
a positive contribution to our growth and development.【Unit5】
l 这所大学只提供给普里西拉一小笔贷款，余下的钱得靠她自己去筹划。
The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with
the rest of the money herself.l 凭着她在餐馆工作的微薄收入，玛丽几乎无法维持生活。因此，她已在所住的公寓大楼里找了一些清扫大楼的工作做。
With the small income from her restaurant job Mary could barely make(both)
ends meet.That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment
building where she lived.l 在头两个学期她经常熬夜学习，因为她知道必须在班上取得最高的平均积点才
有资格获得那份奖学金。
In the first two semesters she often stayed up late studying because she knew
she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.l 任何人想在那家公司找到工作，即使没有博士学位，至少也得有个硕士学位，不然就不会被录用。
Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at
least a mater’s degree if not a Ph.S.Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.l 只要你全心全意地投身于学习，你终将会达到你成为一名考古学家的长远目
标。
Only if you threw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your
long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.l 在办公室里贝思看上去一直很开心，脸上随时带着微笑。但在内心深处她已厌
倦了做秘书。她想做点有创意的事情。
In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile.But deep down
she was tired of being a secretary.She wanted to do something more creative.l 我父亲是来自墨西哥的农业季节工人。当我被华盛顿大学录取，成为我家上大
学的第一人时，他高兴极了。
A migrant farm laborer from Mexico my father was overjoyed when I was
accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my
family to attend college.l 普里西拉回忆起初艰苦奋斗年月时说，在工作和学习之间取得平衡是不容易的。
When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle she said that it was
no easy job to balance work and study.【Unit 6】
l 专攻理论宇宙学的英国科学家斯蒂芬·霍金被公认为二十世纪末叶最伟大的天
才。
Stephen Hawking a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology has
been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.l 每推出一张新唱片，这位歌手总梦想着它能跻身电台的排行榜前十名之列。
Every time he releases a new record the singer dreams of its earning a place in
the “top-ten” list on the radio.l 位于伦敦西北的牛津大学以其学术成就而闻名遐迩。
Located in the northwest of London Oxford University is noted far and wide
for its academic excellence.l 作为一位智力超群的伟人，爱因斯坦使现代人对于时空有了全新的概念。
An intellectual giant Einstein was responsible for modern man’s new concept
of time and space.l 这项医学研究的目的在于找到医治遗传性血液疾病的新疗法，因为现在使用的药物不能治愈这些复杂的疾病。
This medical research is aimed at finding new treatment for inherited blood
diseases because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.l 今年是我校建校一百周年纪念。我校最初是一家私塾，现已成为一所以理论研
究见长的世界名牌大学。
This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university.A
private school initially it has now become a world-famous university specializing
in theoretical research.l 两年前，鲍勃对他餐馆经理的工作感到厌倦了；幸好他获得了一份州立大学的奖学金。
Two years ago Bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager.Luckily he won a scholarship to the state university.l 当被问及斯蒂芬在大学时是什么样的学生时，当时任物理系系主任的怀特教授
回忆道：“他给我的印象是个非常聪明的学生，具有一种对物理本能的洞察力。”
Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college Prof.White the then
Chairman of the Physics Department recalls “He impressed me as a very”
bright student with an instinctive insight into physics.”
【Unit7】
l 他在尝试制订促进思考艺术的新计划时脑子里闪过了一个绝妙的主意。
A brilliant idea flashed into his mind while he was trying to formulate a new
plan to promote the art of thinking.l 不管你怎么看他，都没有理由怀疑他是蓄意造成这一骇人故事的。
Regardless of what you may think of him there is no reason to suspect him of
bringing about this horrible accident deliberately.l 他转过身来正好看见玛丽在聚会中途悄悄离去，因而感到非常不安。
He turned round just in time to catch Mary sneaking off in the middle of the
party which greatly disturbed him.l 他那些尖刻的话使我想起了他对足球教练的强烈不满。其实它们纯粹是来自偏
见，并使他自己为大部分队友所疏远。
His sharp words reminded me of the strong resentment he feels toward his
soccer coach.Actually they come from pure prejudice and most of his teammates
shun him for it.l 现在整个书房归乔治独用了，他准备把沙发搬出去以腾出地方来放他的新书
桌。
Now that George has the whole study to himself he is going to move the sofa
out to make room for his new desk.l 他对工作忽视太久了，别说一个星期，就是一个月也不可能赶完它。
He has neglected his work for too long and it is impossible for him to catch up
on it in a month let alone in a week.l 解决他的问题的最好办法是向精神病专家作些咨询。但如果他拒绝这种咨询怎
么办？
The best solution to his problem lies in seeing a psychiatrist for counseling.But
what if he refuses such counseling?
l 虽然他声称是现实主义者，但他好像对他的公司资金正在耗尽且可能很快就会
陷入困境这一事实视而不见。
While he claims to be a realist he seems blind to the fact that his company is running out of funds and will be in serious trouble soon.【Unit 8】
l 不成文的规定比成文的规定更有力地规范着我们的生活和行为。
The unwritten rules govern our lives and behavior more strongly than the written ones.l 在图书馆和教师里当你和某人在交谈时你并不提高嗓门。事实上，我就从没见任何人在那些地方大声尖叫过。
When you are talking with someone in libraries and classrooms you don not raise your voice.As a matter of fact I have never seen anyone screaming at the top of their lungs in those places.l 当他喊过：“该死，西尔维亚”后发现拥挤在餐馆里的所有人都在惊讶地看着他时，弹压的脸涨得通红。
He blushed when he found that everyone in the crowded restaurant was looking at him in surprise after he yelled “Damn it Sylvia.”
l 尽管比赛很激动人心，但坐在看台上的八万名观众却没有一人离开座位。正如鲍勃·格林所说，那道无形的屏障一直是有效的。
Regardless of the emotion of the contest none of the 80000 spectators sitting in the stands left their seats.Just as Bob Green says the invisible barrier always holds.l 每天早晨六点半，运动场上已挤满了跑步和做早操的学生。这本身是一个充满希望的征兆，说明越来越多的学生已认识到身体好的重要性。
By six thirty every morning the playing field is already full of students jogging and doing morning exercises – which in itself is a hopeful sign that more and more students have realized the importance of keeping fit.l 由于某种原因莉莉没有为法语测试做好准备。但作为一个诚实的姑娘，她决不会在考试中作弊，正如她不会说谎一样。
For some reason Lily was not well prepared for the French test.But being an honest girl she would no sooner cheat on an exam than tell lies.l 我认识一个定期给墨西哥的父母寄钱的农业季节工人。他把这看作是理所当然的事。他常说：“你应该赡养自己的父母，是不是？”
I know a migrant farm laborer who sends money to his parents in Mexico on a regular basis.He regards it as the right thing to do.He often says “You’re supposed to support your parents aren’t you?”
l 我们生活在一个由法律、不成文的规定、习俗和传统主宰的社会里，没有它们就会一片混乱。
We are living in a society which is governed by laws unwritten rules customs and traditions;there would be chaos without them.
第二篇：21世纪大学英语读写教程(第三册)课后翻译答桉
Unit 1
l 汤姆去年转来我校，他全神贯注地听杨小姐上课并很快成了她最喜欢的学生。
Tom(was)transferred to our school last year.He hung no Miss Young’s every word in class and soon became the apple of her eye.2看到女儿高中毕业，他感到一阵难以弄语言表达的爱和骄傲。
Seeing his daughter graduate from high school, he felt a surge of love and pride that he couldn’t express in words.3当李先生去年开始涉足股市时，他做梦也没想到会变成百万富翁。
Last year when Mr.Li first began his venture into the stock market, becoming a millionaire was beyond his wildest dreams.4在休假日，我有幸看到一些野生海豹在吃鱼。我拍了几张照片，可惜焦点都没对准。
On my holiday, I was lucky enough to witness some wild seals feeding no fish.I took several photos of them, but unfortunately they were all out of focus.5王子跟那位女演员保持确定的情侣关系已三年。没有任何东西能改变他们在下周结婚的决定。
The prince has been going steady with the actress for three years and nothing can alter their plan to get married next week.6因为穷人连饭都吃不饱便认为他们不需要义务教育的看法完全是一种错误的想法。没有教育人们怎能克服贫穷？ It is a complete misconception that the poor do not need compulsory education
because they do not even have enough to feed on.Without education, how can people ever overcome their poverty?
7大卫所有的同班同学都困惑不解——没有人想得出他怎么突然变成了优等生。
All of David’s classmates are completely stumped—no one can work out how he became a top student overnight.8很明显，她拒绝他的求婚给了他沉重的打击，但他最终还是从痛苦中恢复了过来。
Obviously, her rejection of his proposal hit him hard, but in time he recovered from his wounds.Unit 2
l 独立生活的能力对于任何一个成年人来说都是必不可少的，但真正的成熟远远不只是一整套的生存策略。
The ability to fend for oneself is indispensable to any adult, but real maturity is more than just a set of survival strategies.2孩子们在儿童节有资格免费进入每一个城市公园。这是对他们全年长期呆在学校里的一种补偿。
On Children’s Day, kids are entitled to free entry to all the city parks.It’s a your grades are suffering.3你更注重个人的生活而不是学习，难怪你的成绩下降了。
You’re giving more priority to your personal life than to your studies.No wonder your grades are suffering.4鉴于当今社会大多数的妇女在外谋职，很自然她们反对丈夫把她们作为管家来对待。
Given that most women nowadays have jobs outside the home,it’s natural that they object to their husbands treating them like housekeepers.5美国的不少百万富翁都至少拥有两座房子和一架私人飞机。
Quite a number of American millionaires own at least two houses and a private plane.当约翰从癌症中意外地康复时，他的医生把此归功于他坚强的毅力和对未来的信念。
When John recovered unexpectedly from cancer, his doctors attributed it to his strong will and faith in the future.7没有任何实际理由要保留为女性开门的那种习俗，更不用说保留“妇女和儿童优先”的传统了。
There’s no practical reason to perpetuate the custom of opening doors for women,let alone the tradition of “women and children first.”许多女权主义者反对男人养育孩子不如女人的想法。
Many feminists object to the notion that men can’t nurture children as well as women can.Unit 3
1我们不久就对她无休止地抱怨感到厌倦，并尽量避开她。
We soon grew wary of her constant complaints, and avoided her as much as possible.市长将在今天下午主持会议，为建设一条新公路的规划作准备。
The mayor will preside over a meeting this afternoon that will pave the way for plans to build a new highway.如果我们有更多的时间可支配，我会带你上这座山。从山顶上四下观望真令人惊叹。
If we had more time at our disposal, I’d take you up this mountain.The view from the top is truly awe-inspiring.4任何热爱生活的人都不难发现鸟类迁徙中的象征性美和实际美。
Anyone who is in love with life will have no difficulty in finding the symbolic as well as the actual beauty in the migration of eh birds.观看壮观的潮涨潮落景色使我感到一种在其他地方感受不到的内心的满足。
Watching the magnificent view of the ebb and flow of the tides fills me with an inner contentment that I find nowhere else.他的不幸激起了听众深深的同情。他们热切地想帮他抚平心头的创伤。
His misfortune aroused great sympathy among the listeners, who are keen to help heal his mental wounds.7对一个门外汉来说，要认识霍金博士研究的重要性也许是困难的或不可能的，但它肯定会对我们的生活产生经久的影响。Recognition of the importance of Dr.Hawkin’s research may be difficult or impossible for a layman,but it is sure to have a lasting impact on our lives.8史密斯先生早就希望能有机会向四周的年轻人讲述他的登月经历，但他一直没有足够的支配时间。
Mr.Smith has long wished for a chance to relate his lunar landing experience to the young people around him,but he never has enough time at his disposal.Unit 4我们想提醒亲爱的观众，敬请体谅他人，在晚上十点以后调低你的电视机音量。
We’d like to remind our viewers to be considerate to your neighbors and keep your TVs turned down after 10 p.m.2我希望我的忠告对处于压力下的学生们会起作用：前面的路充满了不能遇见的机遇。
I hope my advice will work with students under pressure—the road ahead is full of unforeseen opportunities.3顺便说一句，琳达是个腼腆的人，在那么多的生人面前讲话，她会感到不自然。
Incidentally / By the way, Linda is a shy person who might feel uneasy about speaking in the presence of so many strangers.要在学习上取得进步，学生需要具备独立学习的技能而不是事事都依靠教师。
In order to get ahead in their studies, students need to equip themselves with independent—study skills
instead of relying on their teachers for everything.现在的年轻人变得老成，他们确信成就是以拥有多少财产来衡量的。
Young people nowadays are growing up old, with the conviction that achievement is measured by how many possessions one owns.许多学生为他们利用课余时间打工辩解，说这会减少他们的经济压力。
Many students justify their working part time by saying that it reduces their economic pressure on them.7你现在必须马上做的是填好在你来时给你的表格。
What you need to do right now is to fill in the forms you were given when you arrived.就事业本身而言，需要一个人毕生的奉献，但是这并不意味着进入一种职业后就要坚持不懈地一直干下去。
A career in itself requires one’s lifelong devotion, but it does not mean that after you get into a profession
you must continue in that same one all along.Unit 5为了帮助外国投资者更好地了解上海，他们根据能找到的各种资料来源汇编了这本小小的指南。
To help foreign investors get a better understanding of Shanghai,they’ve compiled this little guide from the various sources they could find.他是那种在计划实现之后才让大家知道的那种人。
He’s the sort of person who prefers to keep his plans to himself until they’re realized.3我千里迢迢到纽约来看他，结果却发现他两天前出国了。
I came to New York from far away to see him, only to find he had gone abroad two days before.4现在很难想象没有电、没有电视、没有电话，我们是如何生存了如此之久的。
It is difficult to imagine now how we’ve survived for so long without electricity, television or telephone.只要钱是老老实实赚来的，新政策鼓励人们变得富有。
The new policy encourages people to become wealthy if the money has been acquired honestly.6如果我负责这个项目，我会更好地利用现有的资金。
If I were in charge of the project, I’d make better use of the money that’s available.7他们拒绝给他进入这个国家的签证，理由是他是个危险分子。
He was refused an entry permit on the grounds that he was a dangerous person.8老师没有多久就发现，汤姆总有迟交作业的借口。
It didn’t take the teacher long to catch on that Tom always had an excuse for being late with the assignments.Unit 6我真希望你对这一件事能采取一种更加通情达理的态度。
I wish you could adopt a more reasonable attitude towards the event.2在那次车祸中我的腿折断了，我儿子的腿也摔断了。
I broke my leg in the car accident and so did my son.那位老妇人不胜悲伤，几乎不能自己走路了。
The old woman, overwhelmed by grief, could hardly/barely walk on her own.4在他过世五十年之后，他的成就才为社会所承认。
It was 50 years after his death that his accomplishments were acknowledged by society.5这是曾经是战火纷飞，现在却是一片和平与繁荣。
Where there were flames of war, now there are peace and prosperity.他病得很重，他的病无药可治。
He is seriously ill and his disease defies the healing power of any medicine.7由于前途渺茫，一片空白，早年的希望逐渐消失，他对生活失去了信心。
He has lost confidence in life—the future has blurred and gone bland and his early hopes have faded into nothingness.8小汤姆意识到已无法改变这一严酷的现实：随着父母的突然去世，他的家庭已经破碎。
Little Tom realized that nothing could change the harsh reality that his family had fallen apart with his parents’ sudden deaths.Unit 7
1只要你喜欢你的业余爱好，那么你不必因为你自己水平一般而感到羞愧。别人怎么看你无关紧要。
As long as you enjoy your hobby, you don’t have to feel ashamed of being mediocre at it.It doesn’t matter what others think of you.2金钱在竞技体育中正显出其重要性，但我们必须确保它不会影响一些重要的东西。
Money is becoming a big deal in competitive sports, but we must make sure that it doesn’t get in the way of what’s important.3我们都需要不时地进行某种锻炼来使自己保持身体健康。
We all need some form of exercise every now and then to keep ourselves in good shape.4我一再说该是你整理自己房间的时候了，但你老是拖着。
I’ve said over and over it’s time you tidied up your room, but you keep putting it off.5一两年前他才开始学画画，所以技法还未达到专业水准。你能给他指点指点吗？
He only took up painting a couple of years ago, so his technique isn’t up to professional standards.Can you gibe him some instruction?
6健康专家正试图通过宣传吸烟的种种害处来使人们戒烟。
Health experts are trying to discourage people from smoking by informing them of its dangers.7敬业当然是好的，但你不能让工作蚕食了你的全部休闲时间。
Being committed to your job is fine, of course, but you shouldn’t let work eat up all your leisure time.8对于我来说，工作和业余爱好都必须严肃认真地对待。
As far as I’m concerned, both jobs and hobbies should be seriously considered.Unit 8
l美国国家航空和航天局宣布，这次飞行任务长达九天，其明确目的之一将是研究太空飞行对衰老过程的影响。NASA announced that one of the tangible objectives of this nine-day mission
was to don research into the effects of space flight on the aging process.2在冷战期间，苏美两国在外层空间的开发活动方面投入了大量的资金。
During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union and the United States both spent substantial fund on space exploration.3总统关于削减政府社会福利支出的提议已经在公众中引起了很大的争议。
The President’s proposal to scale down/back the government’s social welfare spending has caused a great deal of controversy.4美国“发现”号航天飞机回到肯尼迪航天中心之前，佛罗里达恶劣的天气，加上舱门的故障，曾使安全着陆难以保证。Before the American space shuttle Discovery returned to the Kennedy Space Center, the bad weather in Florida,coupled with the door trouble, put its safe landing in doubt.5迄今为止还没有充分证据表明火星上有生命，但这并不是说外层空间的研究没有科学价值。
So far there is little evidence of life on Mars, but this doesn’t justify the conclusion that space research has no scientific value.6国际空间站是费用最为昂贵的太空探索项目，是有十六个国家参与的合作项目。
The International Space Station, a collaboration in which sixteen countries are taking part,is the most expensive space-exploration project ever undertaken.7这本书讲的是五十年代末，中国航天探索的先驱者在没有外国专家帮助的情况下，执着地进行研究的情况。This book describes the period at the end of the 1950s when the pioneers of Chinese space exploration pressed ahead
with their research without the help of foreign experts.8今年制造业创利已超过二千亿美元，占我国国内生产总值的一半。
This year the profits made in manufacturing industries have exceeded $200 billion, making up one half of our country’s GDP.
第三篇：新视野大学英语第二册读写教程课文翻译
新视野大学英语二级读写教程翻译（第一版）
Unit 1 时间观念强的美国人
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美国人认为没有人会停止不前。如果你不求进取，就会落伍。这种态度造就了一个决心投身于研究、实验和探索的民族。时间是美国人注意节约的两个要素之一，另一个则是工作。人们一直在说: “只有时间才能支配我们。” 人们似乎是把时间当作一个差不多是实实在在的东西来对待的。我们安排时间、节约时间、浪费时间、挤抢时间、消磨时间、缩减时间、对时间的使用作出解释;我们还要因时间而收取费用。时间是一种宝贵的资源。许多人都深感人生的短暂。一旦人生的光阴逝去，就不能复返了。我们应当让每一分钟都过得有意义。
外国人对美国的第一印象很可能就是：每个人都显得匆匆忙忙—常常是处于压力之下。城里人看上去总是在匆匆地赶往他们要去的地方，在商店里他们焦躁不安地指望店员能马上来为他们服务，或者为了想赶快买完东西，用肘来推搡他人。白天人人都急急忙忙地吃饭则部分地体现了这个国家的生活节奏。工作时间被认为是宝贵的。在公共用餐场所，人们等着别人吃完，这样可以轮到他们，以按时赶回去工作。你还会发现汽车司机开车很鲁莽, 人们推搡着在你身边过去。你会怀念微笑、简短的交谈及与陌生人的随意闲聊。不要觉得 这是针对你个人的，这是因为人们非常珍惜时间，而且也不喜欢他人不得当地“浪费”时间。
许多刚到美国的人会怀念诸如商务拜访等场合开始时的寒喧。他们也会怀念那种喝着招待客人的茶或咖啡的礼节性交往, 这也许是他们自己国家的一种习俗。他们也许还会想念在饭店或咖啡馆里谈生意时的那种轻松悠闲的交谈。一般说来，美国人是不会在如此轻松的环境里通过长时间的闲聊来评估他们的客人的，更不用说他们会在增进相互间信任的过程中带他们出去吃饭，或带他们去高尔夫球场。既然我们通常是通过工作而不是社交来评估和了解他人的，我们就开门见山地谈生意。因此时间老是在我们的耳朵里嘀嗒嘀嗒地响着。因而我们千方百计地节约时间。我们发明了一系列节省劳力的装置；我们通过发传真、打电话或发电子邮件与他人迅速地进行交流, 而不是通过直接接触。虽然面对面接触令人愉快，但却要化更多的时间, 尤其是在马路上交通拥挤时。因此我们把大多数个人间的拜访放在下班以后的时间里或周末的社交聚会上进行。
就我们而言，电子交流的缺乏人情味与我们手头上事情的重要性之间很少有或完全没有关系。在有些国家里, 没有当面接触就做不成大生意, 需要面对面的交谈。在美国，最后协议通常也需要本人签字。然而现在人们越来越多的是在电视屏幕上见面，开电信会议不仅能解决本国的问题，而且还能— 通过卫星—解决国与国之间的问题。美国无疑是一个电话王国。几乎每个人都在用电话做生意、与朋友聊天、安排或取消社交约会、说声 “谢谢”、购物、或去获得各种信息。电话不但能免去你的走路之劳，而且还能为你节约大量时间。其部分原因在于这样一个事实：美国的电话服务是一流的，而邮政服务的效率则差劲多了。有些初来美国的人很可能来自其它的文化背景，在那里人们认为工作太快是一种失礼。在他们看来，如果不是花一定时间来处理某件事的话，则这件事就好像是无足轻重的，不值得给予适当的重视。因此，人们觉得用的时间长会增加所做事情的重要性。但在美国，能迅速而又成功地解决问题或完成工作，则被视为是有水平、有能力的标志。通常，工作越重要，投入的资金、精力和注意力就越多，其目的是 “使工作开展起来”。
UNIT2 世界各地的环境保护
--------世界上大部分地区不存在环保意识。绝大多数国家只顾经济发展，而不顾经济发展对全球生态环境的影响。但近年来，随着环境损害的日益严重，世界各地已经出现了许多变化的迹象。下面就是几个正在采取环境保护新举措的国家的例子。
加拿大
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当欧洲的探险者刚踏上新大陆时，后来成为加拿大东部和新英格兰的沿海渔场盛产鳕鱼及其他鱼类。号称大浅滩的海域是当时世界上产鱼最多的渔场。
500年以后的今天，过度捕捞已使鱼的数量减少到危险的程度。针对这一情况，加拿大关闭了这一捕鳕海域，并对其他鱼类的捕捞量也作出严格限制。
加拿大在20世纪70年代也曾采过取类似措施来保护鲱鱼的数量，最终鲱鱼的数量得到了恢复。但是专家们说，由于时下的滥捕，某些鱼类可能永远也恢复不到原来的数量了。政府也面临着来自加拿大渔民的抗议。因为禁渔和捕鱼数量的减少，现在己有大约4万渔民失业。
哥斯达黎加
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这个中美洲国家为保护其热带雨林的生态多样性，已制订出世界上最为雄心勃勃的的规划之一。这个国家许多地区的树木已被砍伐殆尽，而且土地流失范围十分广。但是人们制订了一系列新的环境保护法，还新建了占四分之一国土面积的公园和自然保护区，目的是要保护哥斯达黎加现存的森林。巴西
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巴西是全世界最大的热带丛林-亚马逊雨林的生长地。几十年来，巴西政府一直在致力于开拓和开发亚马逊雨林，给这个地区及其居民带来了严重的环境灾难。
但在1991年，在世界各地环境保护者的压力下，巴西彻底改弦更张。它取消了原本旨在鼓励砍伐亚马逊雨林的税收优惠，而且还批准了给新的森林保护项目提供资金的计划。
养牛场场主、矿工和移民们反对这个措施，继续破坏森林, 虽然破坏速度比过去已放慢。去年，矿工们为了争夺印第安人的土地而杀死了一群居住在亚马逊雨林里的印第安人后，冲突扩大了。巴西政府承诺，将保护该地区的土著居民，但人们对这个承诺的可信度仍心存疑虑。
东欧
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东欧各国，包括波兰、匈牙利、捷克和斯洛伐克共和国，被认为是世界上工业化国家中污染最严重的。开挖煤矿时逸出的重金属已经污染了这个地区的许多水域。河流、土地及森林的污染是如此严重，以至现在其中的许多在生物学上来讲已经死亡。
通过签订一系列专门性条约，东欧国家已与许多其它国家，包括美国，设立了用来净化环境和改善该地区发电厂的特别基金。此外，德国和捷克共和国已签订了一项条约以保护易北河，使之不再进一步被污染。专家们说该条约可被视为保护该地区其它河流，包括奥德河和多瑙河在内，的典范。
加纳
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加纳的人口一直在以每年3.2%的速度增长。这种人口激增已导致了该国许多地方森林的消失及对现存农田过度耕作。森林正在以每年278平方英里的速度被砍伐。
针对这一情况，政府鼓励当地村庄建立更多的共有农田。为恢复荒地的地力，它资助人们种植诸如木薯、玉米、棉花之类的经济作物和植树造林。观察家们称该计划已成功地巩固了该国的农业基础，而且还给村民们带来了新的财源。但是要知道这些措施是否会产生足够的影响来减缓砍伐森林的速度，尚须时日。印度尼西亚
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印度尼西亚人传统上偏爱大家庭，他们的主要宗教伊斯兰教不赞成节制生育。但是这个人口达1.88亿的国家正在为了给其人民提供足够的食物、住房和工作机会而苦苦挣扎。印尼政府近几年来已发动了一场大规模的广告宣传运动来鼓励节制生育，并提出了鼓励措施，如提供免费去沙特阿拉伯的麦加-伊斯兰教的诞生地-的机会。
印尼政府已成功地扩大了实行节制生育的范围，节育人口已从20年前的10%增加到今天的49%。其结果是每个妇女从平均生育5.6个孩子下降到平均生育3个。印尼政府希望到2005年的时候，每个妇女的平均生育数可下降到2.1个。但是因为该国的人口基数十分大，要想达到政府的人口目标，印尼还必须再转变几百万人的思想，让他们接受节制生育的观念。
UNIT3 跨国婚姻
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我和盖尔计划举行一个不事张扬的婚礼。在一起相处的两年中，我们经历了一对情侣在学着相互了解、理解和尊重时常常出现的磕磕碰碰。但在这整整两年间，我们坦诚地面对了彼此性格中的弱点和长处。
我们之间的种族及文化差异不但增强了我们的关系，还教会了我们彼此间要宽容、谅解和开诚布公。盖尔有时不明白为何我和其他黑人如此热衷于种族问题，她好像忘记了美国社会中种族仇恨更加微妙的表现形式，这一点令我感到惊讶。
作为一对居住在美国、异族通婚的夫妻，我和盖尔对未来不抱丝毫幻想。相互信任和尊重是我们俩永不枯竭的力量源泉。
许多夫妻因为错误的理由结了婚, 结果在10年、20年或30年后才发觉他们原来是合不来的，他们在婚前几乎没有化时间去了解彼此，他们忽视了严重的性格差异，指望婚姻会自然而然地解决各种问题。我们希望避免重蹈复辙。下列事实强调了这样一点：已经结婚35年的盖尔父母正经历着一场充满怨恨、令人痛苦的婚变，这件事给了盖尔以毁灭性的打击, 并一度给我们正处于萌芽状态的关系带来了负面的影响。
当盖尔把我们计划举办婚礼的消息告诉她家人时，她遇到了一些阻力。她的母亲德博拉过去一直赞成我们的关系，甚至还开过玩笑，问我们打算何时结婚，这样她就可以抱外孙了。但这次听到我们的消息时，她没向我们表示祝贺，相反却劝盖尔想想清楚自己的决定是否正确。
“这么说我跟他约会没错, 但是如果我跟他结婚，就错了。妈妈，是不是因为他的肤色？” 盖尔后来告诉我她曾这样问她母亲。
“首先我必须承认, 刚开始时我对异族通婚是有保留的，也许你甚至可以把这称为偏见。但是当我见到马克时，我发现他是一个既讨人喜欢又聪明的年轻人。任何一个母亲都会因为有这样一个女婿而感到脸上有光的。所以，这事跟肤色没有关系。是的, 我的朋友们会有闲话。有些朋友甚至对你所做的事表示震惊。但他们是生活在一个和我们不同的世界里的人。因此要明白，马克的肤色不是个问题。我最大的担心的是你也许跟我当初嫁给你爸爸一样，是因为错误的原因而嫁给马克的。当年我和你爸爸相遇时，我也把他看作是个可爱、聪明、讨人喜欢和善解人意的人。一切都是多么新鲜、多么令人兴奋。而且我们俩人都认为-至少在表面上是如此-我们的婚姻是理想婚姻，而且一切迹象都表明是会天长地久的。直到后来我才明白，在我们结婚时，我并不十分理解我所爱的人-你的爸爸。” “但是我和马克呆在一起已有2年多了,” 盖尔抱怨道。“我们俩一起经历了许许多多的事情。我们彼此已很多次看到对方最糟糕的一面。我可以肯定时间只会证明我们是彼此深情相爱的。”
“你也许是对的。但我还是认为再等一段时间有好处。你今年才25岁。”
盖尔的父亲戴维-我还未见过他的面-以知女莫若父的态度来对付我们的决定。他问的问题基本上和盖尔母亲的问题相同: “干吗这么匆忙？这个马克是什么人？他是什么公民身份?” 当他得知我在公民身份部门遇到的问题时, 就怀疑我是因为想留在美国而娶他的女儿的。
“不过爸爸，你这话讲得太难听了,” 盖尔说。
“那么干吗要这样着急？拖一段时间再说，拖一段时间再说,” 他重复说着。
“马克以前是有过公民身份方面的问题，但他总是在自己处理这些问题,” 盖尔辩解道。“ 事实上，当我们在讨论结婚的时候，他清楚地表明了这样一点：如果我对任何事情有怀疑, 我完全可以取消我们的计划。”
她的父亲开始引用统计数据说明异族通婚的夫妻离婚率比同族结婚的夫妻要高，而且还列举了接受过他咨询的、在婚姻上有麻烦的异族通婚夫妇的例子。
他问道：“你考虑过你以后的孩子可能会遭受的苦难吗？”
“爸，你是个种族主义分子吗?”
“不，当然不是。但你必须得现实一点。”
“也许我们的孩子会遇到一些问题。但谁的孩子不会呢？ 但是有一样东西他们将会永远拥有：我们的爱和奉献。”
“那是一种理想主义的想法。人们对异族通婚生下的孩子是会很残酷的。”
“爸爸，到时候，我们自己会操心的。但是假如我们在做什么事之前，必须把所有的疑难问题全部解决的话，那么我们几乎就什么都干不成了。”
“请记住，回心转意是永远不会太迟的。”
UNIT4 到国外求学
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选择去美国完成中学学业的巴西青年所面临的挑战。
830号班机。起飞时间：晚上十时四十五分。
乍一看，这不过是又一架飞往加州洛杉矶市的普通班机。然而对于飞机上的38个年龄在15到18岁之间的年轻乘客来说，这是一次全新经历的开始： 他们将远离家人去国外留学，度过他们生命中的10个月。美国平均每年要接待78，000名中学学历程度的外国学生，其中3，000个来自巴西。他们都是因为同样的原因赴美的--学会流利的英语、完成中学学业以及尽可能了解有关美国生活方式的方方面面。在每个学期结束时，只要这些学生能通过期末考试，美国当局就会向他们颁发证书，巴西是承认这种证书的。
对大多数学生来说，至少要经过6个月的精心筹划才能作出到国外学习的决定。“对我来说，” 17岁的格洛里亚·马卡托说: “学会讲英语及体验这种经历比从美国政府那里拿到一张证书更为重要。” 其他人则向往能继续上大学。桑德罗·罗德里戈·德·巴洛斯明确表示: “我想做一名音乐指挥家，而且我已经选择好了美国最好的音乐学院。”
正如他们所说的那样，事情并不总是那么顺利。甚至那些计划在美国完成两个学期中学课程的年轻学生也很难找到接待家庭。很少有学生在到达这个国家时，就把一切细节都安排妥贴了的。格洛里亚·马卡托是其中的一个幸运者。在出国前，她收到了2封信及几张她的新“父母”的照片。格洛里亚说: “我认为一切都取决于你怎样回答巴西这边的海外留学公司寄给你的问卷调查。举个例子说吧, 我是不惜纸墨的。我甚至描写了我的四条狗，还说我每个星期天都去做礼拜。” 她达到了目的。美国人笃信宗教（绝大多数美国人都是基督教徒), 而且宠物在他们心里占有特殊的地位。虽然可以减免一小部分所得税, 接待海外留学生的美国家庭是不向学生收钱的。
每个孩子的个人用品、娱乐、长途电话及衣服都得自己掏钱。每个月的这些费用加起来就要 200 到 300 美元。怕万一生病，每个学生都得办一张医疗帮助卡。健康保险不包括艾滋病、人工流产和自杀后的治疗，也不支付治疗牙齿和配眼镜的费用。
事实上，大多数学生在离家时，都知道他们将在没有原来所习惯了的父母照顾的情况下自己生活, 学会自己照料自己。然而，他们没有人会独自整理行装。父母们一直在给他们出主意，甚至帮他们装箱打包。这些小青年在做这类事的时候常常显得缺乏实践经验。他们带了许多不必要的东西。一个来自巴西南部的学生把2个大箱子塞得满满的，此外，还得考虑她随身携带的行李。结果她无法一个人带着这么多东西踏上旅途。
对许多学生来说，在机场与亲友告别是他们最难受的时候。即使朋友们及家人支持他们出国留学, 但在此时此刻说声再见却是很困难的。帕特里夏·卡格利恩说: “抛下你所爱的人，特别是男朋友, 是很不容易的。我在飞机起飞的时候哭了，到了飞机上还在哭。”
学生们在等待美国国内班机把他们带到在美国的临时家庭时又紧张了一阵。从那以后，每个人都得自己照料自己了。没有人真正知道自己该如何去适应这新的环境。虽然大多数外国学生将留在加利福尼亚州，但也有人要被送往德克萨斯、亚利桑那、爱达荷、俄克拉荷马及弗吉尼亚等州去。
几天以后，普遍的抱怨就是食物了。“虽然我的适应能力很强，可我真的很想念米饭和豆类菜肴。这里的食物看上去不太有营养。” 费尔南多·安德雷德哀怨地说。大多数年轻人遇到的另一个大问题，就是他们远在他乡、倍思亲人。
留学计划中有一条与时间有关的重要规定，这是由接待家庭的 “父母” 制定的。根据这条规定, 这些十几岁的孩子们在周末晚上必须回家。“他们真的很严格吶,” 刚学完第一学期的朱莉安娜·马蒂尼说。“你必须在晚上十点半以前到家。如果做不到,就会受罚。”
刚到美国时, 有些孩子对英语几乎一窍不通。在这种情况下，唯一的解决方法就是请私人语言教师。这样就增加了留学的费用，加上飞机票，估计费用大约为3,800 美元。
UNIT5 我为女儿抽烟哭泣
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我的女儿会抽烟。她做家庭作业时，脚搁在前面的长凳上，计算机嗒嗒地跳出几何题的答案。我看着那包已抽了一半、她随意扔在紧靠手边处的骆驼牌香烟。我拿起香烟，走到厨房里去仔细察看，那里的光线好一点--谢天谢地，那是有过滤嘴的。可我心里却感到十分难过。我想哭。事实上，站在厨房煤气灶旁边, 我确实哭过。我手里捏着一支雪白雪白的香烟，制作得非常精致。那可是会致我女儿于死地的东西啊。当她抽“万宝路”及“运动员”牌香烟时，我硬起心肠, 不让自己感到难过。我认识的人当中没有那个抽过这两种牌子的香烟。
她不知道我父亲、也就是她外公生前抽的就是骆驼牌香烟。但是在他开始抽机制卷烟之前--那时他很年轻、也很穷，但眼睛炯炯有神--他抽的是用阿尔伯特亲王牌烟丝自己手工卷制的香烟。我还记得那鲜红的烟丝罐头，上面有一张维多利亚女王的丈夫阿尔伯特亲王身穿黑色燕尾服、手拿一支手杖的图片。
到40年代末、50年代初，我的家乡乔治亚州的伊顿镇上已没有人再自己手工制作卷烟了（而且几乎没有女人抽烟）。烟草业，再加上好来坞电影--影 片中的男女主角都是老烟鬼--把像我父亲那样的人完完全全争取了过去, 他们无可救药地抽烟上了瘾。然而我父亲看上去从来就没有像阿尔伯特亲王那样时髦。他还是一个贫穷、过于肥胖、为养活一大家人而拼命干活的男人。他浑身漆黑，嘴里却总叼着一支雪白的香烟。
我记不清父亲是什么时候开始咳嗽的, 也许开始时并不明显, 他早晨一下床点燃第一支香烟时才有点微咳。到我16岁, 也就是我女儿现在这般年龄时，他一呼吸就呼哧呼哧的，让人感到不安；他上楼时每走三、四级楼梯就得停下来休息一会儿。他常常一连咳上一个来小时。
肺病把我父亲折磨得虚弱不堪, 一个严冬，他死于被叫做“穷人的朋友”的疾病--肺炎。他咳嗽了这么多年，我想他的肺部已没有什么完好的地方了。去世前几年，他的呼吸已经很虚弱了，他总得倚靠着某个东西。我记得有一次全家聚会，当时我女儿才2岁，他抱了她一会儿，好让我有时间给他俩拍张照片。但是很明显，他是费了好大劲的。他生命行将结束前, 主要是因为他的肺功能已极度受损，他才戒了烟。戒烟后他的体重增加了几磅，但当时他太瘦了，所以没人注意到这一点。
我到第三世界国家去旅行时，看到了许多像我父亲和女儿那样的人。到处都有针对他们这两类人的巨大广告牌：强壮、自信或时髦、年龄较大的男人, 以及漂亮、“世故”的年青女人，都在吞云吐雾。就像在美国的市中心区和印第安人的居留地上发生的事一样。在这些贫困的国家里，那些本应该化在食物上的钱却流进了烟草公司。久而久之，人们不但缺少食物，而且还缺少空气，这样不但大大地削弱了孩子们的体质，还使他们染上了烟瘾，最终还会致他们于死地。我在报纸及我订阅的园艺杂志上看到, 烟蒂的毒性是很强的：一个婴儿如果吞下了一个烟蒂，就很有可能会死去； 沸水加一把烟蒂就成了很有效的杀虫剂。
作为一个母亲，我感到深深的痛苦。有时我有一种无能为力的感觉。我记得自己怀孕时，吃东西的时候是多么当心啊！之后在教她如何安全穿过马路时，又是多么耐心啊！有时我纳闷：自己这样做到底是为了什么? 难道是为了她今后大半辈子有气无力地挣扎着呼吸，然后再像她外公那样自己把自己毒死？
我特别喜欢一条写在受伤害妇女收容所里的语录： “人间平安，始于家庭。” 我认为世上所有东西都是如此。我还想起了另一条写给那些想戒烟的人们的语录： “每个家庭都应该是禁烟区。” 抽烟是一种自我毁灭，而且也毁灭着那些不得不坐在你身边的人。那些人偶尔也会取笑或抱怨抽烟，可常常只能无可奈何地坐在一边看。我现在意识到了，当我还是一个孩子时，许多年中我实际上是一直坐在旁边，看着我父亲自杀。对那些生意兴隆的烟草公司的巨头们来说，能在我家取得这样一种胜利，肯定是够满意了。
UNIT6 人如其名
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在她人生最初的24年里，人们一直叫她黛比--一个和她漂亮的容貌和优雅的风度不相配的名字。“我的名字老是使我觉得自己应该是一个女厨子,” 她抱怨道。“我真的不想要黛比这个名字。”
一天，在填写一张申请一个出版业工作职位的表格时，这位小姐一时冲动,用她的中名林恩替换了她的名字黛比。“这是我一生中干过的最漂亮的事,”现在她对人这样说。“我一停止称自己为黛比，我就对自己感到比较舒坦了……而且其他人也开始更认真地对待我了。” 在成功地通过那次工作面试两年后，这位昔日的女服务员现在成了一位成功的杂志编辑。朋友和同事们都叫她林恩。
当然, 黛比(或林恩)的职业成就并不是改名带来的，但是它肯定给她带来了好处，虽说改名仅使她对自己的才能增加了一点点自信。社会科学家认为你叫什么名字会影响你的生活。自古至今，名字不仅被用来识别人，而且也被用来描述人。圣经上说： “……人如其名 ……”，此外韦伯斯特大词典也对名字作了如下的定义： “表达某种特点的一个或几个字, 这种特点被认为反映了某人或某事的本质、或描述了某人某事，常表示嘉许或不喜欢的意思。” 请好好注意这几个词：“嘉许或不喜欢。” 不管是好是歹，诸如友好或拘谨，相貌平常或漂亮妩媚等品质特征已经和你的名字连在了一起，甚至在他人见到你这个人之前就已经知道了你的这些品质和特征。
名字已成为特定形象的组成部分, 任何一个被称为“相貌平常的珍妮”或“普普通通的乔”的人都能证明这一点。后面的那个名字特别使我烦恼，因为我的名字也叫乔。有些人认为这个名字使我更适合于做一个棒球运动员而不是，比如说，艺术评论家。然而，尽管有此不利，我确实曾一度努力想成为一名评论家。即使如此，一家著名杂志一直拒绝把“乔”作为我的文章的作者署名，而是用我名字的首字母 J.S.来代替它。我怀疑假如我的名字是比较文雅的阿瑟、或艾德里安的话，我的名字早已完整地出现在杂志上了。
当然, 有积极含义的名字对你是有好处的，甚至能促进你结交新友。最新调查表明：美国男人认为苏珊是最有吸引力的女性名字，而女人则认为里查德和戴维是男人中最有吸引力的名字。我认识一个女人，她拒绝了一次由第三方安排的、与一个叫哈里的男人的约会，因为“这人听上去没劲”。可就在几天后的一个晚间聚会上，她走到我身边，催逼着我把她介绍给一个给人以深刻印象的男人；他们俩人整个晚上都在互送秋波。“哦”，我说“你指的是哈里呀。”她听了后感到很尴尬。
虽然我们中大多数人会认为自己没有这样的偏见看法，但在某种程度上，我们都有对名字产生固定看法的毛病。老老实实地坦白：你碰到一个名叫奈杰儿的木匠会不会感到惊讶呢？ 或是一个叫伯撒的物理学家呢？抑或是一个叫梅尔的教皇呢？ 正如我的一位女性朋友在照看一批托儿所里的四岁儿童时所发现的那样, 我们常常把由名字引起的固定想法加到他人身上。“在托儿所里,有一次我想叫一个名字为朱利安的、活跃的小男孩静静地坐下来看书, 同时把一个喜欢沉思的、名叫罗里的孩子推出去打球。因为他们的名字，我把他们的性格给搞混了！”
很明显，这样的偏见也会影响课堂效果的。在一项由圣迭戈州立大学的赫伯特·哈拉里及乔治亚州立大学的约翰·麦克戴维主持的研究中，与名叫迈克和戴维的作文卷子相比，教师老是给卷上名字为埃尔默和休伯特的男孩写的文章打较低的分数, 实际这是同样的两份卷子。但是教师的偏见不是造成课堂得分差别的唯一原因。坦普尔大学的托马斯·V·巴斯博士和路易莎·塞雷达里恩发现：那些名叫琳达、戴安娜、芭芭拉、卡罗尔及辛迪之类的女孩们在评分客观公正的智力测验和学业成绩测验中的成绩比那些名字不太有吸引力的女孩要好。（一个与之配套的研究表明：女孩受同龄人欢迎的程度也与她们的名字受欢迎的程度有关系。虽然对男孩来说这种关系不太明显。）
虽然你父母很可能打算让你的名字一辈子用下去，但记住, 他们选这个名字的时侯，也许还没有见过你呢。而且, 当他们选择这个名字时，他们所重视的希望和梦想也许不符合你的希望和梦想。假如你的名字看上去不再跟你相配时，不要苦恼；你不必一辈子用这个名字。影星们经常改名，而且是怀着某种决心这样做的，你也可以这样做。
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第四篇：21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册翻译1-5
Unit1
1.When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief.Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.2.Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London.Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professors.3.When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.4.After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs.She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.5.After his failure in the election campaign, Dr.Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.6.As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.7.We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.8.That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal.Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.Unit2
1.Female students constitute the majority of our class.By contrast, their class is made up of males only.2.American children can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework during most their after-school time.3.His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success.He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.4.He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.5.The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.6.As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on traditional Chinese philosophy.7.To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr.Young work so hard.He is committed to educating the young and tires to motivate them to get ahead in life.8.As time was running out, we drove even faster in the hope that we could make it to the airport in time.Unit3
1.When this temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.2.To ensure that their ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translators.3.As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside of his field of expertise.4.Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.5.Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts.But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.6.All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they run into.7.My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well.Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.8.With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, dr.Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who came to China to study Chinese medicine.1.Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.2.Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.3.A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.4.She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for challenges of the real world.5.He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.6.When talking about his success, Mr.Smith is very prone to exaggeration.7.The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.8.In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of.Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.1.The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.2.With small income from her restaurant job, marry could barely make(both)ends meet.That’s why she found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.3.During her first semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify the scholarship.4.Anyone who wants to find employment in/ with that company must have at least a master’s degree;if not a Ph.D.otherwise he or she will not be accepted.5.Only if you completely throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.6.In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile.But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary.She wanted to do something more creative.7.A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.8.When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
第五篇：新视野大学英语(第三版)第二册读写教程课后答案
新视野大学英语（第三版）第二册读写教程课后答案
新视野大学英语（第三版）第二册读写教程课后答案 Unit 1 Language in mission Text A An impressive English lesson Ex.1 Understanding the text
1、Because he is tired of listening to his father and he is not interested in grammar rules.2、The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture are so marvelous and remarkable that they should be described at least in a brief account;however, what the student could do was only one single utterance :“whoa!” without any any specific comment.3、Because the schools fail to set high standards of language proficiency.They only teach a little grammar and less advanced vocabulary.And the younger teachers themselves have little knowledge of the vital structures of language.4、Because teaching grammar is not an easy job and most of the students will easily get bored if it’s not properly dealt with.5、He familiarized his son with different parts of speech in a sentence and discussed their specific grammatical functions including how to use adverbs to describe verbs.6、Because the son had never heard about the various names and functions of words in an English sentence before.7、The author uses “road map”and “car”to describe grammar and vocabulary.Here,“road map”is considered as grammar and “car”as vocabulary.8、Since the subjunctive mood his son used is a fairly advanced grammar structure, the interjection“whoa!”reflects the tremendous pride the father had toward his son;it also reflects the author’s humor in using the word because it was once used by his student, though in two different situations and with two different feelings.Ex.3 Words in use 1.condense 2.exceed 3.deficit 4.exposure 5.asset 6.adequate 7.competent 8.adjusting 9.precisely 10.beneficial Ex.4 Word building-al/-ial: managerial/editorial/substance/survival/tradition/margin-cy : consistency/accuracy/efficient-y : recovery/ministry/assembly Ex.5 Word building 1.editorial 2.recovery 3.accuracy 4.substance 5.managerial 6.margin 7.assembly 8.Ministry 9.survival 10.tradition 11.consistency 12.efficient Ex.6 Banked cloze 1-5: L C J A I 6-10: O N E H F Ex.7 Expressions in use 1.feel obliged to 2.be serious about 3.run into 4.distinguish between 5.thrust upon 6.was allergic to 7.get lost 8.be attracted to 9.make sense 10.looked upon as Ex.8 Structured writing Some bookworms in my dormitory often spend hours reading their “Bible”, Practical English Grammar, and do a lot of exercises in that book , but I don’t care about it at all.My assumption is since I have never learned Chinese grammar, what’s the sense of learning English grammar? In fact, English grammar has always been a big headache to me.English grammar is very complicated because, unlike Chinese, there are many verb tenses.Even stranger than verb tenses, English grammar also contains something very confusing.For example, I don’t remember how many times my middle school teacher tried to“impose”the differences between used to and be used to on us.Sometimes he would go on with the explanation for 20 minutes or so.He even summarized the differences by listing three or four points for us to memorize.However, they could never stay in my head.I don’t remember how many times I got it wrong with the sentences containing used to or be used to on my exams.I was really confused with these two phrases,and I can never get them right.In brief, I’m allergic to learning English grammar.Curiously, I just wonder if the native speakers of English have a microcomputer in their brain to help them utter the two phrases promptly with just a click of their brain mouse!Ex.9 E-C Translation 人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言，经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。与其他语言一样，英语也发生了很大的变化。英语的历史可以分为三个主要阶段：古英语，中古英语和现代英语。英语起源于公元5世纪，当时三个日耳曼部落入侵英国，他们对英语语言的形成起了很大的作用。在中世纪和现代社会初期，英语的影响遍及不列颠群岛。从17世纪初，它的影响力开始在世界各地显现。欧洲几百年的探险和殖民过程导致了英语的重大变化。今天，由于美国电影、电视、音乐、贸易和技术、包括互联网的大受欢迎，美国英语的影响力尤其显著。
Ex.10 C-E Translation Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world.The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters.In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form.Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers’ personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that “seeing the calligrapher’s handwriting is like seeing the person”.As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world’s treasure house of culture and art.Text B The great journey of learning 2.Understanding the text D.2.A 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.D 4.Words in use mysterious 2.desperate 3.devise 4.negotiate 5.recalled 6.specifically 7.depict 8.Ignorance 9.Expand 10 confusion 5.Expressions in use apply to 2.in a bid to 3.end up 4.speaking of 5.get hold of 6.appealed to 7.leaving..behind 8.focus on EX.6 Sentence structure.even though it is important of the students to have a deep understanding of the texts, it doesn’t make any sense to read texts word for word from the beginning to the end as it is a matter of little importance to us, it doesn’t make much sense to argue out which is wrong or right or which is better or worse it makes no sense to compel children to obey their parents;instead, we should try to tell them what is right and what is wrong.EX.7.II might as well have stayed at home.We might as well have taken the train home So he might as well have told me all about it.Collocation: Warm-up essential framework 2.distinctive difference 3 high standards 4 valuable possessions 5 considerable frustration 6 acquire knowledge 7 overcome deficiencies 8 sketch thoughts 9 devise a scheme Ex.8 1 essential framework 2 proper vocabulary 3 excellent control 4 language deficit 5 high standards 6 language proficiency 7 acquire knowledge 8 competent communication 9 overcome deficiencies 10 sketch thoughts 11 effective communication 12 advanced vocabulary Unit 2 College-The ladder to success Text A The humanities:Out of date? Reading Comprehension 1.because English or history majors are considered less competitive when the job market is shrinking, and they have to study something that can help them more easily locate their future jobs.2.because as the tuition is climbing higher and higher, many students have run away from studying the humanities and toward “hard” skills that they think will lead to employment.3.since more students are now taking job-oriented courses, libraries, where students of liberal arts used to study, are getting less popular than before;in contrast, labs are getting more eye-catching because students of science and engineering do experiments and research there.4.because this inner drive that can be either constructive or destructive is so mysterious and powerful that it has attracted many people to speculate on it.From ancient times, these men and women developed artistic “languages” in the form of story, music, myth, painting, architecture, sculpture, landscape and traditions, which from the very foundation of civilization.5.Studying the humanities improves your ability to read and write, makes you familiar with the language of emotion and the creative process, and, more importantly, provides you with a wide scope of possibilities that are open to you.6.Because in modern life, an ideal capacity for establishing one’s career is to have both technical knowledge and inner insight, not just one without the other.7.“Well-rounded human beings” are those who have insight and understand the passions, hopes and dreams common to all humanity.8.Since many people who once studied the humanities became famous in their career, the author implies that if students spend more time studying the humanities, they could surely become successful in the future as well.Language focus 3 1.promotes 2.accelerate 3.mystery 4.insight 5.boost 6.analysis 7.calculate 8.barriers 9.destruction 10.prospect 4 Promising Bearing Housing Objective Offend Exclude Excess Execute Intensify Identity 5 1.excess 2.bearing 3.objective 4.intensify 5.execute 6.promising 7.exclude 8.identity 9 offend 10.housing 6.1-5 CHDJB 6-10 LMGFA 7 1.are liable to 2.in favor of 3.is bound to 4.speculate about 5.invested…with 6.stand up for 7.in the form of 8.prepared for 9.in the company of 10 in succession 9 幕课是一种网络课程，它旨在通过网络实现广泛参与和开放接入。幕课是远程教育迈出的最新一步，现已在高等教育领域迅速引领潮流。通过这些课程，大学可以扩大影响的范围，从影响成千上万住在城里付学费的学生，扩展到惠及全球上百万的学生。除了拥有传统的课程资料，幕课还给使用者提供互动论坛，支持学生和讲师之间的交流。幕课能促进参与者之间的交流，使得多种观点、知识和技能涌现到课堂上来；它鼓励人们尝试之前不可能尝试的课程，甚至是尝试新的教育方式；它提供多种学习课程资料的方式，鼓励多模式学习，以各种学习风格满足学习者的需求；另外，幕课促进教学的改善，使技术在面对面授课中得以更好地应用。10 In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, the construction of digital education resources of our country has made great achievements.Many universities have set up their own digital learning platforms, and digital teaching is playing an increasingly important role in education.Compared with the traditional way of teaching, the digital way has a lot of advantages.On one hand, digital teaching makes global sharing of teaching resources possible;on the other hand, it expands the learner’s study time and space to learn, allowing people to get access to the digital virtual schools through the Internet anytime and anywhere.These advantages make it possible for people to shift from one-time learning to lifelong learning.Unit 2 TextB What college bring us? Ex 1 1.Main idea: College has never been magical for everyone.Major detail: More high school graduates don’t fit the pattern of college.2.Main idea： We need to revise our attitudes and reform the system.Major detail: we only judge things based on our own college experiences.3.Main idea: College education seems to have wasted time and accumulated debt.Major detail: Close to 80 percent of new jobs can be performed by someone without a college degree.Ex.2 1C 2D 3C 4A 5D 6B 7B 8A Ex.3 1.It’s very true because the job market is becoming more competitive.Yes, without a college degree, one can end up with nothing to do.Sure, college brings students knowledge and personal growth.No, it’s not necessary to get a college degree to have a better career.Disagree, college is too expensive now for students and family to afford.2.More competitive.More knowledgeable.More confident.More opportunities.3.Traditional ideology.More promising future.High expectations of their children.4.Worth their money because it’s an investment that will pay off later.A waste of their money because the tuition is too high.Not sure if they’ll profit from the large sum they invested.5.Analytical ability.Critical thing skills.Broad knowledge.Ex.4 1.enroll 2 revise 3accumulate 4 accorded 5 evaluate 6.prime 7 confirm 8 shrinking 9 sufficient 10 recruit Ex.5 1.bother to 2.is available to 3.been compelled to 4.described…as 4.exposed…to 6.rather than 7 have something to do with 8 for its own sake Ex.6 1.A teacher, no matter how knowledgeable he is, cannot teach his students everything they want to know.2.No matter where you travel, you can always find someone to communicate with in English since English is an important language.3.No matter what work a person is doing, if he gives it his best each day, he creates lots of happiness for himself.Ex.7 1.Although the number of applications is small, there is little doubt that the program will help the students who really need financial aid.2.There is no doubt that computer crime is a very serious problem, so people think that all hackers need to be punished for their actions.3.Though the boy worked very hard and finally successfully passed the exam, there is no doubt that overwork and too much worry caused his illness.Ex.8 1 promising 2 worsens 3 shrinking 4 dominant 5 land 6 great 7 well-rounded 8 creative 9 elegant 10 constructive 11 skills 12 make Unit 3 Discovery of a new life stage Text A The humanities:Out of date? Ex.1 1.Because people in different life stages are confronted with different problems and setbacks and each group of people in a particular time period have their particular worries and pains.2.The norm refers to the general consensus that as soon as students graduated from college, they would enter adulthood and be able to find an ideal job leading to their career.3.They are recognized as a new life stage that comes after high school graduation, continues through college and leads to starting a family and having a career.4.Because nowadays so many young people are following this new lifestyle that it has become a trend.As long as the economic situation continues its long slide, this new stage is unavoidable.5.Unlike their parents, a large number of young people are now delaying marriage, child bearing, and even employment during their odyssey years.6.They often resent the pressure they’re feeling and keep a distance from their parents or even run away from home.Many also resort to computer games, iPods, iPhones, or iPads.7.Their parents feel more anxious and upset seeing their children’s odyssey years continue to stretch without a clear direction.8.The author thinks as people are getting to know the odyssey years better, both parents and their children can tackle this phase better.For parents, they can understand their children more;for children, they can explore and discover themselves with a positive attitude.Ex.3 1.peculiar 2.radical 3.phase 4.sensible 5.predict 6.labeled 7.resent 8.witnessed 9.equivalent 10.parallels Ex.4-ic Chaotic dramatic academy-ion Depression detection erosion Classification confuse cooperate dictate-ist Rightist journal Ex.5 1.journal 2.chaotic 3.cooperate 4.erosion 5.dramatic 6.confuse 7.academy 8.rightists 9.depression 10.dictate 11.detection 12.classification Ex.6 K E A C L I G N H O Ex.7 1.saddled with 2.back off 3.gives way to 4.resorted to 5.make allowances for 6.wonder at 7.prior to 8.based upon/on Ex.8 The odyssey years are certainly a very complicated phase of life for young people.Not only do these young people need to overcome many difficulties, they also have to face many challenges from their parents.The differences between parents and children can be well observed in their completely different attitudes and views.First, they differ in their attitude toward life.Parents always wonder what has gone wrong with the new generation.They feel that during their time, young boys and girls were better behaved, more obedient and had greater respect for elders.Young people, on the other hand, feel that they are capable enough to learn on their own rather than lean heavily on the older generation for guidance.Young people do not like to be spoon-fed by their parents.The differences also appear in the way the two generations look at things.For example, the parents’ generation never understood Elvis and the Beatles.Because they couldn’t understand what was going on, they were frequently opposed to them and saw rock as “the devil’s music”.Young people, however, are crazy about the modern music and would love to listen to it for a hundred times a day.Wherever they go, they’ll have their iPod with them.In conclusion, it’s very difficult for parents and their youngsters to get along due to their distinctive attitudes and the way they view things.To fill this gap, both parents and their grown children need to be more understanding to each other.Ex.9 作为美国文化价值体系的一个重要组成部分，“个人主义”受到大多数美国人的推崇。美国人认为家庭作为一个群体，其主要目的是促进家庭各成员的幸福。
与许多其他文化相比，美国家庭成员的主要职责，不是在社会上或经济上提高整个家庭的地位。人们通常认为，什么是对个人最好的要比什么是对家庭最好的更为重要。与自由相伴而来的是照顾自己的责任，因为所选择的自由承载了责任，即必须接受自己的选择所带来的后果。许多美国人给他们的孩子很多的自由，因为他们希望孩子们能够独立和自力更生。在美国人强调个人自由的同时，父母与孩子间平等的信念也对美国家庭产生了巨大的影响。Ex.10 Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in the ancient Chinese society.Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a person’s integrity, family harmony, and the nation’s well-being.With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics, it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years.It’s undoubtedly a traditional Chinese virtue.The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range.It concludes not only cultural ideas but also institutional etiquettes.Generally speaking, it refers to the obligation of children to their parents required by the society, including respect, care, support for the elderly and so forth.Filial piety is fundamental to the ancient “Oriental civilization”.Unit 3 Text B Finding my way back home Understanding the text 2 1.A 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.D 8.C Words in use 4 1.hollow 2.restless 3.demonstrate 4.exiled 5.miserable 6.commercial 7.hesitated 8.erupt 9.refine 10.Feasible Expression in use 5 1.are tired of 2 fall into 3 be strict with 4 not amount to much 5 drifted off 6 bonded with 7 resign himself to 8 surrender themselves to Sentence structure 6 1.The man walked slowly, with one hand pulling with effort at his coat and the other holding tightly on to his trousers.2.With more and more students joining it, the new club soon expanded and became the largest one on the campus.3.With the Internet becoming increasingly popular for young people to connect with their friends, letter writing is becoming less and less common.7 1.With the traditional values in their heads, most parents found it hard to accept their children’s thinking.2.With this kind of jeans out of fashion, young people do not like to wear them any more now.3.With the differences in their skills and abilities, the young and the old seem to live in two very different worlds..Collocation 8 1 fluid 2 contemporary 3 radical 4 enormous 5 prideful 6 competitive 7 rebellious 8 transition 9 unavoidable 10 traditional 11 unique 12 peculiar Unit 4 Dance with love Text A College sweethearts Ex.1 1.The author uses this sentence to tell her own love story.She didn’t expect that she would end up marrying Butch.He became her boyfriend just because of her wish to find a cute boyfriend.She didn’t really want to marry him at the beginning.2.Because when she met up with Butch the first time, he kept staring at her all night long.He flattered her and fell in love with her at first sight.He looked really wild or maybe even dangerous.3.Because Butch had a “bad boy image” which was very tempting to a lot of girls, and his wild, dynamic personality was a little frightening.She didn’t know whether she could be getting along with him.4.Though she always had an excellent reputation in respect to her schoolwork, she thought that her college life was dull, with no fun.In her opinion, college was supposed to be a time of great learning and also of some fun.5.Because she was becoming more interested in him and she wanted to find out if she was the “right” date in the eyes of Butch, thinking of herself as a traditional girl.6.It means that Butch didn’t want to do anything to change his bad situation.The word fate here refers to the fact that Butch was going to be expelled from the university.7.Though Butch was wild and would sometimes display directly his love in front of her friends, he was always a perfect gentleman at his core.And they had a pure and responsible relationship for seven years.8.The author and her husband’s faithful journey of love that started with a causal attraction but bloomed into a mature love proves that romantic love can last long through the ups and downs in life.Ex.3 1.confess 2.tempting 3.commence 4.coordinating 5.granted 6.deserved 7.displayed 8.consequently 9.lodged 10.proceed Ex.4-ed Contented compress complicate-ion Identification justification qualification Illustration exhibit extension Interpretation plantation perception Ex.5 1.qualifications 2.perception 3.plantations 4.compressed 5.exhibit 6.contented 7.interpretation 8.complicate 9.illustration 10.extension 11.identification 12.justification Ex.6 N B G I H L E M K C Ex.7 1.on her behalf 2.took the liberty of 3.immune to 4.were filled with 5.fall in love with 6.Expelled from 7.been pessimistic about 8.go along with Ex.9 美国和欧洲各国都会庆祝2月14日的情人节。这是一个充满爱情和浪漫的节日，恋人之间通常都会交换情人卡和爱情信物。关于这个节日的起源有着不同的说法。一个传说是罗马人把一个叫圣瓦伦丁的神父关进了监狱，因为他拒绝相信罗马神。2月14日那天，瓦伦丁被处死，不仅因为他是基督徒，而且因为他曾治愈了一位监狱看守双目失明的女儿。他在被处死的前一晚上给她写了一封署名“你的瓦伦丁”的告别信。后来，2月14日就成了一个人们可以为他们的情人展示感情的节日。现在，人们以不同的方式庆祝情人节，他们发送贺卡、鲜花，赠送巧克力或其他礼品，或共进浪漫的晚餐。现在这个节日已流行世界各地。在中国，这个节日也越来越受年轻人的欢迎。Ex.10 July 7th on the Chinese calendar is Chinese Qixi Festival, the most romantic of all the traditional Chinese holidays.Every year, some big businesses organize various activities, and young people send gifts to their lovers.As a result, the Qixi Festival is considered to be Chinese “Valentine’s Day”.The Qixi Festival is derived from the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid.The legend holds that on this particular night every year the Weaving Maid in heaven meets with Cowherd.So, people can see Cowherd and Weaving Maid meeting in the Milky Way on the night of Qixi.On this night, girls would also beg Weaving Maid for some wisdom for a happy marriage.But, with the changing of times, these activities are diminishing.All that remains is the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid, a sign of faithful love, continuously circulated among the folk.Unit 4 Text B Saving the date Reading Skills 1 1.They became romantically attracted to each other.(para.5)2.share the dating expense or split the money with the date(para.6)3.sharing the cost of a meal in a restaurant(para.7)4.a tight and uncomfortable feeling because of nervousness(para.12)5.mark the date on the calendar(para.14)Reading comprehension Understanding the text 2 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.C Critical thinking 3 1.Males because that’s the norm.Males because men are expected to do it that way.Both since they are on an equal basis.Both since the traditional way is out of date.2.Men and women are treated equally in this way.Females are not considered inferior to males.Both men and women feel more comfortable.3.Won’t feel embarrassed when taking the initiative to date.Won’t put stress on either males or females.Will widen the social circle and give opportunity to make more friends.Won’t feel obligated to keep a long-term relationship.4.Both men and women can pay for a date.Both men and women can take the initiative.People are free to choose a casual or formal date.5.Behave with respect for each other.Be honest with each other.Be considerate and helpful to each other.Language focus Words in use 4 1.conveying 2.Forged 3.Thriving 4.Abnormal 5.frowning 6.thrilled 7.Reckoned 8.Clarified 9.Conquer 10.concealing Expressions in use 5 1.make contact with 2.took the initiative 3.are inclined to 4.thrive on 5.indifferent to 6.whip out 7.in the pit of her stomach 8.chip in Sentence structure 6 1.With online learning, there is less study in a regular classroom and more time to spend by yourself.2.With regular exercise, you’ll have less mental stress and more physical strength.3.With the new highway, there is less traffic and more comfort for drivers on the road.7.1.Ambitious as he is, he has never been able to accomplish his goal and make his parents feel proud of him 2.Embarrassed as they were, they remained positive throughout their travels and learned from the mistakes they made along the way.3.Hard as she tried, Jane failed to introduce her father to the joys of rock music.Collocation Warm-up 1.casual attraction 2.healthy friendship 3.romantic relationship 4.dynamic personality 5.mature love 6.mutual friends 8 1.college sweetheart 2.take the initiative 3.romantic relationship 4.steady boyfriend 5.casual attraction 6.fairy-tale romance 7.exceedingly embarrassed 8.madly in love 9.healthy friendship 10.traditional upbringing 11.mature love 12.mutual friends Unit5 The money game Text A Spend or save-The student’s dilemma Ex.3 1.contradict 2.paradox 3.perspective 4.explicit 5.suspended 6.derive 7.defy 8.retains 9.manipulating 10.tackle Ex4-er browse browser message messenger consumer consume-ion negotiate negotiation object objection react reaction constitute constitution cultivate cultivation define definition expand expansion concentration concentrate civilization civilize Ex.5 1.concentrated 2.messenger 3.civilized 4.Constitution 5.browser 6.objection 7.expansion 8.consume 9.definition 10.cultivation 11.reaction 12.negotiation Ex.6 1 B 2D 3O 4E 5F 6C 7K 8H 9N 10I Ex.7 1.referred to 2 at odds with 3 put off 4 consulting with 5 do their utmost 6 took stock of 7 on track 8 take in Ex.8 It is often said that whatever wealth one may have will be gone quickly if the person only spends.However, some people think the purpose of life is to enjoy moment, so they spend all they have earned.Even though Bryan and Peter are close friends, their spending habits are very different.Bryan is very careful about using his pocket money.He only spends money when it’s necessary.For example, when his pocket money is only $50,he may spend $20 on necessary stationery for schoolwork.He will try to deposit the remaining $30 in his savings account.In his opinion, though the amount is small, it will help him for a possible rainy day since people never know what could happen in the future.Unlike Bryan, Peter usually spends money at will.He often purchases expensive electronic products such as an iPhone and iPad.Sometimes, he might buy himself an expensive brand-name shirt or a pair of expensive brand-name shoes.Different from Byan, he never deposits extra money in a bank after meeting his basic needs.To him, saving money in a bank is something silly because he believes that he can always earn big money after he gets a decent job in the future.All in all, Bryan and Peter are very different in the way they spend money.Spending money wisely and saving extra money for future urgent needs enable students to manage their finance and fully concentrate on their study.They will also derive great pleasure from the way they handle their money.Ex.9 大发现年代，也被称为大勘探年代，是欧洲进行全球勘查的一个历史时期，始于15世纪初并一直持续到18世纪。这一时期通常被认为是中世纪和近代之间的桥梁，当时西方帝国主义刚兴起，欧洲各王国之间正在经济上互相竞争，他们想通过建立贸易路线和殖民地来寻找财富。在这一时期众多伟大的探险家中，最杰出的是克里斯托弗•哥伦布，因为他发现了新大陆。欧洲的海外扩张导致了殖民帝国的崛起，旧大陆与新大陆的接触也促进了两边的互相交换：大量的植物、动物、食物、文化等得到迁移。这代表了历史上生态、农业和文化在全球范围内最重大的活动之一。欧洲大勘探让绘制全球性的世界地图成为可能，从而使人们看到一个新的世界与古老的文明正遥相呼应。Ex.10 The Silk Road is a traffic route in the ancient times connecting China and Eurasia.This trade route focuses on the trade of silk, hence the name “the Silk Road”.As an international trade channel and a bridge of cultural exchanges, the Silk Road effectively improved the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the East and the West, exerting a profound impact on the progress of the world civilization.Nowadays, under the new historical circumstances, our country proposes the strategy of “One Belt, One Road”(namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road).The strategy of “One Belt, One Road” focuses on cooperation and mutual benefits, emphasizing mutual benefits, win-win, as well as common development of the related countries.Once proposed, the strategy has received positive responses from the related countries along the road.Unit5 Text B A$3,000 dictionary Reading Skills 1 2.Denotation: examine a place or area in order to get information about it Connotation: it associates with the feeling of curiosity and anxiousness because it was a new experience and he was eager to find out what he could get for free.3.Denotation: the right to do what you want without being controlled or restricted by anyone Connotation: it implies the feeling of delightfulness because he had never used credit card before but now he could start to use it freely.4.Denotation: not real or not made of natural things Connotation: the word artificial appears before the word sense to men his sense of security was just a false one.In addition, it connotes that the sense was naive because he was deceiving himself.5.Denotation: produce, invent, or make up Connotation: it connotes a sense of large quantity because he had to make up many different excuses and false stories to reject his friends’ offers.6.Denotation: being unable to walk properly because one’s legs are damaged or injured
Connotation: It associates his emotional feelings with a crippled person to mean that he was in despair and unable to share his feeling with others.7.Denotation: be unable to breathe properly Connotation: It implies he was extremely embarrassed and felt guilty to talk about his financial problems.As a result, it was difficult for him to speak out the words.8.Denotation: an idea or opinion that is wrong Connotation: It connotes a sense of realization and regrets about the desire to get something free.Because of his illusion, he had to pay much more than a dictionary usually costs, i.e.$3,000.READING COMPREHENSION Understanding the text 2 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C Language focus Words in use 1.prohibited 2.submit 3.remedied 4.imposed 5.feature 6.crisis 7.artificial 8.principal 9.issued 10.isolated Expressions in use 5 1.suffering from 2.in accordance with 3.shrugged off 4.be entitled to 5.care about 6.tore at 7.access to 8.out of the question Sentence structure 6 1.Follow your doctor’s advice or your cough will get worse.2.Stand over there and you’ll be able to see it better.3.Watch your step if you go out or you might fall.7 1.There is nothing more important than being honest with everyone at school and at work.2.There is nothing more than helpful than using the Internet to improve my English skills.3.There is nothing more than encouraging and stimulating than communicating successfully with your colleagues.Collocation Warm-up 1.seemingly free 2.barely enough 3.easily accessible 4.absolutely needed 5.financially bankrupt 6.completely charmed 7.truly autonomous 8.staggeringly expensive 9.emotionally crippled 8 1.financial distress 2.financial trouble 3.financially bankrupt 4.seemingly free 5.suspend desires 6.easily accessible 7.emotionally crippled 8.artificial sense 9.truly autonomous 10.completely charmed 11.staggeringly expensive 12.buying decisions Unit6 Less is more Text A Door closer,are you? 1 1B 2C 3A 4E 5D 2 1 An irrational behavior can be described as an action or opinion not based on adequate use of logic and reason: Be willing to pay much more for a cup of Starbucks coffee when there's cheaper, equally good coffee across the street.Once a price is established in their minds, they will compare other similar items to this price, not only for the current but also for the future.Buy products they don't need just because they get something for free in the transaction.Do something just because some other people are doing the same thing.2 IgnorancePeople take offense or get angry before the actual situation occurs.They become anxious and harbor unrealistic expectations.StressPeople live entirely on the lines that are drawn by others and do not have their own point of view.They are too conscious about society and its reactions to them.3 Yes, I'm often irrational because of different kinds of stress, uncertainty about my future, and sensitivity to how people look at me.No, I don't think I'm irrational because I always use my logic and common sense to judge things and react to what has happened to me.Scripts: As the most intelligent animal on this earth, we are supposed to behave in a rational way, i.e., act according to logic and reason required in a situation.But does that really happen? Do we always behave rationally? Certainly not.There are a lot of people who behave irrationally, causing problems to themselves as well as to others.Irrational behavior is part of human nature, but as MIT Professor Ariely has discovered, people tend to behave irrationally in a predictable fashion.Though we cannot explain the exact cause behind irrational behavior, we know that it is a manner of behavior not based on logic and reasoning.I would like to give you an example of irrational behavior.If a person has heard about someone suffering from some disease, he will start thinking that he may suffer from the same disease.This is irrational and illogical behavior.I don't think this behavior is always intentional.Reading comprehension Understanding the text 1 1 He was imposing on his troops a necessary sacrifice to achieve victory over their opponents.By doing this, the soldiers would be more determined and concentrated on the battles.2 The purpose for the experiment is to investigate seemingly irrational human behavior when making a decision, such as the tendency for keeping multiple options open.3 The experiment enabled people to see why it's always so hard for them to say “NO” to any opportunities that came to them.In everyday life, people just give excuses to keep options open.4 Students should quickly check all the doors and keep clicking on the one with the highest cash.They should absolutely ignore the vanishing doors.5 Because we can see that the students didn't really focus on ensuring future cash earnings.What they tried to avoid was the immediate pain of watching options close.6 Because in life the doors are closing slowly, not like the ones on the computer in the experiment, people don't really see the opportunities actually vanishing away little by little.7 He suggests that people should prohibit overbooking, reduce options, delegate tasks to others, and even give away ideas to others to pursue.8 People can obtain pleasure and satisfaction by focusing their energy and attention in a more concentrated fashion.They will have more with fewer, carefully chosen options.Critical thinking 2 1 ~ Surprising but very strategic and visionary.~ Reflection of his unique foresight and wisdom.~ Knowledgeable about winning battles.~ Experienced in fighting with enemies.2 ~ Interesting and thought-provoking.~ Reflect students' mentality.~ Meaningful and valid.~ May not be convincing to some people.3 ~ Both consequences are surprising.~ Both are about choices and decision-making.~ Both have to do with strategies.~ Both focus on human's mentality.4 ~ Afraid of losing potential opportunities.~ Too greedy and too ambitious.~ Over-confident about their real capacity.~ More choices, better chances.5 ~ Fewer options, more focused concentration.~ Fewer choices, better quality.~ Everything has two sides.~ Too much greed ends up with nothing.Language focus 3 1 implement 2 rival 3 motivating 4 discarded 5 fluctuating 6 prejudiced 7 restore 8 enlightening 9 profit 10 investigate Word building 4 Words learned New words formed-ic strategy strategic sympathy sympathetic-ion confirm confirmation locate location reflect reflection provide provision install installation register registration quotation quote-ize sympathy sympathize critic criticize industrial industrialize 5 1 sympathize 2 confirmation 3 strategic 4 installation 5 quote 6 sympathetic 7 criticize 8 location 9 reflection 10 industrialize 11 provision 12 registration Banked cloze 6 1 M 2 D 3 H 4 0 5 F 6 L 7 I 8 C 9 J 10 A Expressions in use 7 I was attached to 2 be measured in 3 come in handy 4 clinging to 5 pay a big price 6 are exhausted from 7 imposed on 8 revolve around Structure analysis and writing Structured writing 8 There are a lot of people who behave irrationally, causing problems to themselves as well as to others.It's hard to analyze the exact causes behind irrational behavior, but we know that it is a manner of behavior that is not based on logic and reasoning.Irrational behavior is caused by various factors but two stand out.The first main factor that contributes to irrational behavior is uncontrolled emotions.Irrational people take offense or get angry before the actual situation occurs.They become anxious and express exaggerated emotions such as crying and shouting.They have unrealistic expectations, expecting everyone to like them and if someone does not, they feel angry and neglected.It is fairly common for people to show such signs of irrationality.Too much stress can also lead to irrational behavior.In fact, these days, stress is the major cause of physical as well as mental problems.Stress creates feelings of anger, irritation and frustration.For instance, when you spend a stressful day in the office, it makes you anxious.You start releasing your frustration or stress by screaming at your family members for small reasons like a badly prepared meal.That day you feel everything is wrong.In summary, uncontrolled emotions and too much stress can result in irrational behavior.To behave rationally is not an easy job because the behavior is internalized.However, to discover the source of your irrationality will help you behave more rationally.Translation 9 极简主义是指去掉多余的，仅保留需要的部分、用最简单的话来说，极简的生
活方式，就是生活得越简单越好,直到获得心灵的平静，这种简单既是精神上的，也是身体上的：这样的生活方式会减轻压力，带来更多自由时间．并增强幸福感、极简主义者会说．他们生活得更有意义了，更从容了，极简的生活方式让他们着眼于生活中更重要的事物：朋友、爱好、旅游和体验。当然，极简主义并不意味着拥有物质财富从本质上来讲有什么不对。现在的问题似乎在于，我们往往太重视所拥有的东西，而常常抛弃了健康、人与人之间的关系、我们的热情、个人成长，以及帮助他人的愿望。极简主义除了在我们的口常生活中可以得到应用，还存在于很多创意领域，包括艺术、建筑、没汁、舞蹈、电影、戏剧、音乐、时尚、摄影和文学等。10 National Happiness Index(NHI)is an index that measures how happy people are.It is also a tool that measures the levels of economic development and people's livelihood and happiness in a country or region.With the fast growth of Chinese economy, the Chinese government has been paying more and more attention to people's living quality and the increase of happiness index.The government stresses improvement of its people's livelihood, striving to improve their economic conditions and meet their growing material and cultural needs.Currently, the Chinese government advocates the unleashing of more reform dividends, with the aim of offering more real benefits to its people.All these measures will combine to effectively increase the NHI of our people.Unit 6 Text B When enough is enough Understanding the text 2 1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.D Critical thinking 3 1.*Like to look good in other’s eyes.*Tend to have spending habit *Make them feel happy.*Want to be in fashion 2.*Frustrated.*Bored *Confused *Stunned 3.*Don’t know which option they want most.*Seem to them there is never the best option.*Want everything lest they miss a “perfect” one.4.*Human beings are greedy by nature.*Many believe “The more, the better”.*Most people are too materialistic.5.*Not really a good thing.*Make people greedier and more materialistic.*Make people exhausted to make decisions.*Discourage appreciation.Words in use 4 1.concerning 2.specified 3.controversy 4.rendered 5.enforced 6.distribute 7.highlighted 8.implication 9.penetrating 10.subtract Expressions in use 5 1.played a role 2.turned out 3.are depressed about 4.settle for 5.rushed into 6.out of control 7.transferred to 8.rely on Sentence structure 6 1.The more carefully he thought about it, the clearer it became to him that this was a job for someone with experience.2.The more exercise you do, the more energetic you will become, the easier your everyday tasks will seem.3.The more interesting the plot is, the more appealing the film will become to the audience.Sentence structure 7 1.He is normally a quiet person, but when it comes to sports, he becomes a completely different man.2.When it comes to computers and the Internet, all the students become excited, each eager to say something about his experience.3.A Frenchman may be ready to start a chat with a stranger on a train or in a café, but when it comes to friendship, the French seem to be more cautious than the British.Collocation 8 1.conscious effort 2.winning strategy 3.limited choice 4.remotest idea 5.temporary pain 6.primary role Collocation 9 1.rival options 2.painful choices 3.carefully chosen 4.mutiple options 4.winning strategy 6.predictably irrational 7.temporary pain 8.complex decision 9.limited choices 10.conscious effort 11.naturally prejudiced 12.accumulating evidence Unit7 Women:Making a difference TextA Women at rhe management level 3.Words in use 1.harness 2.symbolic 3.disposed 4.flourishing 5.violated 6.accommodation 7.infer 8.compose 9.plausible 10.tolerance Word building 4.-al/-ial fate fatal horizon horizontal mechanic mechanical occasion occasional proportion proportionan logical logic deny denial commercial mommerce-ity relative relativity prior priority continue continuity actual actuality 5.1.actuality 2.mechanical 3.logic 4.denial 5.Occasional 6.fatal 7.continuity 8.relativity 9.priority 10.commerce 11.proportional 12.horizon 6.1.D 2.J 3.M 4.H 5.A 6.O 7.F 8.L 9.I 10.C 7.1.comes down to 2.take exception to 3.make concessions to 4.burst into 5.feel at ease with 6.on both counts 7.took over 8.stemmed from Unit 7 Text B A proud homemaker Reading skills: 1 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.A Understanding the text 2 1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C Critical thinking 3 1.*Similarities: family-oriented, busy with house chores, cook meals, take care of children, clean rooms, do laundry 2.*Help and support the husband *education and behave children morally *Maintain the order of home.*Keep the family healthy 3.*the husband: The man is supposed to have more responsibilities for his family since he physically stronger than his wife.*The wife: the woman, to some degree, is more persevered in overcoming difficulties and she is always family-oriented.*Both: Even though they share different family responsibilities, they both play important and indispensable poles as parents, husband or wife.Two incomes are always better than just one.4.*Advantages: able to take good care of family, including their diet and health;more communication with family;help children with their schoolwork.*Disadvantages: a lot of stress, exhausted, less aware of the outside world, lose social contact.5.*Work outside: have many contacts, communication with more people, be informed of the outside world, be of more help financially.*Stay home: take better care of family, pay more attention to children, provide healthier food to family, keep the rooms clean, help the husband / wife.Words in use 4 1.bounce 2.tolerant 3.supplement 4.condemn 5.overflowed 6.swear 7.resemble 8.compounded 9.disgusting 10.trim Expressions in use 5 1.convert to 2.was revolted by 3.was comprised of 4.busied himself with 5.fussed over 6.is unique in 7.exerting themselves 8.substituted for Sentence structure 6 1.Having no idea about their thoughts and opinion, I would rather five up the attempt to guess what their reaction will be.2.To avoid making mistakes, I would rather be home alone and not communicate with anybody.3.The old man would rather be living in the past, for things are much more different today than they were in the past.Sentence structure 7 1.I couldn’t stand bad manners and thought my leaving was anything but rude, so I got the nest train back home and left him there.2.They usually look very nice and even generous, but in terms of integrity, they are anything but honest.3.When the two young people got married, may people attended the wedding ceremony, yet it was anything but modern.Warm-up 1.strong urge 2.Particularly difficult 3.Demanding job 4.make concessions 5.Social context 6.Management style 8.1.plausible 2.context 3.management 4.pleasantly 5.great 6.Strong 7 subtle 8 conflicting 9 personal 10 typically 11 diplomatically 12 vaguely Unit 8 Human rights vs.Animal rights Text A Animals or children?-A scientist’s choice understanding the text: 1.He became a children’s doctor because of this love for children and his strong desire to keep them healthy.2.He is thought of having no moral compass: He tortures innocent animals for his career advancement and his experiments having nothing to do with medicine.3.The public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance to them, while the senator and politicians continue to give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists 4.The author does not really admit their mistake, but the tone is apparently ironic, criticizing that the physicians were too soft to respond to the animal rights activists.5.Life is cruel to both animals and human beings.if the physician don’t create an animal model of the problem, they have to do experiments on human beings, or the medical knowledge will remain static.6.Drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes will remain mysteries.7.Because protection from serious sickness and drugs as well as most complex surgical procedures were initially developed in animals instead of human beings 8.If the more radical members of this movement are successful in threatening further research, their efforts will bring about a tragedy that will cost the lives of many human beings.Language focus word in use 3.1.arresting 2.omits 3.optional 4.transplanted 5.hence 6.twisted 7.stung 8.minute 9.imitate 10.evil 4.Words learned New words formed-ence interfere interference-er thrill thriller-ly scarcely scarce specially special-ion consume consumption deceive deception invade invasion proceed procession 5.1.interference 2.invasion 3.Consumption 4.procession 5.specific 6.deception 7.scare 8.thriller 6.1.B 2.G 3.L 4.K 5.F 6.D 7.H 8.N 9.E 10.I 7.1.persisted in 2.have relevance to 3.becoming aware of 4.isolated from 5.in the name of 6.make a contribution 7.been occupied with 8.tip the scales 9.世界自然基金会（WWF）是一个致力于有关保护，研究和修复环境议题的国际性非政府组织。该组织最初于1961被命名为世界野生动物基金会。1986年，它更名为世界自然基金会，以更好地反映其活动范围。它是世界上最大的，独立的自然保护组织，拥有世界各地超个500万的支持者，在100多个国家里开展工作，并援助约1,300个与自然和环境保护有关的项目。它的任务是阻止破坏地球的生态环境，建立一个能使人类与自然和谐相处的未来。目前，其大部分工作集中在对海洋和海岸，森林，淡水的保护。在其他问题上，它也关注濒危物种，污染和气候变化。现在他们最需要的是资金，以履行其使命和处理有关的突发事件。10.Since the founding of New China, especially since the economic reform and door-opening to the world, the Chinese government has made considerable efforts in eco-environmental protection and achieved effective progress.The government has taken a series of important measures to protect and improve the ecological environment, such as actively promoting key ecological projects, enhancing ecosystem construction and biodiversity conservations, establishing a number of nature reservation, ecological demonstration zones, scenic spots and forest parks.One of the important goals of building a socialist harmonious society is to strengthen ecological protection and construction and to achieve harmony between man and nature.Environmental protection and ecological civilization construction have provided a solid foundation for the sustainable development of China’s economy and society.Unit 8 Text B The right to live-A dog’s account Ex.2 understanding the text: 1 D 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 D 6 B 7 D 8 C Ex.4 words in use 1 emitted 2 shoved 3 sneak 4 symbol 5 wakened 6 lagged 7 ditch 8 countdown 9 discharged 10 rotated Ex.5 expressions in use 1 out 2 with 3 in 4 between 5 from 6 of 7 with 8 over Sentence structure Ex.8 • People with sleeping disorder cannot sleep much , as is the case with the people who get older • The new irrigation system would require farmers to apply for a planning permission, as is the case with other commercial or industrial developments.• We have seen encouraging signs of improvement in our financial conditions, as is the case with the overall economy according to the media reports Ex.7 • As enthusiastic and curious about it as he was at the start of his career.• As interested in these questions as he was when he first read them online.• As attentive toward his wife or children as she had expected.Collocation: Warm-up 1 severely restricted 2 terrifying effects 3 subsequent advances 4 damaging impact 5 remain undiscovered Ex.8 1 entire field 2 subsequent advances 3 reasonable argument 4 severely restricted 5 terrifying effects 6 suitable alternatives 7 well-understood principles 8 Medical research 9 supreme desire 10 moral compass 11 remain undiscovered 12 innocent animals 窗体底端
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