新视野大学英语读写教程4课后翻译

第一篇：新视野大学英语读写教程4课后翻译

这种植物只有在培育它的土壤中才能很好地成长。The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed.研究结果表明，无论我们白天做了什么事情，晚上都会做大约两个小时的梦。Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day.有些人往往责怪别人没有尽最大努力，以此来为自己的失败辩护。Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best.我们忠于我们的承诺：凡是答应做的，我们都会做到。We remain true to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do, we would do it.连贝多芬的父亲都不相信自己儿子日后有一天可能成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。爱迪生也同样如此，他的老师觉得他似乎过于迟钝。Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world.The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull.当局控告他们威胁国家安全。They were accused by the authorities of threatening the state security.要是这部喜剧中的人物更幽默些的话，就会吸引更多的观众。If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience.她从未对自己的能力失去信心，因此她有可能成为一名成功的演员。要成为一名驾驶员，视觉上分辨红色与绿色的能力是必不可少的。

The ability to visually distinguish between red and green is essential to becoming a driver.这个组由七个人组成，他们经常见面，分享彼此的信息。

The team consisted of seven people who met on a regular basis to share their information with each other.这些科学家在创建基因图谱的过程中体会到：合作不仅仅是一种有吸引力的选择，它还是一种责任。In the process of creating the genetic map, these scientists realized that cooperation was more than an attractive option;it was a responsibility.他们的研究发现简直就是一个奇迹。由于他们的发现，人们对人类基因的历史有了新的了解。Their research findings were nothing less than a miracle.As a result of their findings, new light has been shed on the history of human genes.事实上，只有勤奋加方法得当才能使你在学习上比他人有优势。

In fact, only hard work in combination with proper methods will give you an advantage over others.法官说这种惩罚将起到杀一儆百的作用。The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others.感染的危险只限于那些与病人有亲密接触的人。The risk of infection is She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress.我just learned as I went along.从未受过正式培训，我只是

边干边学。I never had formal training, I 随products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining 着产品进入国际市场，他 们的品牌知名度越来越高了。As their in popularity.她自己是否能可以编造一

she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, 让这个故事，故事听起说自己被窃来可信。贼 She could make up a story by saying 打昏，所有的钱都没了，但她怀疑but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable.谁评都不清楚他是否故意推迟了这次访问，可是这引起了对 他更多的批

brought more criticism of him.。No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this 据Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has 报道有七八位官员收受贿赂，市长决定亲自出马调查这件事。

decided to look into the affair in person.这

临些工人后悔and going back to work.Now they are again faced with the threat of losing 失业的危险当时了。These workers regret yielding to the management's advice 接受管理部门的意见重新回去工作。现在他们再次面their jobs.你折的只需填写一

张表格就可取得会员资格，它可以使你在买东西时entitles you to a discount on goods.优惠。You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which 享受打不知 时为什么他们的汽车在半路坏掉了，结果他们比原three hours later than they had planned.。Their car broke down halfway for no reason.As a result they arrived 计划晚到了三个小那位官a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.员卷入了一场丑闻，数周后被迫 辞职。这个The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a 靠救济过日子的人开始慢慢地建立起自己的市The official got involved in

场，生意日渐兴隆。time and his business is thriving.我父母不是invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house.对我的教育投资，而是把

钱花在了买新住房上。Rather than 如今，人spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the 们用于休闲娱乐的开支是过去的两倍。Today, people arepast.一家公司要成功，business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace.它必须跟上市场的发展。In order to be successful, a 与in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job.申请这个职位的其他女孩相比，她流利的英语是个优势。Her fluency 对

由他于学生而言，没有任何地方比图书馆更好了，在那里所有的books are at their disposal.们使用。For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the 图书都任我We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, 们要充分利用好这个平台，加强交流，拓展合作领域，共谋发展大计。expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts.这innocent as he appears.位小个子男子

并不如他看上去那么单纯。对这个问题nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor 我已束手无策了，所以

This little man is not so 你不妨去求助于王教授吧。There's Wang for help.双Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, 方高度评价了在不同

领域合作取得的成果，并希望合作进一步加深。and hope that the cooperation can be furthered.一方面，直言之路，亲民形象能使新政策更易于被民people can get a new policy more easily accepted.On the other hand, it will 启进善之门”。On the one hand, an image of being close to the 众接受，另一方面，它也能“广“encourage people to speak their minds and come up with constructive suggestions”.他孤His sense of loneliness rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length 独的感觉时

起时落，他有时会对自己、对宠物、对电视机唠叨不休。to himself and his pets and the television.毕is not everything.The richest people are not necessarily the happiest.竟，金钱不是万能的，最富有的人不一定是最幸福的。After all, money

假found out that your colleague takes bribes, would you just ignore it? 设你发现了你自己的同事受贿，你会不会无动于衷呢？Suppose 他如此固 you We've 执，我们已对他失望了。跟他争论一点意义都没有。

with him.given up on him because he is so stubborn.It is pointless to argue 他突然想到了一

一。个加速实验进程的好办法，但组里的成员却对此意见不but opinions differed among members of the group on it.He hit upon a good method to speed up the progress of the experiment, 今天我能 Today I'm able to square my profession with my interest, which I wasn't able 够使自己的职业与兴趣相符，之前我是做不到的。

to do before.confined to those who have close contact with the patients.从这From 一分析中我happened and what to do about it.such an analysis 们可以更好地知道we are in a 发better 生了什position 么以及要做些什

to understand 么。

what has 只要他守out so late as long as he behaves himself.规矩，我倒不在乎他晚上在外呆得

这么晚。I don't mind his staying 与的其他计划相比，我更喜欢他的计划，因

practical than his.计划更实际。I prefer his plan to others 为in 我that 觉得I 没think 有任何一no plan 个计划is 比他more 他已们与huge losses in the last fiscal year and went bankrupt.经破那家公司中产了。They broke off business relations with that company as it suffered 断

了生意来往，因为那家公司上一个财政年度损失惨重，既you don't like him, why did you invite him to your birthday party in the first 然你不喜欢他，当初为什么还要邀请他参加你的生日

晚会呢？Now that place?

虽Though we knew our chances to win were slim, we were more or less depressed 然知道获胜的可能性不大，但比赛失败后，我们多少还是有点沮丧。when we lost in the game.也to be paid for progress许这是为进步而付出的代价，谁

知道呢? Perhaps this was the price that has 尽很少。管他们做出了巨大的努力，但目前—who knows? 为 止，博物

馆每天的参观者仍然还是been very low.For all their great efforts, the museum's daily attendance has so far still 作规为对政府检查员批

评的回应，公司改变了一些做法，而不是放弃自己的some of its practices rather than gave up its rules.定。In response to criticism by government inspectors, the company changed 警方提醒乘客，不要warned 将钱和贵重物品放在提包里，以防被

盗。they should be stolen.the passengers against putting money and precious things in bags The police lest 调查应Surveys ought to focus on how parents and children perceive the ways in which 集中于父母和孩子

们如何看待学校满足他们需求的那些办法。the school satisfies their needs.一瞬的女子。间，特斯（well-educated woman.In a flash, Tess）由一Tess changed 个天真的女孩from 变an 成了一innocent 个成熟、受girl to a 过mature 良好教育我能I can confirm that 200 new trains are being manufactured and that the first of 证实200列新火车正在制造中，第一批

and 将在今年五月投入运营。those trains will come into service in May this year.无 他人有用的论你的智商有多高，你的看法都受到个人经历的局限，因此要

学会吸纳experience perspectives of others.you 观点。have No matter how high your IQ is, your view is limited by the had and so you should learn to incorporate the useful 这个game that none of them took note of the passage of time.游戏非常有趣，他们谁也没有注意到时间的流逝。So interesting was the 我一直在整理through these old documents to see which are 这些旧文件，看看哪些有用，哪些需要扔掉。I've been sorting useful and which can be thrown away.随reflect on future plans.着年龄越来越大，你应该考虑未来的计划。As you get older you should 他在演出中的亮相less than a sensation.简直是个轰动。His appearance in the show was nothing 他set 们每个月都从工资kid's education in the future.aside a particular 中留出一amount of 笔钱money，用于孩子from their 将来salary 的教育。for Every month they the sake of their

第二篇：新视野读写教程第三版大学英语4翻译

第一单元

一、英译汉

Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist.亚里士多德是古希腊的哲学家和科学家。

His writings cover many subjects, including physics, biology, zoology, logic, ethics, poetry, theater, music, linguistics, politics and government, and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy.他的作品涵盖了许多学科，包括物理学、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、伦理学、诗歌、戏剧、音乐、语言学、政治和政府，构成了第一个综合的西方哲学体系。

Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics.亚里士多德是第一个将人类的知识领域划分为不同学科的人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。

He believed all people's concepts and all their knowledge were ultimately based on perception.他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。

His views on natural sciences laid the groundwork for many of his works.他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。

He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in his era.他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and even today all aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the important subject of academic study.His philosophy had a long-lasting influence on the development of all Western philosophical theories.他的作品包含了人们所知的最早的关于逻辑的正式研究，即使在今天，亚里士多德哲学所涵盖的方方面面仍是学术研究的重要课题。

More than 2,300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential philosophers and scientists.他的哲学对所有的西方哲学理论的发展有着经久不衰的影响。在去世2,300多年后，亚里士多德仍是最有影响力的哲学家和科学家之一。

二、汉译英

中庸思想（Doctrine of the Mean）是儒家思想的核心内容。孔子所谓的“中”不是指“折中”，而是指在认识和处理客观事物时的一种“适度”和“恰如其分”的方法。孔子主张不仅要把这种思想作为一种认识和处理事物的方法来看待，而且还应该通过自身修养和锻炼，把它融入自己的日常行为当中，使之成为一种美德。中庸思想是儒家思想的核心，也是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。从它形成到现在，一直为民族精神的构建、民族智慧的传播、民族文化的发展发挥着不可估量的作用。

The Doctrine of the Mean is the core of Confucianism.The so-called “mean” by Confucius doesn't mean “compromise” but a “moderate” and “just-right” way when understanding and handling objective things.Confucius advocated that this thought should not only be treated as a way to understand and deal with things but also be integrated into one's daily conduct to make it a virtue through self-cultivation and training.The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core of Confucianism but also an important component of traditional Chinese culture.From the time it came into being to the present, it has played an invaluable role in the construction of national spirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.第二单元

二、英译汉

William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent(杰出的)dramatist.His plays have been translated into a vast number of languages and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.Shakespeare's early works were mostly comedies and histories, which have the reputation of being among the finest masterpieces produced in these genres(体裁)even today.Later on, Shakespeare wrote mainly tragedies, some of which, like Hamlet and King Lear, earned him fame in the entire Western literature.The most striking features of Shakespeare are his brilliant use of language and his universal themes.He contributed thousands of words to English, many of which have become embedded in the language.His themes are so universal that they transcend generations to stir the imaginations of readers and audiences worldwide.Shakespeare has influenced and inspired many writers over the centuries.His writings remain highly popular today, and they are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultures throughout the world.Shakespeare will continue to have an enormous impact on future playwrights, novelists, poets, actors, and scholars.人们普遍认为，威廉•莎士比亚是最伟大的英语作家和世界杰出的戏剧家。他的剧本被译成多种语言，并且比其他任何剧作家的作品都上演得多。莎士比亚的早期作品大多是喜剧和历史剧。即使在今天，这些作品仍是同类作品中的杰作，享有绝佳声望。后来莎士比亚的创作主要是悲剧，其中一些作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《李尔王》，为其在整个西方文学界赢得了声誉。莎士比亚最显著的特点是其精彩的语言运用及具有普遍意义的主题。他创造了数千个英语词汇，其中许多已经深植于英语中。他的作品主题具有普遍意义，所以能够数代流传，激发世界各地读者和观众的想象力。数世纪以来，莎士比亚影响和激励了许多作家。其作品至今依旧广受欢迎，在世界各地的文化中被不断地研究、上演和诠释。莎士比亚将继续对未来的剧作家、小说家、诗人、演员和学者产生巨大影响。

二、汉译英

中国的四大名著是指《三国演义》（Romance of the Three Kingdoms）、《水浒传》（Outlaws of the Marsh）、《西游记》（Journey to the West）和《红楼梦》（A Dream of Red Mansions）四部著名小说。它们的创作时间均处于元末明初至清代期间，其内容反映了中国古代的政治和军事斗争、社会矛盾、文化信仰等各个方面。四大名著具有很高的艺术水平，代表了中国古典小说的高峰。书中的许多人物和场景在中国家喻户晓，并且已经深深地影响了整个民族的思想观念和价值取向。四本著作在中国古代民俗、封建制度、社会生活等多个领域皆有巨大的研究价值，是中国乃至全人类的宝贵文化遗产。

The four great classic Chinese novels are Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh, Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions.All the four novels were written during the period from the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties to the Qing Dynasty.They all reflect various aspects of ancient China, including political and military strife, social conflicts and cultural beliefs.The four novels are of supreme artistic standards, representing the peak of China's classic novels.Lots of the characters and scenes in the books are well-known in China and have exerted profound influences on the ideology and values of the entire nation.Highly valuable for the research of China's ancient customs, feudal system, and social life, the four classic novels are precious cultural relics of China as well as the human society as a whole.第三单元

一、英译汉

With the development of computer science and the Internet technology, social networking services(SNS)have come to be a widely popular platform to build social networks or social relations among people in recent years.SNS are web-based services that allow individuals to create a public profile, create a list of users with whom to share connection, and view and cross the connections within the system.Social networking sites are varied and they incorporate new information and communication tools, allowing users to share ideas, pictures, posts, activities, events, interests with people in their network.SNS have affected the social life and activity of people in various ways.With its availability on many mobile devices, a social networking service allows the users to continuously stay in touch with friends, relatives and other acquaintances wherever they are in the world, as long as there is access to the Internet.A social networking service can also unite people with common interests and beliefs through groups and other pages, and has been known to reunite lost family members and friends because of the widespread reach of its network.近年来，随着计算机科学和互联网技术的发展，社交网络服务（SNS）已经成为人们构建社交网络和社会关系的一个广受欢迎的平台。SNS是基于网页的服务，允许个人创建面向公众的个人简介，创建用户名单以分享社会联系，并对系统内的关系网进行浏览和交叉连接。社交网站多种多样，可整合各种新的信息及通讯工具，并允许用户跟网络中的其他人分享观点、图片、帖子、活动、事件以及兴趣爱好等。SNS已通过各种方式影响到人们的社会生活以及社交活动。随着各种移动设备对SNS访问的实现，只要能连接上互联网，用户在世界上的任何地方都能一直与朋友、亲戚及其他认识的人保持联络。SNS还可让拥有相同兴趣和信念的人通过群组或其他页面建立联系，同时，由于其网络分布广阔，还能让失散的家庭成员或朋友重新团聚，这点早已为人所知。

二、汉译英

近年来，随着互联网技术的迅猛发展，互联网经济已成为一个热门话题。以蓬勃发展的电子商务为代表的互联网经济已成为经济发展的重要引擎。我国政府高度重视发展互联网经济，提出了“互联网+”的概念，以推动互联网与医疗、交通、教育、金融、公共服务等领域的结合。这将为互联网经济的发展提供极大的发展潜力和更广阔的发展空间。随着“互联网+”战略的深入实施，互联网必将与更多传统行业进一步融合，助力打造“中国经济升级版”。In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet technology, the Internet economy has become a hot issue.As represented by the promising E-commerce, the Internet economy has become a strong driving force for the economic development.Our government attaches great importance to developing the Internet economy and proposes the concept of “Internet Plus”, aiming to integrate Internet with other industries, such as health care, transportation, education, finance, and public service.This will create great potential and broad prospects for the development of the Internet economy.With the implementation of the “Internet Plus” strategy, the Internet is certain to be integrated with more traditional industries and help build “the upgraded version of the Chinese economy”.第三单元

一、英译汉

Baroque architecture is a building style that flourished in Europe between the late 16th and mid-18th century.It evolved out of Renaissance architecture in Italy, when the Renaissance architects began to get bored of the symmetry(对称)and same old forms they had been using for the past 200 years, and started to make bold, curving and not at all symmetrical buildings called the Baroque buildings.Baroque-style buildings share some common characteristics.Marble, gilt(镀金)and bronze were the materials the Baroque architects used in abundance.Oval was the most distinct and a very common shape incorporated into Baroque architecture.Dramatic use of light is important, and is achieved either through strong light-and-shade contrasts or uniform lighting by means of windows.Opulent use of color and ornaments is prevalent, as can be seen in the large-scale frescoes(湿壁画)painted on the ceilings.There is usually a central projection that is quite large and juts outward, and domes erected in a pear shape are often seen.The most well-known Baroque buildings include the St.Paul's Cathedral in the UK and the Palace of Versailles in France.Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini were the two main architects of the Baroque era.巴洛克建筑是一种建筑风格，兴盛于16世纪晚期至18世纪中期的欧洲。它由意大利文艺复兴时期的建筑发展而来，当时文艺复兴建筑师开始对过去200多年来一直沿用的对称的、一成不变的旧建筑形式感到厌倦，开始建造醒目的、具有曲线性而非对称的巴洛克建筑。巴洛克风格的建筑有一些共同特征。大理石、镀金、青铜是巴洛克建筑师大量使用的材料。椭圆形是巴洛克建筑最鲜明且十分常见的形状。戏剧性的光照运用也是其重要特征，主要是通过强烈的光影对比或由窗户进入的均匀光线来实现。丰富的色彩和装饰运用也很常见，这从天花板上的大幅壁画中可以看出。巴洛克建筑通常正中还有一个相当大并且向外突出的部分，梨形的拱顶也十分常见。最著名的巴洛克建筑包括英国的圣保罗大教堂和法国的凡尔赛宫。杰安•劳伦佐•贝尼尼和弗朗西斯科•博罗米尼是巴洛克时期两位主要的建筑师。

二、汉译英

苏州园林是中国古典园林最杰出的代表，大部分为私家所有。苏州园林始于春秋，兴于宋元，盛于明清。清末苏州已有各色园林170余处，为其赢得了“园林之城”的称号。现保存完好的园林有60多处，对外开放的有十余处。其中沧浪亭、狮子林、拙政园和留园分别代表着宋、元、明、清四个朝代的艺术风格，被称为“苏州四大名园”。苏州园林宅园合一，可赏，可游，可居，其建筑规制反映了中国古代江南民间的生活方式和礼仪习俗。苏州园林不仅是历史文化的产物，同时也是中国传统思想文化的载体。1997年，苏州园林被联合国教科文组织列入“世界遗产名录”。

Suzhou gardens are the most outstanding representatives of classical Chinese gardens.Most of them were privately-owned.The gardens first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, developed in the Song and Yuan dynasties, and flourished in the Ming and Qing dynasties.By the late Qing Dynasty, Suzhou had got as many as over 170 gardens of diverse styles, winning it the name “The City of Gardens”.Now, over 60 gardens are kept in good condition, of which more than 10 are open to the public.The Surging Wave Pavilion, the Lion Grove Garden, the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Lingering Garden are called the four most famous gardens in Suzhou, representing the artistic styles of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties respectively.Suzhou gardens are assemblies of residences and gardens, which makes them suitable places for living, visiting and appreciating.The architectural principles of the gardens are a demonstration of the lifestyles and social customs of the ancient Chinese people in the south of the Lower Yangtze River.Suzhou gardens are not only a product of Chinese history and culture, but also a carrier of traditional Chinese ideology and culture.In 1997, Suzhou gardens were inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO.第五单元

一、英译汉

The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation at the dawn of modern European history.It began in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe, immediately following the Middle Ages and spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th century.The Renaissance was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning, wisdom and values from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras.Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study and searched for realism and human emotion in art.Scientists no longer accepted the teachings of the Church at face value.Instead, they studied the natural world through their own observation and experimentation.Likewise, artists developed new techniques and achieved more advanced effects by applying mathematics and optics(光学)to paintings, sculpture and other art forms.The Renaissance profoundly changed the European intellectual life in the early modern period.Through the rediscovery of ancient texts, it triggered both a rebirth of classical learning and a rebirth of European culture in general.Its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, and many other fields.文艺复兴是一场影响巨大的文化运动。它在现代欧洲史的开端时期开创了一个科学革命和艺术变革时代。它始于意大利，之后蔓延到欧洲其他国家。它紧接在中世纪之后，贯穿14至17世纪。文艺复兴时期的特点是，人们对古希腊和古罗马时期的古典知识、智慧和价值观重新焕发了兴趣。文艺复兴时期的学者在学术中采用人文方法，在艺术上追寻现实主义和人类情感。科学家们不再一味地接受教堂传播的说教。相反，他们通过观察和实验来研究自然世界。同样，艺术家们将数学和光学运用到绘画、雕塑及其他艺术形式中，从而发展出新技术，并取得了更高水平的艺术效果。文艺复兴深刻地改变了现代早期的欧洲知识界。它通过对古代文献的重新发现，触发了古典知识和整个欧洲文化的重生。文学、哲学、艺术、政治、科学及其他许多领域都能感受到它的影响

二、汉译英

中华文明曾对世界文明产生过重大影响。近年来，随着我国经济的发展和国际地位的提升，历史悠久的中国文化正引起世界新的关注。越来越多的中国元素为当今世界时尚、文学、影视作品等提供了创作灵感，成为热门题材。这一现象表明，世界需要中国文化。在这种背景下，我国决定实施文化“走出去”的战略，以加强中国与世界其他各国的文化交流。经过数年的努力，这项工程已经取得了很大成绩。文化“走出去”大力推动了我国文化产业的发展，正成为提升我国国家形象和综合实力的有效途径。

Chinese civilization once had a significant influence on world civilization.With the development of our country's economy and the rise of her international status in recent years, Chinese culture, which has a long history, is once again attracting global attention.More and more Chinese cultural elements provide inspiration for and become popular subjects of fashions, literature and movies around the world.This shows that the world needs Chinese culture.It was in this context that China decided to implement the “Culture Exporting” strategy so as to enhance her cultural exchanges with the rest of the world.After several years' efforts, great achievements have been made in this respect.“Culture Exporting” has greatly promoted the development of our cultural industries.It is becoming an effective approach through which China enhances her national image and comprehensive strength.

第三篇：新视野大学英语 读写教程4课文翻译

UNIT 1

艺术家追求成名，如同狗自逐其尾，一旦追到手，除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。

对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家，其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢！”他们的担心不无道理。追求出人头地，最乐观地说也困难重重，许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒，也是几近精神崩溃。尽管如此，希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。享受成功的无上光荣，这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。

成名者之所以成名，大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长，并能形成自己的风格 为了能迅速走红，代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。他们究竟是怎么成功的，大多数人也都说不上来。

尽管如此，艺术家仍然不能闲下来。

若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊，他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力，也就难以保持公众的注意力。公众的热情消磨以后，就会去追捧下一个走红的人。

有些艺术家为了不落伍，会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动，但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。

知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来，如田纳西·威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特·海明威的情节安排、罗伯特·弗罗斯特或 T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。

同样，像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家，希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革，这让他们名利双收，但也让他们付出了代价，那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。

骗局很快会被揭穿，过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。

它让你失去自我。你必须是公众认可的那个你，而不是真实的你或是可能的你。艺人，就像政客一样，必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众

一滴名气之水有可能玷污人的心灵这一整口井，因此一个艺术家若能保持真我，会格外让人惊叹。你可能答不上来哪些人没有妥协，却仍然在这场名利的游戏中获胜。

一个例子就是爱尔兰著名作家奥斯卡·王尔德，他在社交行为和性行为方面以我行我素而闻名于世。虽然他的行为遭到公众的反对却依然故我，他也因此付出了惨痛的代价。

在一次宴会上，他一位密友的母亲当着他的朋友和崇拜者的面，指责他在性方面影响了她的儿子。他听了她的话以后大为光火，起诉了这个年轻人的母亲，声称她毁了自己的“好”名声。

但是，他真该请一个更好的律师。

结果是，法官不仅不支持他提出的让这个女人赔偿他名声损失费的请求，反而对他本人进行了罚款。他由于拒交罚款最终还被送进了监狱。更糟糕的是，他再也无法获得更多公众的宠爱。在最糟糕的时候，他发现没有一个人愿意拿自己的名声冒险来替他说话。为保持真我，他付出的代价是，在最需要崇拜者时，谁也不理他。奇怪的是，收获最大的恰恰是失败者。他们收获了自由！

他们可以自由地表达，独辟蹊径，不落窠臼，不用担心失去崇拜者的支持。

失败的艺术家寻求安慰时，可以想想许多伟大的艺术家都是过世多年以后才成名，或是他们没有出卖自己。他们也可以为自己的失败辩解：自己的才华实在过于高深，不是当代听众或观众所理解得了的。

那些失败了却仍不肯放弃的顽固派也许会乐于知道，某些名人曾经如何越挫越勇，直至成功。美国小说家托马斯·伍尔芙的第一本小说《向家乡看吧，安琪儿》被拒39次后，才最终得以出版。贝多芬战胜了父亲认为他毫无音乐家潜质的偏见，成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。

19世纪瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齐原先干的工作没有一件成功，直到他想到去教小孩子，并研究出一种新型教育模式的基础理论托马斯·爱迪生在四年级时被赶出了学校，因为老师觉得他似乎太迟钝。但不幸的是，对大多数人而言，失败是奋斗的结束，而不是开始。

对那些孤注一掷的追名逐利之徒，我要说：祝你们好运。但是，遗憾的是，你会发现这不是你想得到的。狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一条尾巴而已。

获得成功的人常常发现成功对他来说弊大于利。

所以要为真实的你、为自己的所为感到高兴，而不是拼命去获得成功。做那些你为之感到骄傲的事情。

可能在有生之年你默默无闻，但你可能创作了更好的艺术。UNIT 2

他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。

他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。

狄更斯或许能创作出查理·卓别林的童年故事，但只有查理·卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”，这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。

就卓别林而言，其他国家，如法国、意大利、西班牙，甚至日本，都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声（和更多的收益）。在1913年，卓别林永久地离开了英国，与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。在那里，他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克·塞纳特的旗下工作。

令人遗憾的是，20世纪二、三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。

中产阶级当然这样认为。劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩：他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子，或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。

尽管如此，卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人，甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。

英国流浪者并不留小胡子，也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服：欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。

另外，“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗，被英国观众认为不太正派──只有外国人才那样，不是吗？ 而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中，银幕上的他是不出声的，也就无从证明他是英国人。

事实上，当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影，不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时，他确实很头疼。

他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来：在 1936 的《摩登时代》里，他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。在片中，他扮演一名侍者，满口胡言乱语，听起来不像任何国家的语言。

后来他说，他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育，但已经没落的绅士。

但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音，那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了，而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的，但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。他是一个才能非凡的人，他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。

他的巨大名声为他带来了自由，更重要的是带来了财富，他因此得以成为自己的主人。在事业发展之初，他就感到一种冲动要去发掘并扩展自己身上所显露的天才。

当他第一次在银幕上看到自己扮演的“流浪汉”时，他说：“这不可能是我。那可能吗？瞧这角色多么与众不同啊！”

这种震惊唤起了他的想象。

卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。他是那种边表演边根据感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。没有生命的物体特别有助于卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。他将这些物体想象成其他东西。

因此，在《当铺老板》中，一个坏闹钟变成了正在接受手术的“病人”；在《淘金记》中，靴子被放在锅里煮，靴底被蘸着盐和胡椒吃掉，就像上好的鱼片一样（鞋钉就像鱼骨那样被剔除）。

这种对事物的转化，以及他一次又一次做出这种转化的技巧，正是卓别林伟大喜剧的奥秘所在。他也深切地渴望被爱，同时也害怕遭到背叛。

这两者很难结合在一起，有时这种冲突导致了灾难，就像他早期的几次婚姻那样。然而即使是这种以沉重代价换来的自知之明也在他的喜剧创作中得到了表现。

“流浪汉”始终没有失去对卖花女的信心，相信她正等待着与自己共同走进夕阳之中；而卓别林的另一面使他的凡尔杜先生，一个杀了妻子的法国人，成为了仇恨女人的象征。

令人宽慰的是，生活最终把卓别林先前没能获得的稳定和幸福给了他。

他找到了沃娜·奥尼尔·卓别林这个伴侣。她的沉稳和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。他们的年龄差别太大，以致当194年他们要结婚时，新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后，为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘：“那个年轻人在哪儿？”──当时已经54岁的卓别林小心翼翼在外面等候着。由于沃娜本人出生在一个被各种麻烦困扰的大家庭，她对卓别林生活中将面临的挑战也做好了充分准备，因为当时关于他俩有很多毫无根据的流言。后来在他那个有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中，卓别林有时会引发争吵，而她则成了安宁的中心。

卓别林死于1977年圣诞节。

几个月后，几个近乎可笑的盗尸者从他的家庭墓室盗走了他的尸体以借此诈钱。

警方追回了他的尸体，其效率比麦克·塞纳特拍摄的启斯东喜剧片中的笨拙警察要高得多。但是人们不禁会感到，卓别林一定会把这一奇怪的事件看作是对他的十分恰当的纪念──他以这种方式给这个自己曾为之带去这么多笑声的世界留下最后的笑声。UNIT 3

人人都觉得福利救济对象是在骗人。

当我认识的许多坐轮椅的人面临与宠物猫分吃生猫食的窘境时，都会向福利机构多骗取几美元。

为了能领到一点额外的福利款，他们告诉政府说他们实际上少拿了200美元的养老金，或告诉社会工作者，说房东又将房租涨了100 美元。

我选择了过一种完全诚实的生活，因此我不会那样做，而是四处找活，揽些画漫画的活。

我甚至还告诉福利机构我赚了多少钱！哦，私下里领一笔钱当然对我挺有吸引力，但即使我挡不住这种诱惑，我投稿的那些大杂志也不会去给自己惹麻烦。

他们会保留我的记录，而这些记录会直接进入政府的电脑。真是态度鲜明，毫不含糊。作为一名福利救济对象，我必须在社会工作者面前卑躬屈膝。

社会工作者心里知道，许多救济对象在欺骗他们，因此他们觉得，作为补偿，他们有权让救济对象向他们点头哈腰。我并不是故意感到忿忿不平。

大多数社会工作者刚开始时都是些大学毕业生，有理想，而且思想开明。

可是，在这个实际上是要人撒谎的体制里干了几年后，他们就变得与那个叫“苏珊娜”的人一样了──一个穿运动短裤的侦探。去年圣诞节过后不久，苏珊娜到我家来了解情况，看到墙上贴着新的宣传画，便想知道：“你从哪儿弄到钱来买这些？”“从朋友和家人那儿。”

“那么，你最好要张收据，真的，你接受任何捐献或礼物都要报告。”她这是在暗示我：得哀求她了。但是我却将她顶了回去。“那天在马路上有人给我一根烟，我也得报告吗？”“对不起，卡拉汉先生，可是规定不是我制订的。” 苏珊娜试图就修理轮椅的问题训斥我。由于福利部门不愿意花钱好好地修理，所以它总是坏。“您是知道的，卡拉汉先生，我听说您的那辆轮椅比一般人用得多得多。” 我当然用得多，我是个工作很积极的人，又不是植物人。

我住在闹市区附近，可以坐着轮椅到处走走。我真想知道如果她突然摔坏臀部，不得不爬着去上班时，会是什么感受。政府削减福利开支已经导致许多人挨饿受苦，我只是其中之一。但它对脊柱伤残的人的影响更为突出：政府已经不管我们的轮椅了每次我的轮椅出问题，掉了螺丝，需要换个新轴承，或刹车不灵时，我都打电话给苏珊娜，但每次都要挨训。她最后总会说：“好吧，如果今天我能抽出时间的话，我会找医务人员的。”

她该通知医务人员，由医务人员来确认问题确实存在，然后打电话给各家轮椅维修公司，拿到最低的报价。接着医务人员就通知州政府的福利总部，他们再花几天时间考虑这件事。而这期间我只能躺在床上，动弹不得。最后，如果我幸运的话，他们会给我回电话，同意维修。当福利部门获悉我画漫画赚钱时，苏珊娜就开始每两个星期“拜访”我一次，而不再是每两个月一次了。她寻遍每个角落，想找出我未上报的电器，或者是女仆、烤炉里的烤猪、停在房后新买的直升飞机什么的。她从来都是一无所获，但最后我总要填厚厚的一叠表格，说明每一分钱的来历。

如何逐渐脱离福利照顾，这在法律条款中没有明确规定。我是一个独立的生意人，正在慢慢建立起自己的市场。

要脱离福利救济，一下子每月挣2, 000美元是不可能的。但我很想自己负担部分生活费用，不必在每次需要为轮椅买点配件时都去尴尬地求人。

真需要有一位律师来捍卫福利救济对象的权利，因为这一福利体制不仅容易使福利提供者滥用权力，也很容易使救济对象滥用权力前几天，由于药剂师说我使用的医疗用品超出常量，于是福利部门派苏珊娜到我的住所调查。我确实多用了，因为外科手术中切的排尿孔的大小改变了，尿袋的连接处发生渗漏。

她正做着记录，我家的电话铃响了。苏珊娜接听了电话，是一位州议员打来的，这使她慌了一下。

数以千计像我这样的福利救济对象，如果允许的话，可以慢慢地负担自己的一部分甚至全部生活费用，对此，我要不要在州政府的委员会里尝试着做点儿什么呢？

还用说吗？我当然要！总有一天，像我这样的福利救济对象将在一种新的福利制度下过上好日子，这种制度不会千方百计证明福利救济对象在欺骗，而是要鼓励他们自立。

他们将能自由地、毫无愧疚、毫不担忧地发挥他们的才干，或拥有一份稳定的好工作。UNIT 4

一个将会大大提高发展中国家生活水准的转变正方兴未艾。

一些不久前还是信息闭塞的地方正在迅速获得最新的通信技术，这将促进他们吸纳国内外投资。亚洲、拉丁美洲和东欧的许多国家也许需要10年时间来改善其交通、电力供应和其他公用设施。但是只一根直径小于半毫米的光纤电缆就可以比由铜丝制成的粗电缆承载更多的信息。

由于安装了光纤电缆、数字转换器和最新的无线传输系统，从北京到布达佩斯的一系列城区和工业区正在直接步入信息时代。一个蛛网般的数字和无线通信网络已经发展到亚洲的大部分地区和东欧的部分地区。

所有这些发展中地区都把先进的通信技术看作一种跨越经济发展诸阶段的途径。

例如，信息技术的广泛应用有望缩短劳动密集型的组装工业转向涉及工程、营销和设计的那些产业所需的时间。现代通信技术“将使中国、越南这样的国家比那些困于旧技术的国家拥有巨大的优势”。

这些国家应以多快的速度向前发展是人们争论的一个问题。

许多专家认为，越南在目前急需电话的情况下，却要求所有的移动电话都必须是昂贵的数字型电话，这种做法太超前了。一位专家说：“这些国家缺乏成本估算和选择技术的经验。”

然而毋庸争辩，通信技术将是区分输赢的关键因素。看一看俄罗斯的情况吧。

由于其坚实的数学和科学教育基础，它应该在信息时代有繁荣的发展。问题是，它的国内电话系统是一堆生锈的20世纪30年代的老古董。

为了解决这一问题，俄罗斯已经开始铺设光纤电缆，并制定了投入400亿美元建设多项通信工程的战略计划。但是由于其经济陷于低迷，几乎没有资金来着手解决最基本的问题。

与俄罗斯相比，在未来10年中，中国大陆计划对通信设备投入1,000亿美元。

从某种意义上说，中国的落后成了一种有利因素，因为这一发展正好发生在新技术比铜线电缆系统更便宜的时候。到1995年底，中国除了拉萨以外的省会都将有数字转换器和高容量的光纤网，这意味着其主要城市正在具备必需的基础设施，成为信息高速公路的主要部分，使人们能够进入系统，获得最先进的服务。电信工程也是上海实现其成为一流的金融中心这一梦想的关键。

为了能给国际投资者提供其所期望的电子数据和无纸化交易方面的出色服务，上海计划建设与曼哈顿同样强大的电信网络。

与此同时，匈牙利也希望跃入现代世界。目前，有70万匈牙利人等着装电话。

为了部分地解决资金问题，加速引进西方技术，匈牙利将国有电话公司30%的股份出售给了两家西方公司。为进一步减少电话待装户，匈牙利已将权利出租给一家荷兰－斯堪的纳维亚企业集团，来建造并经营一个据说位居世界先进行列的数字移动电话系统。

事实上，无线方式是在发展中国家快速建设电话系统的最受欢迎的方式之一。建造无线电发射塔要比翻山越岭架设线路更便宜。而且，急切盼望可靠服务的企业乐于花费可观的高价来换取无线电话服务──其资费通常是固定线路电话资费的二至四倍。

整个拉丁美洲对无线通信的需求和使用已急速增长。

对于无线电话服务商来说，没有任何地方的业务比拉丁美洲更好了──在那里有一个营运点就好像有一堆无穷无尽供你使用的钞票。

在四个无线电话市场有营运点的贝尔南方电话公司估计，来自于其每个客户的平均年收入均为2,000美元，而在美国仅为860美元产生这种情况的部分原因是拉丁美洲客户的通话时间是北美洲客户的二至四倍。

泰国也在求助于无线通信方式，以便让泰国人在发生交通堵塞时更好地利用时间。

而且在泰国，从办公室往外打电话或发传真并不那么容易：待装电话的名单上有一二百万个名字。因此移动电话在商务人士中成为时尚，他们在交通堵塞时也能与外界保持联系。

越南正在做一个最大胆的跳跃。

尽管越南人均年收入只有220美元，它计划每年增加的30万条线路将全部为有数字转换功能的光纤电缆，而不是那些以铜线传送电子信号的廉价系统。

由于现在就选用了下一代的技术，越南负责通信的官员说他们能够在数十年中与亚洲的任何一个国家保持同步。对于那些长期落后的国家来说，一跃而名列前茅的诱惑难以抵御。

而且，尽管他们会犯错误，他们仍会坚持不懈──总有一天，他们将能在信息高速公路上与美国和西欧并驾齐驱。UNIT 5

事实如此，我们孤独无依地生活着。据最近的统计，共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜欢这种生活，有些却不喜欢。

有些离了婚，有些鳏寡无伴，也有些从未结过婚。

孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病，我们羞于承认它，甚于其他任何罪恶。

而另一方面，故意选择独处，拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃，却是美国式英雄的一个特点。孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险，征服广袤的荒野时，并不需要有人陪伴。梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋，有意疏离了城市生活。现在，这成了你的个性。

独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家最有用的东西。他们都赞成独处，都因能够独处而自视甚高，至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。就拿多萝西·华兹华斯来说吧，她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣，为他找到笔记本和铅笔，向他挥手告别，目送他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思。

他写道：“独处多么优雅，惬意。” 毫无疑问，如果自愿独处，感觉要好得多。

看看弥尔顿的女儿们：她们为他准备好垫子和毯子，然后蹑手蹑脚地走开，以便他能创作诗歌。然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来，而是唤回女儿们，向她们口述，由她们记下来。也许你已经注意到，这些艺术家类型的人，大多是到户外独处，而家里则自有亲人备好了热茶，等着他们回家。

美国的独处代表人物是梭罗。

我们钦佩他，并非因为他能自力更生，而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活，他喜欢这样──独居在湖畔的树林中。实际上，他最近的邻居离他只有一英里，走路也就20分钟；铁路离他半英里；交通繁忙的大路距他300码。整天都有人进出他的小屋，请教他何以能够如此高洁。

显然，他的高洁之处主要在于：他既没有妻子也没有仆人，自己动手用斧头砍柴，自己洗杯洗碟。我不知道谁为他洗衣服，他没说，但他也肯定没提是他自己洗。听听他是怎么说的：“我从未发现比独处更好的伙伴。”

梭罗以自尊自重为伴。

也许这里的启示是：自我意识越强，就越不需要其他的人在周围。我们越是感觉谦卑，就越受孤独的折磨，感到仅与自己相处远远不够。

若与别人同住，他们的小别会使你感到耳目一新。孤独将会于星期四结束。

如果今天我提到自己时使用的是单数人称代词，那么下星期我就会使用复数形式。

其他人不在的时候，你可以放飞自己的灵魂，让它充满整个房间。你可以充分享受自由，随意来去而无需道歉。你可以熬夜读书大泡浴缸、一口气吃掉整整一品脱的冰淇淋。你可以按自己的节奏行动。暂别的人会回来。

他们的冬季防水大衣还放在衣橱里，狗也在窗边密切留意他们归来的身影。

但如果你单独居住，那么朋友或熟人的暂时离别会使你感到空虚，也许他们永远也不会回来了。

孤独的感觉时起时落，但我们却永远需要与人交谈。这比需要倾听更重要。

噢，我们都有朋友，可以把大事要事向他们倾诉。我们可以打电话对朋友说我们丢了工作，或者说我们在湿滑的地板上摔倒了，跌断了胳膊。

每日不断的琐碎抱怨，对各种事情的看法和意见，积在那儿，塞满了我们的心。我们不会真打电话给一位朋友，说我们收到了姐姐的一个包裹，或者说现在天黑得比较早，或者说我们不信任最高法院新来的法官科学调查表明，独居的人会对着自己、对着宠物、对着电视机唠叨不休。我们问猫儿今天该穿蓝色套装还是黄色裙装，问鹦鹉今天晚餐该做牛排还是面条。

我们跟自己争论那个花样滑冰选手和这个滑雪运动员到底谁更了不起。这没什么不妥，也对我们有好处，而且不像有些人那么令人尴尬：在超市付款处，排在前面的女人告诉收银员，她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能会来看她。梅莉莎非常喜欢热巧克力，所以她买了速溶热巧克力粉，虽然她自己从来不喝这东西。重要的是保持理性。

重要的是不再等待，而是安顿下来，使自己过得舒服，至少暂时要这样。要在我们自身的条件下发现一些优雅和乐趣，不要做一个以自我为中心的英国诗人，而要像一个被关在塔楼里的公主，耐心地等待着我们的童话故事迎来快乐的结局。毕竟，事已至此，这或许不是我们所期望的局面，但眼下我们不妨称之为家吧。不管怎么说，没有什么地方比家更好。UNIT 6

商科学生有时对课程里包含商业道德课略感吃惊。他们通常没意识到在很多国家，形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家这已成为人们几百年来的一种生活方式。假定在一场与政府官员的谈判中，贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大笔贿赂，那么你的商品拿到进口许可证就会容易得多，还可能避免他所说的“程序上的延误”。现在的问题是：你是被迫掏钱呢，还是坚持原则？

高尚的道德标准说起来容易，但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢？ 早些时候，一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用一笔基金行贿，并进行其他一些可疑运作，如给代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。

这家汽车公司否认了这些指控，后来指控也被撤销了。

然而，当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说：“瞧，我们这一行竞争激烈，每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。

如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户高兴，谁会有损失呢？ 我们不这样干，别人也会这样干的。”

很容易产生这样的印象：贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。的确，这似乎已成为商界的一个事实。

仅举一例：美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露，它在1971至1976年间共发生了250万美元的可疑开支。这一事实的披露，使克莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样，向美国证券交易委员会承认自己近年曾有过某种形式的支出，像贿赂额外打折等。

为方便讨论起见，我们可将这些支出分为三大类。

第一大类是那些为政治目的或为获得大宗合同所付出的大笔款项。

比如，有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受调查，当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统候选人。后来发现，这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。

这一大类也包括为得到武器销售或重大的石油、建筑等项目的合同而向权势家族及其身边的顾问所付出的大笔款项。

在一桩涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中，一位证人声称一家英国公司曾付给某“洽谈人”100万英镑。此人帮忙做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克和其他军事装备的交易。

据闻其他国家也是如此，向外国公司施压，要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。第二大类包括旨在促使政府加快对某些工程项目的正式批准而作的支出。

关于这一点有个有趣的例子：有个销售经理几个月来一直试图向加勒比地区一个国家的建工部长推销道路工程机械。后来，他想到了办法。

了解到建工部长收藏珍本书，他买了一本书的珍藏版，在书里夹了两万美元，将其送给部长。部长看了书的内容后说：“我知道这书有两卷本的。”

机敏的销售经理答道：“先生，我们公司买不起两卷本，不过可以给你弄一本带‘前言’的！” 不久，这笔生意获准了。

第三大类指某些国家按照传统做法付给在交易中起作用的人的费用。中东的一些国家和某些亚洲国家的做法都属此类。

是否有可能制订一套公司法规，防止各种类型的贿赂呢？ 国际商会（ICC）赞成用一套行为准则来制止行贿索贿。

这一准则试图区分哪些是真正为服务所付的佣金，哪些是等同于贿赂的过高费用。已经成立了一个委员会来实际操作这一准则。

可惜的是，国际商会委员们就如何实行这一法规的意见不一。英国委员们希望这一体系有充分的法律效力以使公司规范行事。而法国代表认为制定和实施法律是政府的事。

像国际商会这样的商业团体该做的是表明孰对孰错，而非强制实行什么。

在一家知名英国报纸上，最近有位作者指出“企业已陷入贿赂网”，人人都“贪赃枉法”。这一说法可能有些夸张。

然而，如今做海外销售的商人们常常难以做到既确保自己的商业利益，又无愧于道德良心。UNIT 7

《人类基因的历史与地理分布》尽管不是严格意义上的畅销书，却是一本汇集了50多年人类遗传学方面研究成果的好书。它对人类在基因层面上的差异作了迄今为止最为广泛的调查，得出了明确的结论：如果不考虑影响肤色、身高等表面特征的基因，不同的“种族”在外表之下相似地令人吃惊。

个体之间的差异远远大于群体之间的差异。实际上，那种认为某一种群比另一种群的基因更优越的理论是毫无科学根据的。

然而，此书还不仅仅是对目前的种族偏见理论的反驳。

这一项目的主要倡导者，斯坦福大学教授路卡·卡瓦里-斯福尔扎，与同事一起经过16年的努力，绘制了这一世界上首幅人类基因分布图谱。

此书的一大特点是提供了500多幅图，显示了相同的遗传基因所处的区域，这很像其他地图上用同样的颜色标示同样海拔高度的地区。

通过测定当前人类种群间的亲缘关系，作者们勾绘了地球上早期人类迁徙的路线。他们的研究结果相当于一份全球家谱。

他们在人类血液中找到了绘制这一家谱所需的信息：不同的蛋白质就是显示一个人的基因构成的标志。作者们利用几十年来科学家们收集的数据，汇编成了近2,000个群体中成千上万个个体的数据图。

为了确保种群的“纯正”，这项研究将对象限定于自1492年起，即欧洲最初的大规模迁徙之前就一直居住在现生活区域的那些群体。这实际上就是一幅哥伦布驶向美洲时期的世界人口基因分布图。收集血样，特别是到偏远地区的古老人群中收集血样，并非总是易事。潜在的供血者通常不敢合作，或存在宗教上的担心。

有一次在非洲农村，正当卡瓦里·斯福尔扎要从儿童身上采血时，一个愤怒的村民手执斧头出现在他面前。这位科学家回忆道：“我记得他说，‘如果你从孩子们身上抽血，我就要放你的血。’那个人是担心我们可能用这些血来施魔法。”尽管有困难，科学家们还是取得了一些引人注目的发现。

其中之一就醒目地印在此书封面上：人类基因变异彩图表明，非洲与澳洲分别位于变化范围的两端。

因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征，如肤色、体型等，所以被普遍认为有密切的亲缘关系。但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。

在所有人种中，澳洲人与非洲人的关系最远，而与其邻居东南亚人非常接近。

我们所看到的人种差异，例如欧洲人与非洲人的差异，主要是人类从一个大陆向另一个大陆迁徙时为适应气候所产生的。结合对远古人骨的研究，这一图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地，因而也是人类迁徙的始发地。

这些发现，再加上现代非洲人与非非洲人之间的巨大基因差异，说明了从非洲种群开始的分支是人类家谱上最早的分支。这一基因分布图谱对长期以来困绕着科学家的人种起源问题也做出了新的解释。南部非洲的科伊桑人就是一个例子。

很多科学家认为科伊桑人是一个独立的非常古老的人种。

他们语言中那种独特的短促而清脆的声音使得一些研究者认为科伊桑人是最原始的人类祖先的直系后裔。然而他们的基因却表明情况并非如此。

基因研究表明科伊桑人可能是古代西亚人与非洲黑人的混血。

图谱上显示的遗传轨迹表明这一混血人种的发源地可能在埃塞俄比亚或中东地区。

法国和西班牙的巴斯克人是人类家谱图上欧洲人分支的最特殊的成员。

他们有几组少见的基因类型，包括一种罕见血型的发生率在巴斯克人中也是最高的。他们的语言起源不明，也无法被归入任何标准的类别。

他们居住的地区紧挨着发现早期欧洲人壁画的几个著名的洞穴这一事实使卡瓦里·斯福尔扎得出这样的结论：“在欧洲最早的近代人中，巴斯克人极有可能与克罗马努人关系最直接。”

人们认为所有的欧洲人都是混合人种，有65%的亚洲人基因，35%的非洲人基因。

除了揭示人种的起源以外，基因信息对医学界来说也是最新资料。医学界希望能用人类脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）制成特别的蛋白质，这些蛋白质可能具有某种抗病药物的价值。

保护土著人权益的活动家们担心科学家可能会利用土著人：从当地人血样中提取的基因物质可被用于商业目的，而DNA 提供者却不会获得足够的报酬。

卡瓦里·斯福尔扎强调，他的工作不仅有科学意义，而且也有社会意义。他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念”。他希望这一目的会得到一直为同样目的进行抗争的土著民族的接受。UNIT 8

我清楚地记得我成为黑人的那一天。

13岁之前我一直住在佛罗里达州的一个黑人小镇伊顿维尔。小镇的居民全是黑人。

我所认识的白人都是来自佛罗里达的奥兰多或是去往奥兰多的过路人。

本地的白人骑着风尘仆仆的马匹，而北方来的旅游者则驾着汽车沿着乡下的沙土路一路驶来。小镇的人见惯了南方人，因此他们经过时小镇的人照旧大嚼甘蔗。但是看到北方人则是另一回事。

胆怯的人躲在窗帘后小心翼翼地偷看他们，胆大的则会走到屋外看着他们经过，感到很有趣，就像这些旅游者看到这村庄也感到很有趣一样。

门前平台可能是镇上其他人不敢去的地方，但对我来说，那儿就像前排座位一样。我最爱坐在门柱上。

我喜欢在那儿看人们来来往往，也不在乎让那些人知道我喜欢看他们，通常还与他们搭几句话。

我向他们挥手，如果他们也向我挥手，我还会与他们打招呼。骑马或驾车的人通常会停下来，我们不可思议地互打招呼之后，我可能会随着他们“颠儿几步”，这是我们佛罗里达最南边的说法意思是跟着他们走上一小段路。

如果正巧赶上家里人来到房前看见我，他们就会毫不客气地打断我们的交谈。

那段日子里，在我看来，白人和黑人的区别只不过是他们路过小镇，但从不住在这里。

他们喜欢听我“说几句”，喜欢听我唱歌，看我跳舞，并为此大方地给我小银币这倒使我感到意外，因为我太愿意跟他们“说上几句”，太愿意为他们唱歌跳舞了，他们给我钱时我才会停下来。只是他们不知道这一点。黑人不会给我钱，对我表现出的任何一点欢乐的苗头，他们都不赞同。但我仍然是他们的佐拉，我是属于他们，属于周围的旅馆，属于那个地方，属于每一个人的佐拉。

但我13岁时，家里发生了变故，我被送到杰克逊维尔的学校去了。离开伊顿维尔时我还是我，佐拉。

可在杰克逊维尔下了船后，原来的佐拉不复存在了。我似乎发生了巨大的变化，我再也不是伊顿维尔的佐拉了，我现在成了个小黑妞，在好些方面都是。

在镜中，在内心深处，我变成了永远不黑不白的棕色人──就像最好的鞋油，抹不掉，不褪色。

身边总有人提醒我自己是奴隶的后代，但这并没有使我沮丧。奴隶制是60年前的事了。

解放黑奴的这场手术很成功，病人的情况也不错，谢谢。这场使我从黑奴变为美国公民的可怕战争喊道“各就位！” 内战后的那段时期说“预备！”我的上一代人则喊“跑！” 就像一场赛跑一样，我飞速起跑，决不可中途停步，伤心回望。

身为黑奴是我为文明生活所付出的代价，而作出这一选择的并不是我。世界上再没有什么人有过比这更大的争取荣耀的机会了。

想想将要获得的新生活，而且我们不会有任何损失。不管我做什么，都可能得到双倍的嘉奖，或是双份的责难。想想这一点，知道这一点都令人激动不已。

占据国内舞台的中心可真刺激，而台下的观众则不知是喜是忧。我没有总是感到自己是有色人种。

甚至现在我还常常感觉自己还是伊顿维尔小镇上懵懂无知的佐拉。比如，我可以在餐馆和一位白人坐在一起。

我们闲谈一些都经历过的平常琐事，白人会安静地坐着，兴味盎然地听我讲。

有时候我不属于任何人种，我就是我自己。

但我大体上还是感觉自己像一只靠墙立着的装满各种杂物的棕色袋子。靠墙立着的还有其他颜色的袋子，白色的，红色的，黄色的倒出袋中的物品，可以发现一堆或有用或无用的小杂物：

碎玻璃块，小线头儿，一扇早已朽坏的门上的钥匙，一把锈蚀的刀，一双为某条从来没有、将来也不会有的路而准备的旧鞋，一根弯曲的钉子（它所承受过的重量足以弄折任何钉子），一两支仍散发出几许花香的干花。你手中拿的是棕色的袋子，面前的地上则是袋中所装的那堆东西──与其他袋子中所倒出的东西几乎一模一样，如果把它们混成一大堆，再分装到各自的袋中也不会有多大的不同。

多少有点有色玻璃片也没有什么关系。

也许当初上帝这个装袋者往我们各自的袋中填塞时正是这么做的，谁知道呢？



第四篇：新视野大学英语第三版读写教程1课后翻译

Unit 1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后期的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals(基础)of modern Western philosophy.He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics.His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions.He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology(认识论)and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed.Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy.His fame was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he constructed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect(宗派).孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，被尊称为古代的“圣人”（sage）。他的言论和生平活动记录在《论语》（The Analects）一书中。《论语》是中国古代文化的经典著作，对后来历代的思想家、文学家、政治家产生了很大影响。不研究《论语》，就不能真正把握中国几千年的传统文化。孔子的很多思想，尤其是其教育思想，对中国社会产生了深远的影响。在21世纪的今天，孔子的学说不仅受到中国人的重视，而且也越来越受到整个国际社会的重视。

Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history.He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”.His words and life story were recorded in The Analects.An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius.Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture.Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society.In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community.Unit 2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在1 2月2 5日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元3 3 6年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞节风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。

Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on December 25 by millions of people around the world.It commemorates(纪念)the birth of Jesus Christ.The festival dated from as early as 336 AD.Gradually it evolved into a religious as well as secular(非宗教的)celebration, celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians.Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public holiday around the world.Christmas customs differ in different countries.Popular modern customs of the holiday include an exchange of Christmas cards and gifts, Christmas singing, church attendance, the display of various Christmas decorations and trees, family gatherings, and a special meal preparation.To small children, the festival is full of fantasy and surprise.Legend(传说)has it that Santa Claus will enter each house through the chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children on Christmas Eve.Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival heighten economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has also become a significant event and a key sales period for businesses.每 年 农 历（Chinese lunar calendar）八 月 十 五 是我 国 的 传 统 节 日 —— 中 秋 节（the Mid-Autumn Festival）。这时是一年秋季的中期，所以被称为中秋。中秋节的一项重要活动是赏月。夜晚，人们赏明月、吃月饼，共庆中秋佳节。中秋节也是家庭团圆的时刻，远在他乡的游子，会借此寄托自己对故乡和亲人的思念之情。中秋节的习俗很多，都寄托着人们对美好生活的热爱和向往。自2008年起，中秋节成为中国的法定节假日。

According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival.This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn.One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon.On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes.The festival is also a time for family reunion.People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival.There are many customs to celebrate the festival, all expressing people's love and hope for a happy life.Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.Unit 3 伦敦地铁是英国的一个快速交通运输系统，服务于大伦敦的大部分地区。地铁系统因其地铁隧道的典型形状也被称为地下管道。伦敦地铁始建于19 世纪中期，是世界上最早的地下铁路系统。它的第一段地铁于1863 年开始运营。自此，伦敦地铁不断延伸，发展成为一个包括12条线路、275个车站、铁轨总长超过250 英里的地铁杰作，其中有45％在地下运行。就路线长度而言，它是世界上第四大地铁系统，也是车站数量最多的地铁系统之一。作为一个走遍伦敦的经济便捷的途径，伦敦地铁一向是每天数百万通勤者以及在节假日游历伦敦的游客的首选。伦敦地铁已成为伦敦的一个国际标志。2013 年伦敦举办了各种各样的活动，庆祝地铁运营150 周年，纪念这一里程碑。

The London Underground is a rapid transit(交通运输系统)system in the United Kingdom, serving a large part of Greater London.The underground system is also known as the Tube, due to the characteristic shape of the subway tunnels.It all started in the mid-1800s.The Tube was the world's first underground train system, with the first section opening in 1863.Since then it has grown to an underground masterpiece(杰作)of 12 lines, 275 stations, and over 250 miles of rail track, 45% of which is underground.It is the fourth largest metro system in the world in terms of route miles.It also has one of the largest numbers of stations.As an affordable and easy way to get around London, the Tube remains the first choice for millions of commuters each day, as well as tourists visiting the city on holidays.The Tube has been an international icon for London.The London Underground celebrated its 150 years of operation in 2013, with various events marking the milestone(里程碑).中国航天业开创于1956年。几十年来，中国航天事业创造了一个又一个奇迹。1970年，中国成功发射了第一颗人造地球卫星，成为世界上第五个独立自主研制和发射人造地球卫星的国家。1992年，中国开始实施载人航天飞行工程（manned spaceflight program）。2003年，中国成功发射了“神舟五号”载人飞船，使中国成为第三个发射载人飞船的国家。2007年发射了“嫦娥一号”，即第一颗绕月球飞行（lunar-orbiting）的人造卫星。2013年，第五艘载人飞船“神舟十号”发射成功，为中国空间站的建设打下了基础。

China's space industry was launched in 1956.Over the past decades, China's space industry has created one miracle after another.In 1970 China launched its first man-made earth satellite, ranking China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch man-made earth satellites.In 1992 China began to carry out the manned spaceflight program.In 2003 China launched Shenzhou-5, a manned spaceship.The successful launch made China the third country to launch manned spaceships.In 2007 Chang'e-1, the first lunar-orbiting man-made satellite, was sent to space.In 2013 Shenzhou-10, the fifth manned spaceship, was launched successfully, laying the foundation for building the Chinese Space Station.Unit 4 作为通过中国游历亚洲的首批欧洲人之一，马可•波罗可能是中国人最熟知的外国商人和航海家。从1271 年到1295 年，他和他的家人游历广泛，遍及欧洲和亚洲。期间，他在中国留居了17 年。他的著作《马可•波罗游记》描述了他游历亚洲的旅程，让欧洲人首次全面领略了包括中国、印度和日本在内的远东地区的情况。从他的文字叙述中，西方人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火药、印刷术、纸币以及丝绸。在15 世纪末和16 世纪欧洲发现与征服的大航海时代，马可•波罗所记录的大量新的地理信息得到了广泛使用。在他去世后的这几个世纪里，马可•波罗获得了他在有生之年未曾获得的赞誉。马可•波罗的故事鼓舞了其他无数的探险者去踏上征程，发现世界。

As one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China, Marco Polo is perhaps the most well-known foreign merchant and voyager to the Chinese people.He traveled extensively(广泛地)with his family, journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295.He remained in China for 17 of those years.His book The Travels of Marco Polo depicts his journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the Far East, including China, India, and Japan.From his written accounts the Westerners learned of porcelain, coal, gunpowder, printing, paper money, and silk for the first time.The wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used in the late 15th and the 16th centuries during the age of the European voyages of discovery and conquest(征服).In the centuries since his death, Marco Polo has received the recognition that failed to come his way during his lifetime.Marco Polo's story has inspired countless other adventurers to set off and see the world.郑和是中国历史上最著名的航海家（maritime explorer）。公元1405 年，明朝的统治者为了稳固边防（border defense）和开展海上贸易，派郑和下西洋（the Western Seas）。在此后的28 年里，郑和带领船队七下西洋，前后出海的人员有10 多万人，访问了30 多个国家和地区。船队纵横南亚、西亚，一直到非洲大陆。郑和下西洋是世界航海（navigation）史上的壮举，它展现了郑和卓越的航海和组织才能，同时展现了明朝的国力和国威（national strength and prestige），加强了明朝和海外各国之间的关系。

Zheng He was the most famous maritime explorer in Chinese history.In 1405 AD, the ruler of the Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He on a voyage to the Western Seas in order to strengthen border defense and develop trade by sea.In the following 28 years, Zheng He led his fleet, made seven voyages to the Western Seas with over 100,000 crew members in total, and visited more than 30 countries and regions.The fleet traveled far into South Asia and West Asia, and made all the way to the continent of Africa.Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas were a great feat in the world's navigation history.It showed Zheng He's outstanding navigation and organization talents;meanwhile, it exhibited the national strength and prestige of the Ming Dynasty, and strengthened the relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the overseas countries.Unit 5 有关古代奥林匹克运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前776年。古代奥运会每4年举办一次，在8月6日与9月19日之间的一个纪念宙斯的宗教节日期间举行。第一届现代奥运会于1896年在希腊雅典举办。奥运会的标志由五个大小相同的套环组成，代表着五大洲的联合和来自世界各地运动员的大聚会。奥运会真正腾飞、成为一项国际体育盛会是在1924年之后，即第8届奥运会在巴黎举办之后。这一年，来自44个国家约3,000名运动员同场竞技，并且第一次在奥运会上增加了闭幕式这一仪式。同年，冬季奥运会首次亮相，比赛项目包括花样滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季两项运动。80年后，2004年夏季奥运会在相隔一个多世纪后再次在雅典举办，来自201个国家的近11,000名运动员展开竞技，创下参赛国数量之最。

The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 BC.The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus(宙斯).The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games.The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic Games were held in Paris.Some 3,000 athletes from 44 nations competed that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony.The Winter Olympics debuted(问世)that year, including such events as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding and the biathlon.Eighty years later, when the 2004 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first time in more than a century, nearly 11,000 athletes from 201 countries competed, breaking the then record of participating countries.太极拳（Tai Chi）是一种武术（martial arts）项目，也是一种健身运动，在中国有着悠久的历史。太极拳动作缓慢而柔和，适合任何年龄、性别、体型的人练习。太极拳既可防身，又能强身健体，因而深受中国人的喜爱。太极拳在发展的过程中，借鉴并吸收了中国传统哲学、医术、武术的合理内容（element），成为特色鲜明的一项运动。作为中国特有的一种运动形式，太极拳也越来越受到众多外国朋友的喜爱。

Tai Chi is a kind of martial arts, and a fitness exercise as well.It has a long history in China.With slow and gentle movements, Tai Chi is suitable for people of any age, sex, or body type to practice.It can be used to provide self-defense as well as build the body.Therefore, it has become very popular among Chinese people.During its development, Tai Chi borrowed and absorbed desirable elements from traditional Chinese philosophy, medicine, and martial arts, and it has developed into a sport with unique features.As a unique sport in China, Tai Chi is also gaining increasing popularity among many foreign friends.Unit 6 间隔年指的是学生休假不去上学而去旅游或工作等的一段时间，但不一定是一年。间隔年通常选在高中毕业和进入大学之前的一段时间。在这段时间里，学生可以旅游、参加志愿者工作或者在国外边打工边度假。一种新潮流是参加集语言学习、住家、文化交流、社区服务和自主学习于一体的国际教育活动。间隔年的做法于20世纪60年代兴起于英国。它在英国、澳大利亚、新西兰和加拿大已经变得非常流行。但是在美国，间隔年的做法仍然只是个别现象。不过近年来，间隔年对美国人来说变得稍微普遍起来。2013年有大约四万美国学生参加了间隔年活动，比2006年增加了近20%。普林斯顿大学、哈佛大学、麻省理工学院等大学都有明文规定允许学生延迟入学。

Gap year(间隔年)refers to a period of time —not necessarily a year — in which students take time off and do something other than schooling, such as travel or work.The year out is most commonly taken after high school and before going to university.During this time, a student might travel, engage in volunteer work or undertake(承担)a working holiday abroad.A new trend is to participate in international education programs that combine language study, home stays, cultural exchange, community service, and independent study.The practice of taking a year out developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.It has grown very popular among students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.In the United States, however, the practice of taking a year off remains the exception(例外).But in recent years, taking a year out has become slightly more common for Americans.Some 40,000 American students participated in 2013 in gap year programs, an increase of almost 20% since 2006.Universities such as Princeton University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formal policies allowing students to defer(延期)admission.改革开放以来，中国的教育事业得到了快速发展，取得了引人瞩目的成就。中国政府把教育摆在优先发展的地位，坚持科教兴国（revitalize the country），全面提倡素质教育(quality-oriented education)。同时，积极推进教育公平，保障人人有受教育的机会。中国的教育成就反映在两个不同的层面：一个是全面普及了九年义务教育（nine-year compulsory education），另一个是实现了高等教育大众化（mass higher education）。教育的发展为中国的经济发展和社会进步作出了重大贡献。近年来，为适应社会、经济发展的需要，中国政府不断加快培养各领域的急需人才。

Since its economic reform and opening-up to the world, China's education has gone through rapid development and made remarkable achievements.The Chinese government gives top priority to the development of education, persists in revitalizing the country by science and education, and fully advocates quality-oriented education.Meanwhile, it actively promotes equality in education to guarantee everyone access to education.China's achievements in education can be reflected in two different layers: One is the popularization of the nine-year compulsory education;the other is the realization of mass higher education.The development of education has made significant contributions to China's economic development and social progress.In recent years, to satisfy the needs of social and economic development, the Chinese government has sped up the training of qualified personnel urgently needed in various fields.Unit 7 在所有美国人的信念中，最基本、最强烈的信念可能就是崇尚个人自由。要理解美国人，最重要的也许就是了解他们对“个人主义”的热爱。生活中他们很早就开始受到教育，把自己看成独立的个体，对人生中自己的处境以及自己的前途命运负责。美国人认为自己的思想和行为高度个性化。他们不愿被视为任何同质群体的代表。如果确实加入了群体，他们也认为自己有特别之处，与同一个群体中的其他成员有着些许的差别。与美国人对个人主义赋予的价值紧密相关的是他们对个人隐私的重视。美国人认为，人“需要有自己的时间”或者“有时间独处”，用来思考事情，或者恢复他们所消耗的心理能量。美国人很难理解那些总想与人结伴、不爱独处的外国人。

The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs.The most important thing to understand Americans is probably their devotion(深爱)to “individualism”.They have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destiny.Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions.They resist being thought of as representatives of any homogeneous(由同类组成的)group.When they do join groups, they believe they are special, just a little different from other members of the same group.Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans assign privacy.Americans assume people “need some time to themselves” or “some time alone” to think about things or recover their spent psychological energy.Americans have great difficulty understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person and who dislike being alone.为人诚信，以和为贵是中华民族的传统美德。“和”的思想体现在很多方面。在处理人与人的关系上，中国传统思想主张“和为贵”以及“家和万事兴”，从而创造一个和谐的社会环境。在人与自然的关系上，人类应当学会认识自然，尊重自然，保护自然。人与人、人与社会、人与自然都需要“和谐”。如今，和谐发展依然是我们的治国之本和管理人才之道。随着我国社会经济和文化的发展，“和”的思想更加深入人心。中国正在向构建社会主义和谐社会的目标迈进。

Integrity and harmony are traditional Chinese virtues.“Harmony” is demonstrated in various aspects.In regard to interpersonal relations, traditional Chinese thoughts hold that “Harmony is most precious” and “A family that lives in harmony will prosper”.A harmonious social environment can be created based on these principles.As for relations between human beings and nature, people should learn to understand, respect and protect nature.Harmony is essential to interpersonal relations, relations between human beings and society, as well as between human beings and nature.Nowadays, harmonious development is still the way of running the country and managing talented personnel.With the development of China's society, economy and culture, the idea of “harmony” goes even deeper into people's hearts.China is on its way toward the goal of building a harmonious socialist society.Unit 8 作为世界上唯一一个真正具有普遍性的世界组织，联合国已经成为处理超越国界、而且任何一个国家都无法独立解决的问题的首要论坛。联合国最初的宗旨是维护和平、保护人权、建立国际公平正义的框架以及促进经济和社会进步。近年来，联合国又面临着新的挑战，诸如气候变化、国际恐怖主义和艾滋病等。现在，解决争端及维护和平仍然是联合国最主要的任务。除此之外，联合国及其专门机构还致力于各种旨在改进世界人民生活的活动，从赈灾到教育和妇女进步，再到原子能的和平使用。联合国及其专门机构推动世界成为一个更加友好、更加宜居的地方，为全世界人民带来了福祉。

As the world's only truly universal global organization, the United Nations(UN)has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend(超越)national boundaries and cannot be resolved by any one country acting alone.The initial goals of the UN are safeguarding(保护)peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress.In recent years, the UN has been faced with new challenges, such as climate change, international terrorism and AIDS.While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its primary efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide range of activities to improve people's lives around the world — from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy.The UN and its specialized agencies have helped the world become a more hospitable(热情友好的)and livable place and brought great benefits to people around the world.新中国成立后，中国坚持（persist in）独立自主的和平外交政策，在外交领域取得了巨大成就。截至2011年，中国已与172个国家建立了外交关系（diplomatic relations）。近年来，随着中国综合国力的提升（enhancement），中国在国际事务中的作用越来越重要，中国的国际地位得到进一步提升。在地区性事务中，中国积极推动各种区域合作，为维护地区和平、促进地区发展作出了重要贡献。中国外交（diplomacy）将高举“和平、发展、合作、共赢”的旗帜（banner），在和平共处五项原则的基础上，通过全面发展同各国的友好合作，为建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界作出不懈的努力（make unremitting efforts）。

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has persisted in the independent foreign policy of peace, and made tremendous progress in foreign affairs.By 2011, China had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries.Over recent years, with the enhancement of its comprehensive national strength, China has been playing an increasingly important role in international affairs, and China's international status has been further enhanced.In regional affairs, China actively promotes all kinds of regional cooperation.It has made important contributions in maintaining regional peace and promoting regional development.China's diplomacy will hold high the banner of “peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit”.On the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and through all-round and friendly cooperation with various countries, China will make unremitting efforts to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.

第五篇：新视野大学英语第三版读写教程3课后翻译

NNCE Book3课后翻译参考答案

Unit1 英译中原文：Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices.Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially on and each individual has the power to change things.In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages usto recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other.Global citizens care about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world.Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community.This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and transportation technologies.Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action.Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in making a positive difference in the world.Keys：世界公民是指一个人承认自己是新兴的全球社区的一分子，而且其行动对全球社区的价值打造和实践活动有所贡献。世界公民相信人类从本质上来说是一个整体，任何个人都有改变事物的能力。在我们这样一个相互依赖的世界中，世界公民意识鼓励我们认识到对彼此的责任，并从对方身上学习。世界公民关心全球的教育、疾病、贫穷和环境问题。在当今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌发世界公民的意识，让他们拥有对全球社区的归属感。这种不断发展的世界公民意识在很大程度上来讲，要归功于现代信息、通信和交通技术的力量世界公民意识致力于给予人们力量，让他们付诸行动，世界公民除了要从世界问题中学习知识和价值观，还要拥有必需的技能，使他们拥有能力和自信，积极推动世界的发展。

汉译英原文：如今，很多年轻人不再选择“ 稳定” 的工作，他们更愿意自主创业，依靠自己的智慧和奋斗去实现自我价值。青年创业（young entrepreneurship）是未来国家经济活力的来源，创业者的成功不但会创造财富、增加就业机会、改善大家的生活，从长远来看，对于国家更是一件好事，创业者正是让中国经济升级换代的力量。尤其是在当前，国家鼓励大众创业、万众创新，在政策上给予中小企业支持，这更加激发了年轻人的创业热情。

Keys：Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs.Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts.Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future.The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people's life, but it is also good for the country in the long term.Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China's economy.Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses.This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.Unit 2 英译中原文：The American Dream is a national ethos(精神特质)of the United States.The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships.The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants.And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision.But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing.Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone.Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone.Keys：美国梦是美利坚合众国的民族精神。该词有各种各样的用法，但其根本含义是，在美国任何人都可以通过努力获得成功，都有可能过上幸福而成功的生活口许多人对美国梦的概念加以拓展和提炼，涵盖了像自由，自我实现和深厚的人际关系等方面的内容。美国梦的思想比美国本身更为久远，可以追溯到17世纪，当时的欧洲移民面对这一新发现的、未经开发的广裹大陆，开始纷纷怀揣希望，追逐梦想。随着历史的发展，美国梦的含义也已改变，既包含了个人元素，也包含了全局视野。但并不是每个人都对美国梦持肯定态度。一些人认为美国的社会结构决定了不是每个人都能拥有这样的理想目标。批评者常常举以实例，揭露植根于阶级、种族、宗教和民族的不平等现象，指出美国梦并非每个人都可企及。

汉译英原文：实现中华民族伟大复兴（rejuvenation）是近代以来中国人民最伟大的梦想，我们称之为“中国梦”，其基本内涵是实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。中国梦，是让每一个积极进取的中国人形成世世代代的信念：只要经过不懈的奋斗便能获得更好的生活。人们必须通过自己的勤奋、勇气、创意和决心迈向繁荣，而不是依赖于社会和他人的援助。每个中国人都是中国梦的参与者和创造者。中国梦是民族的梦，也是每个中国人的梦。

Keys：Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modem times.It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort.People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people.Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese.Unit 3 英译中原文：Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is famous for a wide range of accomplishments.His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of“Renaissance Master”.Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter.Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the best known and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time.What make Leonardo's drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind.Perhaps only 15 of his paintingshave survived, partly because his constant experimentation with new techniquesmade his total output quite small.Although not a prolific(多产的)painter, Leonardo was a mostproductive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams.These notebooks, often referred to as da Vinci's manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention.Leonard's genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook.His paintings, together with his notebooks, havecontributed significantly to the history of art.Keys：莱奥纳多·达·芬奇是意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大的思想家之一，也许也是迄今最多才多艺的人。他是画家、雕刻家、建筑家、数学家、工程师和发明家，因成就广泛而闻名。他的天赋跨越多个领域，为其赢得了“文艺复兴大师的称号”。莱奥纳多主要作为画家而著名。在其所有作品中，《蒙娜丽莎》最为有名，而《最后的晚餐》则是历来复制最多的宗教画作。莱奥纳多作品的独特之处主要在于其创新性的技巧和敏锐的科学思维。他的画作大约只有15幅流传了下来，其部分原因是他不断试验新的技巧，所以作品总量很小。莱奥纳多虽然不是多产画家，却是一位最高产的绘图家，他在日记中画满了各种草图、图画和图表。这此笔记通常被称为达.芬奇手稿，记录了他的各种发明、观察，以及他对自己感兴趣的事物提出的理论。莱奥纳多的天赋使他几乎在涉足的每一领域都成了先驱。他的画作，连同他的笔记，在艺术史上贡献斐然。

汉译英原文：水墨画（ink and wash painting）是中国独具特色的传统艺术形式之一，是中国国画的代表。它大约始于唐代，兴盛于宋代和元代，距今已有一千多年的历史，其间经历了不断的发展、提高和完善。水墨画的创作工具和材料是具有浓厚中国特色的毛笔、宣纸和墨，其作品特点也与此紧密相关。例如，水和墨相互调和，使作品具有干湿浓淡的层次。水墨和宣纸的交融渗透也使画作善于表现丰富的意象，从而达到独特的审美效果。水墨画在中国绘画史上具有很高的地位，甚至被认为是衡量东方绘画艺术水平的标准。

Keys：Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms of China, is representative of Chinese painting.It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties.With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection.The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e, brushes, rice paper, and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings.For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness.The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects.Ink and wash painting holds a high status in the history of Chinese painting, and it is even regarded as the criterion to evaluate the artistic level of Oriental paintings.Unit 4 英译中原文：Venice is the world's famous island city in northern Italy.Founded in the 5th century, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century.In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs.After several hundred years in power, Venice began to decline in the 15th century.Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the world's most beautiful cities and one of the most important tourist destinations in the world.Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style.Venice is also known for several important artistic movements in history, especially the Renaissance period.The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and arts has been considerable.Today, it is still playing an important role in contemporary arts and popular cultures.In 1987, Venice was listed as a World Heritage Site.In March 1980, Venice became a sister city of China's Suzhou City.Keys：威尼斯是意大利北部一座世界闻名的岛城。威尼斯建立于公元5世纪，在公元10世纪时成为一支重要的海上力量。在中世纪和文艺复兴时期，威尼斯曾是重要的商贸中心，是当时欧洲极为富裕的城市，在政治和经济事务中居领导地位。几百年的兴盛之后，威尼斯在15世纪开始衰落。如今，威尼斯被公认为是全世界最美的城市之一，也是全世界最重要的旅游胜地之一。威尼斯的建筑风格丰富多样，其中最出名的是哥特式风格。威尼斯还因历史上的几次重要的艺术运动而闻名，特别是文艺复兴时期。威尼斯对建筑和艺术的发展影响巨大。至今，威尼斯仍对现代艺术和流行文化的发展起着重要作用。1987年，威尼斯被列入《世界遗产名录》。1980年3月，威尼斯与中国苏州结为“友好城市”。

汉译英原文：丽江地处云南省西北部，境内多山。丽江古城坐落在玉龙雪山脚下，是一座风景秀丽的历史文化名城，也是我国保存完好的少数民族古城之一。丽江古城始建于南宋，距今约有800年的历史。丽江不仅历史悠久，而且民族众多，少数民族人口占全区人口的半数以上。随着丽江旅游业的发展，到丽江古城观光游览的中外游客日益增多。1997年12月，丽江古城申报世界文化遗产获得成功，填补了中国在世界文化遗产中无历史文化名城的空白。Keys：Lijiang is a mountainous city in northwest Yunnan Province.The old town ofLijiang, located at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, is a town of scenic beauty and known for its history and culture.It’s also a well-preserved old town with features of ethnic minorities.The construction work of the old town was started from the Southern Song Dynasty about 800 years from now.Not only does Lijiang boast a long history, but also it boasts many ethnic minorities who make up over a half of the total population in the region.With the booming of Lijiang tourism, the old town of Lijiang is receiving a growing number of tourists from home and abroad.In December 1997, the old town succeeded in applying to be named a World Cultural Heritage Site, filling the gap of lacking a noted historical and cultural city in China on the World Cultural Heritage List.Unit 5 英译中原文：The English ceremony of afternoon tea dates back to the 1840s.The tradition evolved out of the rituals and routines that surrounded tea drinking in Britain before that time.Tea was first introduced to England in the late 1650s, but for a long time, it was only consumed by the royal family and the aristocracy due to its high cost.The habit of having afternoon tea did not become established until almost 200 years later.In those days, the British ate only two daily meals:a large breakfast late in the morning and a late dinner around 8 o'clock in the evening.Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford, can be credited for creating the tradition of afternoon tea to soothe hunger pangs before supper.She invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at four to five o'clock.The menu included tea and snacks such as dainty cakes and sandwiches.Fine porcelain(瓷器)was used to serve this minor feast.Afternoon tea soon became popular, and is now a symbol of the elegant British way of life.As novelist Henry James wrote, “There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.Keys：英式下午茶的仪式可以迫溯到19世纪40年代，该传统是由之前英国的茶饮仪式和习惯发展而来的。茶最初在17世纪50年代晚期被引入英国，但由于价格昂贵，所以很长一段时间里，只有皇家和贵族才能享用。直到将近200多年之后，英国人才养成吃下午茶的习惯。在当时，英国人一日两餐: 快接近中午时分的丰盛早餐和晚上八点左右的晚餐。据说第七代贝德福德公爵夫人安娜开创了下午茶的传统，以此来缓解晚餐前的饥饿感。她邀请朋友和她一起在下午四五点钟吃下午茶。下午茶中包括茶和一些点心，比如精致的蛋糕及三明治。这些小巧的美食用精美的瓷器盛装。下午茶很快就流行开来，现在已经成为优雅英国生活方式的一个象征。正如小说家亨利詹姆斯写道的那样:“人生鲜有比全心全意享用下午茶这一仪式更惬意的时刻了。”

汉译英原文：中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发源地。自古以来，茶就被誉为中华民族的“国饮”。无论是文人墨客生活中的“琴棋书画诗酒茶”，还是平民百姓生活中的“柴米油盐酱醋茶”，茶都是必备品。同时，中国又是文明古国，礼仪之邦。凡是来了客人或朋友，沏茶、敬茶的礼仪必不可少。随着中外文化交流和商业贸易的发展，中国茶及茶文化传向了全世界。现在五大洲有不少国家种茶，也有很多国家从中国进口茶。中国茶和中国的丝绸及瓷器一样，已经成为中国在全世界的代名词。

Keys：China is the hometown of tea and the birthplace of tea culture.Since ancient times, tea has been known as the ”national drink“ of China.In both the Chinese scholars' even daily necessities, namely music, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine and tea and common people's seven ones, namely firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea.Tea is listed as one of the necessities.Meanwhile, China is a country with ancient civilization and a land of courtesy.The practice of making and serving tea is essential whenever there are guests or friends.With the development of cultural exchange, commerce and trade between China and other countries, Chinese tea and teacultural spread to the world.Today, a number of countries across the five continents grow tea plants, and many countries import tea from China.Chinese tea like Chinese silk and Chinaware, has become synonymous with China in the world.Unit 6 英译中原文：Homer’s epics are said to be written by an ancient Greek blind poet Homer，who is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets.The epics include two great works of Greek history: the Iliad and the Odyssey.The two epics are the earliest works of Greek literature, and are among the greatest treasures of the ancient world, regarded by Westerners as the greatest epics in history.They have had an enormous influence on the history of literature and are of great value for the study of history, geography, archeology and folklore.Both the epics are divided into 24 volumes, the Iliad containing 15, 693 lines and the Odyssey 12, 11 lines.The Iliad is the oldest surviving work of Greek literature, which tells the story of the 10-year siege of the city of Troy.The Odyssey mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his journey home after the fall of Troy.Given the concise language, vivid plots and characters, Homer’s epics are great masterpieces of literature and occupy an important position in the world literature history.Keys：《荷马史诗》据传是由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作，他被推崇为古希腊最伟大的史诗诗人。《荷马史诗》由反映希腊历史的两部巨著《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》组成，是希腊文学最早的著作，也是古代世界最伟大的瑰宝之一，被西方人认为是历史上最伟大的史诗。这两部史诗对文学的发展产生了巨大影响，并对研究历史、地理、考古以及民俗具有重大的价值。两部史诗都分为24卷，《伊利亚特》有15,693行，《奥德赛》有12,110行。《伊利亚特》是现存希腊文学中最早的著作，讲述的是特洛伊十年围城的故事。《奥德赛》则主要讲述希腊英雄奥德修斯以及他在特洛伊陷落之后回家途中发生的故事。《荷马史诗》以其精炼的语言、生动的情节和人物形象被认为是伟大的文学杰作，在世界文学史上享有重要地位。

汉译英原文：《孙子兵法》（The Art of War）是我国古代著名的军事家（strategist）孙武的著作。它既是一部经典的军事著作，又是一部光辉的哲学著作，是我国灿烂的古代文化中一份珍贵的遗产。孙武在书中揭示了一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律，提出了一套完整的军事理论体系。这一理论体系不仅深受战国以来历代军事家的重视和推崇，对他们的军事思想和实践产生了重要的影响，而且在世界军事思想领域也拥有广泛的影响，享有极高的声誉。Keys：The Art of War was written by Sun Wu, a famous ancient Chinese strategist.A classic work not only of military value but also of great philosophical significance, The Art of War is a precious heritage of brilliant ancient Chinese culture.Sun Wu disclosed in his book a series of military rules and principles, and put forward a complete system of military theory.His theory has been highly regarded by strategists since the Warring States Period and exerted strong impacts on their thought and practice.Moreover it has yielded a worldwide influence in the field of military thought, enjoying extremely high prestige.Unit 7 英译中原文：The WTO, established on January 1,1995, intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participant's adherence(遵守)to WTO agreements, which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified(批准)by their parliaments.The process of becoming a WTO member is unique to each applicant country,and the terms of accession are dependent upon the country's stage of economic development and current trade regime(体制)。China became a member of the WTO on December 11，2001.The admissionof China to the WTO was preceded by a lengthy process of negotiations and required significant changes to the Chinese economy.It also meant a deeper integration of China into the world economy.The admission of China to the WTO was an enormous multilateral(多边的)achievement which marked a clear commitment toward multilateralism from the Chinese perspective.Keys：世界贸易组织成立于1995 年1月1日，旨在监督和促进国际贸易自由化。该组织负责对成员国之间的贸易进行调控，为贸易协定的谈判和形成制定框架，并提供争端解决机制以敦促成员国遵守世贸协定，而这些协定皆为各成员国政府的代表所签署且获得其立法机构的批准。每一个申请国加入世贸组织的过程各不相同，加入条件取决于该国经济发展的阶段和现行贸易体制。中国在2001年12 月11日成为世贸组织成员国，是在经历了漫长的谈判，并按照要求对中国经济作出重大改变之后才得以加入的,这也意味着中国经济能更深入地融入到世界经济中。中国加入世贸组织是一项巨大的多边成果，而对中国而言，这也标志着其致力于多边贸易的明确承诺。

汉译英原文：上海自贸区（Shanghai Free Trade Zone）是中国政府于2013年设立在上海的自由贸易区。上海自贸区总面积为28.78平方公里，是中国大陆境内第一个自由贸易区，也是进行一系列经济改革的“试验田”（testing ground）。设立上海自贸区是顺应全球经贸发展新趋势，实行更加积极主动开放战略的一项重大举措。其主要任务是为全面深化改革开放探索新路径、积累新经验。上海自贸区作为试点（pilot project），是中国经济的“试金石”（touchstone），将为深化改革、促进经济活力起到积极的推动作用。

Keys：Shanghai Free Trade Zone is a free trade zone in Shanghai that was launched in 2013 by the Chinese government.Covering an area of 28.78 square kilometers, Shanghai Free Trade Zone is the first of its kind in China' S mainland, and is regarded as a ”testing ground“ for a number of economic reforms.The establishment of the free trade zone is a significant measure taken to actively promote the opening-up strategy under the new global economic and trade situation.It undertakes a major task to explore new ways and accumulate new experience for the deepening of reform and opening up in an all-round way.As a pilot project, Shanghai Free Trade Zone will become a”touchstone" for Chinese economy.It will play an active role in deepening reforms and boosting economic vigor.Unit 8 英译中原文：The New Year's Concert of the ViennaPhilharmonic(爱乐乐团)is a concert ofclassicalmusicthat takes place each year inthe morning of New Year's Day in Vienna,Austria.The music always includes piecesfrom the Strauss family-with occasionaladditional music from other main Austriancomposers.The demand for tickets is sohigh that people have to pre-register oneyearin advance in order to participate inthe drawing of tickets for the followingyear.The popularity of the concerts canbe attributed to the creative energy of thecompositions of the Strauss Dynasty,aswellas their authoritative interpretations.Theseconcerts not only delight the audiences in theMusikverein(金色大厅)in Vienna,butalsoenjoy great international popularity throughthe worldwide television broadcast,whichnow reaches over 90 countries.Originatingduring the darkest chapter in Austria'shistory,these concerts convey the desire of thePhilharmonic not only to provide musicallydefinitive interpretations of the masterworksof this genre,but at the same time,asmusicalambassadors of Austria,to send people allover the world a New Year' greeting in thespirit of hope,friendship and peace.Keys：维也纳爱乐乐团新年音乐会是古典音乐会，每年元旦上午在奥地利维也纳举行。音乐会通常会选取施特劳斯家族的作品，偶尔也会选取来自奥地利的其他知名作曲家的音乐。新年音乐会的门票一票难求，人们必须提前一年注册，才能参与下一年门票的抽签。新年音乐会大受欢迎，这不仅归功于施特劳斯家族作品的创新力，还要归功于其对音乐的权威诠释。音乐会给维也纳金色大厅中的听众带来了愉悦，在全世界也广受喜爱，现在已经有90多个国家可以通过电视转播收看。维也纳新年音乐会始于奥地利历史上最黑暗的时期，它表达了爱乐乐团对古典音乐经典作品进行诠释的渴望，同时，本着希望、友谊以及和平的精神，乐团也希望音乐会能成为奥地利的音乐使者，为全球送去新年祝福。

汉译英原文：中央电视台春节联欢晚会（简称“春晚”）自1983年开办以来，已成为中国人文化生活中不可缺少的文化消费品和一个挥之不去的文化符号。虽然众口难调，但必须承认的是，“春晚”已成为公众所不可缺少的“新民俗”。春晚不仅是一台晚会，更是一种仪式与象征，一种文化与标签，一种情感与寄托。随着时代发展及新媒体的出现，观众的选择和需求日渐多样化，“春晚”也在与时俱进，以满足大众日益增长的文化需求。

Keys：The CCTV Spring Festival Gala(Spring Festival Gala for short), which was started in 1983, has becomean indispensable cultural consumer product and a cultural symbol in the cultural life of the Chinese people.Though it’s hard to satisfy the tastes of all the people, it has to be admitted that the Spring Festival Gala has become a “new custom” for the public that they can’t live without.The Spring Festival Gala is more than a gala;it is a ritual and a symbol, a culture and a label, and an emotion and a place where people entrust their hearts to.With the development of the times and the emerging of new media, the audiences are having more diversified choices and demands.Correspondingly, the Spring Festival Gala is also advancing with the time to satisfy thegrowing cultural needs of the people.