英文写作指南guide

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第一篇:英文写作指南guide

英文写作终极指南:简洁才是王道!

来源:纽约时报日期:2010-02-09阅读 201 次作者:评论0条划词进入论坛爱思英语编者按:学英语会有一个定势,那就是背很偏很难的单词。但是了解那些“高级”单词固然必要,可任何一门语言中应用最广泛的还是那些简单的基础词汇。我们自己看中文的时候会很痛恨拐弯抹角不说人话的作者,英文也一样。老外自己不喜欢看故作艰深的东西,所以我们在写作的时候就放心大胆地使用简单词汇吧,只要意思表达清楚、有条理、语法通畅就是好文章。

What is good writing?

什么样的文章是好文章?更多信息请访问:http:///

It depends on what country you’re from.We all know what’s considered “good writing” in our own country.We grow up immersed in the cadences and sentence structure of the language we were born into, so we think, “That’s probably what every country considers good writing;they just use different words.” If only!I once asked a student from Cairo, “What kind of language is Arabic?” She said, “It’s all adjectives.”

这取决于你来自何处。我们都知道在自己的国家好文章是什么样的。我们从小到大,已经熟知我们母语的抑扬顿挫和句子结构,于是我们认为,其他国家所谓的好文章也应该是这样,只不过用的语言不同。要是这样就好了!我有次问一个来自开罗的学生:“阿拉伯语是什么样的语言?”她回答说:“都是形容词。”

Well, of course it's not all adjectives, but I knew what she meant: it’s decorative, it's ornate, it's intentionally pleasing.But all those adjectives and all that decoration would be the ruin of any journalist trying to write good English.No proverbs, please.当然,不可能都是形容词,我知道她的意思:阿拉伯语是一种注重雕饰和阅读快感的语言。但是太多形容词和太多雕饰都不利于英文的新闻写作。千万别使用那么多谚语。更多信息请访问:http:///

Spanish also comes with a heavy load of beautiful baggage that will smother any journalist writing in English.西班牙语也一样,有太多不利于英文写作的修饰语。

English is not as musical as Spanish, or Italian, or French, or as ornamental as Arabic, or as vibrant as some of your native languages.But I’m hopelessly in love with English because it’s plain and it’s strong.It has a huge vocabulary of words that have precise shades of meaning;there’s no subject, however technical or complex, that can’t be made clear to any reader in good English—if it’s used right.Unfortunately, there are many ways of using it wrong.Those are the damaging habits I want to warn you about today.英语不像西班牙语、意大利语或者法语那样富有音律美,也不像阿拉伯语那样华丽,可能也不像你们的母语那样生动鲜活,但我就是无可救药地热爱英语,因为它平实有力,拥有海量意义鲜明的词汇。描述一样事物,不管多高科技多复杂,在标准英语中读者都看懂——如果描述准确。不幸的是很多人都不能正确使用英语。以下就是我希望大家避免的一些错误习惯。First, a little history.The English language is derived from two main sources.One is Latin, the other is Anglo-Saxon.The words derived from Latin are the enemy—they will strangle and suffocate everything you write.The Anglo-Saxon words will set you free.首先,了解英语的历史。英语来源于拉丁语和安格鲁-撒克逊语。来自拉丁语的单词是我们的宿敌——它们会使你的写作佶屈聱牙。安格鲁-撒克逊语才能解开你的束缚。

How do those Latin words do their strangling and suffocating? In general they are long, pompous nouns that end in-ion—like implementation and maximization and communication(five syllables

long!)—or that end in-ent—like development and fulfillment.Those nouns express a vague concept or an abstract idea, not a specific action that we can picture.Here’s a typical sentence: “Prior to the implementation of the financial enhancement.” That means “Before we fixed our money problems.”

拉丁词语是怎么束缚你的文体的呢?一般来说都是些长并华而不实的单词,以ion结尾,像implementation、maximization、communication(五个音节那么长!)或者以ent结尾,像development和fulfillment。这些词语描述的都是一个模糊或抽象的概念,不是我们能够明确说明的行动。一个典型句子就是:财政强化计划实施之前。其实就是说:解决钱的问题之前。Believe it or not, this is the language that people in authority in America routinely use.They think those long Latin words make them sound important.It no longer rains in America;your TV weatherman will tell that you we’re experiencing a precipitation probability situation.不管你信不信,这些就是美国的高层人士常用语。他们认为这些长长的拉丁单词能突显自己的身份。美国已经没有下雨这一说了,天气预报员只会提到降水概率这个词。

I’m sure all of you, newly arrived in America, have already been driven crazy trying to figure out the instructions for ordering a cell phone or connecting your computer, or applying for a bank loan or a health insurance policy, and you assume that those of us who were born here can understand this stuff.I assure you that we don’t understand it either.我相信你们所有人刚来美国的时候,都曾为订购手机、上网、申请银行贷款、购买健康保险的流程说明而抓狂,并认为我们美国人读得懂这些东西。其实我们一样看不懂。

Those long Latin usages have so infected everyday language in America that you might well think, “If that’s how people write who are running the country, that’s how I’m supposed to write.” It’s not.Let me read you two typical letters I recently received in the mail.(I keep letters like this and save them in a folder that I call “Bullshit File.”)

这些拉丁词在日常英语中的大量使用也许让你产生错觉,认为“如果统领这个国家的人是用这些词写作的,那么我也应该这样写作。”不是这样的。我来给你们读两封此类典型的电子邮件吧。(我会保存这一类的邮件,放在一个命名为“废话”的文件夹里。)

The first one is from the president of a private club in New York.It says, “Dear member: The board of governors has spent the past year considering proactive efforts that will continue to professionalize the club and to introduce efficiencies that we will be implementing throughout 2009.” That means they’re going to try to make the club run better

第一封来自纽约一家私人俱乐部的老板:“亲爱的会员:在过去的一年里董事会一直在考虑如何做出更积极的努力以继续增强俱乐部的职能以及2009年将落实的各项便利措施。”这其实表示说他们将努力使俱乐部运营得更好。

A letter from my investment counsel says:

我的私人投资顾问来信说:

“As we previously communicated, we completed a systems conversion in late September.Data conversions involve extra processing and reconciliation steps.“正如我们之前所商谈过的,我们于九月底完成了系统转换。数据转换还牵涉了额外步骤和调节措施。

[translation: it took longer than we thought it would to make our office operate better]

翻译:改进我们的工作所花费的时间比预计要长。

We apologize if you were inconvenienced as we completed the verification process.如果在核准系统期间您感到不方便,我们对此致以歉意。

[we hope we’ve got it right now]

翻译:我们希望现在一切正常。

Further enhancements will be introduced in the next calendar quarter.下一季度我们将继续改进。

[we’re still working on it].”

翻译:我们还在研究这事。

Notice those horrible long Latin words:

看看这些吓人的拉丁词:

mmunicated, conversion, reconciliation, enhancements, verification.商谈,转换,调节,改进,核准。

So if those are the bad nouns, what are the good nouns? The good nouns are the thousands of short, simple, infinitely old Anglo-Saxon nouns that express the fundamentals of everyday life: house, home, child, chair, bread, milk, sea, sky, earth, field, grass, road … words that are in our bones, words that resonate with the oldest truths.Don’t try to find a noun that you think sounds more impressive or “literary.” Short Anglo-Saxon nouns are your second-best tools as a journalist writing in English.如果这些都是不合适的词语,那么哪些才是合适的词呢?就是能够表达基本日常生活的几千个简短而古老的安格鲁-撒克逊名词:房子,家庭,孩子,椅子,面包,牛奶,大海,天空,大地,田野,小草,马路„„这些我们铭记于心、回响着古老真理的词。不要试图找一个你觉得更让人印象深刻或更“文学”的词。短小的安格鲁-撒克逊词是你在进行新闻写作时第二位的好帮手。

What are your best tools? Your best tools are short, plain Anglo-Saxon verbs.I mean active verbs, not passive verbs.If you could write an article using only active verbs, your article would automatically have clarity and warmth and vigor.你最好的帮手又是什么呢?简短平易的安格鲁-撒克逊动词。我说的是主动态动词,不是被动态。如果你能写一篇全用主动态的文章,那肯定是一篇清晰、亲切又有力的好文章。One of my favorite writers is Henry David Thoreau.Thoreau’s writing moves with simple strength because he uses one active verb after another to push his meaning along.Here’s a famous sentence from him:

Henry David Thoreau是我最喜欢的作家之一。Thoreau的文笔简洁而遒劲,因为他总是使用主动态来传情达意。下面是他写的一个很有名的句子:

I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of nature, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.我去森林是因为我希望在思考中生活,只面对最真实的自然本质。我想看我是不是能学到自然教与我的东西,不希望在我临死时发现自己从未真正活过。

Now let me turn that sentence into the passive:

现在把主动态都换成被动态:

A decision was made to go to the woods because of a desire for a deliberate existence and for exposure to only the essential facts of life, and for possible instruction in its educational elements, and because of a concern that at the time of my death the absence of a meaningful prior experience would be apprehended.由一个于思考中生活并面对真实的自然本质的想法催生出前往森林的决定,能够受教其中也是原因之一,此外还出于对临死时懊悔没有真正活过的担忧之情。更多信息请访问:http:///

All the life has been taken out of the sentence.But what’s the biggest thing I’ve taken out of that sentence? I’ve taken Thoreau out of that sentence.He’s nowhere to be seen.这个句子立马变得没有生机。但是我从中剥离的最大元素是什么?是Thoreau。整句中完全不见说话人的身影。

So fall in love with active verbs.They are your best friends.总之,建立起你与主动态动词的关系,它们才是你最好的朋友。

第二篇:英文写作规范English WRITING GUIDE

英文写作规范

English WRITING GUIDE

公司办公室

CORPORATE OFFICE

Contents

目录

I.Ramu Related Proper Nouns.4

A.PNGGovernment Sections.4

B.SomeGovernment Positions.5

C.PNG Laws.6

D.ProjectRelated Documents.7

E.Project andCompanies.7

F.LOA..8

G.Ramu NiCoManagement Positions.8

H.Ramu NiCoDivisions.9

a)Reguions.9

b)Departments 9

(c)Sections/plants.10

I.Others: 12

II.Grammar 12

1.Articles.12

A.Cases of NoArticles before Nouns.12

B.DefiniteArticles.14

C.IndefiniteArticles.15

2.NOUNS.16

A.Capitalization.16

B.Single andPlural 17

3.Punctuation.17

A.The comma(,)17

B.TheSemicolon(;)20

C.The Colon(:)21

D.Dash(--): 22

4.Numbers andDate.22

A.Numbers.22

B.Date format 23

C.Time.23

D.SerialNumber 24

III.E-mail Writing.24

1.Style andContent 24

2.Tips onEtiquette.25

IV.Letter Writing.26

1.The Solution.26

2.The Layoutof a Letter 28

3. The content of letters.28

V.Memos and Fax.29

1.Memos.29

2.Fax.29

VI.Revising and proofreading.30

1.Revising.31

2.Editing andProofreading.32

VII.Syntax Points.34

1.Sentence.34

2.Tense.36

A.Visual TenseChart 36

B.Tense ofNews Article Titles.37

VIII.Ramu DocumentFormat 38

Ramu Related Proper Nouns

National Executive Council(NEC)国家行政委员会

Legislature 立法机关

Judiciary 司法机关

Executive 行政机关

Provincial Courts省法院

National Courts国家法院

Supreme Court最高法院

Local Land Courts地方土地法院

Provincial Land Courts 省级土地法院

Department of Inter-Government Relations国际政府关系部

Department of Public and State Investment公共企业及国家投资部

Department of National Planning国家计划部

Department of Treasury国库部

Department of Finance财政部

Department of Environment and Conservation环境部

Department of Fisheries and Marine Resources渔业和海洋资源部

Department of Public Service公共服务部

Department of Forest and Climate Change林业和气候变化部

Department of Petroleum and Energy石油和能源部

Department of Transport交通部

Department of Lands and Physical Planning土地和规划部

Department of Mining矿业部

Mineral Resources Authority(MRA)矿产资源管理局

Department of Works and Implementation工程和执行部

Department of Communication and Information Technology通信部

Department of Justice and Attorney-General司法部

Department of Religion, Youth and Community Development宗教、青年和社区发展部

Department of Labour and Industrial Relation劳工部

Department of Trade, Commerce and Industry工贸部

Department of Foreign Affairs and Immigration外交和移民部

Department of Police警察部

Department of Agriculture and Livestock农业部

Department of Health 卫生部

PNG Customs Services海关

Land Titles Commission(LTC)土地所有权委员会

Non Government Organizations(NGOs)非政府组织

PNG Chamber of Mines and Petroleum 巴新矿业和石油商会

Madang Chamber of Commerce 马当省商会

中国驻巴新经济商务参赞处(economic and commercial counselor)

Prime Minister 总理

Deputy Prime Minister副总理

Minister 部长

Acting MD – MRA矿业部常秘

MRA CIM主检察官

MRA Coordinator矿业部主管官员

Acting Secretary of DEC环境部代常秘

Deputy Secretary of DEC环境部副常秘

Secretary of Labour and Industrial Relations劳工部常秘

Acting Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade外交和移民局常秘

Sectary of Justice and Attorney-General 司法部常秘

IRC Commissioner IRC局长

IPA MD IPA局长

Commissioner PNG Customs Services海关关长

PNG Ports Corp Ltd MD

Governor-Bank of PNG巴新央行行长

Formal PM前总理

Formal Governor前省长

PNG Chamber President巴新商会(会长)

Madang Chamber President马当商会(会长)

ANZ Bank of PNG 巴新ANZ银行

Westpec Bank PNG LTD Westpec银行

BSP Bank of PNG 巴新BSP银行

DWU President DWU校长

Modilon Hospital Modilon医院

Governor省长

Deputy Governor副省长

Member of Parliament议员

Administrator行政官

Deputy Administrator副行政官

PNG Constitution 巴新《宪法》

Common Law 《普通法》

Arrest Act 《逮捕法》

Bail Act 《被释法》

Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act《著作权和相邻权法》

Customs Act 《海关法》

Environment Act 《环境法》

Land Registration Act 《土地登记法》

Motor Vehicle(Third Party Insurance)Act《机动车条例(第三方保险)》

Trade Marks Act 《商标法》

Workers Compensation Act 《劳工赔偿法》

Wrongs(Miscellaneous Provisions)Act 《过错责任法案》

Companies Act 1997 《公司法(1997)》

Mining Act 1992 《矿业法1992》

Mining Development Contract 《矿业开发合同》

MA Master Agreement 《主协议》

MoA Memorandum of Agreement 《主协议备忘录》

JVA Joint Venture Agreement 《联营体协议》

OEMP Operational Environment Management Plan 《运营环境管理计划》

EP Environment Permit 环境许可

SML Special Mining Lease 特别采矿租约

Exploration licences 探矿许可

Mining Leases 采矿租约

Special Mining Leases 特别采矿租约

Mining Easements 路权许可

Leases for Mining Purposes 开发许可

Alluvial Mining Lease 冲积土地采矿租约

Ramu Feasibility Study 瑞木可研报告

Unincorporated Joint Venture非法人联营体

China Metallurgical Group Corporation(MCC-Group)中国冶金科工集团公司

Jiuquan Steel Limited(JISCO)酒泉钢铁(集团)有限责任公司

Jilin Jien Nickel(Jien Nickel)吉恩镍业股份有限公司

Jinchuan Mining Group(JNMC)金川集团有限公司

MCC-JJJ Ltd中冶金吉矿业开发公司(中冶金吉矿业)

Ramu Nickel Project 瑞木镍钴项目

Ramu NiCo(MCC)Limited中冶瑞木镍钴有限公司

Ramu NiCo Management(MCC)Limited(RNML)

瑞木镍钴管理(中冶)有限公司

Highlands Pacific Limited(HPL)高地太平洋公司

Mineral Resources Development Corporation(MRDC)

Mineral Resources Ramu Limited(MRRL)

Mineral Resources Madang Limited(MRML)

Inland Pipeline and Maigari Limited

KBK Limited

Raibus Group of Companies

Raibus Limited(Raibus)

NCS Raibus Branch

Basamuk Enterprise Limited

Raibus Security Limited

Raibus Engineering

MCC19 SJ Company

MCC20 Oriental Star Company

MCC22 JT Company

LOA Land Owner Associations

Kurumbukari Landowner Association

Basamuk Landowner Association

Coastal Pipeline Landowner Association

Inland Pipeline Landowner Association

BOD Board of Directors 董事会

Board Chairperson/Chairman 董事长

President 总经理

CTO Chief Technical Officer(公司)技术总监

CFO Chief Finance Officer 总会计师

VP Vice President(公司)副总经理

COO Assistant 总经理助理

Company Secretary 公司秘书

RMW Registered Manager-Works 注册厂矿经理—冶炼厂

RMM Registered Manager-Mine 注册厂矿经理—矿山

GM General Manager(部门)部长

DGM Deputy General Manager(部门)副部长

Manager 经理

Superintendent 二级经理/作业区长

Deputy Superintendent 副作业区长

Supervisor 主管

Foreman班长

Engineer工程师

Trainer 培训师

Coordinator 协调员

Staff/Officer 职员

Basamuk Refinery BSK冶炼厂区域

Kurumbukari Mine KBK矿山区域

Madang Base Madang 区域

Production Departments生产部门:

Kurumbukari Mine Site(KBK)矿山部

Basamuk Refinery Plant(BSK)冶炼厂

Service Departments职能部门:

Corporate Office(CO)公司办公室

Beijing Branch Office(BJO)北京办事处

Port Moresby Branch Office(POM)莫尔斯比港办事处

Brisbane Branch Office(BNE)布里斯班办事处

Development and Planning Department(DP)发展规划部

Equipment Department(ED)设备部

Technical Modification Department(EM)技术改造部

Accounting and Treasury Department(ATD)财务部

Financing Department(FD)融资部

Contract and Budget Management Department(CB)合同预算部

Procurement and Sales Department(PS)采购销售部

Audit Department(AD)审计部

Administration Department(AD)行政管理部

Basamuk Administration Department(BAD)Basamuk综合管理部

Health Safety and Environment Department(HSE)(HSE Corporate)HSE管理部

Human Resource Department(HR)人力资源部

Community Affairs Department(CA)地方关系部

Information and Technology Management Department(ITM)技术信息管理部

Note: Do not use “Dept.” in main text, e.g.in the Monthly JV Report, we use “CA Department” instead of “CA Dept.” “Dept.”is usually used in tables, figures, etc.where brevity is virtue.

KBK Region KBK区域:

Mining Section采矿作业区

De-agglomeration Plant/Washing Plant供水和洗矿作业区

(Water Resource Area水源地)

Beneficiation Plant选矿作业区

Pipeline Engineering Maintenance Section管道工程维修作业区

Dispatch Office调度室

Geology and Survey Office地测室

Fixed Equipment Maintenance Section固定设备维修作业区

Mobile Equipment Maintenance Section移动设备维修作业区

Power and Instrument Section电仪作业区

Warehouse 仓储作业区

HSE Supervision Office HSE(现场)监察室

Engineering Management Office工程管理室

KBK Laboratory(KBK Lab)KBK 化验室

KBK Administration Office KBK综合管理办公室

KBK Laboratory(KBK Lab)KBK 化验室

Emergence Response Team(ERT)应急队

Basamuk Region BSK区域

BSK Refinery Office冶炼厂办公室

BSK Process Office 冶炼厂工艺室

HSE Supervision Office(HSE Site)HSE监察室

High Pressure Acid Leaching Section(HPAL)高压酸浸作业区

Neutralization and Product Section中和产品作业区

Power Plant 电力作业区(电厂)

Instrument Section仪表作业区

Water and Steam SupplySection水汽作业区

Limestone Section石灰石作业区

(Limestone Quarry 石灰石矿+ Lime Plant石灰石厂)

Acid Plant制酸作业区(酸厂)

Fixed Equipment Maintenance Section固定设备维修作业区

Mobile Equipment Maintenance Section移动设备维修作业区

Warehouse 仓储作业区

BSK Port BSK港口

BSK Laboratory(BSK Lab)BSK 化验室

Emergence Response Team(ERT)应急队

I.Others:

Consultant 顾问

Contractor 服务商

Vender Representative/Reps 厂代

II.Grammar 1.ArticlesA.Cases of No Articles before Nouns

ü Not referring particularly to a certain season, month, weekday or meal.用于非特指的季节、月份、星期及三餐等名称前。

E.g.Monday comes before Tuesday.星期二在星期一之后。

Wont you stay for lunch? 留在这儿吃午饭好吗?

ü Before ball games or chess games and name of holidays with “day” in it.用于球类棋类和游戏以及含 day 的节日前。

E.g.Used you to play football? 你过去常踢足球吗?

New Year’s Day is a holiday for everyone.元旦是所有人的节日。

ü Before the name of a unique position which is serving as predictive,complement, or complement.用于作表语、补语、同位语的惟一职位名词前。

E.g.John is captain of the team.约翰是足球队的队长。

They elected him president of the society.他们选他为协会会长。

ü Before single nouns that serve as predicative after “turn/go”

用于表示“变成”的 turn / go 后作表语的单数名词前。

E.g.He was a teacher before he turned writer.他成为作家之前是教师。

Britain went Labour(i.e changed politically by electing a Labour government)in 1945.1945年英国转由工党执政.ü Before single noun used in concession inversion sentences

用于让步倒装的单数可数名词前。

E.g.Child as he is, he knows a lot.他虽然是个孩子,但已经很懂事了。

ü after a kind/sort…of

用于 a kind / sort / type / form / variety of 后的名词前。

E.g.He is too young for that kind of job.他太年轻不适合做那工作。

This sort of thing can’t go on!这样的事不能再进行下去了。

ü Before single noun of study, living, entertainment, etc.referring to the activities.用于某些表示学习、生活、娱乐等的单数名词前,表示相关的活动。

E.g.go to school(bed, church, town, class, college, etc)去上学(睡觉,做礼拜,进城,上课,上大学,等)

in bed(school, class, college, church, prison, hospital, etc)在睡觉(上学,上课,上大学,做礼拜,坐牢,住院,等)

注:若不是指活动,而是指具体的实物,则要用冠词。比较:

go to the bed 到床边去(侧重指“床”这个实体)

go to bed 上床睡觉(侧重指与“床”有关的活动,即睡觉)

ü In prepositional phrase

用于某些用介词 by 构成的表方式的短语中

E.g.by bus 乘公共汽车 by plane / by air乘飞机 by land 走陆路 by sea 走海路 by phone 用电话 by letter 用信件

by post 用邮寄 by hand 用手工

ü Before general mass nouns, abstract nouns, proper nouns, and plural nouns of general reference.用于表示泛指或一般意义的物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名词等之前。

E.g.Knowledge begins with practice.认识从实践开始。

Smith lives in London.史密斯住在伦敦。

Teachers should be respected.教师应该受到尊重。

ü In some absolute construction

用于某些独立结构中。

E.g.The teacher came in, book in hand.老师走了进来,手里拿着书。

B.Definite Articles

ü To refer particular to sth/sb表示特指:

Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?

Pass me the magazine on the desk.请把桌上的杂志递给我。

ü Sth/sb unique表示独一无二的人或事物:

The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。

ü directions表方向或方位:

The sun rises in the east.红太阳从东方升起。

ü The+single noun referring a type用于单数名词前表示类别:

I hate the telephone.我讨厌电话。

The lion is a wild animal.狮子是一种野生动物。

Note:sometimes used before adjectives to refer to a category有时用于形容词前表示类别:

The rich are not always happier than the poor.富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。

The British are very proud of their sense of humor.英国人为自己的幽默感自豪。

ü Before ordinal number and superlative用于序数词或最高级前:

You will be the first to speak.你将第一个发言。

He was considered to be the best player.他被公认为是最佳选手。

Note:The definite article can be omitted before ordinal of ranking and superlative of adverbs.表示名次的序数词前的定冠词以及副词最高级前的定冠词通常可以省略。

He took(the)first place.他获得了第一名。

She works(the)hardest.她工作最努力。

ü Before instrument用于乐器名词, eg:

He plays the piano very well.他的钢琴弹得很好。

ü Before plural of surnames用于姓氏的复数前:

The Greens have no children.格林夫妇没有小孩。

The Smiths live next to us.史密斯一家就住在我们隔壁。

ü Before part of human body or clothes, etc.previously mentioned用来代替前

面已提到的人的身体部位或衣着等的一部分:

He hit her on the nose.他打了她的鼻子。

ü Used before plural nouns such as twenties, thirties, forties, etc.用于逢整十数词的复数前:

He got married in the fifties.他五十年代结婚。

ü Before rivers, seas, mountains用于江、河、海、洋、山等前:

The Yellow River is Chinas second longest river.黄河是中国第二大河。

ü Before proper nouns made of common nouns用于由普通名词构成的专有 名词前:

The secretary has booked the manager in at the Hilton Hotel.秘书已经在希尔顿大酒店为经理预定了房间。

Note: In the case of Ramu, “the” can be used or omitted before larger areas or departments, the difference lies in the tones.Eg.The tone of CA Department is harsher than that of The CA Department.But for smaller areas like the sections, “the” is better to be used, e.g.the Acid Plant.

C.Indefinite Articles

ü Refers to any one of a type(of people or things), 泛指一类人或物中的一个:

A bird has wings.鸟有翅膀。

A teacher shouldn’t talk like that.教师不应当这样讲话。

The police caught a thief.警察抓了一个小偷。

ü Refers to the quantity “one”(not comparing with two, or three,etc.), 表示数量“一”(但不与 two, three 等相对比):

It took me a year to save up for a new coat.我用了一年时间才省出钱买一件新大衣。

ü Per in price, time, money,表示价钱、时间、速度等的“每一”(=per):

We meet twice a week.我们每星期碰两次头。

They are sold at two dollars a dozen.他们的售价是每打两美元。

ü Another,用于序数词前表示“又一”、“再一”:

Well have to do it a second time.我们得再做一次。

We have put forward a third plan.他们已提出了第三个方案。

ü A cup/glass/…of,在某些物质名词前表示“一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”:

A coffee / tea / beer, please.请来杯咖啡 / 茶 / 啤酒。

ü Materialized abstract nouns,用于具体化了的抽象名词前:

He was a success in business.他事业成功。

It’s a pleasure to talk with you.同你谈话是件令人愉快的事。

ü A certain,在专有名词前表示“某一个”、“类似的一个”:

A Mr.Smith wants to see you.一位名叫史密斯先生的人想见你。

He thought he was a Zhu Geliang.他自以为是诸葛亮。

ü =the same,用于 of 短语中表示“同一”:

Tom and Kate are of an age.汤姆与凯特同年。

2.NOUNSA.Capitalization

ü beginning of a sentence每个句子的首单词的首字母要大写。

ü first letter and substantives in title标题第一个单词和实词首字母都要大写: The Story about My Family

ü proper noun, name, place, generic terms, etc.专有名词的每一个单词的首字母都要大写,包括人名,地名,特有名词,专业术语等,e.g.English, Backstreet Boys, Mike, Beijing, Bible, Nike, Adidas.ü Abbreviations, 缩写词都必须大写,e.g.BBC,VOA,PLA, WTO。

When in informal context, either capitalization or not is acceptable, but “.” should be added between the letters to avoid confusion, e.g.the Korean musical band “h.o.t”.非正式文件中大小写随意,但是中间要加点。如韩国一个知名组合HOT也可以写成h.o.t,小写的时候加点,是为了和hot(热)这个词区分,避免意义上的混淆

ü Full title of very formal articles, esp.government white papers.一些很正式的文体的title全部大写.比如政府白皮书之类的封面标题,前注,经常是全部大写的.ü To highlight in informal context.非正式文件中起强调作用: I did NOT eat your cake.ü The first person pronoun “I”.单词I(我的主格)永远用大写.

B.Single and Plural

staff, plural noun, e.g.We need more staff in the office.employee, single noun, e.g.The firm has over 500 employees.equipment, uncountable noun, e.g.a useful piece of equipment for the kitchen

3.Punctuation A.The comma(,)

ü Use a comma before coordinating conjunctions(并列连词)linking main clauses.E.g.PNG customs officers arrived at BSK port, and they would visit the Refinery.But when a coordination conjunction links words or phrases, do not use a comma:

E.g.plays and sings Chinese and National stuff

ü Use a comma to set off most introductory elements(引导词):

E.g.Concerned, other researchers deny the claim.Production was resumed soon after the earthquake.However, the slurry pipeline was damaged by flood caused by heavy rain.The comma after a short subordinate clause or prepositional phrase may be mitted if its omission does not create confusion(but using a comma there is never wrong):

E.g.In 2012(,)the load commissioning starts.ü Use a comma or commas to set off nonrestrictive elements: When a nonrestrictive element falls in the middle of a sentence, be sure to set it off with a pair of commas, one before and one after the element:

E.g.The company, which is located in PNG, has an excellent reputation.ü A comma or commas should be used when the nonrestrictive phrases and subordinate clauses functioning as adjectives as well as the nonrestrictive appositives drop into a sentence:

E.g.She worked at Madang, helping to translate the paper materials.Toni Morrison’s fifth novel, Beloved, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1988.Set off the parenthetical expressions with commas:

E.g.The production, perhaps surprisingly, increased by 6%.ü Note: a.Use that only in a restrictive clause, never in a nonrestrictive clause: E.g.… company, which [not that] was affiliated with metallurgy industry….ü Do not use a pair of comma in a restrictive appositive(同位语):

E.g.Morrison’s novel The Bluest Eye is about an African American girl who longs for blue eyes.[Morrison has written more than one novel, so the title is essential to identify the intended one.]

ü When a transitional expression(however, for example, in fact, of course, indeed …)links main clauses, precede it with a semicolon(;)and follow it with a comma:

E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;in fact, they were delayed because of the bad weather.ü A few transitional expressions, notably therefore and instead, do not need commas when they fall inside or at the ends of clauses:

E.g.National workers thus put in more work days.But the days themselves may be shorter.ü The nonrestrictive element may modify or rename the word it refers to, but it does not limit the word to a particular individual or group.The meaning of the word would still be clear if the element were deleted.However, if the restrictive element were deleted, the meaning of the word will be confusing.ü Use commas between items in a series:

E.g.The staff in Beijing, Madang, BSK Refinery, and KBK Mine put their hearts into their work.ü Use commas between two or more adjectives that equally modify the same word:

E.g.The clean, spacious room is the workers’ dining hall.But when the adjective nearer the noun is more closely related to the noun in meaning, the adjectives should not be separated by commas:

E.g.He works in BSK Refinery, handling various odd affairs.ü Use commas in dates, addresses, place names, and long numbers:

E.g.Interlock water commissioning of HPAL Train #1 commenced on Monday, March 19, 2012, in preparation for loading commissioning.KBK, PNG, is the location of the Mine.ü Use the comma to separate the figures in long numbers into groups of three, counting from the right.With numbers of four digits, the comma is optional:

E.g.The procurement contract of 20, 000 tons of sulfuric acid has been reviewed.A kilometer is 3, 281 feet(or 3281 feet).Note: a.Do not use commas between the parts of a date in inverted order(15 December 2011)or in dates consisting of a month or season and a year(December 2011).ü Do not use a comma between a state and a zip code:

E.g.220 Cornell Road, Woodside, California 94062

ü Use commas with quotations according to standard practice:

If the structure of the sentences is: sb say/write/…+ “ ”(the content of the quotation), you should use a comma after the verb, and a period at the end of the quotation in the quotation marks:

E.g.The engineer said, “The autoclave works well.”

If the structure is: “ ”(the content of the quotation)+ say/write/… sb, you should use a comma at the end of the quotation in the quotation marks:

E.g.“We should organize the preparation for unloading the coming acid,” the manager said.When explanatory words are between the quotation sentences, and do not interrupt the main clauses, use commas after the explanatory words:

E.g.“The shore has a dual nature,” observed the delegation leader, “changing with the swing of tide.”

When explanatory words interrupt a quotation between main clauses, follow the explanatory words with a semicolon or a period:

E.g.“That part of my life was over,” she wrote.“His words had sealed it shut.”

“That part of my life was over,” she wrote;“his words had sealed it shut.”

Note: a.Do not use a comma when identifying words follow a quotation ending in an exclamation point o r a question mark:

E.g.“When did MOA Quarterly review meeting start?” he asked

ü Do not use a comma with a quotation that is integrated into your sentence structure, including one introduced by that:

E.g.He thought that the violence of a riot “had been devised as a corrective” to his own violence.ü Do not use a comma with a quoted title unless it is a nonrestrictive appositive: E.g.The Beatles recorded “She Loves Me” in the early 1960s.

B.The Semicolon(;)

ü When no coordinating conjunction(and, but…)links two main clauses, the clauses should be separated by a semicolon:

E.g.The Mine and Refinery continued carrying out the safety awareness;many workers and local people attended it.ü Use a semicolon between main clauses related by however, for example, and so on:

E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;eventually, they were delayed because of bad weather.ü The position of the semicolon between main clauses never changes, but the conjunctive adverb or transitional expression may move around within the second clause.Wherever the adverb or expression falls, it is usually set off with a comma or commas:

E.g.The new employees would arrive at the Refinery on September 12 as per the schedule;they were delayed because of the bad weather, however.ü Use semicolons between main clauses or series items containing commas: e.g.The workers in the office are Jill, the manager;Joyce, the lawyer;Eva, the assistant.

C.The Colon(:)

ü Use a colon to introduce a concluding explanation, series, appositive, or long or formal quotation

E.g.The definition of soul food may be the following: the ethnic cooking of African Americans.ü Two causes have been given for the landslide: the heavy rain and the vegetation deterioration.Namely, that is, and other expressions that introduce appositives follow the colon:

E.g.Soul food has one disadvantage: namely, fat.ü Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter, between a title and subtitle, between division of time, in biblical citations, and in expressing scores: E.g.Dear Prime Minister:

Charles Dickens: An Introduction to His Novels

12:37(time)1 Corinthians 3:6-7(Biblical citation)

China beat Japan 3:1 in the women’s volleyball tournament.Note: Use the colon only at the end of a main clause.Do not use the colon after such as and including.

D.Dash(--):

In your papers, form a dash with two hyphens.Do not add extra space before, after, or between the hyphens.ü The dash signals a shift, insertion, or break:

E.g.The rotary kiln—if it is maintained well—can be used next week.ü Dashes may be used instead of comma as the set off and emphasize modifiers, parenthetical expressions, and other nonrestrictive elements, especially when the elements are internally punctuated:

E.g.The machines—the autoclave, the sulfur conveyor, and the log washer—are in use.Lack of safety awareness, fatigue, working without PPE, carelessness—all these may cause lost time incidents.Note: Too many dashes can make writing jumpy or breathy.Do not overuse dashes.

4.Numbers and Date A.Numbers

ü Use numerals according to standard practice in the field you are writing in:

Always use numerals for numbers that require more than two words to spell out:

E.g.KBK Mine has mined 52, 600 tons of ROM ore.ü Use numerals for all numbers over ten in much business writing: five workers, 11 rooms.ü And use numerals for zero through nine when they refer to exact measurements: 2 liters, 3 hours.Note: Use a combination of numerals and words for round numbers over a million: 34 million, 5.67 billion.And use either all numerals or all words when several numbers appear together in a passage.ü Use numerals according to convention for dates, addresses, and other information: e.g.June 35, 2012 455 Clinton Avenue

$78 million 17:28

Note: Round dollar or cent amounts of only a few words may be expressed in words: seventeen dollars;sixty cents.When the word o’clock is used for the time of day, also express the number in words: two o’clock(not 2 o’clock).ü Spell out numbers that begin sentences:

For clarity, spell out any number that begins s sentence.If the number requires more than two words, reword the sentence so that the number falls later and can be expressed as a numeral:

E.g.A cargo ship with 40, 000 tons of acid will arrive at BSK Refinery.(√)

40, 000 tons of acid will arrive at BSK Refinery.(X)

B.Date format

规则rules

举例e.g.

英式 UK

美式 US

写法

written

1996年4月22日

22nd April 1996

April 22, 1996

(no appendix like nd for 22nd)

读法 pronunciation

1987年4月22日

the twenty-second of April, nineteen eighty-seven;

April the twenty-second, nineteen eighty-seven

数字表达

Numbers

(easy to cause confusion, not recommended)

1987年4月22日

22/4/87

(dd/mm/yy)

4/22/87

(mm/dd/yy)

1998年8月1日

01.08.1998

(dd.mm.yyyy)

08,01,1998

(mm,dd,yyyy)

C.Time

Morning: a.m.:thirteen past six a.m.(上午六点十三分)

Afternoon: p.m.:four oclock p.m.(下午四点)

Note: Sequence **时间日期顺序:

Eg.The event took place on 24 April at 3 pm

The manuscript bears the date 10 April 1937.手稿上注着1937年4月10日

on Monday, March 19, 2012

D.Serial Number

Number: abbrs No., no;US symb # , used before a figure to indicate the place of sth in a series(用於数字前表示某物在某一系列中的位置):

Room number 145 is on the third floor of the hotel.145号房间在旅馆的四楼.Hes living at No.4, ie house number four.他住在4号.No.10(Downing Street)is the official residence of the British Prime Minister.(唐宁街)10号是英国首相府.

Ø HPAL Train 1

#2 Acid System

III.E-mail Writing

E-mail is very efficient way of quickly sending messages, and may include digital documents or scanned images, or even sounds, as attachments.

1.Style and Content

The only inconvenience of e-mails is that the recipient cannot always control the format of the mail received: lines tend to be long and the characters small and that may make the text uncomfortable to read.For this reason, e-mails should be brief and, when writing long massages or letters, it may be better to use a word processor and e-mail a document as an attachment.E-mails can be as formal as a letter or even less formal than a memo.If writing to a client or a customer, an e-mail should be treated just as if it were a letter.If writing to colleagues or people with whom you are in friendly terms, you can relax on your language and even be a little casual with things like spelling and punctuation.You have to be the judge on how formal or informal you need to be but, to be on the safe side, you may want to intimate the style of the person you are in communication with.

2.Tips on Etiquette

Email speeds from screen to screen.Nevertheless, it is communication between human beings.To be successful, it must be both efficient and considerate.ü Begin with a precise subject.Write “two changes in your PNG itinerary’’ not “travel update”.Never leave the subject blank.If you are not sure what the subject is, you are not ready to send a message.ü Think before you type.Decided why you are writing and what you want your readers to do.Then organize your thoughts.Do not expect your readers to do the thinking for you.ü Get to the point in the first two or three sentences.Be clear about your purpose, do not keep your reader guessing.ü Include your name and contact information at the end of your message.Without it , readers may not recognize you as the writer, and they may be unable to reach you by phone or fax.ü Keep your promise.Attach documents when you say you will, and be sure to attach the correct versions.Test hyperlinks to be sure they can be correct and active.ü Use standard punctuation, spelling, and capitalization to help readers understand our message quickly.ü Change paragraphs when you change ideas.One-sentence paragraphs are acceptable.ü Always insert blank line between paragraphs.Big blocks of text intimidate readers.Intimidation=unread message.ü Press reply to say thanks only when the message merits a thank you or the sender needs acknowledgment that you received the message.ü Never criticize or blame in email.After you press send, you have no control over how the message is received and understood.ü Review messages before forwarding them.Be sure nothing in them will embarrass the writer or readers.ü Avoid smiley faces and clever emoticons like this one: :).your reader may think such symbols are unprofessional.ü Tell readers if you expect action from them.People read email too fast to guess at requests implied between the lines.If possible, include your request in the first lines of text so they cannot miss it.ü Everyone has enough to read.Avoid copying people on messages they donot want or need.ü Do not send a blank message with a file attached unless your subject explains the attachment.Readers often delete such messages, especially from outside the firm.ü Learn the preference of people you write to often.Does your manager want background or just the facts?

ü Reply promptly, considering the urgency and importance of the message.ü After using your grammar and spelling checker, proofread.Then forgive your errors and those of others.Despite our electronic communications, we are all human.

IV.Letter Writing1.The Solution

The one thing that should be mentioned right away is that in British and international correspondence the salutation is followed by a comma.Americans, on the other hand, prefer a colon.Nowadays we use the term “Ms” for both married and unmarried women.However, some women still prefer to be called “Mrs” or even “Miss”, and you should therefore pay attention to how the writer signs herself.

Dear Sir or Madam,Dear Sir/Madam

When you do not know the name and the gender of the person you are writing to.

Dear Mr.Brown,Dear Ms Brown,

When you do know the name.When you know for sure from the signature

Dear Prof.Brown,Dear Doc.Brown

Professor

When the person has a title of Doctor

Sirs, Madams

When writing to more than one person of the same gender

Dear Bob, Dear Mary

When you are on first name terms

To whom it may concern

When you do not know exactly who your letter will be read by

1.Revising

One of the following techniques may help you see your work objectively:

ü Take a break after finishing the draft to pursue some other activity.A few hours may be enough;a whole night or day is preferable.ü Ask your colleague to read and react to your draft.ü Print your draft on paper.You’ll be able to view all pages of the draft at once, and the different medium can reveal weaknesses you didnt see on screen.ü Outline your draft.While reading it, highlight the main points supporting the thesis.Copy and paste these sentences separately in outline form.Then examine the outline youve made for logical order, gaps, and digressions.A formal outline can be especially illuminating because of its careful structure.ü Listen to your draft: read it out loud, read it into a recorder and play, or have someone read the draft to you.Checklist for Revision

Purpose

What is the essay’s purpose? Does that purpose confirm to the assignment? Is it consistent through the paper?

Thesis

What is the thesis of the essay? Where does it become clear? How well do the thesis and paper match? Does paper stray from the thesis?

Structure

What are the main points of the paper?(List them)how well does each support the thesis? How effective is their arrangement for the paper’s purpose?

Development

How well do details, examples, and other evidence support each main point? Where, if at all, might readers find support skimpy or have trouble understanding the content?

tone

What is the tone of the paper? How do particular words and sentences structures create the tones? How appropriate is it for the purpose, topic, and intended readers? Where is it most or least successful?

Unity

What does each sentence and paragraph contribute to the thesis? Where, if at all, do digressions occur? Should these be cut, or can they be rewritten to support the thesis?

Coherence

How clearly and smoothly does the paper flow? Where does it seem rough or awkward? Can any transitions be improved?

Title, introduction, conclusion

How accurately and interestingly does the title reflect the essay’s content? How well does the introduction engage and focus reader’s attention? How effective is the conclusion in providing a sentence of completion.

The revision stage is a good time to consider a title because attempting to sum up your essay in a phrase can focus your attention sharply on your topic, purpose, and audience.

2.Editing and Proofreading

After youve revised your essay so that all the content is in place, then turn to the important work of removing any surface problems that could interfere with a readers understanding or enjoyment of your ideas.Try these approaches to discover what needs editing:

ü Take a break, even fifteen or twenty minutes, to clear your head.ü Read the draft slowly, and read what you actually see.Otherwise, youre likely to read what you intended to write but didnt.ü As you read the draft, imagine yourself encountering it for the first time, as a reader will.ü As when revising, read the draft aloud, preferably into a recorder, listening for awkward rhythms, repetitive sentence patterns, and missing or clumsy transitions.ü Learn from your own experience.Keep a record of the problems that others have pointed out in your writing.When editing, check your work against this record.In your editing, work first for clarity and a smooth movement among sentences and then for correctness.Use the questions in the checklist on the preceding page to guide your editing, referring to the page numbers in parentheses as needed.

Checklist for Editing

Clarity

How well do words and sentences convey their intended meanings? Which if any words and sentences are confusing?

Check the paper especially for these: Exact words;parallelism;clear modifiers;clear reference of pronouns;complete sentences;sentences separated correctly.

Effectiveness

How well do words and sentences engage and direct readers’ attention? Where, if at all, does the writing seem wordy, choppy, or dull?

Check the paper especially for these: smooth and informative transitions;variety in sentence length and structure;appropriate words;concise sentences.

correctness

How little or how much do surface errors interfere with clarity and effectiveness?

Check the paper especially for these: spelling;verb forms.Especially-s and-ed endings and correct forms of irregular verbs;verb tenses, especially consistency;agreement between subjects and verbs, especially when words come between them or the subject is each, everyone, or a similar word;pronoun forms;agreement between pronouns and antecedents, especially when the subject contains or it is each, everyone, or a similar word.Commas, especially with and or but, with introductory elements, with nonrestrictive elements and with series.Apostrophes in possessive but not plural noun and in contractions but possessive personal pronouns.

To increase the accuracy of your proofreading, you may need to experiment with ways to keep yourself from relaxing into the rhythm and the content of your prose.Here are a few tricks, including some used by professional proofreaders:

ü Read printed copy, even if you will eventually submit the paper electronically.Most people proofread more accurately when reading type on paper than when reading it on a computer screen.(At the same time, don’t view the printed copy as necessarily error-free just because its clean.Clean-looking copy may still harbor errors.)

ü Read the paper aloud, very slowly, and distinctly pronounce exactly what you see.ü Place a ruler under each line as you read it.ü Take steps to keep the content of your writing from distracting you while you proofread.Read the essay backward, end to beginning, examining each sentence as a separate unit.Or, taking advantage of a computer, isolate each paragraph from its context by printing it on a separate page.(Of course, reassemble the paragraphs before submitting the paper.

VII.Syntax Points1.Sentence

Regarding grammar, all you need to do, is get a sense of how the language works and understand the mechanism.That will not guarantee that you immediately improve your language, but it will facilitate your job in the long run.ü Sentences.you construct sentences by using the different kinds of words of works according to their function and the rules of grammar.ü Clause.A clause is a basic sentence that contains at least one subject and one verb.ü Linking sentence with conjunctions.Link words can be used to either add to or contradict(say the opposite of)what was said before.Some should normally not be used at the beginning of a sentence but only to link simple sentences a complex sentence.Some can link simple sentences only if preceded by a conjunction, while others can be used for both simple and complex sentences, as indicated below.

Link words used to add to what was said before.

Link words used to contradict what was said before.







and...because...or...

also...in addition [to that]...on top of that...furthermore...consequently...in that case...fortunately...to put it simply...in simple words...in other words...

since...as...after all...therefore...before

after

then...

but...

alternatively...unfortunately...in contrast to this...on the other hand...

while...whereas...[al]though...even if...in spite of...or else...otherwise...yet...nevertheless...however...

Note that since, as, while, whereas, [al]though, even if, in spite of and or else, when used to link simple sentences, can appear both at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.








2.Tense.A.Visual Tense Chart

I do

usually, sometimes etc.


I am doing

now, or at a time around now


I did

at a point in time that is now finished


I was doing

during a period of time that is now finished


I have done

at an indefinite time between the remote past and now


I have been doing

for a period of time until now


I had done

before another event in the past


I had been doing

for a period of time before another event in the past


I will(am going to)do

in the future


I will(am going to)be doing

at a particular point during a period of time in the future


I will(am going to)have done

after I complete something that I will do in the future


I will(am going to)have been doing.

for a period of time until I finish it


B.Tense of News Article Titles

Different from the historical present tense in literature writing, news articles are written in Journalistic present tense.There are generally three tenses for titles of news articles: present, future and present continuous.

The present tense refers to what happened in the past to increase freshness, immediacy, and reality of the report.E.g.COMEBACK GIVES CHINA A SENSATIONAL THOMAS CUP WIN(=THE COMEBACK GAVE CHINA A SENSATIONAL THOMAS CUP WIN)中国队反败为胜荣获汤姆斯杯

STREET BATTLE IN HEAVY SHELLING AS PEACE TALKS PROCEED(=STREET BATTLE IN HEAVY SHELLING AS PEACE TALKS PROCEEDED)和平会谈进行之际巷战依然炮声隆隆

The future tense is expressed by “will+ verb”or more often “(be)to verb”(be is often ommitted):

LAST TWO BEIRUIT HOSTAGES TO GO FREE(=THE LAST TWO HOSTAGES IN BEIRUIT ARE TO GO FREE)贝鲁特最后两名人质“获释在望”

FLORIDA FREEZE TO INCREASE AREA PRODUCE PRICES(=THE FREEZE IN FLORIDA IS TO INCREASE THE AREAS PRODUCE PRICES)佛罗里达严寒将使该地区农产品涨价

The present continous is used for what is going on.The “be”in“be +verbing”is often obmitted:

SIGNS OF RIFTS APPEARING IN ARGENTINAS JUNTA(=THE SIGNs OF RIFTS ARE APPEARING IN ARGENTINAS JUNTA)阿根廷军人政府出现内讧迹象

DEPOSITS, LOANS RISING IN SHANGHAI(=DEPOSITS AND LOANs ARE RISING IN SHANGHAI)上海储蓄与贷款额见升

VIII.Ramu Document Format

Meeting Minutes

Weekly Bulletin

Monthly Report

Garamut

Chinese

题目title

宋体二号粗




小标题

subtitle

仿宋小三粗

宋体二号粗

仿宋小四粗


正文text

仿宋小三

宋体四号

仿宋小四


其他others

单倍行距

单倍行距

1.5倍行距


English

题目title

Centur四号粗

Calibri 小一



小标题

subtitle

Arial小四粗

Calibri 二号

Arial 小四粗

11粗

正文text

Arial小四

Calibri 四号

Arial 小四

Times.小四

其他others

单倍行距single space

单倍行距single space

1.5行距

单倍行距single space


第三篇:tour guide

A tour guide is a person who guidethrough some tourist attractions such as some religious and historical sites, museums, or natural scenic spots.During the tour, tour guides will not only introduce the tour attractions to the travelers, patiently answering the questions, but also, they should make proper arrangements for the transport and accommodation.Besides, the most important thing is that they should assure the tourists of their personal and property safety.Next , let me tell you how to classify different kinds of tour guide.There are three classifications.According to the working area, it can be divided into threekinds

full-itinerary guides, local guides, and spot guides.Entrusted by the trvel agency,and act as a representative to serve the tourists from the very beginning to the end of the journy.also entrusted,but he only provides service on a specific place.its service range is smaller because it only guide the tourists around a fixed attraction.According to the technical degree , there are tour guides of junior guide, intermediate guide, senior guide and the last one ,master guide.According to the language, we can say a Chinese-speaking guide or a foreign tour guide.Nowadays, there are many Chinese-speaking guides all over the world, however, with more and more foreigners travelling to China, there are few tour guides who can speak foreign language such as Spanish , Russian, Vietnamese and other kinds.So if you are not so interested in English,not enthusiastic about the profession as a teacher, but a tour guide, it is a good choice for you to learn another kind of language, and make your effort to be a tour guide.Of course, the first thing you ought to do is to obtain a certificate of tour guide.In order to obtain that certificate, you need to enrich different fields of knowledge especially geographic and historical knowledge.Then ,to be a good tour guide, it is essential for you to develop your ability to organize and coordinate ,your strain capacity to deal with some unexpected trouble and the third one, your public relation ability.

第四篇:实用写作指南

一、写作

(一)存在问题

1.不会写

所谓不会写指的是,当考试拿过一篇文章不知如何下手,不知如何提笔进行写作。笔者认为主要是存在以下两个原因:一是考生的确无话可说;二是心里虽然有话,但是拿捏不准该写哪句为妙。于是思前想后、犹豫不决,始终不敢提笔进行写作。

2.写不好

所谓写不好就是,拿过作文题,没有明确的写作思路,不按套路出牌;或是简单汉语逻辑思维写作,不符合英语写作标准,近而没有文采。原因在于:第一是平时没有养成良好的写作习惯;第二对于英语写作的句式特点以及整体文章结构框架不了解。

(二)解决办法

第一,首先必须熟悉

英语四级写作具体要求。英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。体材主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。针对不同的体裁,写作思路是不同的。比如,以议论文举例来说:

1.议论文写作思路

2.议论文分类:阐述主题型作文(Topic);正反观点型作文(A&B)

3.阐述主题型作文写作:(这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述)

(1)基本写作格式

5.正反观点型作文(A&B)(这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述,最后得出你自己的结论。采用论点加论据写作形式。)

(1)基本写作格式

第二,熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。

1.英语文章段落结构特点

英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成:主题句+扩展句+结尾句

(1)主题句:所谓主题句,就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂,在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山,所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。

(2)扩展句:所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that---)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,---)等。

(3)结尾句:所谓结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作,最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。

因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句+扩展句构成。

2.主旨句

作为主旨句就是英语文章的中心思想句。英语文章一般首先用一句话概括一下作者的写作目的或意图,我们就把这句话称之为主旨句。没有受过写作训练的考生是不会写主旨句的。因此这样的文章就不能够称之为好的英语文章,自然也得不到阅卷人的青睐了。第三,学会遣词造句

1.遣词:

(1)词汇等级

所谓词汇的等级就是,我们在写作的过程中,如果想出一个基本词汇来之后,能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它在提升一下,也就是我们一般写作所提倡的用“难词”。比如,我们一提到“重要的”,大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词,那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词:significant, vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc

(2)词汇准确性

所谓词汇的准确性是指,我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后,要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是,并不是词汇等级越高越好,必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。比如,眼睛大,这个“大的”形容词,我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢?或者说用上enormous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢?答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼

睛是不可以,只能用big,因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。

2.造句:

(1)词组

很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组,对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语,然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子,这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合,谈不上什么技巧文采可言,因此,写出来的文章必然就是所谓平淡如流水,没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上,进一步想到与之同义的词组,那么文章就会显得与众不同,更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词,当我们想到important的时候,如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下,我们会想到“be of importance”。因为,语法中规定:形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步,我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in---”。很多同学说自己的文章凑不够字数或是没有文采,那么采用词组进行写作是不是就可以解决以上问题了呢?

(2)句式

除了采用词组,要使文章更具英语的味道,我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生,通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式:I am a good boy, and I am a student.I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel.这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。写作中阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种:一是插入语;二是倒装。

第一,插入语。

所谓插入语,英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语;第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。如下所示(黑体划线处):

Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city.Other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material

resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.插入语的作用主要有两个,一个是突出主语,比如说:He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student.第二个作用是解释说明,比如说:People, especially students, should work hard.第二,倒装

倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套,但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种:

Only + 时间状语

Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.Only + 介词词组

Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements.Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps.否定词位于句首(hardly when;never;not only---,but also---;seldom)在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人

Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man.地点方位名词位于句首

In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.(3)修辞

无论是汉语写作还是英语写作,修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。英语写作中的修辞问题我已经专门写过一篇文章(见《英语写作几种修辞手法》)。这里仅举一个比喻例子,还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后,如果你用上下面比如句子,则文章就会显得神采飞扬,试比较:The bicycle is important for us.The bicycle is of importance for us.The bicycle plays an important role in our life.The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life.The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.那么很明显,最后一个句子是我们最终拿到考场上去搏击高分的句子。

第四,平时要注意积累

很多考生为了写好作文也作了好多工作,课下也付出了很多,包括背诵大量的文章等等,但是提笔写作时候,仍不见的有所改观。问题在哪里呢?

我认为,很多考生虽然也背诵文章,但却只是死记硬背。如果合上书本让他复述,他们就会卡壳。就是茶壶里煮饺子,倒不出来。我们说背诵是个输入的过程,而说和写则是输出的过程。我们真正需要的是把平时积累的随时随地用在我们的写作中。因此,我们在注重积累的同时,一定在平时练习的时候,把他们多家运用。只有多练多用,才能真正达到学以致用,才能真正提高写作水平。

第五篇:英文写作终极指南:简洁才是王道

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英文写作终极指南:简洁才是王道

学英语会有一个定势,那就是背很偏很难的单词。但是了解那些“高级”单词固然必要,可任何一门语言中应用最广泛的还是那些简单的基础词汇。我们自己看中文的时候会很痛恨拐弯抹角不说人话的作者,英文也一样。老外自己不喜欢看故作艰深的东西,所以我们在写作的时候就放心大胆地使用简单词汇吧,只要意思表达清楚、有条理、语法通畅就是好文章。

What is good writing?

什么样的文章是好文章?

It depends on what country you’re from.We all know what’s considered “good writing” in our own country.We grow up immersedin the cadencesand sentence structure of the language we were born into, so we think, “That’s probably what every country considers good writing;they just use different words.” If only!I once asked a student from Cairo, “What kind of language is Arabic?” She said, “It’s all adjectives.”

这取决于你来自何处。我们都知道在自己的国家好文章是什么样的。我们从小到大,已经熟知我们母语的抑扬顿挫和句子结构,于是我们认为,其他国家所谓的好文章也应该是这样,只不过用的语言不同。要是这样就好了!我有次问一个来自开罗的学生:“阿拉伯语是什么样的语言?”她回答说:“都是形容词。”

Well, of course it’s not all adjectives, but I knew what she meant: it’s decorative, it’s ornate, it’s intentionally pleasing.But all those adjectives and all that decoration would be the ruin of any journalisttrying to write good English.No proverbs, please.当然,不可能都是形容词,我知道她的意思:阿拉伯语是一种注重雕饰和阅读快感的语言。但是太多形容词和太多雕饰都不利于英文的新闻写作。千万别使用那么多谚语。

Spanish also comes with a heavy load of beautiful baggagethat will smotherany journalist writing in English.西班牙语也一样,有太多不利于英文写作的修饰语。

English is not as musical as Spanish, or Italian, or French, or as ornamentalas Arabic, or as vibrantas some of your native languages.But I’m hopelessly in love with English because it’s plain and it’s strong.It has a huge vocabulary of words that have precise shades of meaning;there’s no subject, however technical or complex, that

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can’t be made clear to any reader in good English—if it’s used right.Unfortunately, there are many ways of using it wrong.Those are the damaging habits I want to warn you about today.英语不像西班牙语、意大利语或者法语那样富有音律美,也不像阿拉伯语那样华丽,可能也不像你们的母语那样生动鲜活,但我就是无可救药地热爱英语,因为它平实有力,拥有海量意义鲜明的词汇。描述一样事物,不管多高科技多复杂,在标准英语中读者都看懂——如果描述准确。不幸的是很多人都不能正确使用英语。以下就是我希望大家避免的一些错误习惯。

First, a little history.The English language is derived from two main sources.One is Latin, the other is Anglo-Saxon.The words derived from Latin are the enemy—they will strangleand suffocate everything you write.The Anglo-Saxon words will set you free.首先,了解英语的历史。英语来源于拉丁语和安格鲁-撒克逊语。来自拉丁语的单词是我们的宿敌——它们会使你的写作佶屈聱牙。安格鲁-撒克逊语才能解开你的束缚。

How do those Latin words do their strangling and suffocating? In general they are long, pompousnouns that end in-ion—like implementation and maximization and communication(five syllableslong!)—or that end in-ent—like development and fulfillment.Those nouns express a vague concept or an abstract idea, not a specific action that we can picture.Here’s a typical sentence: “Priorto the implementation of the financial enhancement.” That means “Before we fixed our money problems.”

拉丁词语是怎么束缚你的文体的呢?一般来说都是些长并华而不实的单词,以ion结尾,像implementation、maximization、communication(五个音节那么长!)或者以ent结尾,像development和fulfillment。这些词语描述的都是一个模糊或抽象的概念,不是我们能够明确说明的行动。一个典型句子就是:财政强化计划实施之前。其实就是说:解决钱的问题之前。

Believe it or not, this is the language that people in authority in America routinely use.They think those long Latin words make them sound important.It no longer rains in America;your TV weather man will tell that you we’re experiencing a precipitation probability situation.不管你信不信,这些就是美国的高层人士常用语。他们认为这些长长的拉丁单词能突显自己的身份。美国已经没有下雨这一说了,天气预报员只会提到降水概率这个词。

I’m sure all of you, newly arrived in America, have already been driven crazy trying to figure out the instructions for ordering a cell phone or connecting your computer, or applying for a bank loan or a health insurance policy, and you assume

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that those of us who were born here can understand this stuff.I assure you that we don’t understand it either.我相信你们所有人刚来美国的时候,都曾为订购手机、上网、申请银行贷款、购买健康保险的流程说明而抓狂,并认为我们美国人读得懂这些东西。其实我们一样看不懂。

Those long Latin usages have so infected everyday language in America that you might well think, “If that’s how people write who are running the country, that’s how I’m supposed to write.” It’s not.Let me read you two typical letters I recently received in the mail.(I keep letters like this and save them in a folder that I call “Bullshit File.”)

这些拉丁词在日常英语中的大量使用也许让你产生错觉,认为“如果统领这个国家的人是用这些词写作的,那么我也应该这样写作。”不是这样的。我来给你们读两封此类典型的电子邮件吧。(我会保存这一类的邮件,放在一个命名为“废话”的文件夹里。)

The first one is from the president of a private club in New York.It says, “Dear member: The board of governors has spent the past year considering proactive efforts that will continue to profession alize the club and to introduce efficiencies that we will be implementing through out 2009.” That means they’re going to try to make the club run better

第一封来自纽约一家私人俱乐部的老板:“亲爱的会员:在过去的一年里董事会一直在考虑如何做出更积极的努力以继续增强俱乐部的职能以及2009年将落实的各项便利措施。”这其实表示说他们将努力使俱乐部运营得更好。

A letter from my investment counsel says:

我的私人投资顾问来信说:

“As we previously communicated, we completed a systems conversion in late September.Data conversions involve extra processing and reconciliation steps.“正如我们之前所商谈过的,我们于九月底完成了系统转换。数据转换还牵涉了额外步骤和调节措施。

[translation: it took longer than we thought it would to make our office operate better]

翻译:改进我们的工作所花费的时间比预计要长。

We apologize if you were in convenienced as we completed the verification process.如果在核准系统期间您感到不方便,我们对此致以歉意。

[we hope we've got it right now]

翻译:我们希望现在一切正常。

Further enhancements will be introduced in the next calendar quarter.下一季度我们将继续改进。

[we're still working on it].”

翻译:我们还在研究这事。

Notice those horrible long Latin words:

资料来源:教育优选 http://www.xiexiebang.com/

最权威的国际教育服务平台

看看这些吓人的拉丁词:

mmunicated, conversion, reconciliation, enhancements, verification.商谈,转换,调节,改进,核准。

So if those are the bad nouns, what are the good nouns? The good nouns are the thousands of short, simple, infinitely old Anglo-Saxon nouns that express the fundamentalsof everyday life: house, home, child, chair, bread, milk, sea, sky, earth, field, grass, road … words that are in our bones, words that resonatewith the oldest truths.Don’t try to find a noun that you think sounds more impressive or “literary.” Short Anglo-Saxon nouns are your second-best tools as a journalist writing in English.如果这些都是不合适的词语,那么哪些才是合适的词呢?就是能够表达基本日常生活的几千个简短而古老的安格鲁-撒克逊名词:房子,家庭,孩子,椅子,面包,牛奶,大海,天空,大地,田野,小草,马路……这些我们铭记于心、回响着古老真理的词。不要试图找一个你觉得更让人印象深刻或更“文学”的词。短小的安格鲁-撒克逊词是你在进行新闻写作时第二位的好帮手。

What are your best tools? Your best tools are short, plain Anglo-Saxon verbs.I mean active verbs, not passive verbs.If you could write an article using only active verbs, your article would automatically have clarity and warmth and vigor.你最好的帮手又是什么呢?简短平易的安格鲁-撒克逊动词。我说的是主动态动词,不是被动态。如果你能写一篇全用主动态的文章,那肯定是一篇清晰、亲切又有力的好文章。

One of my favorite writers is Henry David Thoreau.Thoreau’s writing moves with simple strength because he uses one active verb after another to push his meaning along.Here’s a famous sentence from him:

Henry David Thoreau是我最喜欢的作家之一。Thoreau的文笔简洁而遒劲,因为他总是使用主动态来传情达意。下面是他写的一个很有名的句子:

I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of nature, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.我去森林是因为我希望在思考中生活,只面对最真实的自然本质。我想看我是不是能学到自然教与我的东西,不希望在我临死时发现自己从未真正活过。

Now let me turn that sentence into the passive:

现在把主动态都换成被动态:

A decision was made to go to the woods because of a desire for a deliberate existence and for exposureto only the essential facts of life, and for possible instruction in its educational elements, and because of a concern that at the time of my death the absence of a meaningful prior experience would be apprehended.资料来源:教育优选 http://www.xiexiebang.com/

最权威的国际教育服务平台

由一个于思考中生活并面对真实的自然本质的想法催生出前往森林的决定,能够受教其中也是原因之一,此外还出于对临死时懊悔没有真正活过的担忧之情。

All the life has been taken out of the sentence.But what’s the biggest thing I’ve taken out of that sentence? I’ve taken Thoreau out of that sentence.He’s nowhere to be seen.这个句子立马变得没有生机。但是我从中剥离的最大元素是什么?是Thoreau。整句中完全不见说话人的身影。

So fall in love with active verbs.They are your best friends.总之,建立起你与主动态动词的关系,它们才是你最好的朋友。

资料来源:教育优选 http://www.xiexiebang.com/

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