中南大学地信院925《地质学基础》考试大纲

第一篇：中南大学地信院925《地质学基础》考试大纲

中南大学2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试

《地质学基础》考试大纲

本考试大纲由地球科学与信息物理学院教授委员会于2012年7月7日通过。

I.考试性质

《地质学基础》考试是为中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的硕士研究生入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试学生掌握大学本科阶段地质学（工学和理学）的基本知识、基本理论和基本技能，评价的标准为高等学校本科毕业生相关课程均达到及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有较高的地质专业理论及技能，有利于招生部门择优选拔。

II.考查目标

《地质学基础》考试涵盖普通地质学、构造地质学、结晶矿物学、岩石学、矿床学等课程。要求考生：

（1）准确地认识或再现学科的有关知识。

（2）准确、恰当地使用本学科的专业术语，正确理解和掌握学科的基本理论、技能和方法。

（3）运用有关原理，分析和解释有关的地质现象和地质特征，辨明理论是非。

（4）结合特定的地质环境和地质条件，认识和评价有关理论问题和实际问题。

Ⅲ.考试形式和试卷结构

（1）试卷满分及考试时间

本试卷满分为150 分，考试时间为180 分钟

（2）答题方式

答题方式为闭卷，笔试。

（3）试卷内容结构

普通地质学约20 %

构造地质学约20 %

结晶矿物学约15 %

岩石学约30 %

矿床学约15 %

Ⅳ.试卷题型

试卷主要题型包括名词解释、填空题、选择题、判断题、问答题、综合题等。Ⅴ.考查内容

一、普通地质学

1.外力地质作用的一般特征

（1）外力地质作用的主要类型和影响因素。

（2）风化作用的概念；风化作用的影响因素；风化壳及风化堆积物。

（3）沉积物及沉积岩的概念；沉积物的形成过程；沉积物的搬运介质、搬运力；沉积物的沉积。

2.河流的地质作用

（1）河流的形态特征；河流的演化和发展；构造运动对河流发展演化的影响。

（2）河流的侵蚀作用的主要类型及动力来源，发展演化。

（3）河流的搬运作用特征。

（4）河流沉积环境与沉积特征；河谷的沉积特征；河口的沉积特征；沉积砂矿的概念。

3.海洋的地质作用

（1）海洋地形及海洋沉积环境特征。

（2）海水的成分；海水的运动特征及其影响因素；海洋的侵蚀作用；海水的搬运作用。

（3）滨岸带、浅海、半深海-深海的沉积作用特征及沉积物特征。

4.地下水的地质作用

（1）地下水的概念；岩石的孔隙度和渗透性；地下水的类型及运动特征。

（2）地下水的潜蚀作用及其影响因素。

（3）地下水的搬运特征和沉积特征。

5.地质演化及地质年代学

（1）相对年代和绝对年龄的概念；相对年代确定的主要方法及其应用；生物层序率和标准化石的概念。

（2）年代地层单位与岩石地层单位的概念；地质年代单位与年代地层单位及其代号；地质年代表。

二、构造地质学

1．构造地质学基础

（1）构造地质学的研究对象、研究内容及意义；构造地质学研究的基本方法。

（2）应力、应力场、应力轨迹和应力集中的相关概念；应力分析基本原理和方法；应变椭球体、形态类型及其几何表示；库伦剪破裂准则；影响岩石变形的因素。

2．原生构造

（1）沉积岩层顶底面的识别及其应用；“V”字形法则及其应用；不整合的识别和研究.（2）火成岩产出类型、原生构造及识别。

3.面状和线状构造

（1）劈理类型及应变意义.（2）线理的类型及识别，线理的轴型和运动学意义。

4．主要地质构造类型的特征和分类

（1）褶皱的基本类型及基本要素；褶皱组合式样及构造意义；褶皱形态描述基本内容及方法；主要的褶皱几何及形态分类；代表性的褶皱叠加式样。

（2）节理的分类、节理力学分类中不同类型的判别标志与方法；节理的分期与配套。

（3）代表性断层相关概念（如:逆冲推覆构造、飞来峰、构造窗等）、断层基本要素、断层分类（主要是力学分类）；断层野外识别标志；地层运动学鉴别标志；不同力学性质断层的基本特征。

三、结晶矿物学

1.结晶学基础

（1）晶体的概念，空间格子，晶体的基本性质，晶体的形成方式及面角守恒定律。

（2）晶体对称的概念，对称操作和对称要素，对称型的概念及分析。

（3）晶体定向，对称型的国际符号，晶面符号，晶棱符号、晶带与晶带定律。

（4）单形与聚形，晶体的不规则连生和规则连生；类质同像、同质多像与多型。

2.矿物学

（1）矿物的概念；矿物的形态；矿物的物理、化学性质；矿物的分类与其晶体化学分类的原则。

（2）常见造岩矿物的肉眼鉴定特征（包括橄榄石、普通辉石、普通角闪石、斜长石、正长石、黑云母、白云母、石英、方解石、白云石等）；常见的矿石矿物的肉眼鉴定特征（包括方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、孔雀石、辉铜矿、斑铜矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、褐铁矿、黑钨矿、白钨矿、辉锑矿、雄黄、雌黄等）。

四、岩石学

1.岩浆岩部分

（1）基本概念：岩浆、岩浆作用、岩浆岩的产状；浅色矿物、暗色矿物、色率；主要矿物、次要矿物、副矿物；岩浆岩的结构、构造；里特曼指数；分异作用、同化混染作用；玢岩、斑岩等。

（2）主要结构类型（辉长结构、辉绿结构、反应边结构、拉斑玄武结构、暗化边结构、熔蚀结构、包含结构、交生结构、环带结构、斑状结构、似斑状结构、煌斑结构等）的特征。

（3）岩浆岩的形成条件、分类及命名原则。

（4）主要岩石类型的基本特征和成矿专属性。

2.沉积岩部分

（1）基本概念：沉积岩的结构、构造；陆源矿物、自生矿物；次生加大；颗粒支撑、杂基支撑；内碎屑、鲕粒；示底构造；结构成熟度、成分成熟度等。

（2）沉积岩的形成条件、分类及命名原则

（3）主要岩石类型的基本特征和成因。

3.变质岩部分

（1）基本概念：变质岩的结构、构造；特征矿物、贯通矿物；混合岩的基体和脉体等。

（2）主要结构构造类型（角岩结构、板状构造、千枚状构造、片状构造、片麻状构造、条带状构造、眼球状构造等）的基本特征。

（3）变质作用的主要方式及其特征。

（4）变质岩的形成条件；主要岩石类型及其基本特征。

五、矿床学

1.矿床学的基本概念

矿床、矿体、矿石的概念；矿体的形态和产状；矿石矿物与脉石矿物；矿石的结构构造；克拉克值、浓度克拉克值和浓集系数；边界品位与最低工业品位。

2.主要矿床类型

（1）岩浆型矿床的概念；早期岩浆矿床、晚期岩浆矿床、岩浆熔离矿床等主要类型的成矿作用和基本特征。

（2）热液型矿床的概念；热液型矿床的成矿作用方式；矽卡岩型、斑岩型、高、中、低温热液型矿床的基本特征。

（3）外生矿床和变质矿床的基本概念。

（4）层控矿床的概念；层控矿床的形成作用和基本特征。

第二篇：地质学基础考试大纲

博士研究生入学考试《地质学基础》 考试大纲

本《地质学基础》 考试大纲适用于瓦斯地质与瓦斯治理研究专业的博士研究生入学考试。地质学基础是地质学各专业的最基础理论课程，介绍地质学的研究对象、研究内容、研究方法。该课程主要描述地球层圈构造及各层圈的主要物理性质和化学组成、常见的矿物和岩石、各种内外动力地质作用的主要特征、岩石圈运动的一般规律及其演变历史、地质历史上古生物演化概况等地质学基本知识。要求考生掌握地质学特有的思维方式和时空概念，即地球在空间上、时间上的动态演化特征，牢固掌握地质学各种基本概念与基本原理，了解一定的地学野外与室内研究方法。

一、考试主要内容

（一）绪论

1.地质学的研究对象 2.地质学的任务 3.地质学的研究内容 4.地质作用及其研究方法 5.我国地学研究的若干地域优势

（二）矿物 1.矿物的概念

2.矿物手标本的鉴定特征 3.常见矿物

（三）岩浆作用与火成岩 1.喷出作用与喷出岩 2.侵入作用与侵入岩 3.火成岩的结构与构造 4.火成岩的分类及其野外识别 5.火成岩的成因

（四）外力地质作用与沉积岩

1.外力地质作用的一般特征 2.沉积岩的特征 3.常见的沉积岩

（五）变质作用与变质岩 1.变质作用概述 2.变质作用中原岩的变化 3.变质作用类型及其代表性岩石 4.岩石的演变

（六）地质年代 1.相对年代的确定 2.同位素年龄的测定 3.地质年代表

4.地质历史时期的生物爆发与灭绝

（七）地震及地球内部构造 1.地震的基本概念 2.地震波与地震仪 3.地震的强度 4.地震的分布 5.地震预报与预防 6.地球的内部构造

（八）构造作用与地质构造 1.构造作用的基本方式 2.岩石的变形与地质构造 3.地层的接触关系 4.构造期与构造事件

（九）板块构造 1.大陆漂移 2.海底扩张 3.板块构造

（十）风化作用 1.风化作用的类型

2.制约岩石风化性质与特征的因素 3.风化作用的产物

（十一）河流及其地质作用 1.河流概述 2.河流的侵蚀作用 3.河流的搬运作用 4.河流的沉积作用 5.河流的均夷化与去均夷化 6.河流发育与地质构造的关系 7.准平原

（十二）冰川及其地质作用 1.冰川的形成与运动 2.冰川的类型

3.冰川的剥蚀作用与冰蚀地貌 4.冰川的搬运作用与沉积作用 5.冰水沉积物及其地貌 6.冰川作用及其原因

（十三）地下水及其地质作用 1.地下水概述 2.地下水的类型 3.地下热水

4.地下水的地质作用

（十四）海洋及其地质作用 1.海洋概况

2.海水的运动及其地质作用 3.海底沉积物 4.海水的进退

（十五）湖沼及其地质作用 1.湖泊概述 2.湖泊的地质作用 3.沼泽及其地质作用

（十六）荒漠特征与风的地质作用 1.荒漠概述 2.风的地质作用 3.黄土 4.黄土的成因（十七）块体运动 1.影响块体运动的主要因素 2.块体运动的类型 3.相关地质灾害及其防治（十八）行星地质概述 1.太阳系及其起源 2.类地行星

3.类木行星及其卫星（十九）地球形成与生物演化 1.地球的天文时期 2.太古宙-元古宙时期（二十）人类社会与地质坏境 1.环境地质学的一般概念 2.城市兴衰与地质环境 3.人体健康与地质环境 4.废物处置的地质环境 5.人为地质作用

二、考试要求

（一）绪论

l.较好地把握地质学的研究对象、地质学的任务、地质学的研究内容、地质

作用及其研究方法。

2.了解我国地学研究的若干地域优势。

（二）矿物

l.准确掌握矿物的定义、晶体与非晶体的区别、矿物的形态、光学性质及力学性质。

2.熟悉常见造岩矿物的一般特征及肉眼鉴定方法。(三)岩浆作用与火成岩。

l.准确掌握岩浆和岩浆作用、侵入作用、喷出作用、岩浆类型、鮑文反应系列等内容。

2.了解火山活动的主要现象及火山活动的产物、火山喷发的基本类型、全球现今火山活动的空间分布规律。

3.掌握深成侵入体和浅成侵入体的基本特点。4.掌握岩浆岩常见的结构、构造特征。

5.熟悉常见岩浆岩(花岗岩,流纹岩、安山岩、玄武岩、辉长岩、橄榄岩)的肉眼鉴定。

(四)外力地质作用和沉积岩

l.较好地把握外力地质作用(风化作用、剥蚀作用、搬运作用、沉积作用、固结作用)特征。

2.掌握沉积岩常见的结构、构造特征。

3.熟悉常见沉积岩(砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、页岩、火山角砾岩、石灰岩、硅质岩)的肉眼鉴定特征。(五)变质作用和变质岩

l.熟悉变质作用的基本特征及影响变质作用的主要因素(岩石化学成分、温度、压力、流体)。

2.了解变质作用的方式, 包括重结晶作用、交代作用。3.熟悉变质岩主要的结构、构造特征。4.了解各种主要的变质作用类型及其特点。

5.熟悉常见变质岩(大理岩、石英岩、板岩、千枚岩、片岩、片麻岩、糜棱岩)的肉眼鉴定特征。

(六)地质年代

l.准确把握相対地质年代的确定标准,包括地层层序律、生物层序律、穿插关系律。

2.准确理解放射性同位素地质年代学的概念, 掌握放射性衰变定律。3.掌握地质年代表、地质年代与地层単位的关系、岩石地层单位的概念。(七)地震及地球内部构造

l.掌握地震的基本概念,包括震源、震源深度、震中、震中距、震源距等。2.掌握地震的震源深度分类、成因分类。3.掌握地震震级和地震烈度的确定方法。

4.了解全球现今地震分布规律, 包括环太平洋地震带、地中海-印尼地震带、洋中脊地震带。

5.了解地震波(纵波、横波、表面波)的基本特征。

6.通过地震波了解地球内部构造、地球内部主要界面(莫霍面、古登堡面、康拉德面)、地球的基本圈层结构(地壳、地幔、地核)、若石圈、软流圈、岩石圈与软流圈界面、各圈层的基本物态特征。

7.了解大陆地壳的双层结构特征、大洋地壳的基本结构特征、地売均衡概念。(八)构造作用与地质构造

l.理解水平运动和垂直运动的基本特点。2.熟悉岩层产状的三要素(走向、倾向、倾角)。

3.掌握褶皱的几何要素(枢纽、轴面、翼、核)、常见褶皱类型及特点(基本类型: 向斜、背斜；按照轴面产状、枢纽产状划分的类型)、褶皱的识别及形成时代。4.掌握断裂构造的基本特征,包括节理和断层、断层的几何要素(断层面、盘、位移、断距)、常见断层类型及特点(正断层、逆断层、平移断层)、断层的识别标志、确定断层形成的地质年代。

5.准确掌握地层的接触关系(整合接触、平行不整合、角度不整合、侵入接触、侵入沉积接触)的特点及其地质意义。(九)板块构造

l.了解大陆漂移学说的基本思想和证据。

2.了解大洋中脊、洋脊地震带、洋脊沉积物分布特征、两种大陆边缘 洋底

海山及火山岛链、热点等。

3.把握海底扩张的证据, 包括古地磁学(地磁场转向、海底地磁异常条带)、海底年龄、转换断层。

4.把握板块构造的含义、板块划分的依据、三大类板块边界(离散型、聚敛型、转换断层)、地缝合线、全球板块划分、板块运动可能的驱动力。

5.了解板块构造与地震作用、岩浆作用、变质作用、造山运动、成矿作用等之间的关系。(十)风化作用

l.掌握风化作用的主要类型, 包括物理风化作用、化学风化作用、生物风化作用。

2.了解影响风化作用的因素,包括气候、地形、岩石特征。

3.了解风化作用的产物,包括风化产物的类型、残积物、风化壳剖面、古风化壳、土壤。

(十一)河流及其地质作用

l.掌握河流侵蚀作用的方式、侵蚀作用方向。2.掌握河流搬运作用的方式、搬运能力和搬运量。3.掌握河流沉积作用的一般特点、沉积的主要类型。4.熟悉阶地的成因分类.(十二)冰川及其地质作用

l.大致了解冰川地质作用相关概念,包括成冰作用、冰川冰、大陆冰川、山岳冰川、冰期、问冰期、冰川活动的证据。(十三)地下水及其地质作用

1.掌握地下水地质作用相关概念, 包括孔隙度、透水性、含水层、隔水层、地下水面、潜水、承压水、喀斯特地貌。(十四)海洋及其地质作用

1.了解海水的化学成分、物理性质和海洋生物基本特征。2.掌握波浪、潮汐、洋流、浊流及其地质作用。

3.掌握海洋沉积物的来源。了解滨海沉积、浅海沉积、半深海沉积、深海沉积的基本特点。

(十五)湖沼及其地质作用

l.掌握湖水的来源、排泄及其化学成分、湖泊的成因类型等基本知识。2.掌握湖泊的机械沉积作用、潮湿气候区湖泊的化学沉积作用、干旱气候区湖泊的化学沉积作用。

3掌握沼泽的成因、沼泽沉积作用及其矿产。（十六）荒漠特征与风的地质作用

1.了解风的地质作用相关概念,包括吹扬,磨蚀、风积物、沙丘、沙漠、黄土、沙漠化。

（十七）块体运动

1.了解影响块体运动的主要因素、块体运动的类型和相关地质灾害及其防治等方面情况。

（十八）行星地质概述

1.了解太阳系及其起源、类地行星、类木行星及其卫星的相关概述。（十九）地球形成与生物演化 l.大致了解地球的天文起源假说。

2.了解隐生宙时期大气圈和水圈成分演化、陆核和地盾的形成情況。3.掌握显生宙时期生物的全面繁荣和快速演化。了解早古生代、晚古生代、中生代、新生代的生物演化特点。4.了解古地理变迁特点。（二十）人类社会与地质坏境

1.大致了解环境地质学的一般概念、城市兴衰与地质环境、人体健康与地质环境、废物处置的地质环境、人为地质作用等方面的相关事情。

三、参考书目

普通地质学（第三版），舒良树，地质出版社，2011

第三篇：中南大学地信院关于地质技术装备的调查报告

中南大学地信院关于地质技术装备的调查报告

为全面贯彻《国务院关于加强地质工作的决定》和全国地质工作会议精神，努力“提升地质技术装备水平、提高现有装备利用的效率，增强矿产资源勘查核心技术和关键装备的自主研究开发能力”，逐步解决地质工作“活力不足、投入不够、功能不强”的问题，以适应资源型和环境型地质工作的需要，适应重点矿种和重点成矿区带找矿需要，特别是攻深找盲的需要，确保创造出有宏观影响的找矿大成果，中国矿联根据国土资源部的总体部署和加强地质工作的迫切要求，指示地勘协会对全国国有地勘单位的现有地质技术装备情况及需求，进行一次全面调查。地勘协会在中国矿联的领导下，在各理事单位的大力支持下，较好地完成了调查的各项任务。现将调查情况报告如下：

一、调查的基本内容

（一）2005年底地质技术装备情况，拥有的台套数和总资产数，具体说明现有地球物理、地球化学、地质数据处理、分析测试、地质钻探、地质坑探、矿产加工处理、地质数据库信息化、地质工程及其他相关的10大项技术装备的在用设备、闲置设备、待报废设备的基本情况；

（二）根据《决定》关于“推进地质科技进步，完善科技创新体系”，“积极开展重大地质问题科技攻关，突出重点矿种和重点成矿区带地质问题的研究”，“在矿产资源勘查中广泛应用地理信息系统，全球定位系统和遥感技术等现代信息技术，加快对地观测、深部探测和分析测试等高新技术的开发与应用”，“努力提升地质装备水平”的总体要求，“十一五”期间，必须更新的地质技术装备的台套数、需新增投入资金数，具体分项说明各项地质技术装备的需求情况。

二、调查的主要对象

（一）各省、市、自治区地质矿产开发局；

（二）中央管理的地质总局（局、中心、院）、盐业地质大队、武警黄金指挥部及所属总队；

（三）属地管理的行业地勘局（院）。

三、调查的基本做法

（一）方式方法实行“三个结合”：

1.在调查范围上，采取整体调研与专项调查相结合；

2．在调查内容上，采取全面分析与行业分析相结合；

3．在工作步骤上，采取整体推进与分步实施相结合。

（二）具体做法上按以下六个步骤进行：

1.全面调查。制发《关于开展地质技术装备调查的函》（中矿联地勘发[2006]18号），发至全国116个地勘局（总局、中心、院）。各地勘局（总局、中心、院）局级分管领导亲自牵头，由装备主管部门具体组织，用两个月左右时间，开展本单位的地质技术装备核实及分析工作，编写专题报告，编制了具体分析表格，按要求汇交给地勘协会。

2．汇总分析。在对各单位资料进行汇总的基础上，有代表性地选择31个单位，以2005年底的人员、设备为基数进行重点分析。在31个单位中，省、市、自治区地质矿产开发局12个；各行业地勘单位19个，分别是：冶金系统地勘局3个，煤炭系统地质总局（局）4个，有色系统地质局6个，核工业地质局2个，建材、化工、武警、盐业等行业地质局（队）各1个；按隶属关系计算，属地管理的地勘局25个，中央管理的地质总局(局、中心)6个。

3．重点走访。先后走访了中国冶金地质总局保定物探院等单位，召开专家座谈会，听取有关提升地质装备水平的意见和建议。

4．会议研讨。召开专题研讨会，对地质技术装备现状? 胄枨蠼?行研讨，向政府主管部门提出提升地质装备水平、提高地质装备利用效率和增强地质装备研发能力的政策建议。

5．重点抽查。根据专题研讨会的建议和参加会议的中国矿联领导的指示，地勘协会又制发了《在用地质技术设备新旧程度调查表》，对31个单位中的8个单位进行了抽查，对调查资料进行了补充。

6．信息交流。通过与中国地质学会探矿专业委员会和中国地质装备总公司等单位之间的交流，获取相关资料，进一步完善调查报告。

四、调研的基本情况

（一）2005拥有地质技术设备的情况。

根据调查资料反映，由于受多种因素的干扰和影响，目前，地勘单位普遍存在着地质技术设备陈旧、单一，结构不合理，人均占有设备总资产低，人均占有在用设备资产更低，投入乏力，新技术设备缺乏等问题，远远不能满足加强地质工作的需要，呈现“六低”状况。具体情况是： < BR>

1．人均占有设备总资产低：据31个单位统计，人均占有设备总资产普遍偏低，除5个单位高于3万元外，绝大多数单位都在2万元以下。其中，有10个单位人均占有设备总资产在1万元以下。而且在如此低的人均占有资金中，一般都有10-15%的报废和待报废设备。据调查，地勘单位目前拥有的地质技术设备，大多是80年代和90年代产品，设备陈旧，完好率低的问题比较突出。

2．人均占有在用设备资产低。据统计，在31个单位中，有24个单位，即占77.4%的单位人均占有在用设备资产不足2万元；其中，有13个单位人均占有在用设备资产不足1万元，大多在6000元左右；另有11个单位? 司?占有设备资产在1至2万元之间，大多略超过1万元。人均相对占有在用设备资产较多的4个单位中，还有2个单位仅在3万元左右。人均占有在用设备资产低的问题，已严重制约了地勘单位和地勘事业的发展。

3.在用设备配套程度和可利用率低。据各单位反映，目前地勘单位拥有的有限在用设备很难配套，部分设备闲置，有的设备达不到精度要求，稳定性差；有的设备功能单一，无法发挥综合效能，再加上市场急需的设备又紧缺，难以满足地质工作的需要。

4．高新技术设备所占比重低。据31个单位统计，2005年底地质技术设备总资产为217381.89万元。其中，地球物理技术，地质数据处理技术，地质数据信息化技术设备合计为51361.07万元，仅占设备资产总数的23.6%，占比重较大的为工程技术设备和相关技术设备，为 82715.2万元，占设备总资产数38.1%。结构不合理，高新技术设备，尤其是数据处理软件缺乏的矛盾比较突出。即使在现有信息化处理设备中，大多是过时产品，有的是待报废或超期服役的设备。

5.地质技术设备自主创新和研发能力低。目前，地勘单位拥有的高新物探技术和信息化地质技术设备，基本上依靠国外购进，研发机构和生产厂家缺乏，投入少，生产技术落后，与国际先进水平的差距呈逐年加大趋势。即便是新购进的设备,一般也是国际上已更新换代的二流设备，而且，国内还不具备改进条件，甚至还不能维修。自主开发乏力的问题相当突出。以钻探设备为例，至今我国尚无专门研制轻型易拆用于直升机搬迁的岩心钻探设备及轻型钻具；尚无自行研发的计算机控制，机、电、液一体化操作，具有优越性能和高生产效率的自动化钻机。特别是自动导向钻井技术在我国才刚刚起步，随钻测量（MWD）随钻测井（LWO）技术地面人工控制的导向钻井系统几乎还是空白。

6.地质技? 跎璞缸式鹜度氲汀＞莸鞑椋?自地勘队伍体制改革以来，国家实行地勘费包干政策，没有对更新地质技术设备进行投入；地勘单位本身由于历史包袱沉重，也无力投入。设备老化严重。迫于生存需要，少数单位将很有限的投入多用于工程机械的检修和急需工程专业设备的购置上。对找矿设备基本上没有投入，不少地勘单位仍然基础薄弱。据对8个地勘单位调查显示，在调查的十大项地质技术设备中，2001年以后购进的地球物理技术设备分析测试技术设备、矿产加工处理技术设备分别仅占在用设备的46.2%、42.8%、39.2%，达不到二分之一；地质钻探技术设备、地质坑探技术设备、地质工程技术设备及相关设备仅分别占58.3%、65.8%、65%及64.6%，远远不能适应加强地质工作的需要。

（二）“十一五”期间对地质技术设备需求。

1．急需设备的类型：

为满足国家资源和环境地质勘查的需要，根据国家“十一五”地质勘查规划和各地勘单位提供的资料，“十一五”期间急需的地质技术装备主要有八大类，分别是：①重大专项需求装备；②煤气层勘查装备；③深部钻探装备；④深部物探找矿装备；⑤高精度航空物探装备；⑥野外快速分析装备；⑦特殊景观地区填图装备；⑧环境地质需求的有机物测试装备等。

2．人均增加投入地质技术设备需求

据31个单位统计，“十一五”期间，人均需投入资金1.7万元。其中有8个单位人均需投入2万元以上。

五、几点建议

根据《国务院关于加强地质工作的决定》和国家的有关方针政策，参照地质技术设备调研结果，提出如下五条建议：

（一）建议国家制订和完善全国地质技术设备投入中长期规划，并纳入全国地质科学和技术发展中长期规划之中。充分发挥中央政府、地方政府和地勘单位及社会单位的积极性，分步实施，确保提升地勘单位地质装备水平，把加强地质工作落到实处。

（二）建议国家按照市场经济规则统筹对重大地质问题科技攻关设备、地理信息系统、全球定位系统和遥感技术，以及对地观测、深部探测和分析测试等高新技术设备的投入，主要包括：一是对地观测卫星、低空航测系统和遥感地面接收站技术设备；二是计算机数字化填图技术、高精度、高分辩物化探调查技术设备；三是数字地震台网深部地球物理探测技术和深部钻探技术设备；四是地理信息系统、虚拟技术和网络技术、可视化技术设备；五是微区原位分析技术、高温高压实际技术、野外现场快速测试技术设备等。以确保完善地质科技创新体系，努力创造出有重大影响的地质找矿大成果。

（三）建议国家根据《决定》精神，制定相对优惠的政策，扶持地勘单位通过努力不断提升地质装备技术设备水平。主要有三条：一是组织政府或集体团购，既可以降低价格，方便维修，又可以节约时间和减少中间环节；二是对进口地质技术设备进行免税，引进先进设备给予适当优惠；三是在地勘单位承担的地质项目中允许列支设备费用，如设立设备更新费、维修费、拆旧费等，支持地勘单位通过实施地勘项目不断更新地质技术设备。

（四）建议国家按照市场经济规律重组并重点扶持一批地质技术设备研发机构和生产厂家，加大开发资金的投入，瞄准国际先进水平，研发适应我国地质工作条件的，具有自主知识产权的先进国家技术设备和应用软件处理系统。建议制定切实可行的措施，加强我国地质设备配套功能和提高利用效率的研发，最大限度地发挥地质技术设备的应用效能。

（五）建议建立国家政府部门，地方政府部门和地勘单位的地质技术设备管理工作责任体系，责任到部门、责任到人。实行年检年查，确保地质技术设备投入资金做到专款专用，力争在“十一五”期末，彻底改变目前地质技术设备不能满足加强地质工作需要的状况，推进我国地勘事业的快速发展。

本次调查使用的人员、设备、资产等数据是依据2005年底的统计结果，加上各单位对设备资产价值的测算，口径不完全一致，可能与实际情况有一定差距。本报告仅供领导决策参考。

中南大学地信院

二O一一年11月二十日

第四篇：中南大学2016年944《软件工程》考试大纲

中南大学2016年全国硕士研究生入学考试

《软件工程》考试大纲

本考试大纲由软件学院教授委员会于2012年7月7日通过。

I.考试性质

《软件工程》考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试学生掌握大学本科阶段软件工程课程的基本概念、原理、方法与技术，以及分析和解决问题的能力，评价的标准是高等学校本科毕业生能达到的及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有基本的软件工程专业素质，并有利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标

掌握：软件工程的产生、软件工程学的研究对象与原则、软件开发方法、软件工程的生存周期模型以及软件工程发展的新方向；软件需求分析的任务和要求、可行性研究的任务以及系统建模方法；软件开发阶段的任务、过程、方法和技术。

理解：软件质量的概念、分析技术；软件维护阶段的活动、提高软件可维护性的策略；软件工程的相关管理技术。

Ⅲ.考试形式和试卷结构

1、试卷满分及考试时间

本试卷满分为150 分，考试时间为180 分钟

2、答题方式

答题方式为闭卷，笔试。

3、试卷内容结构

软件工程与软件过程

约 10 % 软件分析与设计 软件验证与维护

软件项目管理

Ⅳ.考查内容

约 55 % 约 20 % 约 15 %

一、软件工程与软件过程 软件工程的产生 软件工程的研究对象与基本原理 3 软件开发方法 4 软件工程工具和环境 5 软件生存期过程 软件工程常用生存周期模型

二、需求分析 需求分析的目标 2 可行性分析 3 需求收集 4 需求规格说明 5 数据流建模 6 实体-关系建模 7 系统行为建模 8 IDEF0功能建模 9 IDEF1x数据建模 10 用例建模 11 面向对象建模 12 统一建模语言UML

三、软件设计 软件设计的任务和过程 2 软件设计基本原则 3 面向数据流图的设计方法 4 面向对象的设计方法 5 面向对象软件设计模式 6 模型-视图-控制器框架

四、软件验证技术 软件测试基础 2 代码复审 3 白盒测试 4 黑盒测试 5 单元测试 6 集成测试 7 确认测试 8 系统测试 9 程序正确性证明 10 调试

五、软件维护技术 软件维护的基本概念 2 软件维护过程 3 软件可维护性 4 软件再工程技术

六、软件项目管理 成本估计 2 效益分析 3 风险分析 4 进度安排 5 项目组织与计划 6 软件质量保证与分析

2015-09-24

软件学院

第五篇：中南大学口语考试

Item One

A: Honey, you promised me to see a film tonight, now I am ready to go.When do you pick me up? B: Honey, I am afraid I can't go with you tonight.A: Why? What had happened to you?

B: I am sorry honey.I really want to go with you.But boss gave me a lot of work to do today.I finish all of them just now.I am exhausted.I am afraid I will fall into sleep in the cinema if I go to see the film.And all I want to do now is just going home and having a nice dream.A: But you promised me.I have dressed up and get ready for everything.B: Forgive me.I promise tomorrow I will go with you.And I will take you to a new restaurant for dinner.A: what kind of restaurant ? B: A restaurant which is good of French food.A: oh..you still remember French dish is my favorite food B: of course.How can I forget the thing that my girlfriend likes most.A: Make sure you can do that!B: Yes, madam.A: OK...enjoy your quiet night and have a nice sleep.B: Thank you honey, it's nice of you, see you tomorrow.A: See you.Task 2 B: Hi, lily.What are you doing.A: Hi John ,it's good to see you, i am doing a research about the modernization of the city.Can you tell me any place that has undergone modernization? B: Of course, I can take my hometown for example.You know, I'm from Guangzhou.And it's one of the most modern city in china.My home is in a town in the north of Guangzhou.I can remember when I was a little child there just were five roads.Nearly all the stores, schools and houses were build alone this five roads.The roads were small but seldom had traffic problem because most of people didn't have a car.It was a place full of peaceful.A: What about now? B: Now my hometown has become much bigger than before.The roads are becoming longer and longer.And the number of the roads has risen up to dozens.Though the roads are wide, they still sometime have traffic problem because of the booming of cars.But I like my hometown even more than before.Because I can go shopping in super market.I can go to different restaurant to have different delicious food easily.I think my hometown is becoming more and more attractive.That's all.What about you? What place is in your research? A: I am writing something about Sanya in Hainan province.I can still remember what a wonderful trip it was to go to Sanya twelve years ago.There had excellent free beach with golden and soft sand, clean and blue sea.And people there is very hospitable.B: It sounds great.What about now? A: Well.When I went there again in this summer, I felt great change.There were lots of big and high hotel along the beach.The beach was still beautiful but most of them were not for free.You had to pay or check in the hotel, or you can just watched the beach but could not get into it.People there always wanted you to pay even just give you a help.Sanya now is just make me feel unhappy.Item two Task one B: what can I do for you, Miss? A: I want to buy this jacket, how much is it? B: it's just 399 yuan

A: 399 ?!I can't believe it.It is so expensive.B: oh, miss.You can see the material of the jacket , it's very soft and warm.It is worth the price.A: But it is out of my budget.Can you give me a 20% discount? B: oh miss, I am afraid I can't do it.But I think this jacket fits you very much, so I can give you 5% discount.A: 5%, it's still expensive.And I think the color of it is a little dark.How about 15% ,I will take it.B:Miss, let me recommend this one to you.It has a nice color, beautiful design and a lower price than that one.It's just 299.A: En...But I think it don't have a good quality.299 is too expensive for it.B: 259, I can hardly get profit of that.A: But I don't like it at all.It looks cheap and do not have a high quality.I just like the first one.B: ok miss, I can give you the highest discount of 10%.I am sure you will not regret to buy it with this price.A: All right.Wrap it up.Here is the money.B:Ok, thank you.here you are.Have a nice day.Task two A: last month my cost was out of budget again.I have to think of some way to save money.B: So how to save money as far as you are concerned? A: I think I should not eat out all the time.I know it is convenient and tempting to eat out frequently, but it can end up costing me a lot of money.I think I should eat in the school canteen more often to save money.B: you are right , I think it's very effective to save money.A: and I remember I bought a pear of shoes just because of its appearance, and it cost me about 500yuan, but it didn't fit me at all, So I think I should think more before I buy one thing.B: haha, Impulsion is always a devil.A: And I think I can find a part-time job.It can not only give me some extra cash but also give me social experience.B: yes , it's a good idea.A: Can you give me some suggest? B: Of course.I think you can buy many things online such as books, cloths, stationery and so on.Shopping online is always much cheaper than in the school store.Take books as an example , buying book online always has about 50% discount.I am sure you can save lot of money by shopping online.But you need to be careful, you shouldn't buy what you want but buy what you need.A:En, it is reasonable, what else? B: I think the best way to save money is to study hard.If you do good in your study, the and thousands of yuan your parent spent to let you go to school will have been that much better spent.Besides, you can also get the scholarship if you study well.A: you are right, now I have already know how to save my money.Thank you.Item three A:I just can’t put up with meal in our canteen.They’re always the same even the place won’t be changed B;Yeah,m I sometimes eat out.A:Eat out?That sounds good,more choices

B:Indeed.I often find p;ace that clean and serving quickly so that we won’t wait for a long time.A:Hmm,a clean environment is very important.B:I’ve gotten a spoon that there was still oil on it.A:Oh ,no..B:And I saw some restaurants cleaning their dishes without cleanser essence.A:How can they do that!so disgusting!B:Yeah,so I’ve never been there after that.It seems restaurants around school are always not very clean enough, A:Well,I haven’t gone many restaurants around shool,but I always have meal out when I travel, B:It can’t be without cate when we’re traveling.A:Of course.and it can help we know the custom and cooking culture in that place.For example， people in Guangdong province don’t like hot peppermbu people in Hunan just like it,even when they cook vegetable ,they also add hot pepper in it.And,if I want to tet more quthentic cate, I need eat at some place in the street, that means dishes may very delicious but not very clean B:But you feel it deserves A:Indeed.Task 2 A:I’ve bought a new mobile phone recently(show)B:Wow iphone A:Yeah,but it seems I have a little regret that I spent almost my three months living expenses B:Oh,are you a credit-card binger? A:Though I don’t want to admit that, but I am.Except the phone, I bought things just within my wants but not my needs.So,I am always lacking of money at the end of each month B:So,you borrow money from classmates? A:Ha-ha,no,I still have some saving by myself.But I sometimes hate this habit and I try to control my impulsion ,setting the limits of consumption.It comes a little effect,but I just find that it just away that putting off the date I bought it but not put an end to the thought B:Take it easy,you’re a local tyrant A:Oh,please...B:Ha..A:So you will control yourself to buy thing that you need? B:Almost a lot of time A:A savvy speeder!How can you control yourself? B:Well,may be I haven’t find something I really like so I don’t need to spend a lot.But I remember I bought a pair of shoes just because of its appearance,but it was a bit small.A:But you bought it,girls always like this.B:yeah..The first time I wore it,it made my ankle to bleed for it can’t fit my feet.It was so small and rub my ankle and my heel.I have never worn it after the first time.That pair of shoes have gotten dusty now,and it gives me a warn not to consume with impulsion for these pair of shoes,for my half of living expenses.A:Oh,I feel I should make up my mind not being a credit-card binger now..Item four

A:Have you ever heard of the story that ‘Alice in Wonderland’

B:I heard it long before,it seems an very interesting story but I almost forget it ,tell me.A:Ok.Alice is a girl who bored with tutor’s teaching,and she just round a rabbit with a clock running fast,then she ran after the white rabbit.Unexpectedly,she fell the rabbit hole,and went into a fantsty world populated by pechliar,anthropomorphic creatures.B:Oh,I remembered,the hatter,a strang cat..A:Yeah,they are part of the wonderful land.after the first strange white rabbit with clock running,the next is Dodo B:Dodo?A bird?..A:Yeah.he was dancing when Alice saw him,and he called and even pushed Alice to dance together.But Alice just impatient wanted to follow the white rabbit, and than,oh,she became small after she went into the wonderland.B:She seems ate a cookie A:Yeah, and though she cried but it is convenient for her to stay in this small world,you know, a world for rabbit cat and so on..B:ha,then? A:Then she met met a pair of twins,listened a ridiculous story ,and a crazy rabbit ,that’s the Hatter,to had an unbirthday party, and listened a concert in the garden sang by throw flower but was driven out.then she met a wise cat who like teasing her.And the heart queen,Alice did something annoyed the queen so she was sent to the court and even was punished to be cut head.B:Oh no A:But she just came back, back to the real world.B:Are all of these her dream? A:Yeah,but this just like the real world..I have CD of this.If you want to watch it ,I can borrow you B:Really?Thank a lot!I did want to watch it again,it’s a fantastic story.Task 2 A:The winter vocation is coming,will you go somewhere? B:Yeah,and of course a warm place.A:Well,which capital city would you want to spend a weekend in? B:Hmm maybe Kunming.in Yunnan province.Kunming is the spring city in china, it just like spring all the year.A:Though it have snowed several days ago B:Ha..This is anomaly,but it still has the mild climate,and buildings there are also the old style I like.It can make me calm and get rid of the trouble from my life.And in summer, there is a water-sprinkling Festival in Kunming.A:It sounds good.B:Yeah,the more water poured on your body,the more lucky you’ll have.And you?which capital city will you spend ? A:Maybe Nanjing.I’ve been to Nanjing before,but I still want to go there again.Nanjing is a city with cultural heritage.It was the capital city of six dynasties in Chinese history.Xuanwu Lake,Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum,Office of President,all of these record the history of Nanjing,and the history of China.and you will see the sycamore trees along the street,especially in summer, in some narrow streets, the trees shut out almost the whole street.I like the feeling.And foods in Nanjing are also attract me so long.It is the important reason that I want to go there again.B:You could go there this vocation,don’t forget bring some speciaties from there A:Ha,I will.Item five A:Would you mind doing me a favor? B:Not at all.What can I do for you? B:I wonder if you could lend me your car tomorrow? A:Can I know what you use it for? B:Er....You know my elderly aunt is going to catch the early flight tomorrow.She has difficulty walking,and my cousin isn’t here.So I want to take her to the airport.A;I’m afraid that I can’t lend you my car.Some days ago ,my friend C used my car and have a minor traffic accident.B;I am very sorry to here that.By the way ,was he hurt? A:Thank goodness,he was in perfect condition(完好无损).But my car got scratched.And I just took my car from the Auto Service yesterday.What’worse ,I got the ticket and also had my licence endorsed with eight penalty points.B:That’s too bad.You really should be more careful with you car.A:why not choose buses or trains？

B：There are no buses or trains as it is an early flight.A: Let me see.Er...Maybe I can take you to the airport.B:Really？It’s so kind of you.Thanks so much.A:You are welcome.What’s the exact time？ B：6:30 am.A:ok.I get it.I will see you that time.Task 2 A：How do you think of the urban life? B:Asforme, life in the city is more convenient.More goods are available and stores are open later.Also, there is better public transportation so it is easier to get around.I can find almost anything I want easily in the city.Second, there are more ways to spend leisure time in the city.There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun.A:yes,haha.you are right.Maybe you leave out something more important, the city offers more educational and career opportunities.The city often attracts the best teachers and the best companies.There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder.B:You are visionary.So for all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city.Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can make up for the opportunities that the city offers me.If one wants to be successful, I believe the best place to live is the city.A：Don’t label the fixture decisive too early.You konw ,there also have so many disadvantages in urban life ,some may really affect our life ,even our health.For example,the pollution problem in the city exit in every aspects,water ,air ,noise ,light...and so on.Urban life may means you will have a life surrounded by many invisible public health emergency.Item six A: hello, long time no see.How are you? B: fine.I want to go to Beijing on vacation.It is my first time to Beijing.So, I am a little worried about it.A:in fact.I come from Beijing.I can give you some advice B:really? It is so kind of you.A:Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.You can go to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on

B:Well, that sounds good.You know that I am a gourmet, I cannot wait to know what are the

characteristic food in Beijing.Can you tell me something? A:Of course, in Beijing most famous foods include sugar-coated haws, Ai Wo Wo, Wandou Huang, Lvda Gun, enema, lib, Chaogan.B:These names sound very interesting.There are so many kinds of food.I'm sure I can satisfy the stomach.I have heard of ice-sugar gourd, it is a kind of very sweet food, right?

A:Yes, mainly,it is a good chance to enjoy the Beijing Oriental style of architecture and customs, and the royal culture.This would be a unique experience for the westerners.B:I deeply think so.I'm looking forward to this holiday.I'm sure I'll like the city A:But recently there are a lot of visitors, it will be more crowded.you need to pay attention to that.B:Ok, thank you for your advice, A:You're welcome.Good-bye B:goodbye

Task 2 A: did you hear of the discussion about abolishing the death penalty? B:Yes, I heard that.They all have their own opinions.A:Can you tell me something about your opinion ? B:Of course, in fact, as everyone in society, in essence, there is no difference.We have similar genes, the same nature A:Well B:The death penalty is a very horrible thing.Crime is sometimes be compelled helpless, some situations are worth to discuss.A:However, if one has broken the law and he doesn't get the corresponding punishment, this is not fair for the victim.B:Yes, I am very approve of your opinion.A:If there is no fairness, people will launch riots, leading to social instability, causing more crimes.B:but, society needs to protect every life.We don't want to see more people die.A:If the odious sinners were not sentenced to death, what do you think should do to punish the them?

B:Maybe life imprisonment can take the place of death, which is also a bad news for sinners.A:I don't think so.What the society need more is fair.If you murder someone, you should be condemned to death , which is a fair decision to victims' families.B:In many western countries, they have abolished the death penalty, which is their respect for life, we should learn as they are.A: indeed.I think this is really a dilemma.I finally know why there are so many different opinions.B:Yes, we have no right to decide, we should pay more attention to these things.Item seven A: Look, this is the photo about my last summer vacation to Beijing.very beautiful, isn’t it? B:of course,so beautiful.so many photos.Have you ever been to many places ?

A: Not so many.going to Beijing is my most impressive trip, so I took a lot of photos

B:really? Then can you tell me something about your experience in Beijing? I have never been

there.A: you know, Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.I went to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on.It was a colorful trip.B:It sounds very charming.The food there is also very colorful, right? A: Yes, I eat a lot of special food there.B:I hope one day I can go there too.A: You will.How about your most impressive trip?

B:My favorite travel is going to Hong Kong.It is a modern city, with all kinds of modern architecture, modern style, there are a lot of fun place, such as Ocean Park, Disneyland, Disney, Wong Tai Sin, the Avenue of Stars

A: Oh, that's a good place.I hear it is very crowded.B:Yes, however, being in a tour group was quite good.There also has a lot of food.Although I

regret not to appreciate the night view of Hong Kong, after all,it was a good experience.A: Yes, perhaps.Through your introduction, I also want to go to Hong Kong and have some fun.B:May you have the opportunity in the future A:thank you.Task 2 A: Have you ever heard of this sentence “men are from Mars, women are from Venus” ? B:Yes, heard of it.But I don't fully agree with the content of this sentence A: Can you talk about your opinion

B:You know, martians value power, competence, efficience, and achievement.They are always doing things to prove themselves and develop their power and skills.They experience fulfilment primarily through success and accomplishment.They always handle problems on their own, seldom ask for someone’s aid.A: Yes, why don't you agree?

B:Because it is the general situation, I am not quite like that.Sometimes I will also pay attention to my appearance, the feeling with others, and so on.In some cases, I will also need someone’s help.In fact the man also will have some same place as the woman.Do you identify with “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus” given of your sex ? A: Not completely.Venusians have different values.They attach more importance to love, communication, beauty, and relationships.They spend a lot of time supporting one another.They experience fulfilment through sharing and relating.Communication is their favourite thing.So, it also takes much time.B:Yes, in my eyes a woman really is like this.They are very talkative.A: But I have some different places, I also very pay attention to success, which lets me feel a sense of accomplishment.And in common situation I am also very rational not intuitive.I hate talking all the time , this is the most difference on me.One thing I want to mention is that we women all like shopping.B:Haha.We have the same point of view for this phrase.Anyhow , just keep it in mind : be you want to be A: do you want to do ,for the best yourself

Item eight A: Hi, long time no see.How are you?

B:fine, thank you.But there is one thing makes me very depressed A: What's the matter ? B:last Single Day, I took a fancy to a coat on the Internet.That dress looks good, and winter was coming, I wanted to buy a clothes for the winter.What’s more the price is low.Then I bought this dress.A: This is a good thing.You have another dress.B:When I got the dress, I found the color of the clothes had a deviation, which was not what I wanted.The dress felt not comfortable.Inside clothes there is a terrible smell.So I wanted to return it.A: how was it going on? B:the seller said it couldn't be returned because I opened the parcel.But according to the law it is to be able to return it.So I feel very disappointed.A: Cheer up, actually I don't think buying things on the Internet is a good choice.I prefer to buy something in the physical store.Last weekend I bought a scarf.It is very beautiful, and very warm and comfortable.B:Really? It should be very expensive, right? A: it is not expensive, only 50 yuan.firstly the boss wanted to charge me 100yuan.Through my bargaining, I finally bought it only with 50 yuan.Bargaining is actually a good skill.B:It sounds very interesting.I also think it is better buying something in the physical store, although it is troublesome.A: Yes, online shopping is convenient, but people are easy to be deceived.Task 2 A:Hi, you look very happy.Why? B:Oh, I just saw a joke.It is so funny.A:Isn't it? Can you tell me the joke?

B:Of course.The Teacher say: If I had seven oranges in one hand and eight oranges in the other, what I have order?

Student answer: Big hands.What do you think of this joke? It is very funny, isn't it?

A:just So-so.In fact, I don't think this joke is very funny.B:Why is it?

A:I don't know, probably because I don't think this thing is very humorous.This may be an eastern joke.B:I'm not sure, but I think it is good.A:well.Then I tell you a joke.Tom: Mom, can I have two pieces of cake, do?

Mom: Certainly--take this piece and cut it two.That’s all.B:Oh, a little interesting,just a little.A:This is our typical joke.Maybe in a different country and region, the joke is also different.B:Yes, our customs are different.And humor is from our daily life.The joke about other cultures is really hard to understand.A:I cannot agree with you more.It is just like you and me.B: yes, so afterwards, when telling jokes with foreign friends, we should pay attention to this matter.A:Actually some jokes in life is very good, which can maintain the physical and mental health B:and it can let us in a good mood, helping us learn more effectively

A:at the same time, to understand other cultures is very necessary.This will broaden our horizons.Well, thank you for your jokes, goodbye B:goodbye